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Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1
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Wednesday, September 19, 2001
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Principles and Theories of Penetrating Radiation
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Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used
for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full
understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.
Our philosophy,
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1. Which of these isotopes emit Alpha particles?

j Cobalt 60
k
l
m
n
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j Radium 226
k
l
m
n
j Iridium 192
k
l
m
n
j Caesium 137
k
l
m
n
2. Calculate the efficiency of X-ray production given that the accelerating voltage is 250 Kv and the
target material is tungsten?
j 18.5
k
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n
j 3.34
k
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n
j 1.85
k
l
m
n
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j 0.33
k
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m
n
3. Which of those listed below could be considered as a photon?
j Gamma Ray
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n
j X-ray
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j Beta particle
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n
j Gamma ray and x-ray
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j All the above
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4. X -rays used in radiography have a wavelength in the region of?
j 10 -1 - 10 -4 m
k
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n
j 10 2 - 10-4m
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n
j 10 -9 - 10 -13 m
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j 10 -2 - 10 -4 m
k
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5. Compton scattering occurs at photon energies of approximately?
j Upto about 0.3 MeV
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j 0.3 to 3.0 MeV
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j Over 3.0 MeV
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j May occur at any photon energy
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6. A scattered photon that does not experience an energy shift is called?
http://www.lavender-ndt.com/assessments/rt/module9-1.html
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 4
j Compton scatter
k
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j Photoelectric effect
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j Coherent scatter
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j Pair production
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7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the K Shell of an atom?
j8
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j6
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j4
k
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j2
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8. The mode by which low energy photons interact with matter is known as?
j Photoelectric effect
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j Pair production
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j Compton scattering
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j All of the above
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9. The positron is considered to be equal to the electron in which of the following conditions?
j Charge
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j Rest mass
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j Rest energy
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j All of the above
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j Rest energy and rest mass only
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10. Which group in the chemical periodic table is very inactive?
j Group A
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j Group B
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j Group C
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j Group O
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11. Photons have which of the following characteristics?
j No energy
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j No elastic charge
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j Positive magnetic field
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j No energy and no electric charge
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j All of the above
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12. Given a decay constant of 0.0023 calculate the half life of the isotope?
j 73 days
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j 165 days
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j 301 days
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j 370 days
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13. How many Becquerels are there in 28 curie?
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 4
j 1.036 GBq
k
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j 10.36 GBq
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j 1036 GBq
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j 103.6 GBq
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14. Generally, neutron interaction may occur in which of the following ways?
j Collision with oribital electrons
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j Collision with the nucleus
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j Scattered by the nucleus
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j All the above
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j Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus
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15. A photon enters an atom with an energy of 350 KeV. It knocks out an electron held by a binding
energy of 58 Kev and accelerates it to an energy of 95 KeV. What energy would the scattered radiation
be?
n 197 KeV
j
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j 95 KeV
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j 123 Kev
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j Not enough information is given
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16. Calculate the intensity of 20 curies of Ir 192 at 5 m from an unshielded source?
j 0.384 R / Hr
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j 0.22 R / Hr
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j 0.88 R / Hr
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j 0.66 R / Hr
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17. Caluclate the build up factor for a 30 mm thick material with an absorption coefficient of 0.45?
j 13.5
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j 2.35
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j 1.35
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j 14.35
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18. Which of the following statements is true?
j As energy decreases inherent unsharpness increases
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j As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases
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j Inherent unsharpness values are constant
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j Inherent unsharpness values do not relate to energy values
k
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19. Calculate the thickness of a material - half value layer of 15mm - required to reduce the intesnity
from 100 R / Hr to 50 R / Hr?
j 60.2mm
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j 64.85mm
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j 43.29mm
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j 58.54mm
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9/19/2001
Page 4 of 4
20. Caluclate the intensity of 135 Ci Ir 192 isotope 5 m from the outside of conrete bunker - 430mm
thickness. The isotope is in the centre of a 26mm steel vessel 4m diamater. The distance from the
vessel to the wall of the bunker is 2m. HVL - Iridium 13mm, HVL Concrete - Iridium 43mm, Dose rate
iridium R / Hr / Ci at 1m = 0.48?
j 2.63mR/Hr
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j 0.195mR/Hr
k
l
m
n
n 13.23mR/Hr
j
k
l
m
j 0.062mR/Hr
k
l
m
n
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9/19/2001
Here are the corrections:

1. Radium 226
2. 1.85
3. Gamma ray and x-ray
4. 10-9 - 10-13 m
5. 0.3 to 3.0 MeV
6. Coherent scatter
7. 2
8. Photoelectric effect
9. Rest energy and rest mass only
10. Group O
11. No elastic charge
12. 301 days
13. 1036 GBq
14. Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus
15. 197 KeV
16. 0.384 R / Hr
17. 2.35
18. As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases
19. 64.85mm
20. 0.195mR/Hr

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1. Of the following which is an electron accelerating device?

j Van De Graaf
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l
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j Betatron
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j 250 Kv X Ray Set
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j All of the above
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j Van De Graaf and betatron only
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2. Calculate the charge on the belt of a Van De Graaf given that capacitance is 350F and the voltage is
250V?
j 8750 C
k
l
m
n
j 87.5 x 10 3 C
k
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n
j 8.75 x 10 3 C
k
l
m
n
j 875 C
k
l
m
n
3. Betatrons are capable of penetrating steel upto the order of?
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k
l
m
n
j 60cm
k
l
m
n
j 80cm
k
l
m
n
j 100cm
k
l
m
n
4. Which of the following circuits give a rectified AC output?
j Graetz circuit
k
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j Villard circuit
k
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j Greinacker circuit
k
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j Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only
k
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5. Which of the following may occur if the correct X Ray tube warm up procedure is NOT followed?
j Thermal shock
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j Backfire due to outgassing of the target
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j Arc over
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j All of the above
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6. The additio of a hood to the anode provides which of the following advantages?
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 4
j Increase the efficiency of X Ray production

k
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j Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required
k
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j Increases the flow of electrons from the cathode giving higher output
k
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j Increase the efficiency of X Ray production and Increases the flow of electrons from
k
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the cathode giving higher output
j All of the above
k
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7. Which of the following will reduce the amount of geometric unsharpness?
j Increase object to film distance
k
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n
j Reduce focal spot size
k
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n
j reduce focal spot to object distance
k
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n
j None of the above
k
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n
8. When constructing an X Ray exposure chart which of the following variables are NOT held constant?
j Processing times
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j Kilovoltages
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j Exposure times
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j All of the above are held constant
k
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9. In Figure One at the bottom of the page, what does 4 represent?
n The belt
j
k
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j The insulting gas
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j The target
k
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j The electron gun
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j The belt
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j The insulting gas
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j The target
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j The electron gun
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j The belt
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j The insulting gas
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j The target
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j The electron gun
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12. Which of the following X Ray generators uses a magnetic field to produce high energy radiation?
j Linear accelerators
k
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j Betatrons
k
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j Resonance transformers
k
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j Van de Graaf Generators
k
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13. How does a focusing cup in an X Ray tube focus the beam?
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 4
j By using a magnetic field

k
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j By using a positive field
k
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j By using a negative field
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j By using frequency modulation
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14. Filament currents in X Ray tubes are correct in the order of ?
j 1 - 10 amps
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j 10 - 20 amps
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j 0.5 - 20 milliamps
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j 1 - 10 milliamps
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15. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given that the focal spot size is 3mm, the focus to the film
distance is 350mm and the material thickness is 30mm?
j 0.19mm
k
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n
j 0.26mm
k
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n
j 0.28mm
k
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n
j 0.31mm
k
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n
16. Which of the following metals is more transparent to X rays than any other?
j Barium
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j Beryllium
k
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j Boron
k
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j Byzantum
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17. In Figure Two below, which number represents the milliameter?
j4
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j6
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j7
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j9
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18. In Figure Two below, what number represents the kilovoltage selector switch?
j2
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j3
k
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j9
k
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n
j8
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19. In Figure Two below, what number represents the HT Transformer?
j1
k
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j2
k
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n
j3
k
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n
j5
k
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j8
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20. In Figure Two below, what number represents the filament transformer?
9/19/2001
Page 4 of 4
j1
k
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j2
k
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j3
k
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m
n
j5
k
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n
j8
k
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m
n
Figure One (click image to enlarge)
Figure Two (click image to enlarge)
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1. All of the above
2. 87.5 x 103 C
3. 40cm
4. Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only
5. All of the above
6. Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required
7. Reduce focal spot size
8. Exposure times
9. The insulting gas
10. The belt
11. The electron gun
12. Betatrons
13. By using a negative field
14. 1 - 10 amps
15. 0.28mm
16. Beryllium
17. 4
18. 9
19. 2
20. 5
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Note: Question 7 - 10 are based on the following 1/2 lives Ir 192 - 75 days Co60 - 5.3 years and Tm 170 - 130 days (You may want to
use log graph paper to help you)
1. Which of the following isotopes is created artificially?
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j Radium 226
k
l
m
n
j Thulium 170
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j Uranium 238
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n
j All of the above
k
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n
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2. Why is depleted uranium now preferred as an isotope shield in place of lead?

j More file resistance
k
l
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n
j Less material is required for the same protection
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l
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n
j More structurally durable
k
l
m
n
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j All of the above

k
l
m
n
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j Only more file resistance and more structurally durable

k
l
m
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3. Which isotope would have gamma ray energy of 0.3-0.6Mev?
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j Iridium
k
l
m
n
j Cobalt
k
l
m
n
j Radium
k
l
m
n
j Thulium
k
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4. Which of the following is NOT a disintegration mechanism on its own?
n Alpha particle emission
j
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j Beta particle emission
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j Gamma ray emission
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j All are possible
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5. What symbol is missing from the equation: 191 Ir + ? - 192 Ir + Gamma Ray
j Nuclide
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j Nucleus
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j Neutron
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j Proton
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9/19/2001
Page 2 of 3
6. To which of the following elements does iridium 192 decay?

j Platinum 192
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j Iridium 191
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j Osmium 192
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j Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192
k
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j All of the above
k
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7. What will be the activity of a 50 curie Co60 Isotope after 7.4 years?
j 38 curie
k
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j 25 curie
k
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j 19 curie
k
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j 14 curie
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8. What will be the activity of a 65 curie Ir 192 Isotope after 200 days?
j 18.5 curies
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n
j 15.2 curies
k
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j 12.6 curies
k
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j 9.75 curies
k
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9. What will be the activity of a 20 curie Tm 170 isotope after 26 days?
j 17.4 curies
k
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n
j 15.6 curies
k
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n
j 12.8 curies
k
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n
j 10.1 curies
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10. What will be the activity of 35 curies Ir 192 after 110 days?
j 32.18 curies
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j 22.63 curies
k
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n
j 12.78 curies
k
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j 5.23 curies
k
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11. To what stable element does Cobalt 60 decay?
j Cobalt 59
k
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j Nickel 60
k
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n
j Nickel 59
k
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j Barium 60
k
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12. What are the gamma ray energies of Cobalt 60?
j 1.33 MeV
k
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j 1.17 MeV
k
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n
j 0.66 MeV
k
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j All of the above
k
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j Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV
k
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9/19/2001
Page 3 of 3
13. Which of the following isotopes could be succesfully used to radiography 15mm of Aluminium?
j Cobalt 60
k
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j Iridium 192
k
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m
n
j Thulium 170
k
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n
j Isotopes cannot be used on that thickness of Aluminium
k
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14. Gamma ray energies are measured in?
j Roentgens
k
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j Roentgens per hour
k
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j MeV or KeV
k
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j Any of the above
k
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15. Calculate the intensity 3m from a 25 curie isotope of iridium?
j 5.092 R/Hr
k
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n
j 1.528 R/Hr
k
l
m
n
j 0.611 R/Hr
k
l
m
n
j 0.323 R/Hr
k
l
m
n
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1. Thulium 170
2. All of the above
3. Iridium
4. All are possible
5. Neutron
6. Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192
7. 19 curie
8. 9.75 curies
9. 17.4 curies
10. 12.78 curies
11. Nickel 60
12. Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV
13. Thulium 170
14. MeV or KeV
15. 1.528 R/Hr
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1. During exposure to X or gamma radiation what is the mechanism by which damage to cell tissue
occurs?
j Scintillation
k
l
m
n
j Ionisation
k
l
m
n
j Contamination
k
l
m
n
j Ionisation and Contamination
k
l
m
n
2. Which of the following is considered to be the most biologically dangerous when coming into contact
with living tissue?
j X-rays
k
l
m
n
j Gamma rays
k
l
m
n
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j Alpha particles
k
l
m
n
j Beta rays
k
l
m
n
j All the above are equally dangerous
k
l
m
n
3. What do the letters TLD stand for?
j Thermonic luminous diode
k
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n
j Thermo luminescent dosimetry
k
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n
j Thermo luminous dosemeter
k
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n
j Thermonic luminescent dosemeter
k
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n
4. Which is the most common phospur used in TLD manufacture?
j Calcium tungstate
k
l
m
n
j Sodium fluoride
k
l
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n
j Sodium carbonate
k
l
m
n
j Lithium fluoride
k
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m
n
5. Apart from personnel monitoring what other uses may a TLD have?
j Environmental monitoring
k
l
m
n
j Archaeology
k
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m
n
j Geological diating
k
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j All of the above
k
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m
n
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 3
6. Which of the following radiation types may be detected using Scintillation detectors?
j Alpha particles
k
l
m
n
j Gamma rays
k
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n
j Beta particles
k
l
m
n
j Neutrons
k
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m
n
j All of the above
k
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m
n
7. Which of the following radiation detectors uses a gas filled chamber?
j Semi conductor detector
k
l
m
n
j Thermoluminescent detector
k
l
m
n
j Proportional counter
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
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m
n
8. Which below is an advantage of the scintillation detector over the typical gas ionisation chamber?
j Higher efficiencies
k
l
m
n
j Smaller than the gas filled detector
k
l
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n
j Highly sensitive
k
l
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n
j All of above
k
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n
9. Which cell of the human body is considered the most radiosensitive?
j Red blood cells
k
l
m
n
j White blood cells
k
l
m
n
j Skin cells
k
l
m
n
j Blood vessel cells
k
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n
10. Which of the following measures the ionising effect in air?
j Rad / Grey
k
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m
n
j Rem / Sievert
k
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m
n
j Roentgen
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
11. Calculate the distance required to reduce the intensity from 550 R/Hr at 0.5m to 7.5m R/Hr?
j 183.3.m
k
l
m
n
j 152.5m
k
l
m
n
j 135.4m
k
l
m
n
j 18.3m
k
l
m
n
12. Which of the following devices uses a gas to help amplifier the ionisation effect and thereby make it
more sensitive?
j Semi conductor detectors
k
l
m
n
j Scintillation detectors
k
l
m
n
j Thermoluminescent detectors
k
l
m
n
j GM tube devices
k
l
m
n
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 3
13. How much concrete would be required to reduce the intensity of an Ir 192 source from 100 R/Hr to
10 R/Hr?
j 139.7mm
k
l
m
n
j 125.3mm
k
l
m
n
j 62.5mm
k
l
m
n
j 34mm
k
l
m
n
14. Calibration limits when checking the accuracy of survey instruements is usually?
j +/ -20%
k
l
m
n
j +/ -15%
k
l
m
n
j +/ -10%
k
l
m
n
j +/ -5%
k
l
m
n
15. Which of the following is the most essential piece of equipment when working with isotopes?
j Film badge
k
l
m
n
j Warning signals
k
l
m
n
j Survey meter
k
l
m
n
j Pocket dosemeters
k
l
m
n
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9/19/2001

1. Ionisation
2. Alpha particles
3. Thermo luminescent dosimetry
4. Lithium fluoride
5. All of the above
6. All of the above
7. Proportional counter
8. All of above
9. White blood cells
10. Roentgen
11. 135.4m
12. GM tube devices
13. 139.7mm
14. +/-20%
15. Survey meter
Page 1 of 4

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1. Calculate the density when Incident Light source is 5000 lux and the transmitted light intensity is 70
lux?
j 0.92
k
l
m
n
j 1.85
k
l
m
n
j 4.21
k
l
m
n
j 7.14
k
l
m
n
2. Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors?
j Definition and resolution
k
l
m
n
j Resolution and contrast
k
l
m
n
j Contrast and definition
k
l
m
n
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j Unsharpness and resolution

k
l
m
n
3. An acceptable radiograph was made at 300 mm for 20 mA minutes. What would be the new
exposure at 500 mm?
j 40.8 mA min
k
l
m
n
j 55.6 mA min
k
l
m
n
j 33.3 mA min
k
l
m
n
j 12 mA min
k
l
m
n
4. The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called?
j Sensitivity
k
l
m
n
j Resolution
k
l
m
n
j Subject Contrast
k
l
m
n
j Radiographic Contrast
k
l
m
n
5. Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition?
j Lead foil screens
k
l
m
n
j Fluorescent screens
k
l
m
n
j Fluo-metallic screens
k
l
m
n
j All the above will give a similar definition
k
l
m
n
6. Pair production occurs at energies above approximately
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 4
j 0.1 MeV
k
l
m
n
j 0.53 MeV
k
l
m
n
j 1.02 MeV
k
l
m
n
j 10.06 MeV
k
l
m
n
7. You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you
use?
j 200 Kv X-Ray Unit
k
l
m
n
j Iridium 192
k
l
m
n
j Thulium 170
k
l
m
n
j Cobalt 60
k
l
m
n
8. The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as?
j Contrast
k
l
m
n
j Resolution
k
l
m
n
j Latitude
k
l
m
n
j Sensitivity
k
l
m
n
9. The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following?
j Slow speed films
k
l
m
n
j Longer object to film distances
k
l
m
n
j Larger size films
k
l
m
n
j Slow speed films and longer object to film distances
k
l
m
n
10. The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as?
j Fixing
k
l
m
n
j Development
k
l
m
n
j Latent imaging
k
l
m
n
j Transformation
k
l
m
n
11. Which of the following will affect contrast?
j Scatter
k
l
m
n
j Grain size of the film
k
l
m
n
j Radiation energy
k
l
m
n
j Changes in section thickness
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
12. An increase in electron flow from the filament will result from which of the following?
j An increase in the millamps
k
l
m
n
j An increase in the kilovoltage
k
l
m
n
j An increase in the temperature of the filament
k
l
m
n
j All of the above will increase electron flow
k
l
m
n
13. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given the following: Object thickness of 25mm, Source to film
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 4
distance 350mm and Source effective size 3mm?

j 0.21mm
k
l
m
n
j 4.67mm
k
l
m
n
j 4.33mm
k
l
m
n
j 0.23mm
k
l
m
n
14. Which of the following represents the reciprocity law?
j M1 X T1 2 = M 2 X T 22
k
l
m
n
j I1 X D 1 2 = I2 X D 2 2
k
l
m
n
j M1 X T1 = M 2 X T2
k
l
m
n
j E1 X D 22 = E2 X D 1 2
k
l
m
n
15. Calculate the new distance given that the original exposure was 12 mA minutes at 300mm and a
new exposure of 5 mA minutes is desired?
j 154.2mm
k
l
m
n
j 193.6mm
k
l
m
n
j 464.8mm
k
l
m
n
j 37500mm
k
l
m
n
16. The equivalence factor for steel / lead using Iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be
required to shoot 1.5cm of lead if the exposure fr the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes?
j 3.75 curie minutes
k
l
m
n
j 7.5 curie minutes
k
l
m
n
j 30 curie minutes
k
l
m
n
j 60 curie minutes
k
l
m
n
17. Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation?
j Lead foil screens
k
l
m
n
j Masks
k
l
m
n
j Diaphrams
k
l
m
n
j Lead foil screens and masks
k
l
m
n
j All the above
k
l
m
n
18. What effect will a filter have when placed in a radiation beam?
j Reduce subject contrast
k
l
m
n
j Increases the radiation energy
k
l
m
n
j Reduce the latitude
k
l
m
n
j All the above
k
l
m
n
19. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How
may this be eliminated?
j Lower the Kv and use fluorescent screen
k
l
m
n
j Lower the Kv and use lead screens
k
l
m
n
9/19/2001
Page 4 of 4
j Raise the Kv and use lead screens

k
l
m
n
j Raise the Kv and use fluorescent screens
k
l
m
n
20. Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as?
j Side scatter
k
l
m
n
j Back scatter
k
l
m
n
j Internal scatter
k
l
m
n
j Radiographic undercutting
k
l
m
n
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1. 1.85
2. Contrast and definition
3. 55.6 mA min
4. Radiographic Contrast
5. Lead foil screens
6. 1.02 MeV
7. Cobalt 60
8. Latitude
9. Slow speed films
10. Development
11. Grain size of the film
12. All of the above will increase electron flow
13. 0.23mm
14. M1 X T1 = M2 X T2
15. 193.6mm
16. 60 curie minutes
17. All the above
18. Reduce subject contrast
19. Raise the Kv and use lead screens
20. Back scatter

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1. Which of the following will improve film contrast?

j Using a faster film
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l
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n
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j Using a higher temperature developer

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j Increasing the radiation energy
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j Reducing the focal spot size
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l
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2. Which of the following chemicals is checked for when condisdering archival storage?
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j Thulium sulphate
k
l
m
n
j Thiosulphate
k
l
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j Silver bromide
k
l
m
n
j Acitic acid
k
l
m
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3. A straight dark line is evident on a radiograph however, on a re-shoot the line is no longer evident.
What may be the cause of the problem?
j A crack in the weld
k
l
m
n
j Dust on the film
k
l
m
n
j A scratch on the lead foil screen
k
l
m
n
j Static marks
k
l
m
n
4. The abrupt bending of a film prior to exposure will cause which of the following?
j White crimp mark
k
l
m
n
j Static marks
k
l
m
n
j Scratches
k
l
m
n
j Fogging
k
l
m
n
5. Which of the following may cause slight fogging of a film?
j High temperatures
k
l
m
n
j High humidity
k
l
m
n
j Incorrect safelight levels
k
l
m
n
j All the above
k
l
m
n
6. When using real time radiography which of the following artefacts could occur
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 3
j Crimp marks
k
l
m
n
j Dust
k
l
m
n
j Electronic Noise
k
l
m
n
j Dust and electronic noise
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
7. What is required to create a latent image on a silver halide salt crystal?
j Developer
k
l
m
n
j Fixation
k
l
m
n
j Energy
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
8. Which of the following is a component of the developer?
j Ammonium thiosulphate
k
l
m
n
j Sodium carbonate
k
l
m
n
j Acetic Acid
k
l
m
n
j Aluminium chloride
k
l
m
n
9. Which of the following is a component of the fixer which clears away unexposed silver bromide
crystals?
n Ammonium thiosulphate
j
k
l
m
j Sodium carbonate
k
l
m
n
j Acetic Acid
k
l
m
n
k
l
m
n
10. Which of the following chemicals is used in the stop bath?
j Ammonium thiosulphate
k
l
m
n
j Sodium carbonate
k
l
m
n
j Acetic Acid
k
l
m
n
k
l
m
n
11. Approximately what percentage of the original silver in the film remains in the fixer solution?
j 10%
k
l
m
n
j 20%
k
l
m
n
j 40%
k
l
m
n
j 60%
k
l
m
n
12. Calculate the density if the incident light is 6200 lux and the transmitted light is 20 lux?
j 2.5
k
l
m
n
j 1.5
k
l
m
n
j 2.3
k
l
m
n
j 2.8
k
l
m
n
13. Which chemical is used in both developer and fixer as a preservative?
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 3
j Phenidone
k
l
m
n
j Sodium sulphate
k
l
m
n
j Water
k
l
m
n
j Potassium bromide
k
l
m
n
14. Fast films have ??? with respect to slow films?
j Wider latitude and good contrast
k
l
m
n
j Wider latitude and low contrast
k
l
m
n
j Narrow latitude and low contrast
k
l
m
n
j Narrow latitude and good contrast
k
l
m
n
15. What is the approximate PH level of the stop bath?
j 10
k
l
m
n
j8
k
l
m
n
j6
k
l
m
n
j4
k
l
m
n
j2
k
l
m
n
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1. Using a higher temperature developer
2. Thiosulphate
3. A scratch on the lead foil screen
4. White crimp mark
5. All the above
6. Dust and electronic noise
7. Energy
8. Sodium carbonate
9. Ammonium thiosulphate
10. Acetic Acid
11. 40%
12. 2.5
13. Sodium sulphate
14. Wider latitude and low contrast
15. 2

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1. Most commercial flash radiography is performed with equipment using exposure in the order of?
j 0 - 10 nS
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j 20 - 70 nS
k
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j 10 - 30 S
k
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m
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j 50 - 100 S
k
l
m
n
2. Which of the following is an application of flash radiography?
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j Delonics
k
l
m
n
j Ballistics
k
l
m
n
j Biomedical
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
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3. Which of the following can be used to record flash radiography?

j Film
k
l
m
n
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j Electro optical systems

k
l
m
n
j Cinefilm
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
4. Using the rigid formula method calculate the depth from the source side of the test plate - 80mm
thick - to the defect given the following: Source shift between exposure 'A'=150mm, The image shift of
the flaw 'B'=20mm, The source to film distance 'T'=500mm. Assume the film is in contact with the test
piece
j 21.2mm
k
l
m
n
j 58.8mm
k
l
m
n
j 62.3mm
k
l
m
n
j Not enough information is given
k
l
m
n
5. The technique that produces an image of a region in a plane of an object without interference from
the adjacent plane is known as?
j Real time radiography
k
l
m
n
j In motion radiography
k
l
m
n
n Tomography
j
k
l
m
j Microradiography
k
l
m
n
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 4
6. Which of the following is NOT required in radiation gaging techniques

j Film
k
l
m
n
j Source
k
l
m
n
j Gaging device
k
l
m
n
j All the above are required
k
l
m
n
7. Which of the following can be achieved using radiation gaging?
j Composition gaging
k
l
m
n
j Thickness gaging
k
l
m
n
j Density gaging
k
l
m
n
j All the above
k
l
m
n
j Only thickness gaging and density gaging
k
l
m
n
8. Which technique would generally be used to inspect a pipeline where access is available to both
inside and outside of the pipe?
j Double wall double image
k
l
m
n
j Double wall single image
k
l
m
n
n Panoramic
j
k
l
m
j Single wall double image
k
l
m
n
9. X -ray diffraction is used in which od the following applications?
j Defect location
k
l
m
n
j Identifying compunds
k
l
m
n
j Thickness gaging
k
l
m
n
j Density measurements
k
l
m
n
10. Which is another term to describe fluoroscopy?
j Tomography
k
l
m
n
j Laminography
k
l
m
n
j Real time radiography
k
l
m
n
j Microradiography
k
l
m
n
11. Which screen type is used with real time radiography?
j Lead foil
k
l
m
n
j Calcium tungstate
k
l
m
n
j Fluorometallic
k
l
m
n
j A combination of the above screens may be used
k
l
m
n
12. Calculate the magnification factor for a Real Time Image projection given that focal spot to object
distance 'a'=250mm and the object to screen distance 'b'=150mm?
j 1.6X
k
l
m
n
j 1.4X
k
l
m
n
j 0.5X
k
l
m
n
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 4
j 0.625X
k
l
m
n
13. Which of the radiation sources listed below can be used for real time radiography?
j Iridium 192
k
l
m
n
j Cobalt 60
k
l
m
n
j Conventional hot cathode X -ray units
k
l
m
n
j Linear accelerators
k
l
m
n
j All the above may be used
k
l
m
n
14. As compared to conventional film radiography which of the following is an advantage of fluroscopy?
j Higher sensitivity
k
l
m
n
j Higher resolution
k
l
m
n
j Faster results
k
l
m
n
j Can work at any Kv level
k
l
m
n
15. When viewing fluroscopic images which screen colour would give the highest visual activity all
factors being equal?
j Red light
k
l
m
n
j Blue light
k
l
m
n
j White light
k
l
m
n
j Yellow / Green light
k
l
m
n
16. Which of the following is an application of fluoroscopy?
j Steel castings
k
l
m
n
j Light alloy castings
k
l
m
n
j Baggage inspection
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
j Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection
k
l
m
n
17. A tube which converts photons to electrons, accelerates the electrons, and then reconverts them to
light is known as a?
j Photdiode
k
l
m
n
j Image intesnifier
k
l
m
n
j Photomultiplier tube
k
l
m
n
j Fluorescent screen
k
l
m
n
18. The radiographic technique which uses radiation given off from a radioactive specimen is known
as?
j Neutron radiography
k
l
m
n
j Autoradiography
k
l
m
n
j Stereoradiography
k
l
m
n
j Electronradiography
k
l
m
n
19. Which of the following is an example of in-motion radiography?
9/19/2001
Page 4 of 4
j Linear motion
k
l
m
n
j Rotary motion
k
l
m
n
j Syncronous radiography
k
l
m
n
j Only linear motion and rotary motion
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
20. Which of the following is a method of Radiographically determining the depth of a flaw?
j The parallax method
k
l
m
n
j Rigid formula method
k
l
m
n
j Single marker approximate formula
k
l
m
n
j All the above will determine the depth of a flaw
k
l
m
n
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1. 20 - 70 nS
2. All of the above
3. All of the above
4. 21.2mm
5. Tomography
6. Film
7. All the above
8. Panoramic
9. Identifying compunds
10. Real time radiography
11. Calcium tungstate
12. 1.6X
13. All the above may be used
14. Faster results
15. Yellow / Green light
16. Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection
17. Image intesnifier
18. Autoradiography
19. All of the above
20. All the above will determine the depth of a flaw

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1. Density readigs should be accurate to within?

j +/ -0.02
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j +/ -0.04
k
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j +/ -0.05
k
l
m
n
j +/ -0.10
k
l
m
n
2. Which of the following would cause a white spot on the film?
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j Light fog
k
l
m
n
j Dust on the film prior to development
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l
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n
j Crimp mark after development
k
l
m
n
j Static marks
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l
m
n
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3. How might an inclusion appear on a radiograph?

j Straight back line
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n
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j Dark, irregular shaped area

k
l
m
n
j Light irregular shaped area
k
l
m
n
j Dark, irregular shaped area OR light, irregular shaped area depending on the nature
k
l
m
n
of the inclusion
4. A dark well defined black line 2mm in width is noted in the centre of the weld, what would you
interpret this defect to be?
j Lack of root fusion
k
l
m
n
j Root undercut
k
l
m
n
j Lack of penetration
k
l
m
n
j Slag line
k
l
m
n
5. Another name for pipe misalignment is?
j Hi-low
k
l
m
n
j Underfill
k
l
m
n
j Undercut
k
l
m
n
j Overlap
k
l
m
n
6. Which of the following defects would be most difficult to observe radiographically?
9/19/2001
Page 2 of 4
j Porosity
k
l
m
n
j Undercut
k
l
m
n
j Overlap / Cold lap
k
l
m
n
j Slag line
k
l
m
n
7. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of fusion may occur?
j1
k
l
m
n
j2
k
l
m
n
j3
k
l
m
n
j4
k
l
m
n
8. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of penetration may occur?
j3
k
l
m
n
j2
k
l
m
n
j4
k
l
m
n
j6
k
l
m
n
9. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where undercut would occur?
j1
k
l
m
n
j2
k
l
m
n
j6
k
l
m
n
j3
k
l
m
n
10. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where heat affected zone cracking may occur?
j1
k
l
m
n
j2
k
l
m
n
n3
j
k
l
m
j4
k
l
m
n
11. A black jagged line is noted on a radiograph of the change in section of a casting. What is the most
likely cause of this indication?
j Filamentary shrinkage
k
l
m
n
j Hot tear
k
l
m
n
j Micro shrinkage
k
l
m
n
j Sand inclusion
k
l
m
n
12. When two bodies of molten metal fail to fuse in a casting the resultant discontinuity is called?
j A misrun
k
l
m
n
j Lack of fusion
k
l
m
n
j Cold shut
k
l
m
n
j All of the above
k
l
m
n
13. A metal device used to support the core inside the mold of a casting is called?
9/19/2001
Page 3 of 4
j Chaplet
k
l
m
n
j Chill
k
l
m
n
j Core shift
k
l
m
n
j Feeder head
k
l
m
n
14. Which of the following cast defects could easily be radiographically interpreted as a crack?
j Sand inclusions
k
l
m
n
j Blow holes
k
l
m
n
j Hot tears
k
l
m
n
j Shrinkage
k
l
m
n
15. A black line 2mm wide is noted on a radiograph. It runs from the cast surface into the casting.
Which of the following is the best description of this indication?
j Wormhole
k
l
m
n
j Blowhole
k
l
m
n
j Porosity
k
l
m
n
j Sand inclusion
k
l
m
n
16. A dark patchy area is noted on a radiograph in the centre of a parallel sided cast section. Which of
the following discontinuities is this likely to be?
j Sand inclsuion
k
l
m
n
j Wormhole
k
l
m
n
j Shrinkage
k
l
m
n
j Cold shut
k
l
m
n
17. A metal insert in the mold surface used to increase the cooling rate in that area is called?
j A chaplet
k
l
m
n
j A cooler
k
l
m
n
j A core
k
l
m
n
j A chill
k
l
m
n
18. A resovoir of molten metal used to reduce the effects of solidification shrinkage is called?
j A feeder
k
l
m
n
j A runner
k
l
m
n
j A flask
k
l
m
n
j A hot spot
k
l
m
n
19. When radiographing the butt weld end of a casting using the single wall single image method it is
noticed that the density varies around the butt weld end assuming there has been no changes in
exposure or development, what may have caused this condition?
j Shrinkage
k
l
m
n
j Chill
k
l
m
n
j Core shift
k
l
m
n
j Unfused chaplet
k
l
m
n
9/19/2001
Page 4 of 4
20. Which of the following could give rise to a leakage path through the wall of a casting?
j Core shift
k
l
m
n
j A chill
k
l
m
n
j An unfused chaplet
k
l
m
n
j A sand inclusion
k
l
m
n
Figure One (click image to enlarge)
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9/19/2001

1. +/-0.02
2. Dust on the film prior to development
3. Dark, irregular shaped area OR light, irregular shaped area depending on the nature of
the inclusion
4. Lack of penetration
5. Hi-low
6. Overlap / Cold lap
7. 2
8. 4
9. 3
10. 1
11. Hot tear
12. Cold shut
13. Chaplet
14. Hot tears
15. Blowhole
16. Shrinkage
17. A chill
18. A feeder
19. Core shift
20. An unfused chaplet

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Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1

Lavender International NDT Ltd

Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom

Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-1:

PT, UT, ET, VT,

Principles and Theories of Penetrating Radiation

1. Which of these isotopes emit Alpha particles?

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1

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Here are the corrections:

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2

Lavender International NDT Ltd

Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-2:

PT, UT, ET, VT,

Radiographic Equipment X-Ray

1. Of the following which is an electron accelerating device?

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2

j Increase the efficiency of X Ray production

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2

j By using a magnetic field

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-2

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

Figure Two (click image to enlarge)

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Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3

Lavender International NDT Ltd

Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom

Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-3:

PT, UT, ET, VT,

Radiographic Equipment Gamma-Ray

2. Why is depleted uranium now preferred as an isotope shield in place of lead?

j All of the above

j Only more file resistance and more structurally durable

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3

6. To which of the following elements does iridium 192 decay?

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-3

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Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4

Lavender International NDT Ltd

Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom

Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-4:

PT, UT, ET, VT,

Radiographic Safety & Detection Equipment

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-4

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Here are the corrections:

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5

Lavender International NDT Ltd

Unit 7, Penistone Station, Sheffield, S36 6HP, United Kingdom

Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-5:

PT, UT, ET, VT,

General Radiographic Principles

j Unsharpness and resolution

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5

Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-5