BUSBAR PROTECTION
Chapter 11
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Busbar Protection
BUS PROTECTION
Bus Protection Methodologies
Overcurrent Protection
Full Differential
Partial Summation
High Impedance Bus Differential Relaying
Basic Concept
Relay Operation Analysis
Setting the Relay
Low to Moderate Impedance Restrained Differential Relaying
Basic Concept
Multi-restraint Design
Slope
Comparison between High impedance and Low Impedance Busbar
Differential Schemes
Busbar Protection Schemes for Various Bus Designs
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Busbar Protection
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Busbar Protection
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
If the system design does not require fast bus fault clearance, overcurrent relays
(ANSI Device Nos. 51 and 51G) are used to provide bus protection. Referring to
Figure 11-1 and assuming that the bus is fed from a transformer, both devices are
coordinated with the feeder protective devices (ANSI Device Nos. 50/51 and
50G/51N).
Figure 11-1.
Achieving Busbar Differential Protection through the Use of Overcurrent Relays
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Busbar Protection
FULL DIFFERENTIAL
Many design standards specify full differential bus protection on all switchgear buses
that are rated 13.8 kV and higher. The basic principle behind full differential
protection is that the phasor sum of all currents that enter and that leave the bus
protection zone be zero, unless there is a fault within the protection zone. Although
differential protection is the most sensitive and reliable method of protecting station
buses, problems can result from the large number of circuits that are involved and
the different energization levels that are encountered in these circuits for external
faults. For example, if there is an external fault on one circuit of a six-circuit bus, five
of the current transformers may supply varying amounts of fault current, but the sixth
and faulted circuit must balance out the total of all the others. Consequently, this sixcircuit bus is energized at a much higher level at or near saturation, and it could
result in possible high false differential currents.
Figure 11-2 illustrates a typical scheme for full differential bus fault protection. A fault
anywhere on the bus will energize either ANSI Device Nos. 87B1 or 87B2 that will
result in a trip of the main, bus, and feeder breakers on the same side of the bus as
the fault location. A fault below the feeder breakers is outside the bus zone of
protection, and consequently, it should only result in tripping of ANSI Device Nos.
50/51 or 50/51G
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Busbar Protection
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
Many design standards also specify the use of partial bus differential schemes on
those buses that are rated over 600 V with normally closed (N.C.) bus tie breakers
and where a full bus differential scheme is not required. Figure 11-3 illustrates a
typical scheme for partial differential bus fault protection. For external faults,
negligible current flows in the ANSI Device No. 51 relays. On the other hand, total
fault current is available for bus faults and for faults out on the feeder cables.
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Busbar Protection
Figure 11-4. Basic Scheme for High Impedance Busbar Differential Protection
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Busbar Protection
CT RATIOS
For CT currents to balance, all CTs must have the same turns ratio. This need for all
CTs to have the same ratio can be a major difficulty of this type of bus protection.
OPERATION FOR EXTERNAL FAULTS
There are two settings to be made on the relay: the voltage pickup setting and the
current pickup setting, selected to prevent operation for external faults.
RELAY VOLTAGE
The worst case condition for which the relay must not operate is the complete
saturation of a CT during an external fault (typically the CT nearest the fault). The
relay voltage setting is based on this condition.
Since each manufacturer has different calibration and safety margins built into its
design, the following settings discussion attempts to remain somewhat generic.
In general, the process begins by assuming that an external fault occurs and the
current is flowing at maximum bus fault levels toward the fault. Next, one assumes
complete saturation of the CT nearest the fault. When the CT saturates, it is
assumed that no other CT saturates. The CT saturation is assumed total, as if the
core can accept no additional flux.
Hence, the CT acts as a negligible reactance air core reactor. Thus, the CT
impedance is reduced to the secondary winding resistance in series with the line
resistance. The relay voltage setting is chosen to ensure that the voltage developed
across the relay under this condition will not exceed the tripping voltage of the relay.
At each CT, the maximum fault level just outside the zone of protection, adjacent to
each CT, is calculated. Using the fault current and CT ratio, the current that flows in
the CT leads is calculated as if the CT had not saturated. However, the current is
considered driven into the saturated CT by other good-performing CTs rather than by
the CT's own internal current transformation effect. This causes a voltage rise at the
CT summation point, conceptually shown in Figure 11-5.
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Busbar Protection
The voltage impressed upon the relay connected across the summation point can be
calculated using anticipated current and lead impedance. This must be evaluated for
both phase and ground faults, noting the differing primary currents, lead lengths, and
neutral wire currents in each case, taking into account that current may not return all
the way back to the control house if yard summation cabinets are used. This must be
evaluated for a fault on any line. The worst case is typically associated with a phaseto-ground fault on the weakest in-feed line.
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Busbar Protection
CTR
The voltage unit is set at a level corresponding to the voltage calculated above, but
offset from this voltage by some margin factor guidelines given by the
manufacturers. The assumption of total saturation also includes a safety factor
because in actual practice total saturation likely does not occur.
Ideally, the voltage set point would be no higher than the Vknee point of the CT excitation
curve but this is not critical, and manufacturers have guidelines by which the relay
will work successfully with settings above the CT knee points. However, for secure
and reliable performance during an internal fault:
where
VHighest is the highest summing point voltage calculated for an external fault during the
saturation of one CT, as previously described K refers to the manufacturers
setting margin guidelines
Vrelay
Vct,rated refers the CT voltage rating, e.g., the ANSI knee point voltage
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Busbar Protection
RELAY CURRENT
The overcurrent element and voltage element trip contacts are in parallel. The
overcurrent element monitors the current through the non-linear impedance. The
setting is intended to add dependability. A typical current setting is equivalent to the
current passing through the non-linear impedance when the voltage at the relay is
equal to the relays voltage setting. Consult the manufacturers' manuals for more
information.
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Busbar Protection
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Busbar Protection
PROTECTION
Applications
High impedance differential protection
Restricted Ground Fault protection with
One/two elements
Lockout logic
Monitoring and Metering
24 Event record per M Family Unit
Analog/digital oscillography
Per phase current metering
Description
The relay provides three phase high impedance differential protection for Substation
busbars of any voltage level. Additionally, it can also be used to protect electrical
machines like transformers, generators or motors against restricted earth faults.
Differential Unit (87H)
This unit detects internal faults within the busbars. It is based on a very sensitive
overcurrent differential unit that can be adjusted between 10mA and 400mA. The
relay includes a 2000 Ohm set of stabilizing resistors to make sure that the unit
remains stable for pass-through faults.
In order to protect the unit, a set of MOVs clamps the secondary voltage under faults
to less than 2 kV. Please note that all the CTs must have the same ratio.
Alarm Unit (87L)
The alarm unit detects any current unbalance condition, like the ones produced
when one of the CTs has a phase open. Once the condition is detected a timer starts
that finally blocks the operation of the relay.
Settings go between 10mA and 400mA. Timer is up to 600 sec in steps of 10 ms.
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Busbar Protection
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Figure 11-7
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Busbar Protection
Calculation of Settings
The formulas and procedures described in the following paragraphs for determining
relay settings assume that the relay is connected to the full winding of the
differentially connected CTs. It is further assumed that the secondary winding of
each CT has negligible leakage reactance and that all the CTs have the same ratio.
It is assumed that an external fault causes complete saturation of the CT in the
faulted circuit. The current forced through this secondary by the CTs in the in feeding
circuits will be impeded only by the resistance of the windings and leads. The
resulting IR drop will be the maximum possible voltage that can appear across the
MIB relay for an external fault. The setting of the high impedance differential unit is
expressed as follows:
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Busbar Protection
IF (RS + P * RL)
VS =
IR
1.6 K
VS
RE
Where:
IR
RS
RL
= Single conductor DC resistance of CT cable for one way run from CT housing
terminal to junction point (at highest expected operating temperature.
IF
= CT ratio
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Busbar Protection
IMIN=
[ IX + IR + IM ] * N
1
Where:
IMIN = Minimum internal fault current to trip 87
n=
Number of breakers connected to the bus (i.e. number of CTs per phase)
IX=
IR =
IM =
N=
CT ratio.
The values of I1, I2, .. etc are obtained from the secondary excitation characteristics
of the respective CTs. The first term in the equation reduces to N*Ix if it is assumed
that all CTs have the same excitation characteristics. The current drawn by the MOV
unit can be obtained from that curve in Figure 11-12 that applies to the relay being
used.
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Busbar Protection
10mA to 400mA
Definite Time:
Accuracy:
Level: 3% in the complete range
Time: Greater of 3% or 25 ms
ALARM UNIT (87AL)
Pickup Level:
10mA to 400mA
Definite Time:
Accuracy:
Level: 3% in the complete range
Time: Greater of 3% or 25 ms
RESISTOR
Value: 2000 Ohm
Max. Operating Cont. Voltage 300 V
MOVs
V Peak: 1900 V
Max. Withstand Energy: 5400 J
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Busbar Protection
WORKED EXAMPLE
Set an MIB relay to provide busbar protection for the shown system, based on
the above:
System has 30 breakers
All CT ratios are 1200/5
Maximum available 3 phase fault at the bus is 45,000 A Asymmetric
30 breakers
Figure 11-8. Single Line Diagram for Worked Example
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Busbar Protection
Calculating K
The CT performance factor must be determined next. First, calculate the
following:
Using P = 2 and the knee point ES = 300 V from Figure 11-9, we have:
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Busbar Protection
V across CT 177.5 * 2000 355 Volts (still OK even though the knee of the
CT occurs at 300 volts)
Since the maximum internal fault current is 45,000 Asymmetric (primary
amperes) (equivalent to 188 secondary amperes), the curve of Figure 11-11(at
300 V and 188 A) shows that the application is appropriate for either PVD
and M I B relays.
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Busbar Protection
IMIN=
[ IX + IR + IM ] * N
1
where:
IMIN
is the numbers of breakers connected to the bus (i.e. CTs per phase)
(n=30)
IX
IR
IM
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Busbar Protection
IMIN=
[ IX + IR + IM ] * N
1
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Busbar Protection
CONCLUSIONS
As we can see, the main limiting factor in regards to the number of feeders an
MIB can support is dictated by the minimum fault current available. In theory, if
we have enough short circuit current and a correct CT dimensioning, there is no
limitation in the number of feeders.
The other limitation is thermal in nature, driven by the presence of any
considerable level of short circuit generated during an internal fault.
The stabilizing resistor and MOV (thyrite) have been designed, on a base case,
to support 50,000 primary amperes for internal faults with CTs of 1250/5 A, and
total operating time of 40 ms (this time is calculated through the sum of the relay,
MOV short circuit latching relay, resistor, and MIB current input).
Finally, to apply the MIB, the following information must be obtained:
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Busbar Protection
Figure 11-13.
Multi-restraint Design of Low Impedance Relay
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Busbar Protection
Figure 1114
Transformer differential relays are sometimes used for this type of bus protection.
Sometimes questions arise about how to set a transformer differential relay when
used for bus protection.
Transformer differential type relays have little means to differentiate between an
internal fault and the absolute and complete saturation of a CT during an external
fault. The assumed worst case complete saturation of a CT during an external fault
looks identical, to the relay, to an internal fault where the breaker was not supplying
any current (e.g., breaker was open). For these relays to be secure against operation
for an external fault, there must be some assumption of CT performance for an
external fault. There are three approaches: either slow down the relay operation so
that transient DC saturation can be ridden through, use CTs robust enough to only
slightly go into DC induced saturation, and combined with these, the third approach
of setting the relay to not operate for some lower level of CT saturation.
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Busbar Protection
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ABB REB500
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Simple relay
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Busbar Protection