Physics 160

Lecture 4
R. Johnson
April 8, 2015

AC (linear) Analysis with PSpice

See the PSpice tutorial and HW #1.

R1

13

PSpice Netlist

R2
40.00mV

6
I

100.0mV

19

0V
V

22
L1

V1
C1

1Vac
0.1Vdc

2mH

20uF

V_V1

N00013

DC 0.1Vdc

R_R1

N00013

N00019

R_R2

N00019

N00022

L_L1

N00022

2mH

C C1
C_C1

N00019

20uF

AC 1Vac

0V

Capture
Schematic

1
2 LC

796 Hz

PSpice Output
(AC Analysis)
April 8, 2015

Physics 160

Nice Alternative: www.circuitlab.com

The syntax and methods are the same as in other Spice

circuit simulators, but very easy to use.

The low-cost student version includes

mostt off the
th parts,
t or else
l reasonable
bl
substitutes, that we use in the lab.
You have to register online as a
student and pay a small fee to be
able to save y
your work.

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

Butterworth Low-Pass Filter

Filter that is
flat at low frequency
falls very rapidly at the 3dB point
(6dB times the number of poles) per octave
flat and near zero above the transition

A 5-pole
5 pole example is tested in the lab
Be sure to look at the output with a 10 probe, so that you do not
load down the output and distort the response!

Demonstration example with PSpice

In the complex frequency plane, the poles (zeroes in the
complex impedance) are evenly distributed on a semicircle
above the real axis and centered on zero
zero. (See Wikipedia
Wikipedia.))

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

3-Pole Butterworth Filter

Plot of H in the
complex frequency
plane.

C2=4/3 F, R4=1 , L1=3/2 H, L3=1/2 H

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

3-Pole Butterworth Filter

Plot of H in the
complex frequency
plane.

C2=4/3 F, R4=1, L1=3/2 H, L3=1/2

Transfer
function:

April 8, 2015

VO ( s )
1
H ( s)

where s j
2
3
Vi ( s ) 1 2 s 2 s s
Physics 160

3-Pole Butterworth Filter

C2=4/3 F, R4=1 , L1=3/2 H, L3=1/2 H
Plot of H in the
complex frequency
plane.

I1

Vout
H ( )
R4 Z ( ) 1
Vin
April 8, 2015

I2

2
Physics 160

3-Pole Butterworth Filter Response

Calculated by solving 2 complex equations for two
unknowns in MathCad.

Easier way: use PSpice!

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

Pspice:

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

Butterworth Frequency Response

5-pole filter will fall off at

5(6)= 30 dB/octave.

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

10

Spice Simulation of 5-Pole Butterworth

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

11

Other 5-Pole Linear Filters

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

12

LC Notch Filter (LCR application)

f0

1
2 LC

f0
L R
Q

f 3dB
LC

The resonance frequency

q
y is g
given by
y L and C
High Q (sharp dip) is obtained by a low driving impedance
(small R in this case)
The phase shift is zero well off resonance but changes by 180
degrees while passing through the resonance, corresponding to
an inversion.

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

13

LC Notch Filter
Magnitude of Notch Filter Transfer Function
10

R=100 ohms
h( )

L 1 mH
L=
H

C= 1 F

1
2

0= 31.6 kHz

0.1

Q= 0.32
0.01
3
110

110

110

110

Magnitude of Notch Filter Transfer Function

10

R=10 ohms
h( )

L= 1 mH

C 1 F
C=
F

1
2

0= 31.6 kHz

0.1

Q= 3.2
00.01
01
3
110

110

110

110

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

14

LC Bandpass Filter
f0

1
2 LC

f0
RC
Q

f 3dB
LC

The resonance frequency is given by L and C

Hi h Q ((sharp
High
h
peak)
k) iis obtained
bt i d b
by a hi
high
hd
driving
i i iimpedance
d
(large R in this case)
This is desirable for selecting one radio frequency for reception, as
an example
example.
Resistance in the inductor will lower Q

The phase shift is zero at resonance

Thi is
This
i the
h first
fi
experiment
i
in
i next weeks
k lab
l b session.
i

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

15

LC Bandpass Filter
Magnitude of Bandpass Filter Transfer Function
10

R=100 ohms
hh(( )

L 1 mH
L=
H

C= 1 F

2
0.1

0.01
3
110

0= 31.6 kHz
Q= 3.2
4

110

110

110

Magnitude
g
of Bandpass
p Filter Transfer Function
10

R=1000 ohms
L= 1 mH

h( )

C= 1 F
C

1
2

0= 31.6 kHz

0.1

Q= 32
0.01
0
01
3
110

110

110

110

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

16

Scope Probes

After lab 2, you should always use 10 probes to measure

signals in your circuits at any high-impedance point.
Probes should be calibrated to match the scope input
input, using the
calibration square wave provided on the front of the scope.
Set the scope channel to 10, so that your voltage readings will be
correct.
Probe tip

yes

Adjustable capacitor
on the BNC plug end
off the
th probe
b

9M

no

1M
no

Scope
April 8, 2015

Physics 160

The input capacitance of the

scope can differ
diff ffrom one
instrument to another, so the
probe capacitor is adjusted by
hand until the attenuation is
1/10 at all frequencies.
q
Then
the square wave is not
distorted.
17

Semiconductor Diodes

Exponential curve
for forward bias
Small (~20 nA)
reverse leakage
current

1N4148 small signal diode

~75 V

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

18

Lab 3 Diode Applications

Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, as used in power supplies.

Diode drops
Filtering and ripple voltage

Voltage clamps
Rectified differentiator
Di d lilimiter
Diode
it
Zener diode voltage reference
This is discussed in the Lab-3 chapter, but youll see it in practice in
Lab 12.

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

19

Diode Rectifiers
Half Wave

Full Wave

April 8, 2015

Physics 160

20

Note that there is no

ground connection on
g
this side of the rectifier!

Output Smoothing
The load (shown here as a 1 kohm
resistance) draws current from the
capacitor when a diode is not supplying
the current.
=R1C1 decay time constant

If R1 is small (high load; i.e. high current), then C1 must be large in

order for the time constant to be long enough to minimize the ripple.
Later in the quarter we will see how to improve on this using active
voltage regulators to eliminate ripple and hold the output voltage
constant even with a changing load.
April 8, 2015

Physics 160

21