Alkanes
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Alkanes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons having CC and CH bonds.
They can be categorized as acyclic or cyclic.
Acyclic alkanes contain only linear and branched chains
of carbon atoms. They are also called saturated
hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanes contain carbons joined in one or more
rings.
Types of Carbons
BAB 3
Hidrokarbon:
Nomenklatur
dan Reaksi
Sistematika Nomenklatur
International
Chemistry
IUPAC
Committee on Organic Nomenclature
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Alkana
Hidrokarbon
Alkana
CnH2n+2
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Alkana
alkana
Penyusun
Mempunyai
jumlah karbon
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
15
jumlah isomer
2
3
5
9
18
35
75
355
4347
Alkana
CH4
Methane
(CH4)
CH3 CH3
Ethane
(C2H6)
(C3H8)
(C4H10)
Hexane
(C6H14)
(C5H12)
Heptane
(C7H16)
(C10H22)
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Nomenklature Alkana
Alkana
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Butyl
CH3
Isobutyl
CH3 CH2
(2-Methylpropyl)
Ethyl
CH3 CH2 CH2
Propyl
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3 CH CH2
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH
CH3
sec-Butyl
(1-Methylpropyl)
CH3 C
CH3
tert-Butyl
(1,1-Dimethylethyl)
Isopropyl
(1-Methylethyl)
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Nomenklature alkana
(IUPAC)
Satu substituent
Tentukan
Nomenklature Organik
4
2-metilbutana
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3-metilpentana
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4-etilheptana
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CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
7
CH3
4-etil-3-metilheptana
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CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3
8
CH2 CH3
3-etil-5-metiloktana
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CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
1
CH3
2,3-dimetilbutana
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CH3
CH3 CH2 C
1
CH3
3,3-dimetilheksana
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CH3
CH3
2,7,8-trimetildekana
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CH3
CH3
10
3,4,8-trimetildekana
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CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 C
5
CH3
1
CH3
2,2,4-Trimetilpentana
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CH3
CH2 CH3
6-etil-3,4-dimetiloktana
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CH3
CH2 CH3
3-etil-6-metiloktana
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CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2 CH3
4-isopropil-2,6,6-trimetilnonana
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C
5
CH2 CH3
2
5-(1-Etil-1-metilpropil)-5-propilnonana
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Good Luck!
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
7-(1,1-Dimetilbutil)-3-etil-7-metildodekana
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CH3
CH3 CH
2
1-metiletil
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CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2 CH3
2,6,6-trimetil-4-(1-metiletil)nonana
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CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH
4
1,3-dimetilbutil
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(1,3-dimetilbutyl)
= d
(1,1,2-trimetilpropil) = t
(1-etil-l,2-dimetil) = e
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CH CH2 CH3
2
2-etil-1,1-dimetilbutil
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C
5
CH2 CH3
2
5-(1-etil-1-metilpropil)-5-propilnonana
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CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
7-(1,1-dimetiletil)-3-etil-7-metildekana
7-tert-butil-3-etil-7-metildekana
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Question 1
Select the correct IUPAC name
for the compound shown to
the right.
A) 3,3-diethyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane
B) 3,3-dimethyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane
C) 3,3-diethyl-3-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethylpentane
D) 2,2-diethyl-3,3,4,4-tetramethylpentane
E) 2,2-dimethyl-3,3,4,4-tetraethylpentane
Question 2
Select the correct IUPAC name for the compound
shown here.
A) 3-ethyl-8-methyl-7-propylnonane
B) 7-ethyl-2-methyl-3-propylnonane
C) 3-ethyl-7-isobutyldecane
D) 3-ethyl-7-isopropyldecane
E) 8-ethyl-4-isopropyldecane
Question 3
Which of the following compounds is 2-methyl-6,6diethylnonane?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Sikloalkana
Nama
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Molekul siklis
H
H
C
H
C
CH2 CH2
Cyclopropane
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
Cyclobutane
C
H
H
HH
H
C
C
C
H
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
Cyclopentane
CH2
H
H
H
H
H
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cyclohexane
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Nomenclature Sikloalkana
tersubstitusi
Jika
Br
Bromosiklopropana
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CH3
CH3
1,1-Dimetilsikloheksana
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CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2
4-Etil-1,1-dimetilsikloheksana
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CH
CH3
CH3
1-isopropil-2-metilsikloheksana
2-metil-1-(1-metiletil)sikloheksana
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CH3
CH3
2
1
7
4
5
CH3
2-Kloro-1,1,6-trimetilsikloheptana
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Gugus Sikloalkil
Cyclopropyl
Cyclopentyl
Cyclobutyl
Cyclohexyl
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CH3 CH2 C
CH2 CH3
CH3
3-metil-3-siklobutilpentana
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CH3 CH2 CH
CH3
2-Siklobutilbutana
sec-Butilsiklobutana
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Derajat Substitusi
CH3 R
primary (1)
R CH2 R
secondary (2)
R
R
CH R
R
tertiary (3)
quaternary (4)
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Derajat Substitusi
CH
3
1
CH
3
1
CH3 CH
3
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2 CH3
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Suffix
-anoic anhydride
-anoyl chloride
-anoic acid
-anenitrile
-anoate
-anamide
-anal
-anone
-anol
dialkyl ether
-anamine
awalan
carboxycyanocarboxyalkylamidooksooksohidroksialkoksiamino-
Nomenklatur senyawa
halida dan nitro
F
Cl
Fluoro
Br
Chloro
I
Bromo
Iodo
NO2
Nitro
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CH3 CH2 Br
Bromoetana
Etil bromida
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CH3
CH3 C
Cl
CH3
2-Kloro-2-metilpropana
tert-Butil klorida
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CH3 CH
Br
CH
CH2 CH3
CH3
2-Bromo-3-metilpentana
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Iodosikloheksana
Sikloheksil iodida
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Br
Cl
1-Bromo-2-klorosikloheksana
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CH3 CH
CH3
NO2
2-Nitropropana
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LOCANT
PREFIX
STEM
SUFFIX
numbers
substituents
number
-ALK(AN)-
ending
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Nomenklatur alkena
Diakhiri
dengan ena
Tentukan rantai terpanjang yang
mempunyai C=C
Beri nomor dari ujung yang terdekat dengan
C=C and tentukan nomornya -spt:2-pentena
C=C lebih penting dari substituen!!
Beri nomor dari substituen yang terikat
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CH2 CH2
CH3 CH
Etena
Etilena
CH3 CH2 CH
1-Butena
CH2
Propena
Propilena
CH2
CH3 CH
CH
CH3
2-Butena
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CH3
C
CH
CH3
CH3
2-Metil-2-butena
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CH3
CH3 CH
CH2 CH2 CH
CH
CH3
6-Metil-2-heptena
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CH3
CH3 CH2 CH
CH2 CH2
C
H
C
CH3
Trans-6-Metil-3-propil-2-oktena
(jangan perhatikan trans, ada pada Bab 4
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CH3 CH3
4,4-Dimetilsikloheksena
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CH3
2-Metil-1,3-sikloheksadiena
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CH2 CH3
CH2
CH3
2,5-Dietil-1,3-siklooktadiena
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SANGAT PENTING
Benzena
Tidak pernah sebagai sikloheksaatriena!!!
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Substituen Alkenil
CH2 CH
IUPAC:
Ethenyl
Common: Vinyl
CH2 CH
CH2
2-Propenyl
Allyl
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Nomenklatur alkuna
Digunakan
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Etuna
Asetilena
CH3 CH2 C
1-Butuna
CH3 C
Propuna
CH
CH3 C
CH3
2-Butuna
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4-Kloro-4-metil-2-pentuna
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
Cl
CH3
CH3 CH
Br
C
CH
CH2 CH3
5-Bromo-2-metil-3-heptuna
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Pembakaran Alkana
CnH2n+2 + m O2
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Halogenasi alkana
Cl
Cl
light
Cl
Cl
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1.
Mechanism of chlorination of
methane
INITIATION
..
: Cl
..
..
Cl :
..
light
..
: Cl .
..
(a free radical)
..
: Cl .
..
..
Cl :
..
. CH
3
(methyl radical)
. CH
3
..
: Cl
..
..
Cl :
..
CH3
..
Cl :
..
..
: Cl .
..
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Hidrogenasi alkena
C
catalyst