www.jee.ro
Fawzan SALEM
Electronics Research Institute,
Egypt
fawzan@lycos.com
1. Introduction
In the last few decades, PV systems became
common in grid-connected applications. However,
unlike traditional power plants, cost and performance
of PV systems strongly depend on the electrical
properties (parameters) of the modules. Therefore,
PV system investment decisions and PV system
designing are not easy tasks. To overcome this
problem, several analytical methods [1-4] and
evolutionary computational algorithms [5-8] were
developed to estimate the PV system parameters.
Authors in [1] have demonstrated a step-by-step
methodology based on GaussSeidel numerical
method to estimate the lumped equivalent parameters
of a PV module from its datasheets provided by
manufacturers. Another analytical method is
presented in [2] to estimate the most important
M. I. MOSAAD
Department of Electrical Engineering
Higher Technological Institute HTI
Egypt
m_i_mosaad@hotmail.com
ns Rsh
(4)
q Vc I c Rs
1 Vc I c Rs
I c I ph I o e AKT
Rsh
T AK T T
(3)
I o I or e r
Tr
Where G is the radiation (w/m2), Isc is the short
circuit current, Ki is the short circuit current
temperature coefficient (A/oC), Tr is the reference
temperature (298K), Io is reverse saturation current,
Ior is reverse saturation current at Tr, and Eg is band
a _ estimated
4. Evolutionary Algorithms
Several optimization techniques have been
developed during the last two decades. GA is a
commonly known evolutionary computational
method that is inspired from the Darwinian theory of
evolution in natural biology [10].
On the other hand, relying on the social behavior
of swarm of bees, fish and other animals, the concept
of the PSO has been developed [11].
Other modern algorithm, BFO is a heuristic
search technique that was developed based on
modeling of bacteria E. coli behavior present in
human intestine and it has been proven that it is
engineering
optimization
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
xi ( k 1) xi ( k ) vi ( k 1)
(8)
(9)
Swarming
This group behavior is seen in several motile
species of bacteria, where the cells, when stimulated
by a high level of succinate, release an attractant
aspertate. This helps them propagate collectively as
concentric patterns of swarms with high bacterial
density while moving up in the nutrient gradient. The
cell-to-cell signaling in bacterial swarm via attractant
and repellant may be modeled as per (10), where
Jcc((i, j, k, l)) specifies the objective function value
to be added to the actual objective function that
needs to be optimized, to present a time varying
objective function, S indicates number of bacteria in
the population, p is the number of variables to be
optimized, and = [1, 2, . . . , p]T is a point in the
p-dimensional search domain. The coefficients
dattractant, wattractant, hrepellant and wrepellant are the measure
of quantity and diffusion rate of the attractant signal
and the repellant effect magnitude, respectively,
, , ,
=1
, , , ,
=1
=0 ( (
))+ =1( (
2 ))
=1
(10)
(11)
= =1 (, , )
th
Here
represents the health of i bacterium.
The least healthy bacteria constituting half of the
bacterial population are eventually eliminated while
each of the healthier bacteria asexually split into two,
which are then placed in the same location. Hence,
ultimately the population remains constant.
0.41138
0.4104
0.411
0.412
0.425
PMAX
(watt)
IMAX
VMAX
ISC
VOC
EXACT
72.3296
4.3572
16.6
4.7869
21.389
PSO
% error
72.3296
0%
4.3572
0%
16.6
0%
4.7869
0%
21.389
0%
BF
% error
72.3295
0%
4.3572
0%
16.6
0%
4.7869
0%
21.3
0.4161%
SA
% error
72.6612
0.45 %
4.3772
0.45 %
16.6
0%
4.7868
21.3
0.002 % 0.4161%
GA
% error
71.9862
0.4748 %
4.3365
0.4751 %
16.6
0%
4.7864
0.01%
5
4.5
Obj_
Fun.
Exact
PSO
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
150
149.976
149.95
149.367
149.85
2.35e-8
2.35e-8
2.38e-8
2.18e-8
2.96e-8
1.21
1.21
1.211
1.205
1.226
4.371e-11
0.0000348
0.13342
1.0297
1
0.5
0
21.4
0.0514%
Current (A)
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
80
70
4.5
Exact
PSO
60
3.5
50
Current (A)
Power (W)
Exact
SA
40
30
3
2.5
2
1.5
20
10
0.5
0
0
0
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
80
70
Exact
SA
60
Power (W)
5
4.5
Exact
BF
4
Current (A)
3.5
3
50
40
30
20
2.5
10
0
0
1.5
20
25
0.5
0
10
15
Voltage (V)
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
70
4.5
Exact
BF
Exact
GA
60
Current (A)
Power (W)
3.5
50
40
30
2
1.5
20
10
0
0
3
2.5
0.5
5
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
25
80
70
Exact
GA
60
Power (W)
50
40
30
20
12
10
5
10
15
Voltage (V)
20
10
25
Fitness value
0
0
8
6
4
X: 380
Y: 4.371e-011
0.04
0.02
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Iterations
-0.02
Difference in PSO
Difference in BF
Difference in GA
Difference in SA
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V)
Fitness value
-0.16
5
4
3
0.5
X: 200
Y: 0.0000348
0
-0.5
Difference in PSO
Difference in BF
Difference in GA
Difference in SA
-1
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Iterations
-1.5
-2
-2.5
7
2
10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V)
Function value
-30
5
4
3
2
X: 230
Y: 0.13342
1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Iterations
10
9
Fitness value
8
7
6
5
4
X: 500
Y: 1.0297
3
2
1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Iterations