Score 50/50

Paper 3

CHECKLIST BIOLOGY PRACTICAL (BIOLOGY A+ DI HATIKU)

CHP

NO.

3.1
(2008/
Q2)

AIM OF THE EXP+

HYPOTHESIS +
MATERIALS&APPARATUS+
DIAGRAM

STUDYING THE MOVEMENT

OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
AIM:
To study the factor influences the
diffusion of substances through a
semi- permeable membrane.
HYPOTHESIS:
The diffusion of molecules through
semi-permeable membrane is based
on the size of molecules.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Benedicts solution, 1% Starch
suspension, Iodine solution, 30%
glucose solution, visking tubing and
cotton tread, test tube, beakers, and
Bunsen burner

MAGIC BOX

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Types of
solution
(glucose
and starch
suspension)

Changes in
Color of
solution/ result
of Benedicts
test

Volume of
glucose solution
(15ml)
Volume of
starch
suspension (15
ml)

ABSTRACT

Size of the
molecules
in the
visking
tube
Use two
types of
solution
(glucose
and starch
suspension)

Diffusion of
substances
through a semipermeable
membrane
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Observe and
record the
changes in color
of solution
inside the
visking tube and
the beaker/ result
of Benedicts
test
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

DIAGRAM:

3.2

STUDYING OSMOSIS USING

AN OSMOMETER
AIM:
To study the substances that can
diffuses through a semi- permeable
membrane.
HYPOTHESIS:
(Distilled)Water can diffuse
through a semi- permeable
membrane.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:

30% sucrose solution, distilled

water, cotton thread, retort stand,
capillary tube, ruler, marker pen,
scissors, 250ml beaker, syringe,
stopwatch and visking tubing.
DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
K1 : Preparation of materials & apparatus
(4K1)
K2 : Operating fixed variable
K3 : Operating manipulated variable
K4: Operating responding variable
K5 : Precaution (K5)
4K1, K2, K3, K4, & K5= 3 MARKS
RESULT:

Fixed the
Volume of
glucose solution
to 15ml
/Volume of
starch
suspension 15
ml) by using
measuring
cylinder

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Types of
substances
(water and
sucrose)

Increase the
level of sucrose
solution in
capillary
every10 minutes
for 45 minutes

concentration of
sucrose solution/
Time taken for
marking the
level of sucrose
solution in
capillary tube at
10 minutes
intervals for 45
minutes

ABSTRACT

Size of the
molecule

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Use two
different
solutions
which are
distilled
water
(inside the
beaker)and
30%
sucrose
solution in
the Visking
tube
.

Rate of
Diffusion of
substances
through a semipermeable
membrane
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
increase the
level of sucrose
solution in
capillary
every10 minutes
for 45 minutes
by using ruler.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate of
diffusion of
substances
through a semipermeable
membrane by
using the
formulae:
The level of
sucrose solution
in capillary tube
in 45 minutes

Fixed the
concentration of
sucrose solution
to 30% /
Fixed the time
taken for
marking the
level of sucrose
solution in
capillary tube at
10 minutes
intervals for 45
minutes by
using stopwatch

1. Soak the visking tubing in water for 5 min to

soften it. (K1)
2. Tie one end of visking tube to prevent
leakage.(K5)
3. Fill visking tube with 15 ml glucose and 15
ml starch by using measuring cylinder and tie
it. (K1)(K2)(K3)
4. Observe and record the original color of
solution inside the visking tube (K4)
5. Rinse the outer surface of the Visking tube
with distilled water. (K1)(K5)
6. Mixed iodine and distilled water. Observed
the color(K1)(K4)
7. Immersed the visking tube into beaker for 40
minutes.(K1)
8. After 40 minutes, observe and record the
changes in color of solution inside the
visking tube and the beaker(K4)(K3)
9. Carry out the Benedicts test for both solution
inside the visking tube and the beaker(K4)

Result:
Con
tents

Origi
nal
Color

Final
Color

Bened
icts
Test

Visking
Tube
Beaker

1. Soak the visking tubing in water for 5 min to

soften it. (K1)
2. Tie one end of visking tube to prevent
leakage.(K5)
3. Fill visking tube with 30% sucrose solutionby
using measuring cylinder. (K1)(K2)
4. Tie the other end of visking tube to the
capillary tube (K1)
5. Rinse the outer surface of the Visking tube
with distilled water. (K1)(K5)
6. Clamp the capillary tube vertically to retort
stand. (K1)
7. Immersed the visking tube into beaker
containing the distilled water.(K1)
8. Mark initial level of sucrose solution (K1)
9. Mark the level of sucrose solution every10
minutes for 45 minutes (K3)
10. Measure and record the increase the level of
sucrose solution in capillary every10 minutes
for 45 minutes by using ruler.(K4)

Result:
Time
(minute)
0
10
20
30
40

The Increase the level of sucrose

solution in capillary (mmmin-1)

Page
|1

(mm)/time(min)
Unit-(mmmin-1)

3.3
(2009
/Q1)

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

HYPOTONIC. HYPERTONIC
ANS ISOTONIC SOLUTION
ON ANIMAL CELL
AIM:
To study the effect of different
concentrations of sodium chloride
(NaCl) solution on red blood cells within
30 minutes.

HYPOTHESIS:
The higher the concentration of sodium
chloride solution the higher the number
of crenated red blood cells
.MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Fresh chicken blood, different
concentrations of sodium chloride
solution which are 0.15 M, 0.30 M, 0.45
M and 0.60 M, filter paper, test tube,
microscope slide distilled water, light
microscope, coverslip.

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Concentrati
on of
sodium
chloride
solution

Number of
crenated red
blood cells

Time taken to
immerse the red
blood cells (10
Minute)/
One drop of
blood& sodium
chloride

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Using
different
concentrati
ons of
sodium
chloride
solution
which are
0.15 M,
0.30 M,
0.45 M and
0.60 M

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Count and
record the
number of
crenated red
blood cells.

DIAGRAM:

3.4

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

HYPOTONIC. HYPERTONIC
ANS ISOTONIC SOLUTION
ON PLANT CELLS

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Concentrati
on of
sucrose
solution.

Change in mass/
shape of potato
tissues.

Type of potato,
volume of
sucrose solution,
soaking time,
size of potato.

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Using
different
concentrati
ons of
sucrose
solution
which are
0.2%,
5.0%,15.0
%, and
25.0%

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
change in mass
of potato tissues
in different
concentrations of
sucrose solution
by using
balance/
weighing scale

AIM:
To determine the effect of different
concentrations of a solution on the mass/
shape of potato.

HYPOTHESIS:
The higher concentration of the sucrose
solution, the lower mass of the potato
tissue.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Potatoes,Various concentrations of
sucrose solution,example: 0.2%, 5.0%,
15.0%, and 25.0%, Filter paper,Cork
borer/knife/ suitable cutting tool,
container/beaker, stopwatch,
Balance/weighing machine.

DIAGRAM:

Different concentration of
sucrose solution

Used the same

duration of time
which is 10
minutes for
immersion of
the red blood
cells by using
the stopwatch.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Fixed the same

duration of
soaking time
which is 60
minutes for
immersion of
the potato by
using the
stopwatch./
Use the same
volume of
sucrose solution
which is 20 ml
by using
measuring
cylinder.

1. Label 4 slides with A, B, C, and D. (K1)

2. Put a drop of 0.15 M sodium chloride on
slide A. (K1) (K2)
3. Cover the slide with coverslip. (K1)
4. Put one drop of blood (RBC) on the other
side of slide A. (K2)
5. Place the filter paper on the opposite side.
(K1)(K5)
6. After 10 minutes, count and record the
number of crenated red blood cells. (K4)
7. Repeat the steps 1-7 with different
concentrations of sodium chloride solution
which are 0.30 M, 0.45 M and 0.60 M.(K3)

Result:
Concentration of
sodium chloride
solution (M)
(A)0.15
(B)0.30
(C)0.45
(D)0.60

Number of crenated
red blood cells

1. Bore//cut out a potato to get potato strips of

the same size and weigh them so as to get
potato strips of the same mass(K1)
2. Fill4 separate beakers with 20 ml of sucrose
solutions of 0.2%, 5.0%, 15.0%, and 25.0%
(K1) (K3)(K2)
3. Put3 of potato strips of the same weight in
each beaker (K1)
4. Leave the potato strips immersed in the
sucrose solution for 1 hour(K2)
5. (After 1 hour) take out the potato strips from
each beaker, dry them using filter paper(K1)
(K5)
6. Measure and record the change in mass of
potato tissues in different concentrations of
sucrose solution by using balance/ weighing
scale(K1)(K4)
7. Repeat steps 1-6 three times to get accurate
data (K5)
8. Plot a graph of the concentration of sucrose
solution against change in mass of potato
strips
9. Tabulate the data in the table below (K1)

Result:
Conce
ntratio
n of
sucros
e
solutio
n (%)

Change in mass of potato

strips /g

0.2

1st
read
ing

5.0
15.0
25.0

2nd
readi
ng

3rd
readi
ng

Ave
rage

Page
|2

3.5
(2005
/Q2)
(2006
/Q2)

DETERMINING THE
CONCENTRATION OF
EXTERNAL SOLUTION
WHICH IS ISOTONIC TO THE
CELL SAP OF A PLANT
CELLS
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Concentrati
on of
sucrose
solution.

Change in mass/

Type of plant
tissue, volume
of solution,
soaking time,
size of potato.

ABSTRACT

to determine the concentration of the

solution which will maintain the mass of
plant tissues.

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
change in mass
of plant tissues
in different
concentrations of
sucrose solution
by using
balance/
weighing
machine.

HYPOTHESIS:
The 0.4 M sucrose solution will
maintain the mass of the plant tissue. //
The concentration of sucrose solution
that remains length/mass of plant tissue
is isotonic.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Plant tissue (Rambutan),Various
concentrations of sucrose
solution,example: 0.1M, 0.2M , 0.4M,
1.0M and 1.5MFilter
papercontainer/beaker, stopwatch,
Balance/weighing machine.

4.3
(2009/
Q2)

Conce
ntratio
n of
sucros
e
solutio
n (M)

HYPOTHESIS:
As the temperature increases, the rate of
reaction catalysed by amylase increases
until optimum temperature
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Salivary Amylase solution, 1% Starch
Suspension,
Iodine solution, Distilled water,
Test tubes /beakers* Stopwatch, dropper,
white tiles with grooves, Glass rod

2nd
readi
ng

3rd
readi
ng

Ave
rage

0.1
0.2
0.4
1.0
1.5

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Temperatur
e
.

The time taken

for the blue
black colour of
iodine to
disappear (min)

Volume of
starch
suspension
(5ml)
Volume of

ABSTRACT

Rate of reaction
catalysed by
salivary
amylase.

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Use
different
temperature
s i.e 10C ,
20C, 30C,
and 40C

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the time
taken for the
blue black
colour of iodine
to disappear by
using a
stopwatch

AIM:
To investigate the effect of temperature
on salivary amylase activity.

Change in mass of potato

strips /g

1st
read
ing

Peeled rambutan Different

concentration of
sucrose solution

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

TEMPERATURE ON
SALIVARY AMYLASE
ACTIVITY

DIAGRAM:
5ML

Result:

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

DIAGRAM:

Rambutan

sucrose solution
which is 20 ml
by using
measuring
cylinder.

1. Weigh the rambutan tissue and record the

initial mass(K1)(K4)
2. Fill 4 separate beakers with 100ml sucrose
solutions of 0.1M, 0.2M , 0.4M, 1.0M and
1.5M(K1) (K3)(K2)
3. Put 3 of plant tissue in each beaker (K1)
4. Leave the plant tissue immersed in the sucrose
solution for 1 hour(K2)
5. (After 1 hour) take out the plant tissue from
each beaker, dry them using filter paper(K1)
(K5)
6. Measure and record the change in mass of
potato tissues in different concentrations of
sucrose solution by using balance/ weighing
machine.(K1)(K4)
7. Plot a graph of the concentration of sucrose
solution against change in mass of plant tissue
(K4)

A P

Fixed the
samevolume of
starch
suspension as 5
ml by using the
measuring
cylinder.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate
of reaction
catalysed by
salivary amylase
by using the
formula :
1 / time.

Result:
Tempe
rature
(C)
10C
20C
30C
40C

The time taken for the

blue black colour of
iodine to disappear
(Min)

Rate of enzyme activity

(min-1)

1. Labelled 8test tubes as A1, A2, B1,B2, C1, C2

,D1and D2 (K1)
2. 5 ml of 1% starch suspensions are poured into
the test tubes A1, B1, C1 and D1 using
syringes.(K1)(K2)
3. 2 ml of 0.1% amylase is added to test tube
A2, B2, C2 and D2(K1)(K2)
4. The test tubes are immersed in water bath at
different temperature for 5 minutes.(K3)
A1 and A2 : 10C ,
B1 and B2 : 20C,
C1 and C2 : 30C,
D1 and D2 : 40C
5. Drops of iodine solution are added separately
onto the grooves of a white tile using a
syringe.(K1)
6. After 5 minutes, pour starch suspension (A1)
to amylase solution (A2) (K1)
7. Stirred the mixture by using the glass rod (K1)
8. Stopwatch is activated immediately at 0
minute.(K5)
9. A drop of mixture is tested with iodine
solution on the white tile. At every sampling
the dropper must be rinsed with clean distilled
water.(K5)
10.
The step is repeated every minute for
10 minutes until the mixture stops turning
blue black in colour when tested with iodine
solution.
11.
Measure and record the time taken for
the blue black colour of iodine to disappear by
using a stopwatch in the table.(K4)
12.
Steps 5-11 are repeated with test tubes
B,C, and D.(K3)
13.
Tabulate the data in the table
below(K1)
11. A graph of the rate of amylase activity against
temperature is plotted.(K4)

Page
|3

4.4

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

pH ON PEPSIN ACTIVITY

CONCRETE

AIM:
To investigate the effect of pH on pepsin
activity.

HYPOTHESIS:
An acidic medium at pH 3 is optimum
for the activity of enzyme.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Albumin suspension, 1% pepsin,
0.1M,hydrochloric acid, 0.1 Msodium
hydroxide solution and distilled water.,
Test tubes, beakers, thermometer, 5ml
syringes, pH paper ,a wire gauze
Stopwatch, dropper, a Bunsen burner, a
tripod and a test- tube rack.

DIAGRAM:

4.5

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

SUBSTRATE
CONCENTRATION ON
SALIVARY AMYLASE
ACTIVITY
(2006/Q1- EFFECT OF
CONCENTRATION OF
ALBUMIN SUSPENSION ON
THE RATE OF REACTION OF
PEPSIN ENZYME)
AIM:
To investigate the effect of substrate
concentration on salivary amylase
activity.

HYPOTHESIS:
The higher the concentration of
substrate, the higher the rate of reaction
catalysed by salivary amylase until it
reaches the maximum rate.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
0.1% Salivary Amylase solution,
different concentration of starch
suspension
(0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%)
Iodine solution, Distilled water,
Test tubes /beakers* Stopwatch, dropper,
white tiles with grooves, Glass rod

RV

CV

pH of
medium
(acid- pH3,
neutralpH7, and
alkalinepH8)

The conditions
of the mixtures
at the beginning
and after 20
minutes/ the
clarity of the
solution

Volume of
albumin
suspension
(5ml),volume
(1ml) and (1%)
concentration of
pepsin solution
and temperature
of medium
(37C)

ABSTRACT

Rate of reaction
catalysed by
pepsin./ Pepsin
activity

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Use
different
pH of
medium
i.e(acid,
neutral, and
alkaline)

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Observe and
record the
conditions of the
mixtures at the
beginning and
after 20 minutes
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate
of reaction
catalysed by
pepsin by using
the formula
1 / time.

Fixed the same

volume of
albumin
suspension as 5
ml by using the
measuring
cylinder.

MV

RV

CV

Concentrati
on of
starch
suspension
(0.1%,0.2%
,0.3%,0.4%
, 0.5% and
0.6%)
-

The time taken

for the blue
black colour of
iodine to
disappear (min)

Temperature
(37C)
volume (2ml)
and (0.1%)
concentration of
salivary amylase
solution

Use
differentcon
centration
of starch
suspension
(0.1%,0.2%
,0.3%,0.4%
, 0.5% and
0.6%)

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the time
taken for the
blue black
colour of iodine
to disappear by
using a
stopwatch

CONCRETE

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Rate of reaction
catalysed by
salivary
amylase.
Fixed the
samevolume of
salivary amylase
as 2 ml by using
the measuring
cylinder.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate
of
reactioncatalyse
d by salivary
amylase by
using the
formula
1 / time.

DIAGRAM:
5ML

MV

A P

Result:
Conce
ntratio
n of
starch
suspen
sion
(%)
0.1%,
0.2%
0.3%

The time taken for the

blue black colour of
iodine to disappear
(min)

Rate of enzyme activity

(min-1)

1. Labelled 3test tubes as P,Q, and R(K1)

2. 5 ml of 1% albumin suspensions are poured
into each the test tubes by using the measuring
cylinder.(K1)(K2)
3. Add the following solution into each test
tube:.(K1)(K3)
P : 1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid+ 1 ml of
1% pepsin solution ,
Q : 1 ml of distilled water + 1 ml of 1%
pepsin solution ,
R: 1 ml of 0.1 M of sodium hydroxide + 1 ml
of 1%pepsin solution ,
4. Dip a piece of pH paper into each test .(K1)
5. The test tubes are immersed in water bath at
37C temperature for 20 minutes.(K2)
6. Observe and record the conditions of the
mixtures at the beginning and after 20 minutes
(K4)
7. Calculate and record the rate of reaction
catalysed by pepsin by using the formula
1 / time.

Result:
Tes
t
tub
e

pH

P
Q
R

3
7
8

Mixture
At the
beginni
ng

After
20
minut
es

Rate of
reaction
catalyzed
by pepsin
(min-1).

1. Labelled12test tubes as A1, A2, B1,B2, C1,

C2 ,D1, D2, E1, E2, F1 and F2 (K1)
2. 5 ml various concentration of starch
suspensions are poured into the following test
tubes by using syringes.(K1)(K3)
A1: 0.1% starch suspension ,
B1: 0.2% starch suspension,
C1: 0.3% starch suspension,
D1: 0.4% starch suspension,
E1: 0.5% starch suspension,
F1: 0.6% starch suspension,
3. 2 ml of 0.1% amylase is added to test tube
A2,B2,C2 ,D2,E2,and F2 (K1)(K2)
4. The test tubes are immersed in water bath at
temperature 37C for 5 minutes.(K1)(K2)
5. Drops of iodine solution are added separately
onto the grooves of a white tile using a
syringe.(K1)
6. After 5 minutes, pour starch suspension (A1)
to amylase solution (A2) (K1)
7. Stirred the mixture by using the glass rod (K1)
8. Stopwatch is activated immediately (0
minute).(K5)
9. A drop of mixture is tested with iodine
solution on the white tile. At every sampling
the dropper must be rinsed with clean distilled
water.(K5)
10.
The step is repeated every minutes for 10
minutes until the mixture stops turning blue
black in colour when tested with iodine
solution.
11.
Measure and record the time taken for
the blue black colour of iodine to disappear by
using a stopwatch in the table.(K4)(K1)
12.
Steps 5-11 are repeated with test tubes
B,C, D, E and F.(K3)
11. A graph of the rate of amylase activity against
substrate concentration is plotted.(K4)

Page
|4

0.4%
0.5%
0.6%

6.1
(SPM
2005/
Q1)

DETERMINING THE ENERGY

VALUE IN FOOD SAMPLES
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

Food
sample
(white
bread and
peanut)

changes of water
temperature/
highest water
temperature/

Distance
between the
boiling tube and
food samples
(2cm)

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
type of
food
sample
which are
white bread
and peanut

energy content in
food samples
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
highest water
temperature by
using the
thermometer
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
calculate and
record the
energy content in
food samples by
using the
formulae below:
Energy value =
Mass of
Water(g) X
(4.2Jg -1C-1) X
increase in
Temperature(C)

CONCRETE

To determine and compare the energy

content in white bread and peanuts.

HYPOTHESIS:
Peanut produces a lot of heat energy
whereas/but, white bread produces a
little heat energy//Peanut produces a
higher increasing in temperature/ energy
value than white bread.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Distilled water, a peanut,
bread,plasticine, and cotton wool.
Boiling tube, thermometer, retort stand,
a pin, measuring cylinder, Bunsen
burner and electronic balance.

DIAGRAM:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Fixed the
distance
between the
boiling tube and
food sample
which is 2cm by
using the ruler

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.

Mass of food
(g)1000

Weigh the peanut and record its

weight(K1)
Fill the boiling tube with 20 ml
of distilled water(K1)
Clamp the boiling tube to the
retort stand.(K1)
Record the initial temperature
of the water in the boiling tube.
Spike the peanut firmly at the
end of the pin which is
mounted on some plasticine.
Fixed the distance of the
boiling tube to the food samples
to 5mm by using a ruler(K2)
Ignite the peanut by holding it
in the flame of a Bunsen burner.
Then immediately place it
beneath the boiling tube to heat
the water.(K5)
Stir the water gently with the
thermometer.(K1)(K5)
Record the final temperature,
that is the highest temperature
reached as soon as the peanut
has stopped burning.(K4)
Calculate the energy value of
the peanut using the formulae
below(K4)
11.

Energy value = Mass of

Water(g) X (4.2Jg -1C-1) X
increase in
Temperature(C)
(Mass of food (g)1000)
12. The data collected is recorded
in a table.
13. Repeat the steps 1-11 with the
cashew nut(K3)

Unit (kJg-1)

Table:
DETERMINING THE
VITAMIN C IN VARIOUS
FRUIT JUICE
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

type of fruit
(apple,
orange, and
watermelon
)

The volume of
fruit juices that
decolourised the
DCPIP solution

Volume/concent
ration of DCPIP

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
type of fruit
sample
which are
apple,
orange, and
watermelon

percentage of
vitamin C
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
volume of fruit
juices that
decolourised the
DCPIP solution
by using the
syringe
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the
percentage of
vitamin C
content using
formula :

To investigate the percentage of vitamin

C content in each fruit

HYPOTHESIS:
Watermelon has highest percentage of
vitamin C compare to orange and water
melon
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
DCPIP Solution, 0.1% absorbic acid
Fruit juices; Apple, orange and water
melon, Syringe 1 ml with needle,
Syringe 5 ml with needle, Specimen
tubes

DIAGRAM:

Percentage of
vitamin C
Volume of 0.1 %

Fixed the
Volume of
DCPIP used to 1
ml.

1. Filled the specimen tubes with 1 ml of DCPIP

solution (K1)(K2)
2. Use a syringe to take 5 ml of 0.1% absorbic
acid (K1)
3. Place the syringe needle into DCPIP solution
and release the absorbic acid drop by drop
into the DCPIP solution in specimen tube (K5)
4. Observe the change of DCPIP colour and stop
releasing the absorbic acid when the DCPIP
solution turn colourless/no more blue traces
(K4)
5. Measure and record the volume of absorbic
acid used to decolourised the DCPIP solution
(K4)
6. Juices from each of the fruit juice is obtained
and keep it fresh before used.(K5)
7. Repeat the step 2-7 by using fruit juices;
Apple, orange and water melon, to replace
the 0.1% absorbic acid (K3)
8. Do not shake the bottle to prevent from
DCPIP solution is oxidized (K5)
9. Calculate the percentage of vitamin C in each
of the fruit juices using the formula given
below:
Percentage of vitamin C in fruit juice =
Volume of 0.1 % absorbic acid/volume of fruit
juice x 0.1%
10.
Tabulate the data in the table below
(K1)

Result:
Type of

Volume of juices

Percent

Page
|5

absorbic
acid/volume of
fruit juice x
0.1%

juices

that need to be
colorized the
DCPIP solution
(cm3)

age of
Vit C
(%)

Absorb
ic acid
Apple
juice
Orange
juice
Waterm
elon

6.11
(Mela
ka
2007)

INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECT OF LIGHT
INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AIM:
To study the effect of light intensity on
the rate of photosynthesis.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Does light intensity affect the rate of
photosynthesis?

HYPOTHESIS:
As/When the light intensity increases the
rate of photosynthesis also increases
until the rate becomes constant
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Hydrilla plant, 1 % sodium hydrogen
bicarbonate, plasticine,
60 W electric bulb, 500 ml beaker, a
glass funnel, test tube, stop watch, razor
blade, thermometer, meter ruler

CONCRETE

MV

RV

CV

Distance of
Hydllra sp.
to sources
of light.

Number of gas
bubbles that are
release in 1
minute.

Temperature of
the water
(28C),

/Concentration
of carbon
dioxide

ABSTRACT
METHODS
OF
HANDLING

DIAGRAM:

light
intensity
Used
different
distance of
Hydllrasp.
to sources
of light
which are
50 cm,
40cm,
30cm,
20cm, and
10cm

Rate of
photosynthesis
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Count and
record the
number of gas
bubbles that are
release in 1
minute.
by using a
stopwatch.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate
of
photosynthesis
by using the
formulae:
no. of bubble
released / time
(min-1)

Fixed the
concentration of
carbon dioxide
to 1%.

Page
|6

1. The apparatus setup as diagram above. (K1)

2. The temperature of water in beaker is
maintained at 28oC. (K2)
3. A few strands of Hydrilla sp. is chosen and
the stem end is cut obliquely with a sharp
razor blade under water. (K1)(K5)
4. The strands of Hydrilla sp. is placed inside
a glass filter funnel.(K1)
5. The funnel is placed upside down in a 500
ml beaker.(K1)
6. The beaker is filled with 400 ml of 1%
sodium bicarbonate.(K2)
7. The beaker is placed at a distance of 50 cm
from the 60 W bulb as a light source.(K3)
8. The number of gas bubbles released in one
minute are counted and recorded in a table.
(K4) . This step is repeated twice.(K5)
9. Step 7 is repeated by placing the apparatus at
distance 40 cm, 30 cm, 20 cm and 10 cm
from the light sources.(K3)
10.The results are recorded in a table(K1)
11.The graph of the rate of photosynthesis
against the light source is plotted. (K1)

Result:
Distance of
light
sources.
(cm)
50

No of gas
bubble
released

The rate of
photosynthe
sis
(min-1)

40
30
20
10

6.11

INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
ON THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AIM:
To study the effect of carbon dioxide
concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Does of carbon dioxide concentration
affect the rate of photosynthesis?

HYPOTHESIS:
As/When the concentration of carbon
dioxide increases the rate of
photosynthesis also increases until the
rate becomes constant
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Hydrilla plant, different concentration of
sodium hydrogen bicarbonate (0.2%,
0.4%, 0.6% and 1%), plasticine,
60 W electric bulb, 500 ml beaker, a
boiling tube, stop watch, razor blade,
thermometer, meter ruler

DIAGRAM:

MV

RV

CV

Concentrati
on of
carbon
dioxide

Number of gas
bubbles that are
release in 1
minute.

Temperature of
the water

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
Concentrati
on of
carbon
dioxide
which are
0.2%,
0.4%, 0.6%
and 1%

rate of
photosynthesis
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Count and
record the
number of gas
bubbles that are
release in 1
minute by using
a stopwatch.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
calculate and
record the rate
of
photosynthesis
by using the
formulae:
no. of bubble
released /
time(min -1)

CONCRETE

(28C), Light
intensity
Fixed the
distance of
Hydllra sp. to
sources of light
to 10 cm by
using the ruler.

K1- How to set up the apparatus

Choose 10 cm length of fresh

Hydrilla sp.

The strands of Hydrilla sp. is

placed inside a boiling tube

Clip the tip with a paper clip and put

it in the boiling with the clip down

The graph of the rate of

photosynthesis against the carbon
dioxide concentration is plotted
K2- How to operate the constant variable

Pour 40 ml of 1% sodium
bicarbonate solution into the boiling
tube.

Place the apparatus at a fix distant

from a light source which is 10 cm
K4 How to operate the responding variable

Count and record the number of

bubbles released in 5 minutes

The rate of photosynthesis is

calculated by using the formulae:
(number of bubbles/time)
K3 How to operate the manipulated
variable

Repeat K1 to K4 using different

percentage of sodium bicarbonate
solution which are 0.2%, 0.4%,
0.6%
K5 - Precaution

Place the boiling tube in a beaker of

water to maintain the temperature

Result:
Concentrati
on of

No of gas
bubble

The rate of
photosynthe

carbon
dioxide (%)
1.0

released in
one minute

sis (min-1)

0.6
0.4
0.2

7.1

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Presence of
cockroach

Height of
coloured liquid.

Temperature of
the water bath
(37C), /amount
of soda lime.

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Change the
boiling tube
with the
presence of
cockroach
and without
cockroach

Process of
aerobic
respiration
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the height
of coloured
liquid by using a
ruler.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)

To study the process of aerobic

respiration

HYPOTHESIS:
The aerobic respiration produces carbon
dioxide to increase the height of
coloured liquid.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Water, coloured liquid, a cockroach and
soda lime, boiling tube, 500ml beaker,
250ml beaker, capillary tube, screw
clips, and a wire gauze.

DIAGRAM:

Fixed the
temperature of
the water bath
which is 37C
by using a
thermometer

1. Label two boiling tubes with A and B(K1)

2. Fill boiling tubes with equal amounts of
soda lime.(K1)(K2)
3. A wire gauze is placed in the boiling tube A
and a cockroach is put on it and without a
cockroach in boiling tube B.(K1)(K3)
4. Close the screw clips. Make sure the
apparatus is airtight by sealing the stoppers
with Vaseline(K1)(K5)
5. Mark the initial height of the coloured liquid
in the capillary tubes of both boiling tubes.
(K1)
6. Put both boiling tube in the water bath with
the temperature maintain at 37C (K2)(K1)
7. Measure and record the height of the
coloured liquid in both capillary tube after
an hour.(K1)(K4).

Result:
Capillary tube

Increase height of
coloured liquid
(cm)

A
B

7.2

INVESTIGATING THE
PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION IN YEAST
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Presence of
yeast

Changes in
limewater and
temperature

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Change the
boiling tube
with the
presence of
yeast and
without the
present of
yeast

process of
aerobic
respiration
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
changes in
temperature by
using
thermometer./
Observe and
record the
changes in lime
water.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Temperature of
the water bath
(37C), /volume
of glucose
solution( 15 ml),
Volume of lime
water(2ml)
-

To investigate the process of anaerobic

respiration in yeast
PROBLEM STATEMENT:

HYPOTHESIS:
In the absence of oxygen,yeast
undergo anaerobic respiration to
produce carbon dioxide , ethanol and
energy.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
5% yeast suspension, 5% glucose
solution, paraffin oil and lime water,
boiling tube, test tubes, thermometer,
stoppers with delivery tubes, measuring
cylinders and a beaker,

DIAGRAM:

Result :
Boiling
tube
Temperat
ure (C)
Lime
water
Smell

A
At the
beginning

Fixed the
temperature of
the water bath
which is 37C
by using a
thermometer
Fixed the
volume of
glucose solution
to 15 ml,/
Volume of lime
water to 2ml

B
At the
end

At the
beginning

At the
end

1. Heat the glucose solution in beaker.(K1)(K5)

2. Label two boiling tubes with A and B(K1)
3. Fill boiling tubes A with 5 ml of yeast
suspension and add 15 ml of glucose
solution.(K1)(K2)
4. Fill the boiling tube B with the 15 ml of
glucose solution only(K3)
5. Add a thin layer of paraffin oil to both
boiling tubes.(K1)(K3)
6. Connect the stoppers with delivery tubes to
their respective test tubes.(K1) (K5)
7. Fill 2 test tubes with 2 ml lime water. Place
each end of delivery tubes into the
respective test tubes.(K1)(K2)
8. Record the initial temperature and lime
water.(K1)(K4)
9. Leave the set up for 1 hour in the water bath
at temperature 37C
10.After 1 hour Measure and record the
changes in temperature by using a
thermometer.
11.Observe and record the changes in lime
water.(K4)
12.Remove the stoppers and smell the gas that
comes out from the boiling tubes.(K4)

Page
|7

Percentage of O2

7.2
(SLG
R 07)

INVESTIGATING THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE INHALED AND
EXHALED AIR IN TERMS OF
OXYGEN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE CONTENTS
AIM:
To determine the oxygen and carbon
dioxide content in inhaled and exhaled
air
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Does inhaled air contain more oxygen
and less carbon dioxide than exhaled
air?

HYPOTHESIS:
-Inhaled air contains more oxygen and
less carbon dioxide than exhaled air //
-Inhaled air contains more carbon
dioxide and less oxygen than exhaled air
-Exhaled air contains more carbon
dioxide and less oxygen than inhaled air
-Exhaled air contains more oxygen and
less carbon dioxide than inhaled air.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Potassium hydroxide solution,
Potassium pyrogallate solution
,Water, J-tube, Ruler, Beaker , Boiling
tube , Basin / water bath, Rubber tubings

DIAGRAM:

_(y z)_cm x 100%

x cm

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE
length of air air -The initial
x = length of air column of-the
inhaled/exhaled
column occupied
length of air
by oxygen in
column//(Same)
y = length of air column upon
adding
porassium
inhaled/exhaled
student
air
//J-tube /
- the length of
Diameter of Jair column
tube//Concentrat
occupied by
ion of KOH//
carbon dioxide
//Temperature//
in
//Time to collect
inhaled/exhaled
air sample//Air
air
sample
ABSTRACT
Inhaled air
percentage/quant
and exhaled
ity of oxygen
air
and carbon
dioxide iinhaled
and exhaled air
METHODS
Used
cRV(TECHNIQ
Fix the length
OF
different
UE)
of air column
HANDLING
sample of
- measure and
to be 10 cm//
Inhaled air
record the length
Same student/
and exhaled
of air column
Fixa student
air.
occupied by
carry out all
oxygen in
activities//
inhaled/exhaled
Fix/Use a same
air using a ruler
J-tube / Fix
same diameter
- measure and
of J-tube
record the length
Fix the
of air column
concentration of
occupied by
KOH//
carbon dioxide
in
Fixthe same/
inhaled/exhaled
room
air using a ruler
temperature//
aRV(TECHNI
Air sample
QUE)
collected
refer to
immediately//
sentences below
Air sample is
collected from
the same
student/ Fix the
same student to
collect air
sample
-calculate and record percentage of carbon dioxide content in inhaled /
exhaled air using the formulae:
Percentage of CO2

_(x y)_cm x 100%

1.

Turn the screw of the J-tube until the

end(K1)

2.

Dip the end of the J-tube in water. Draw

into the tube about 5 cm of water.(K1)

3.

Remove the J-tube from the water.

Draw /Fix the length of air column to be 10
cm
(inhaled air).(K1)(K2)

4.

Dip the open end of J-tube into the water

again. Draw in a little more water (to seal
the air column).(K1)

5.

Adjust the screw so that the air column is

in the middle of the J-tube.(K5)

6.

Immerse the J-tube into water bath for 2

minutes, to stabilize the temperature of air
sample. (K5)

7.

Measure the length of the air column using

a ruler. Record the measurement as x cm.
(K4)

8.

Expel some of the water in the J-tube

leaving about 2-3 mm from the end of the
tube.(K1)

9.

Dip the open end of the J-tube into the

potassium hydroxide and draw in about 2 3
cm of the solution. (Potassium hydroxide
absorbs carbon dioxide from the air
column).(K1)

10.

Remove the tube from the solution

and move the air column to and fro several
times. (K1)

11.

Repeat step 6 and 7. Record the

length of air column as y cm.(K4 )(K5)

12.

Expel the potassium hydroxide

solution leaving about 2-3 mm from the end
of the tube.(K1)

13.

Repeat step 9 using potassium

pyrogallate solution. (Potassium pyrogallate
absorbs oxygen from the air column).(K4)

14.

Repeat step 6 and 7. Record the

length of the air column as z cm.(K5)(K5)

15.

Based on the results, calculate the

percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
the sample of inhaled air column.(K1)

16.

Repeat steps 1 17 using a sample

of exhaled air.(K3)

x cm

17.

x = length of air column of inhaled / exhaled air

y = length of air column upon adding porassium hydroxide

Compare the percentages of carbon

dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air.(K1)
18 Compare the percentages of oxygen in
inhaled and exhaled air.(K1)

calculate and record percentage of oxygen content in inhaled / exhaled

air using the formula :

8.5

ESTIMATING THE
POPULATION SIZE OF PLANT
BY USING THE QUADRAT
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Type of
plant
species//
species A
and B// two
example
of plant
species.

The area of each

type of species

Quadrat size//
research area

ABSTRACT

Population size //
percentage
coverage of

To estimate/ determine / study the

population size // percentage coverage of
plant from species A and B using the
quadrat sampling technique.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
1. What is the percentage coverage /
population size / density of plant from

1. School field was chosen as the field study.

(K1)
2. Quadrats of size 1m x 1m was used.
(K2)(K1)
3. Two plants species / species A and B was
identified.(K1) (K3)
4. The quadrats were thrown at random in the
school field (K1)
5. The area of (coverage) each plant species/
species A and species B was counted. (K4)
6. The number of individual plant species in
each quadrat was counted.(K4)
7. If more than half of the squares in the
quadrat is covered, the area of plant species

Page
|8

species A and B in the school field?

2 Does the type of plant species affects
the percentage coverage / population
size / density of the plants ?
3. Which type of the plant species/
species A or B has the highest
percentage coverage/ population size?

plants //
Density of
species
METHODS
OF
HANDLING

HYPOTHESIS:
1. The percentage coverage//
population size of species A plant is
higher than species B in the school
field.
2. Different plant species have different
percentage coverage// population size .
3. Plant species A is more dominant
than species B in this habitat.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS
Plant species A and B // any 2 plant
spesies Plastic quadrat, marker pen, A4
Paper, graph paper.

DIAGRAM:

Used
different
plant
species
which are
species A
and species
B

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the area
of each type of
species using a
quadrat 1m x 1m

Fixed the size of

quadrat to
1m1m

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Refer to the
sentences below.

will be counted . The area is not counted if

only less than half is covered.(K5)
8. Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats.
(K1)
9. The area covered by plant species / species A
and species B / number of individual plant
species studied in each quadrat were
recorded and tabulated in a table. (K4)
10. The percentage coverage / density /
frequency of plant species / species A and
species B were calculated by using this
formula:
(K4)
11. Percentage coverage of plant species :
= Total area covered plant species in all
quadrats X 100%

Method aRV:Calculate and record the percentage coverage of plant //

species A and B using the formulae:
Total area covered by the species
X 100%
Number of quadrats X area of one quadrat
// Calculate the density of plant species using the formula:
Total number of organisms in all quadrats
Number of quadrats X area of one quadrat

Result

Total number of quadrats X area of a quadrat

Frequency of species =
Number of quadrat containing plant species X
100%
Total number of quadrats
12. // Density of plant species =
total number of individual species in all
quadrats
Total number of quadrats X area of a quadrat

8.6

ESTIMATING THE
POPULATION SIZE OF
GARDEN SNAILS USING
CAPTURE, MARK, RELEASE
AND RECAPTURE
TECHNIQUE
AIM:
To estimate the population size of
garden snails using capture, mark,
release and recapture technique.

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

The sizes of
samples

The size of
research area

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
sizes of
samples
which are
small and
large
sample

the garden snail

populations
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
calculate and
record the the
garden snail
populations by
using the
formulae:
Population size
=( a b) c

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
What is the effect of different size of
samples on the size of garden snail
population?

HYPOTHESIS:
The larger the size of samples, the more
accurate of the snail populations
estimated.

Fixed the size of

research area to
15m15m

Population size =( a b) c
a= The number of snails
in the first capture
b= number of snails
in the second capture
c= no of marked snails in second
capture

a= The number
of snails
in the first
capture
b= number of
snails
in the second
capture
c= no of marked
birds in second
capture.

MATERIALS&APPARATUS
Snails,a paintbrush,a bottle of Indian
ink, a pen and a notebook.

DIAGRAM:

13. Repeat the steps 2 to 8 by using the larger

number of snail sample.(K3)
14. Record the data in the table. (K1)

Result
Size of garden snail
Number of snails
Sample of
first capture

population
Second capture
Total
number

1st
sample

Marked
snails

13. Select a suitable location within your school

compound with the area 15m15m .(K1)
(K2)
14. Capture as many garden snails as you can
from the place.(K1)
15. Count the garden snails that you have
captured and mark their shells with a small
dot of Indian ink. (K4)(K5)
16. Release them in the same place where you
found them (K1)
17. Go back to the same place after seven days.
Capture once again as many garden snails as
you can.
18. Count the total number of garden snails you
have captured and note the number of those
which had been marked.(K4)
19. Record the data in a table (K1)
20. Calculate and record the population size of
garden snails using the following formula:

Page
|9

2nd
sample

8.7
(SBP
09)

INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN PH
(ABIOTIC FACTOR) ON THE
POPULATION GROWTH
RATE OF AN ORGANISM
AIM:
To investigate the effect of change in pH
value on the population growth rate of
Lemna sp. plants.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
1. Does the change in pH value affect
the population growth rate of
Lemna sp plants?
2. What is the effect of change in pH
value on the population growth rate
of Lemna sp.?
3. Which pH value is the most suitable
for the increase in population of
Lemna sp.?

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Types of
solution
used

The increase in
population of
Lemna sp.
plants.

ABSTRACT

Different
pH value /
pH 2, pH 7
and pH 14

The population
growth rate of
Lemna sp.
plants.

Species of
Lemna sp. //
plant / volume
of water /culture
solution
concentration of
nutrients /
temperature /
light intensity//
time
-

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
solution
tested
which are
distilled
,hydrochlor
ic acid and
sodium
hydroxide
solution

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Count and
record the
number of
Lemna sp. after
5 days.

HYPOTHESIS:
1. The pH 7 is the most suitable for the
increase in population of Lemna sp.
plants compared to pH 2 and pH 14.
2. The population growth rate of
Lemna sp. plants is the highest in
the pH 7 compared to pH 2 and pH
14.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Lemnasp. plants, *distilled water / dilute
hydrochloric acid / sodium hydroxide
solution, culture solution / pond water.
Beaker // petri dish // container,
measuring cylinder, pH paper / meter.

DIAGRAM:

Fixed the
volume of
culture solution
which is 5 ml by
using a
measuring
cylinder.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Or
Calculate and
record the
population
growth rate of
Lemna sp. by
using a
formula :

1. Choose Lemna sp. plants of the same size.

(K1)(K2)
2. Choose // take three petri dishes of the same
size.(K1)
3. Label the petri dishes as A, B and C.(K1)
4. Pour 5 ml of distilled water into petri dish
A, 5 ml of hydrochloric acid into petri dish
B and 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution
into petri dish C. (K1)(K3)
5. Test the pH value of each solution using pH
paper (and record in a table).(K1)
6. Pour 5 ml of culture solution / pond water
into each petri dish.(K1)(K2)
7. Put 5 Lemna sp. plants into each petri dish.
(K1)
8. Record in a table.(K1)
9. Place the petri dishes on the table / near the
window in the laboratory.(K2)
10.Change the solution in the petri dishes every
day.(K5)
11.Count the number of Lemna sp. plants after
5 days.(K4)
12.Calculate the population growth rate of
Lemna sp. plants using a formula :(K4)
The population growth rate of Lemna sp.
=Number of Lemna sp/ 5 days
13.Repeat the experiment / steps 1 until 11 to
get the accurate result. (K5)
14.Tabulate the data in the table below.(K1)

The population
growth rate of
Lemna sp. =
Number of
Lemna sp.
5 days

Result:
Number of Lemna sp. plants
pH value
Day-1

Day-5

Increase /
Decrease

The
population
growth rate of
Lemna sp.
plants (day-1)

Neutral
Acidic
Alkali

8.11

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE ACTIVITY OF YEAST

CONCRETE

AIM:
To study the effect of different
temperature on the activity of yeast

HYPOTHESIS:
The activity of yeast is optimal at 37C/
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
dry yeast, 15% glucose solution,
distilled water, boiling tube, glass tubes,
clips, rubber stopper, rubber tubing,
retort stands, manometer tubes, strings
and stopwatch, water bath, thermometer.

DIAGRAM:

MV

RV

CV

Different
temperature
of water
bath

Height of the
coloured liquid
in the
manometer

Volume of yeast
suspension

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the height
of the coloured
liquid by using a
ruler
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)

Fixed the
volume of yeast
suspension as 1g
by using
weighing scale.

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
differentt
temperature
of water
bath which
are (20, 37,
40 and
50)C

1. The boiling tubes are labeled A,B,C and

D(K1)
2. The boiling tubes A are filled with 1g dry
yeast+20cm3 of 15% glucose solution
(K1)(K2)(K3)
3. The apparatus are placed in water bath at
temperature of 20C. (K1)(K2)
4. Measure and record high of the coloured
liquid after 10 min.(K4)
5. Repeat step 1-4 three times to get accurate
reading(K5)
6. Repeat steps 1- 5 to boiling tube B, C, and
D, for the temperature of (37, 40, and 50)C .
(K3)
7. Record in a table.(K1)

Page
| 10

Result:
Boili
ng
tube

9.2

INVESTIGATING THE LEVEL

OF POLLUTION IN SEVERAL
SAMPLES OF WATER FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES
AIM:

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Location of
water

Time taken to
decolourise
methylene blue
solution

ABSTRACT

Level of water
pollution

Volume of water
sample
(100ml) //
volume of
methylene blue
solution (1ml)//
concentration of
methylene blue
solution
-

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
water
sample
from the
location P,
Q, and R

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record time to
decolourise
methylene blue
solution by using
a stopwatch
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

To determine the level of water pollution

at location P // Q // R

HYPOTHESIS:
The water at location R is more polluted
compared to location P and location Q.
/The water at location R is the most
polluted compared to location P and
location Q /The methylene blue solution
took the shortest time to decolourise in
sample water R compared to sample
water Q and P.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Methylene blue solution (0.1%), water
samples, stop watch, reagent bottle,
syringe with needle, measuring cylinder.

DIAGRAM:

Fixed the
volume of
methylene blue
solution which
is 1 ml by using
a measuring
cylinder.

Temp
eratu
re of
water
bath
(C)
20

37

40

50

Height of the coloured

liquid (cm)
1st
2nd
3rd
readi
readi
readi
ng
ng
ng

1.

Water samples are collected from P,Q and R

(K1)
2. The reagent bottles are labelled A,B,C. (K1)
3. Measure 100 ml of water sample from P,Q
and R separately and pour into the reagent
bottle labelled A,B and C respectively. (K2)
(K3)
4. 1 ml of methylene blue solution is added to
the base of each water sample using a
syringe.(K2)
5. The reagent bottles are closed with the
stoppers immediately.(K1) (K5)
6. The contents of the bottles cannot be shaken.
(K5)
7. All the reagent bottles are kept in a dark
cupboard (K5)
8. The stopwatch is activated.(K1)
9. The bottles are examined from time to time.
(K1)
10.The time taken for the methylene blue
solution to decolourise / become colourless
is recorded for all the water samples.(K4)
11.The results are recorded in a table. (K1)

Result:

10

10.7

SHOWING XYLEM AS A
CONTINUOUS TUBE SYSTEM
THAT TRANSPORTS WATER
AND MINERALS
AIM:
To show that xylem as a continuous tube
can transport water and mineral.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Does Xylem tissues form a continuous
tube system that transports water and
minerals from the roots to the shoot?

HYPOTHESIS:
Xylem tissues form a continuous tube
system that transports water and
minerals from the roots to the shoot.//
Xylem tissue can transport water and
mineral.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
A balsam plant, eosin solution, beaker,
razor blade, microscope slides, cover
slips, a microscope, forceps, a white tile,
petri dish and a paintbrush.

DIAGRAM:

Reage
nt
bottle

Water
sampl
e

A
B
C

P
Q
R

Time taken to
decolourise
methylene
blue solution (h)

Level of water
pollution
(h-1)

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

Part of
plant at
leave, stem
and root

The tissues
stained red with
the red color of
eosin.

Type of plant

ABSTRACT

Part of plants/
tissue that can
transport water
and mineral.

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
part of
plant which
are at leaf,
stem and
root

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Observe and
record the
tissues stained
red with the red
color of eosin by
using a
microscope.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Used the same

type of plant
which is the
Balsam plant.

1. The root of Balsam plants is washed (K1)

(K2)
2. The roots is immersed in eosine solution for
30 minutes. (K1)
3. When the red eosin solution has penetrated
into the veins of the leaves, the plant is
removed. (K5)
4. Thin sections of the stem are cut with razor
blade.(K1)
5. A paintbrush is used to transfer a thin cross
section of the stem onto a drop of water on a
glass slide.(K1)
6. The section is covered with a cover slip and
examined under a microscope.(K1)
7. The tissue which has been stained with the
red colour of eosin is identified(K4)
8. Step 4-6 are repeated with the cross section
of root and leaf.(K3)
9. Diagram of cross sections of the root, stem
and leaf under low power is drawn and
indicated the part stained red.(K4)

Result:
Part of plant

Leaf
Stem

Cross section of
plant

Page
| 11

Root

10

10.3

CARRYING OUT BARK

RINGING TO SHOW THE
ROLE OF PHLOEM IN THE
CONTINUOUS TRANSPORT
OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES.
AIM:
To show the role of phloem in the
continuous transport of organic
substances.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
1.What is the effect of removing a ring
of phloem tissue from the stem of a tree?
2. Does the removing a ring of phloem
tissue from the stem of a tree will affect
the transportation of organic substances?

HYPOTHESIS:
The ringed stem shows tissue above the
ring swells, whereas the tissue below
the ring tends to wither.

CONCRETE

MV

RV

CV

A stem that
is ringed
and a stem
that is not
ringed

The condition
above and below
the ring after one
month
// The diameters
of the stems
above and below
the ring after one
month.
Part of plants/
tissue that can
transport organic
substances.

Conditions of
environment,
type of plant,
time of the
experiment

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Observe/
Measureand
record The
condition/
diameters of the
stems above and
below the ring
after one month
by usinga
measuring tape.
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Used the same

type of plant
which is the
Hibiscus plant.

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
the stem of
hibiscus
plant which
are ringed
and not
ringed.

MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Sharp knife, Healthy hibiscus
tree,Vaselin and measuring tape.

DIAGRAM:

10

10.8

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

AIR MOVEMENT ON THE
RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
BY USING POTOMETER.
AIM:
To study the effect of air movement on
the rate of transpiration.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
What are the effect of the state / different
speed of air movement on the rate of
transpiration?

HYPOTHESIS:

Result:
Types of
stem

MV

RV

CV

State /
speed of air
movement

Time taken for

air bubble to
travel from P to
Q (min)

Conditions of
environment,
type of plant,

ABSTRACT

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

Used
different
speed of air
movement
which are
speed 1,2
and 3, 4
and 5
/ condition
which are
still air and
moving air.

Rate of
transpiration
cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the time
taken for air
bubble to travel
from P to Q by
using a
stopwatch

DIAGRAM:

Used the same

type of plant
which is the
Hibiscus plant.
/ Fixed the
temperature of
surrounding to
37C by using
the
thermometer.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
Calculate and
record the rate of
transpiration by
using the
formulae of
distance
travelled divided
by time taken

Result:
State of
air
movem
ent/Spe
ed of
the fan

Time taken for air bubble to travel from X

to Y, (min)

1
2

Diameter
(cm)/
condition
Before one
month

Diameter
(cm)/
condition
After one
month

A/ Ringed
Stem
B/ Not
Ringed
stem

CONCRETE

As the speed of the air movement

increases, the rate of transpiration
increases/
The rate of transpiration is higher in a
moving air than in a still air
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Capillary tube, rubber tube, stop watch,
ruler, beaker, fan, retort stand with
clamp, razor blade, basin, marker, Plant
shoot, water, vaseline

1. Two tree stems of hibiscus plant are choosen

and labelled A and B.(K1) (K2)
2. A knife is used to remove a complete ring of
bark from a tree stem A. (K1)
3. Vaseline is applied on the exposed tissue.
(K1)(K5)
4. Draw the condition of stem ./Measure and
record initial diameters of the stems above
and below the ring by using a measuring
tape.(K4)(K1)
5. After one month, the condition of the ringed
stem above and below the ring are observed
and recorded.( K4)(K2)
6. A drawing of the stem condition is
drawn.Measure and record the diameters of
the stems above and below the ring after one
month by using a measuring tape.(K4)
7. Repeat step 4, 5 and 6 by using stem B for
not ringed stem.(K3)
8. The condition of the stem is compared to the
stem that is not ringed.(K4)

Average

Rate of
transpir
ation
min-1

1. Choose and cut off a leafy shoot from a

hibiscus plant.(K1)(K2)
2. Immerse the cut end immediately into a
basin of water(K5)
3. Cut 1cm of the bottom of the stem
obliquely under water using a sharp razor
blade.(K1)
4. Measure a distance of 10 cm on the capillary
tube and mark the point P and point Q
5. Insert one end of the rubber tube into the
capillary tube fill the tube with water
(K1 )
6. Insert the other end of the rubber tube
with the cut end of the stem under
water(K1)
7. Set up the leafy shoot and capillary tube in
the upright position using retort stand and
clamp with the other end of the capillary
tube immerses in a beaker of water (K1)
8. Wipe dry the leaves and apparatus using dry
cloth
9. Smear all the joints of the apparatus with
vaseline to prevent leakage (K5)
10.Place the apparatus under the fan which is
switched off.
11. Introduce an air bubble into the capillary
tube by lifting the end of the capillary tube
out of the beaker for a short while and then
returned it to the beaker again (K1)
12.Allow the air bubble to move until it reaches
the P mark and activate the stop watch
13.Stop the stop watch when the air bubble
reaches the Q mark
14.Measure and record the time taken for air
bubble to travel from P to Q by using a
stopwatch in the table provided (K4) (K1)
15.Repeat steps 1to 14 to obtain an average
reading
16.Repeat the above steps by switching on the
fan /using different speeds of the fan (speed
1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and record the result (K3)
K1 : Preparation of specimen and apparatus /
potometer (at least 4S to get a tick)

Page
| 12

S1: Choose a leafy shoot

S2: Cut the stem obliquely
S3: Insert the rubber tube into capillary tube
S4: Insert the cut stem to the rubber tube
S5: Set up the apparatus in upright position
S6: Introduce the air bubble

3
4
5

K3 : Handling the manipulated variable

Fan switch on and fan switch on
K2 : Handling the controlled variable
Choose and cut off a leafy shoot from a hibiscus
plant.
K4 : Handling responding variable /
Collecting and recording data
- activate the stop watch at X
- stop the stop watch at Y
-Measure and record the time taken for air
bubble to travel from P to Q by using a
stopwatch
K5 : Accuracy of the data obtained /
Precaution
- repeat the step and find the average
- smear with vaseline to prevent leakage / wipe
dry the leaves and apparatus

12

12.1

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF

DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF
WATER INTAKE TO THE
URINE OUTPUT
AIM:
To study the effect of different quantities
of water intake / volume of drinks on the
volume of urine output.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
What is the effect of different quantities
of water intake on the volume of urine
output ?

HYPOTHESIS:

CONCRETE

DIAGRAM:

RV

CV

Volume of
drink //
Quantity of
water
intake by
students.

Volume of urine
produce

Environmental
condition
(temperature,
humidity) //
Gender, size and
age of students

Used
different
volume of
water
intake by
each
student
(such as
200ml,
400ml,600
ml and
1000ml)

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the
volume of urine
produce by using
a measuring
cylinder
aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Used the same

age of the
students
involved which
are 17 years old.

ABSTRACT
METHODS
OF
HANDLING

The more water (MV) drunk, the more

the volume of urine output (RV) is
formed.
// The higher the quantity of water intake
(MV), the more the volume of urine
output (RV) is formed.
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
Students, paper cups, drinking water,
measuring cylinders.

MV

Result:
Student

Volume of water
taken (ml)

200

400

600

1000

Volume of urine
produced (ml)

1. Get four students A, B, C and D that are the

same gender, size and age.(K1)(K2)
2. The students are asked to empty their
bladders before they start the experiment.
(K5)
3. Give the student different quantities of water
that are student A 200 ml of mineral water,
student B 300 ml of mineral water, student C
400 ml of mineral water and student D 500
ml of mineral water to drink.(K1)(K3)
4. Measure and record the volume of urine
output of the students within that hour.(K4)
5. The urine produced is collected in paper
cups and measured into measuring cylinders.
(K1)
6. Record the volume of urine produced by
each student in table.(K1)

Page
| 13

15

15.1

INVESTIGATING VARIATION
IN HUMANS
AIM:
To investigate the types of
variation(MV) among students(RV) in 5
Jauhari.
//To study the number of students(RV)
with different height and types of
fingerprints(MV)
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
1. Do all the students have the same
types of fingerprints and height / types
of variation?
2. Do different types of fingerprints and
height affect the number of students?

MV

RV

CV

CONCRETE

height and
types of
fingerprints

Number of
students / boys
or girls

Same class//
same age// same
gender // ten
students (based
on hypothesis).

ABSTRACT

- Types of
variation
Take the
height and
types of
fingerprints
of the
students

METHODS
OF
HANDLING

HYPOTHESIS:
Different number of students (RV)
show different types of fingerprints
and height (MV) / types of variation //
inversely
MATERIALS&APPARATUS:
1)
Student - M
2)
Graph paper - M
3)
A4 paper / white
paper - M
4)
tissue paper / cloth M
5)
Fingerprint pad - A
6)
Hand lens - A
7)
Marker/pen - A

8)

DIAGRAM:

cRV(TECHNIQ
UE)
Measure and
record the height
using the meter
ruler / count the
number of
students having
different types of
fingerprint using
a hand lens

Used the same

age of the
students
involved which
are 17 years old.

aRV(TECHNI
QUE)
-

Result:

Meter ruler / tape - A

Students
name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10

Types of finger print

whorl

Curves

Composite

Height
loops

(m)

7. Ten names of student in th same age were

written down in a table (K1) (K2)
8. The height is measured by using a metre
ruler and recorded in a table. (K1) (K4)
9. Th experiment is repeated by investigating
th types of fingerprint( K3)
10.By using a fingerprint pad, placed the
thumbprint on a white papertwice. ( K1)
11.By using a hand lens, th type of thumb print
were observed and identify. (K4)
12.Steps 2 until 5 were repeated to other
students in th same group. (K3)
13.Th measurement of height and fingerprint
are repeated twice to get th average. (K5)
14.Two graphs on th number of students
against th types of variation were plotted.
(K1)

Page
| 14