PUMP

Pump

Definition
A device which
adds energy to a
fluid, causing an
increase in its
pressure and
perhaps a
movement of the
fluid

Principle Functions of pump

produce velocity
overcome the fricti
on and fitting loss
es (shock losses)
overcome external
pressure

Pumping System
-

Consists of a pump
The suction branch
draws fluid from a source
The discharge branch
transports fluid to the destinati
on

Types of Pumps

Displacement pumps
- Reciprocating pumps
- Rotary pumps
Rotordynamic pumps
- Centrifugal pump
- Propeller pump
Jet pumps

Axial Flow pump

Displacement Pumps
The liquid or gas is displaced from the suction
side to the discharge side of the pump by the
mechanical variation of the volume of a chamber
or chambers.
They can be further subdivided into two classes :
1. Reciprocating Piston or Plunger Pumps
2. Rotary Pumps

Displacement Pumps

Reciprocating Pumps

Pumping done by plunger or piston in

a liquid cylinder
Suitable and better efficiency for handli
ng small volumes and high differential
pressure
Suitable for any required viscosity
Self priming (self evacuating air from p
ump and suction line)
Q = L . Area . n

Piston Pump

The liquid or gas is displaced in and then o

from the cylinder by the moving of piston
in a cylinder (mechanical variation
of the volume)
Applications
Most suitable and efficient for handling
small volumes and high differential pressure
Suitable to handle any required viscosity

Piston Pump

Reciprocating Pumps

Does not discharge a steady flow, inst

ead in a series of pulsations
Therefore cause vibration and hamme
ring at high speeds resulting in shock
to pump and fittings
Usually fitted with air vessel to reduce
effects of unsteady flow of discharge

Rotary Pumps

Pumping done by forcing

a liquid through the pum
p cylinder or casing by me
ans of screws or gear
Suitable for intermediate
range of volume, interme
diate differential pressure
and low or intermediate v
iscosity
Self priming
Less efficient

Rotary Pumps

Steady flow but less efficient than reci

procating pumps because of large are
as and running clearance
Wear increases the clearances
And results in loss in efficiency, espec
ially when handling low viscosity fluid
s

Screw Pump

Screw Pump
Screw pumps are rotary positive displacement pumps.
- Flow of liquid is axial
- Liquid is carried between the screw threads of
rotors and displaced as the screws rotate.
- Screw pumps themselves do not create pressure;
they simply transfer a quantity of fluid from the inlet to
the outlet.

- Pressure is built up on the outlet as a result of resistance t

flow in the discharge line.

Vertical Screw Pump

Gear Pump

Gear Pump
- Often called external gear pumps
- Suitable for handling all clean liquids
particularly effective where the fluid has lubricating
properties.
- They are often used as attached lubricating oil pumps in
auxiliary engines and as transfer pumps in lubricating
and fuel oil systems.
- Should not be run dry or else they will overheat and
seize up
- By-pass valve arrangement is required

Gear Pump

Vertical Gear Pump

Vane Pump

Vane Pump
-

Sliding vane pumps are light

Simple in construction
Compact
Low-cost

- They are particularly suitable for low and medium

pressure duties
- Can handle both gases and liquids
- Often used as attached circulating water pumps of
auxiliary engines
- Can also be used for air handling as rotary compressors
or exhausters

Lobe Pump

Lobe Pump
- Often called internal gear pumps
- More gentle than external gear pump
- The generation of high localised pressures is avoided
- Shear forces generated are substantially lower
- Suitable for handling higher viscosity and shear-sensitive
fluids
- Although it is equally suitable for handling low viscosity
and even volatile liquids with suitable shaft seals
- The normal range of pressure rising to 21 kg/cm 2 and
capacities up to 400 tonnes/hr

Lobe Pump
Have two types known as the Three-Four and Seven-Eight
- The Three-Four are particularly suitable for handling
high-viscosity fluids such as heavy fuel oil and can run
comparatively slow speeds

- The Seven-Eight types are designed to operate at higher

speeds of around 720 rev/min and are efficient in handling
lower viscosity fluids.

Lobe Pump
Working procedures

Lobe Pump
Two types
Three-Four
Seven-Eight

Pump Curve

Discharge Calculation

A single acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 300 mm diameter

and piston stroke of 200 mm. If the crankshaft speed of the pump i
30 rpm, it delivers 6.5 litres/sec of fresh water, find the theoretical
discharge, coefficient of discharge and percentage of slip.
Solution:
Diameter = 300 mm
Stroke = 200 mm
Qactual = 6.5 l /s
Area = p (0.3m)2/4= 0.0707 m2
Qtheor = L . A . n
= 0.2 m x 0.0707 m2 x (30/60 cycles/sec)
= 0.0071 m3/s = 7.1 l /s
Coeff of discharge = Qactual/ Qtheor
= 6.5 / 7.1 = 91.55 %
Percentage of slip = (Qth Qac)/Qth
= (7.1 6.5)/7.1 = 0.6/7.1 = 8.45 %

n = 30 rpm

Rotordynamic Pump
Ability

to handle large volume flow rates at regular

delivery
Ability to handle low to medium heads
Ability to handle liquids from medium to low
viscosities
Ability to handle contaminated liquids
Quiet in operations
Low care and maintenance requirements
Comparatively lower cost
. No ability to sustain pressure when at rest
. The inductive action relies entirely on the impeller
motion

Rotordynamic Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Principle functions of
Centrifugal Pump
Very

simple design
Moving part is only an
impeller attached to a shaft
driven by a motor
Two main parts: impeller
and diffuser
A diffuser or volute
houses the impeller and
captures the water off the
impeller

Centrifugal Pump

Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump

-The impeller with fixed blades (vanes) is mounted on
a rotating shaft in a fixed casing.
-When the impeller rotates, a high velocity is imparted
to the liquid due to the centrifugal force.
-As the liquid flows radially outwards into the volute-shaped
pump casing or a diffuser, its high velocity is converted into
static pressure.
-The vacuum created at the pump inlet enables the
atmospheric pressure to force more liquid into the inlet
opening.
-This process will continue as long as rotating motion is
provided to the rotor and the supply of liquid
is available.

How pressure is produced

in centrifugal pumps
From the Bernoullis equation, the total head of a liquid particle in
motion is the sum of its potential head, kinetic head and pressure
heady.
v2 p
H = Z +------+---- 2g g

In a centrifugal pump, the section

area of a volute casing and
diffuser is gradually increased.
Considering two sections 1 and 2.
The area of section1 is smaller,
the area of section2 is bigger.

How pressure is produced

in centrifugal pumps
The Berloullis equation at section 1 and 2 is:
V12 P1 V22P2
Z1 + ------ + ------ = Z2 + ------ + --- 2g g2gg
Z1 is equal to Z2. From the continuity equation, a1V1 = a2V2
(a is the area of the section, V is the velocity at the section).
When a2 increases, then V2 decreases. When V2 decreases
then P2 increases.
Therefore the pressure is produced in centrifugal pumps by
converting kinetic head to pressure head.

3D view of a centrifugal
pump

Vertically Mounted Pumps

Advantages
- Eliminate the overhanging load on
wear rings
- Occupy lesser space
- Less hazardous
. less open floors
. easier mobility for engine room crew
- Electric motors are higher, less prone to
flooding damage
- Simple support pump foundation
- Lower cost

Vertical Centrifugal Pump

Vertical Centrifugal Pump

Wear Ring

Multi-stage Pump

Aiming to get higher pressure

Propeller Pump

Large Volume rate and low pressure provided

Example Use: Main sea water cooling in steam condenser of turbine engine

CentrifugalPumpComponents
CentrifugalPumpcanbesplitintotwomainassemblies.
MechanicalAssembly
HydraulicAssembly

Centrifugal Pump Assembly

Mechanical Assembly

Hydraulic Assembly

Shaft seal
Shaft
Bearings
Housing
Drive couple

Impeller
Suction Inlet
Volute
Seal Ring

Components in a
Centrifugal Pump
Hydraulic Assembly

Impeller

Functions

It is a rotating component which

transfers energy from the motor that
drives the pump to the fluid being
pumped by forcing the fluid outwards
from the centre of rotation. Impellers
are round discs with fins to push the
fluid.

Suction Inlet

It is the inlet where the water to be

pumped enters

Volute

It is the outlet where the water exit

Seal Ring

It prevents the medium from leaking

to the atmosphere

Centrifugal Pump Parts

Volute
Casing

Impeller

Suction Cover

Components in a
Centrifugal Pump
Mechanical Assembly

Functions

Shaft seal

It is to prevent the medium (liquid) from

leaking into the atmosphere.

Shaft

It is connected to the impeller to provide

the centrifugal force.

Bearings

It is used to provide the shaft a frictionless

movement.

Housing

It holds the different parts together in the

pump.

Drive couple

It connects the motor shaft and the

impeller shaft. The motor provides the
impeller with kinetic force

Materials
Used
Component

Materials used

Materials properties

Pump Casing

Cast iron

Impeller

Bronze

Shaft

Stainless steels

It hasa higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in

many natural and man made environments.

Bearing

Carbon steels

Fatigue resistance and ductile core provides toughness.

It is low impact resistance, low ductility, good for

casting, easily machinable, good strength, hard.
It is less brittle than iron and has a lower casting temperature,
low-friction properties, resistance to corrosion by sea water

Balance Axial Force

Balance Axial Force

Balance Axial Force

Make a balance hole to balance axial force
Function of wear ring: to prevent internal leakage

Performance Curves (H-Q)

Centrifugal pumps are generally operated at constant speed and
regardless of load
The characteristic curves of the head/volume delivery rate for a
given design speed can be drawn.
The theoretical H -Q curve is a straight line of negative slope.

The real operating characteristics lies below this line to the extent
of losses within the pump. These losses are :

a) shock and eddy losses due to the flow into and out of the impell
b) losses due to fluid friction and turbulence.
The losses should be minimum at the design operating point.

Performance Curves (H-Q)

H-Q Curve
Provided by
Manufacturer

Efficiency of Pump
Efficiency is the ratio of fluid output power to input power

Fluid power
Efficiency = ----------------Input power
Fluid power can be calculated as the product of g Q H.
The efficiency curve is convex
The maximum efficiency occurs at a point somewhat between
maximum and minimum discharge head and throughput
conditions.

Performance Curves (H-Q)

Performance Calculation
A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics:
Discharge
(l/s)

6.4

12.8

19.2

25.6

31.9

Head
(m)

17

16

13.5

10.5

6.6

Efficiency
(%)

49

61

63

53

10

It is used to transfer water from one tank to another, in which

the water level is 8.0 m higher, through 100 m of 150 mm diameter
pipe with friction factor f = 0.020 and fittings with total k value of
10.0.
Determine the pump discharge and the power input.

Performance Calculation

Solution:
Step 1: To draw the H-Q curve according the data given and the
efficiency curve according to the data given.
Step 2: To calculate system head at each discharge point by using
Hsystem = Hs + Hm + Hf
Where: Hsystem
-- System Head (Unit: m)
Hs
-- Static Head (m), here is 8m
Hm -- Minor Losses (m)
Hf -- Friction Losses (m)

V2
Hm = K ---- here K=10

2g
L V2
Hf = f -- --- here f=0.020, L=100m
D 2g

Performance Calculation
Area of the pipe
a=(3.14/4) d2 = ( 3.14/4)x 0.1502=0.01767m2
Since Q=av, we can calculate different v at different Q.
Using the above equations, we can get different system head,
as listed in the table below.
Q (l/s)

6.4

12.8

19.2

25.6

31.9

V (m/s)

0.30

0.72

1.09

1.45

1.81

Hsys (m)

8.15

8.62

9.4

10.5

11.8

Performance Calculation

Based on the system head at different Q point, draw a system curv

Performance Calculation

n the drawing, the intersection point between H-Q curve and

system curve is the OPERATING POINT of the pump.

At the operating point, we can get:

The discharge of the pump, Q = 21.5 l/s
Output pressure head,
H = 9.6 m
Efficiency
= 62%

The power of the pump can be calculated by:

Power = g Q H
= 1025 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s x 21.5 x 10-3 m3/s x 9.6
= 2075 w = 2.075 kw
Power = 2NT N is the rotation speed, T is the torque
RPM of pump 1440

2075
Torque T = ---------------------- = 13.767 Nm

Cavitation
Cavitation refers to the phenomenon otherwise known as boiling.
Water boils at 100oC at standard atmospheric pressure.
If water is held in a vessel at a lower pressure, it will boil at a
lower temperature.
If the water is at a higher pressure, it will boil at a higher
temperature.
The terms saturation temperature and pressure are given to these
specifically related quantities at boiling
the saturation pressure (at a given temperature) is termed as the
vapour pressure.

Cavitation
Cavitation is harmful
1.Cavitation occurs will experience a
choking of the flow or even a breakdown of the flow.
The effect is a serious loss of pump performance.

2.The formation and collapse of vapour bubbles within a

liquid flow cause intense local pressure disturbances in the
manners of impacts. These causes fatigue and erosion of
Solid surfaces in the vicinity.
A centrifugal pump is most susceptible to cavitation at the
entry to the impeller, where consequential fatigue or
erosion damage may occur.

Cavitation

Cavitation
Consider the suction side of a typical pumping system

The Bernoulli's Equation is:

V12 P1V32 P3
Z1 + ------ + ---- = Z3 + ------ + ------ + HLs
2g g2g g

Cavitation
Absolute pressure need to be used in this energy equation.
Now introducing the suction tank conditions and making minor changes:
p1 becomes pa = the atmospheric absolute pressure
z3 becomes hs= the suction head (and z1 will be zero)
v3 becomes vs=the velocity in the suction pipe
hLsis the head loss in suction pipe
v1will be zero at the tank surface.
then equation may be written as :
p3 pa vs2
------- =------- - ------- hs - hLs
g g 2 g
This is the value of the pump inlet absolute pressure head.

Net Positive Suction Head

To avoid cavitation, suction head must exceed the absolute
vapour pressure head by a reasonable margin. This margin
is called the net positive suction head available (NPSHA).

NPSH is the term generally applied to

the differential pressure between the
pressure at the pump suction and the
vapour pressure of the liquid.
NPSH is the pressure head (in meter) at
the pump suction minus the vapour pressure
corresponding to the temperature.

Net Positive Suction Head

The net positive suction head required (NPSHR)

is a design characteristic of each individual pump
being the lowest value of NPSH of the pump
which will operate the pump without cavitation
Pump manufacturers will often supply data on the
required NPSH for their pumps when run at specified
conditions; the manufacturers obtain these data by
running test in their own laboratories
The NPSHA is the actual NPSH of the system in
operation

Net Positive Suction Head

Net positive suction head

(pa - pv) vs2
NPSH =----------- - ----- hs - hLs
g 2 g
where
pa = the atmospheric absolute pressure
pv =
the vapour pressure of liquid at working temperatu
hs= the static suction head
vs= the velocity in the suction pipe
hLs =
the head losses in suction pipe

NPSH should be as large as possible, with a value of zero

predicating certain cavitation within the pump.

Net Positive Suction Head

mple

h water is being pumped at 8.85 litres/sec by a centrif

a double-bottom tank.

centreline of the pump is located at 4.52 m on the upp

ne room platform above the surface of the water.

riction loss in the suction pipe (diameter 75-mm) is 1.

ent atmospheric pressure is 98.8 kPa (abs).

mate the net positive suction head if the water temper

) 25oC

Net Positive Suction Head

Solution
For NPSH calculation,
(pa - pv)
NPSH = -----------g
2g

vs2
- -----

- hs

hls

Area of pipe a=3.14 x d2/4 = 4.42 x 10-3 m2

For velocity vs in the suction pipe,
Q
(8.85 x 10-3 m3/s)
vs = --- = ---------------------- = 2.0 m/s
a
(4.42 x 10-3 m2)

Net Positive Suction Head

From Water Property Table,
at a temperature of 25oC, pv = 3.2 kPa (abs),
then from
(pa - pv)
v s2
NPSH = ------------ -----g
2g

- hs

hls

(98.8 - 3.2)103
= --------------------- - 0.20 - 4.52 - 1.8 m
997 x 9.81
= 9.77 - 0.20 - 4.52 - 1.8 m
= 3.2 m

Water Property

Net Positive Suction Head

From Water Property Table,
at a temperature of 45oC, pv = 9.6 kPa (abs),
then from
(pa - pv)
v s2
NPSH = ------------ -----g
2g

- hs

hls

(98.8 9.6)103
= --------------------- - 0.20 - 4.52 - 1.8 m
990 x 9.81
= 9.18 - 0.20 - 4.52 - 1.8 m
= 2.7 m

To Avoid Cavitation
Some Steps To Avoid Cavitation
1.Have the smallest possible suction lift.
2.Have the largest reasonable suction lift pipe diameter.
3.Have the shortest possible suction pipe.
4.Have the smoothest possible suction pipe.
5.Keep the liquid temperature as low as possible.
6.Have "low-loss" fittings in the suction when possible.
(Using foot valve or other non-return valve
7.Avoid unnecessary fittings in the suction pipe.
8.Never throttle the flow in the suction line,
use the delivery line for throttling.

Comparison of Pumps
Pump Type

Volume Rate
Provided

Viscosity
Suitable for

Differential
Pressure
Provided

Reciprocatin
g Piston
Pump

Small

Any viscosity

High

Rotary
Pumps

Intermediate

Intermediate

Intermediate

Centrifugal
Pump

Large

Low and
intermediate

Low and medium

Priming
Priming is a process which removes air from pump and
suction pipeline and replaces air by liquid.
If the pump is below sea water
Level, sea water in, air is removed
A central priming system may be
connected to several pumping
systems

Alternatively, an air priming unit can

be provided to individual pumps

Water ring primer

A hub is fixed as one piece with the

air inlet ports and air discharge ports
on the cover. The rotor vanes revolv
and force a ring of liquid to take up
the elliptical shape of the casing.

Central Priming System

Jet Pump

Jet Pump

Jet Pump

Usage of Jet Pump

Advantages of Jet Pump