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I. INTRODUCTION
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the antenna, the Q-factor can be reduced, and the bandwidth
can be improved. However, the increasing probe length costs
increases in the inductance on the antenna and limits the
impedance bandwidth. In this regards, the basic folded-patch
feed technique with air substrate is used to enhance the
impedance bandwidth of the antenna [14], [15].
Fig. 1. shows the geometric configuration of the antenna.
The proposed antenna is composed of a T-shaped patch
stacked with strip-loaded patch, shorting wall, ground plane,
and a 350 angularly folded patch feed. The antenna is
constructed from copper, with a thickness of 0.5mm. The
antenna has a dimension of 15 17 10 mm3, mounted at the
center of a 60 60 mm2 ground plane. In the design, air is used
as the substrate, while the antenna is shorted using a shorting
wall and coaxial probe. Typically, a coaxial long probe feed is
used for an electrically thick substrate patch antenna [6].
However, the longer probe increases the inductance and limits
the bandwidth to less than 10% of the resonant frequency [9].
In the design, a thick antenna with a height of 10mm is used,
but the probe length is only 3mm. Thus, without increasing the
probe inductance, a thick antenna is realized. Again, this
antenna also reduces the effect of the inductive reactance of
the probe. This improves the bandwidth. With a 350 angularly
folded patch feed design, the probe length is shortened,
leading to smaller probe inductances. Hence, it helps widen
the bandwidth. In this design, the horizontal portion of the
feeding plate increases the capacitance at the feed point, which
helps compensate for the inductance of the probe. This results
in a further wide impedance bandwidth being realized.
y
5.5
7.5
0.5
17
T-shaped patch
(middle patch)
12
3
(a)
shorting wall
1.5
350
10
ground plane
3
shorting wall coaxial probe
350 angularly
y
folded patch feed
(bottom patch)
(b)
Fig. 1. Geometry of proposed patch antenna. (a) Top view, (b) Side view
S11[dB]
-10
Simulated
Measured
-20
-30
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency [GHz]
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[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
Proposed
0.41
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.19
0.25
0.78
0.39
0.32
0.16
0.16
0.12
0.54
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.25
0.25
0.84
0.28
0.24
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.05
0.11
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.05
0.03
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.08
BW
SIZE
0.41 0.54
0.82 1.23
Not given
0.73 0.65
0.38 0.29
0.54 0.54
Not given
0.41 0.41
0.72 0.64
2.84 2.84
0.83 0.83
0.49 0.49
34.90%
37.00%
44.40%
44.60%
47.00%
48.00%
52.94%
54.00%
56.80%
53.50%
73.78%
103.86%
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Sim.
Mea.
3
(b)
(c)
5 6 7 8 9
Frequency [GHz]
10 11
270
240
210
270
90
120
150
330-100
300 -20
-30
270
-40
-50
30
60
90
240
210
120
150
180
(c)
0
60
90
120
150
180
(e)
330-100
300 -20
-30
270
120
150
Sim. co-pol
Mea. co-pol
Sim. cross-pol
Mea. cross-pol
180
(b)
0
30
60
-40
-50
90
240
210
120
150
180
30
240
210
90
240
210
180
(a)
0
-40
-50
330-100
300 -20
-30
-40
-50
270
(a)
330-100
300 -20
-30
-40
-50
270
(d)
0
30
60
90
240
210
120
150
180
(f)
Fig. 6. Measured and simulated radiation patterns. a) xz-plane at 3.5GHz, b)
yz-plane at 3.5GHz, c) xz-plane at 6.5GHz, d) yz-plane at 6.5GHz, e) xz-plane
at 9GHz, f) yz-plane at 9GHz.
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the reflection coefficient with different ground plane size. It is
observed that, as the size is increased or decreased, the
bandwidth shifted upwards at lower frequencies, resulting in
band reduction on the antenna. The impedance mismatch
occurs in the lower frequency end, which is due to the effect
of the ground plane [1]. With an infinite ground plane, only
slight shifting at lower resonant is observed (shown in Fig 7a).
Hence, a ground plane of 60mm 60mm was chosen as the
optimum value. Fig. 7(b) shows that with increasing or
decreasing the arms length, the impedance mismatch at the
lower and upper resonances occurs. This results in a
bandwidth reduction on the operating frequency. Thus, an
optimum length of 5.5mm was chosen for the arm length of
the parallel slots. As shown in Fig. 7(c), the lower resonance
and upper edge frequencies are affected by changing the angle
of the folded patch feed. By increasing or decreasing the angle
of the folded patch feed, the lower resonance shifts upwards,
resulting in the downgrading of the impedance bandwidth.
Hence, an optimum value of 350 angle of folded patch feed
was chosen for the antenna design.
50mmx50mm
60mmx60mm
70mmx70mm
infinite gnd plane
-20
-30
+0.7mm
-10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]
50mmx50mm
40mmx40mm
30mmx30mm
17mmx17mm
35 degree angle
40 degree angle
-10
S11 [dB]
S11[dB]
[3]
[4]
(b)
-30
[2]
-30
30 degree angle
-20
REFERENCES
[1]
-20
(a)
0
-15
-25
-40
IV. CONCLUSION
0mm
-5
-10
S11 [dB]
S11 [dB]
-0.5mm
0
[5]
[6]
[7]
-10
-20
[8]
-30
-40
-40
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213
Frequency [GHz]
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]
(d)
(c)
Fig. 7. Effect on reflection coefficient a) on various ground plane size, b) with
various length of U shaped arm, c) with different angle of folded patch, d) on
various ground plane size while antenna placed at corner of the ground plane.
[9]
[10]
[11]
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
Frequency [GHz]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Measured a) S21 (Magnitude), b) group delay of the antenna.
[17]
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