BIOLOGI SEL:

PENDAHULUAN

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Sejarah perkembangan

Robert Hooke : sel mati : sel dari

gabus
Anton van Leeuwenhoek : sel
hidup
Matthias Schleiden : sel pada
tumbuhan
Theodor Schwann (1839): Teori
sel
Semua organisma terdiri dari satu
atau lebih sel
Sel : unit struktural hidup

Schleiden & Schwann : sel dapat

berasal dari materi-materi
nonselular
Rudolf Virchow (1855) : sel
berasal dari pembelahan sel yang
sudah ada sebelumnya
Penggunaan sel dalam penelitian
in vitro : HeLa (sel kanker
manusia) George Gey BISEL07-SITH/ITB-MIT/IR
(1951)

BISEL07-SITH/ITB-MIT/IR

Karakteristik sel
Sel sangat kompleks
Molekul-molekul
sederhana
kompleks organel
sel
misalnya
C, H, O, N, S, P
asam amino
protein misalnya
salah satu komponen
dalam mitokondria
yang merupakan
organel dari sel

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Karakteristik sel

Sel memiliki informasi genetik

Gen : blueprint untuk struktur sel, seluruh
aktivitas dan fungsi sel

Sel dapat ber-reproduksi

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Karakteristik sel

Sel memperoleh
dan menggunakan
energi
Sel melakukan
metabolisme sel

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Karakteristik sel

Terdapat suatu aktivitas mekanis dalam sel yang

dinamis
Misalnya perubahan bentuk sel akibat aksi dari
protein-protein dalam sitoplasma

Sel dapat memberi respons terhadap suatu stimulus

Reseptor hormon, reseptor faktor tumbuh, reseptor
matriks ekstraselular, atau reseptor lainnya (G)
Respons : misalnya metabolisme sel, proliferasi sel
atau gerakan sel
Istirahat
teraktivasi
retraksi

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Karakteristik sel

Sel mampu mengatur diri sendiri (self

regulation)

Misalnya pengaturan siklus sel

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Prokaryot -Eukaryot

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Persamaan
antara eukaryot dengan prokaryot:
konstruksi membran plasma sama

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Persamaan
antara eukaryot dengan prokaryot

informasi genetik dikode

oleh DNA, dengan kode
genetic yang identik
mekanisme transkripsi dan
translasi
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

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Persamaan antara eukaryot

dengan prokaryot:

reaksi metabolisme
apparatus yang sama untuk konversi energi kimiawi

prokaryot membran plasma

eukaryot membran mitokondria

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Persamaan antara eukaryot

dengan prokaryot:

mekanisme fotosintesis yang sama (tumbuhan

sianobakteri)

mekanisme sintesa dan penyisipan protein membran

konstruksi proteosom yang sama (archaebacteria
dengan eukaryot)
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Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot dengan

eukaryot
Prokaryot

Eukaryot

Organisme

Bakteri,
cyanobakteri

Protista, jamur,
tumbuhan dan hewan

Ukuran sel

Umumnya 1-10
m

Umumnya 5-100 m

Metabolisme

Anaerobic atau
aerobik

Aerobik

Organel

Sedikit

Mitokondria, kloroplas,
retikulum endoplasma,
dll

Inti

Tidak ada

Ada

DNA

DNA sirkular
dalam sitoplasma

DNA linier dan sangat

panjang, memiliki
daerah yang dikode
(ekson) dan tidak
dikode /intron (sangat
banyak); berada dalam
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inti

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Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot

dengan eukaryot
Prokaryot

Eukaryot

RNA dan protein

RNA dan protein disintesis pada

ruang yang sama

RNA disintesis dan diproses di inti

Protein disintesis di sitoplasma

Sitoplasma

Tidak mengandung sitoskeleton,

tidak ada aliran sitoplasma dalam
sel, tidak ada endositosis dan
eksositosis

Dalam sitoplasma terdapat sitoskeleton

: filamen-filamen protein, ada aliran
sitoplasma dalam sel, ada endositosis
dan eksositosis

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Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot dengan

eukaryot
Prokaryot

Eukaryot

Pembelahan sel

Kromosom ditarik dengan cara

pelekatan pada membran plasma

Kromosom ditarik apparatus mitosis

(komponen sitoskeleton)

Organisasi sel

Umumnya uniselular

Umumnya multiselular, dan terjadi

proses diferensiasi / spesialisasi sel

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Virus
membawa
informasi genetic
berupa rantai
tunggal atau ganda
RNA atau DNA
Materi genetiknya
mengkode :
Protein kapsul /
kapsid

aktif jika berada

pada sel hidup
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Bioenergetika

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The Chemistry of Life: A network

of metabolic pathways
Cell metabolism can
be compared to an
elaborate road map
of the thousands of
chemical reactions
that occur in the cell
It is an intricate
network of metabolic
pathways
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 Catabolic pathways: They

release energy by breaking down
complex molecules to simpler
compounds
A major catabolic pathway found
in a cell is respiration which breaks
down sugar glucose and other
fuels into carbon dioxide and water
with release of energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy

Anabolic pathways: Build

complex molecules from simpler
ones by consuming energy
e.g. Photosynthesis in plants
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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 Organisms Transform Energy:

Energy: The capacity to do work
Kinetic energy: The energy of motion possessed by
all moving objects e.g. water gushing through a dam
turns turbines
Potential energy: Energy that matter possesses
because of its location or structure
Chemical energy stored in
molecules as a result of the
arrangement of the atoms in
these molecules

Water behind dams has

potential energy because
of altitude

Bioenergetics The study of how organisms

manage their energy resources
to maintain its high level of activity, a cell must
acquire & expend energy
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Conversion of Energy from

one form to the other:
Thermodynamics study of the changes
in energy that
accompany events
in the Universe
Two laws of
Thermodynamics
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The First Law of

Thermodynamics

energy can be neither created nor destroyed (Law of Conservation

of Energy); total energy in Universe remains constant (regardless of
transduction process)
Energy can, however, be transduced - burning fuel, polysaccharide
breakdown, photosynthesis
Several organism communities are independent of photosynthesis
communities residing in hydrothermal vents on ocean floor; depends on
energy obtained by bacterial chemosynthesis
Some animals (fireflies, luminous fish) convert chemical energy back into
light

E = Q W, where Q = heat energy & W = work energy

Reactions that result in heat lost
to the environment are called
exothermic;
those that result in heat gained
from the environment are called
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endothermic

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Couple of terms

System: Is used to denote the matter under

study and refer to the rest of the universeeverything outside the systems the
surroundings
1. Closed system: e.g. a liquid in a thermos bottle is
isolated from its surroundings
2. Open system: Energy (&often matter) can be
transferred between the system and its
surroundings e.g. organisms

Entropy: A measure of disorder or

randomness
Free energy: Is the portion of a systems
energy that can perform work when
temperature is uniform through out the system
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The Second Law of

Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe
(no machine is 100% efficient which
would be necessary)
Some energy is inevitably lost as machine
works (same is true of living organism)
car
chemical energy (gasoline) converted to
kinetic energy + the disorder of its
surroundings will increase in the form of heat
and small molecules that are the breakdown
products of gasoline
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 Together the 1st & 2nd laws of thermodynamics show

that the energy of the universe is constant, but that
entropy continues to increase toward a maximum
Gibbs combined concepts inherent in 1st & 2nd Laws to
get equation: H = G + TS
where:
1. G is the change in free energy (the change during a process in
energy available to do work)
2. H - change in enthalpy (total energy content of system; equivalent
to E for our purposes)
3. T - absolute temperature (K; K = C + 273)
4. S - change in entropy of system
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Rearrange to G = H - TS - can predict direction in

which process will proceed & the extent to which the
process will occur
1. G size shows the maximum amount of energy that can
be passed on for use in another process
2. Spontaneous process has -G (exergonic) & proceeds
toward state of lower free energy; such a process is
thermodynamically favored
3. Non-spontaneous process, +G (endergonic); cannot
occur spontaneously; it is thermodynamically unfavorable;
make it go by coupling to high -G (energy-releasing)
reaction

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ATP:
Adenosine Triphosphate

An important renewable high energy compound that powers cellular

work
ATP hydrolysis is used to drive most cellular endergonic processes
A. ATP is used for diverse processes because its terminal phosphate
group can be transferred to a variety of different types of molecules
(amino acids, lipids, sugars, & proteins)
B. In most coupled reactions, phosphate group is transferred in initial step
from ATP to one of above acceptors & is subsequently removed in
second step

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Enzymes: Biocatalysts
A catalyst is a chemical agent that changes the rate of
reaction without being consumed by the reaction
An enzyme is a catalytic protein
Enzymes are substrate-specific (key-lock relationship)
Enzymes are sensitive to temperature, pH and to some
chemicals

Some Enzymes need

co-factors/coenzymes
to function

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Enzymes:
Biocatalysts
Substrates can
compete with other
substrates to bind
on the same
position of the
same enzyme
interrupt the
reaction
Enzymes can be
inhibited by the
addition of
inhibitors
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Enzymes: Biocatalysts
Feed back inhibition of
enzymes: Feed inhibition is the
switching off of a metabolic
pathway by its end product
which acts as an inhibitor of an
enzyme within the pathway

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ATP formed 2 ways in cell:

oxidative phosphorylation inner
membrane of mitochondria
substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation dehydrogenases move 2 electrons &

proton to NAD+ to make NADH
1. High energy NADH donates electrons to

other molecules at electron transport (ET)

chain
2. Because NADH transfers electrons so
readily, it is said to have high electron
transfer potential
3. As electron travels down ET system, it loses
energy used to make ATP & is added to O2
to make H2O

Substrate-level phosphorylation phosphate group moved from a

substrate to ADP ATP
1. ATP formation is not that endergonic,
formation of other molecules is more
endergonic
2. Such molecules can donate their
phosphates to ADP to make ATP

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