1
A 13.2-N force P is applied to the lever which controls the auger of a
snowblower. Determine the moment of P about A when α is equal to 30°.
SOLUTION
First note
Noting that the direction of the moment of each force component about A
is counterclockwise,
M A = xB/ A Py + yB/ A Px
= 1.78831 N ⋅ m
or M A = 1.788 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 3.2
The force P is applied to the lever which controls the auger of a
snowblower. Determine the magnitude and the direction of the smallest
force P which has a 2.20- N ⋅ m counterclockwise moment about A.
SOLUTION
For P to be a minimum, it must be perpendicular to the line joining points
A and B.
y 122 mm
α = θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 54.819°
x 86 mm
MA
or Pmin =
rAB
2.20 N ⋅ m 1000 mm
=
149.265 mm 1 m
= 14.7389 N
SOLUTION
where θ = φ + ( 90° − α )
122 mm
and φ = tan −1 = 54.819°
86 mm
or 144.819° − α = 85.752°
∴ α = 50.6°, 59.1° W
PROBLEM 3.4
A foot valve for a pneumatic system is hinged at B. Knowing that
α = 28°, determine the moment of the 4-lb force about point B by
resolving the force into horizontal and vertical components.
SOLUTION
Fy = ( 4 lb ) sin 8° = 0.55669 lb
Noting that the direction of the moment of each force component about B
is counterclockwise,
M B = xFy + yFx
= 12.2062 lb ⋅ in.
or M B = 12.21 lb ⋅ in. W
PROBLEM 3.5
A foot valve for a pneumatic system is hinged at B. Knowing that
α = 28°, determine the moment of the 4-lb force about point B by
resolving the force into components along ABC and in a direction
perpendicular to ABC.
SOLUTION
First resolve the 4-lb force into components P and Q, where
Then M B = rA/BQ
= ( 6.5 in.)(1.87787 lb )
= 12.2063 lb ⋅ in.
or M B = 12.21 lb ⋅ in. W
PROBLEM 3.6
It is known that a vertical force of 800 N is required to remove the nail at
C from the board. As the nail first starts moving, determine (a) the
moment about B of the force exerted on the nail, (b) the magnitude of the
force P which creates the same moment about B if α = 10°, (c) the
smallest force P which creates the same moment about B.
SOLUTION
(a) Have M B = rC/B FN
= ( 0.1 m )( 800 N )
= 80.0 N ⋅ m
or M B = 80.0 N ⋅ m W
(b) By definition
M B = rA/B P sin θ
P = 205.28 N
or P = 205 N W
(c) For P to be minimum, it must be perpendicular to the line joining
points A and B. Thus, P must be directed as shown.
Thus M B = dPmin = rA/B Pmin
∴ Pmin = 177.778 N
SOLUTION
(a) Have M A = rB/ A × TBF
M A = xTBFy + yTBFx
= 282.56 lb ⋅ ft
or M A = 283 lb ⋅ ft W
∴ M A = d ( FC )min
( FC )min = 35.999 lb
4.4 ft
φ = tan −1 = 34.095°
6.5 ft
SOLUTION
(a) Have M A = rB/ A × TBF
= 282.56 lb ⋅ ft
or M A = 283 lb ⋅ ft W
or M A = xFC
MA 282.56 lb ⋅ ft
∴ FC = = = 43.471 lb
x 6.5 ft
or FC = 43.5 lb W
MA 282.56 lb ⋅ ft
∴ ( FB )min = = = 42.627 lb
d 6.6287 ft
6.5 ft
and θ = tan −1 = 78.690°
4.4 ft − 3.1 ft
SOLUTION
240 mm
Then cosθ =
244.48 mm
46.6 mm
sin θ =
244.48 mm
125 N
= ( 240 mm ) i − ( 46.6 mm ) j
244.48 mm
= ( 306 mm ) i − ( 286.6 mm ) j
125 N
Then M A = ( 306 mm ) i − ( 286.6 mm ) j × ( 240i − 46.6 j)
244.48
= ( 27878 N ⋅ mm ) k = ( 27.878 N ⋅ m ) k
or M A = 27.9 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 3.10
The tailgate of a car is supported by the hydraulic lift BC. If the lift exerts
a 125-N force directed along its center line on the ball and socket at B,
determine the moment of the force about A.
SOLUTION
344 mm 152.4 mm
Then cosθ = sin θ =
376.25 mm 376.25 mm
125 N
= ( 344 mm ) i + (152.4 mm ) j
376.25 mm
125 N
Then M A = ( 410 mm ) i − ( 87.6 mm ) j × ( 344i − 152.4 j)
376.25
= ( 30770 N ⋅ mm ) k
= ( 30.770 N ⋅ m ) k
or M A = 30.8 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 3.11
A winch puller AB is used to straighten a fence post. Knowing that the
tension in cable BC is 260 lb, length a is 8 in., length b is 35 in., and
length d is 76 in., determine the moment about D of the force exerted by
the cable at C by resolving that force into horizontal and vertical
components applied (a) at point C, (b) at point E.
SOLUTION
35 in. 5
(a) Slope of line EC = =
76 in. + 8 in. 12
12
Then TABx = (TAB )
13
12
= ( 260 lb ) = 240 lb
13
5
and TABy = ( 260 lb ) = 100 lb
13
= 7600 lb ⋅ in.
or M D = 7600 lb ⋅ in.
= 7600 lb ⋅ in.
or M D = 7600 lb ⋅ in.
PROBLEM 3.12
It is known that a force with a moment of 7840 lb ⋅ in. about D is required
to straighten the fence post CD. If a = 8 in., b = 35 in., and d = 112
in., determine the tension that must be developed in the cable of winch
puller AB to create the required moment about point D.
SOLUTION
35 in. 7
Slope of line EC = =
112 in. + 8 in. 24
24
Then TABx = TAB
25
7
and TABy = TAB
25
24 7
∴ 7840 lb ⋅ in. = TAB ( 0 ) + TAB (112 in.)
25 25
TAB = 250 lb
or TAB = 250 lb
PROBLEM 3.13
It is known that a force with a moment of 1152 N ⋅ m about D is required
to straighten the fence post CD. If the capacity of the winch puller AB is
2880 N, determine the minimum value of distance d to create the
specified moment about point D knowing that a = 0.24 m and
b = 1.05 m.
SOLUTION
The minimum value of d can be found based on the equation relating the moment of the force TAB about D:
M D = (TAB max ) y ( d )
where M D = 1152 N ⋅ m
1.05 m
Now sin θ =
(d + 0.24 ) + (1.05 ) m
2 2
1.05
∴ 1152 N ⋅ m = 2880 N (d )
( d + 0.24 )2 + (1.05)2
Using the quadratic equation, the minimum values of d are 0.48639 m and −0.40490 m.
Since only the positive value applies here, d = 0.48639 m
or d = 486 mm
PROBLEM 3.14
A mechanic uses a piece of pipe AB as a lever when tightening an
alternator belt. When he pushes down at A, a force of 580 N is exerted on
the alternator B. Determine the moment of that force about bolt C if its
line of action passes through O.
SOLUTION
Have M C = rB/C × FB
M C = xFBy + yFBx
where x = 144 mm − 78 mm = 66 mm
y = 86 mm + 108 mm = 194 mm
78
and FBx = ( 580 N ) = 389.65 N
( 78) 2
+ ( 86 )
2
86
FBy = ( 580 N ) = 429.62 N
( 78) + (86 )
2 2
= 103947 N ⋅ mm
= 103.947 N ⋅ m
or M C = 103.9 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.15
Form the vector products B × C and B′ × C, where B = B′, and use the
results obtained to prove the identity
sin α cos β = 1
2
sin (α + β ) + 1
2
sin (α − β ) .
SOLUTION
First note B = B ( cos β i + sin β j)
B′ = B ( cos β i − sin β j)
C = C ( cos α i + sin α j)
B′ × C = BC sin (α + β ) (2)
1 1
∴ sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )
2 2
PROBLEM 3.16
A line passes through the points (420 mm, −150 mm) and (−140 mm,
180 mm). Determine the perpendicular distance d from the line to the
origin O of the system of coordinates.
SOLUTION
Have d = λ AB × rO/ A
rB/ A
where λ AB =
rB/ A
= − ( 560 mm ) i + ( 330 mm ) j
− ( 560 mm ) i + ( 330 mm ) j 1
∴ λ AB = = ( −56i + 33j)
650 mm 65
1
∴ d = ( −56i − 33j) × − ( 420 mm ) i + (150 mm ) j = 84.0 mm
65
d = 84.0 mm
PROBLEM 3.17
A plane contains the vectors A and B. Determine the unit vector normal
to the plane when A and B are equal to, respectively, (a) 4i − 2j + 3k and
−2i + 6j − 5k, (b) 7i + j − 4k and −6i − 3k + 2k.
SOLUTION
A×B
(a) Have λ =
A×B
where A = 4i − 2 j + 3k
B = −2i + 6 j − 5k
i j k
Then A × B = 4 −2 3 = (10 − 18 ) i + ( −6 + 20 ) j + ( 24 − 4 ) k = 2 ( −4i + 7 j + 10k )
−2 6 −5
2 ( −4i + 7 j + 10k ) 1
∴ λ = or λ = ( −4i + 7 j + 10k )
2 165 165
A×B
(b) Have λ =
A×B
where A = 7i + j − 4k
B = −6i − 3j + 2k
i j k
Then A × B = 7 1 −4 = ( 2 − 12 ) i + ( 24 − 14 ) j + ( −21 + 6 ) k = 5 ( −2i + 2 j − 3k )
−6 −3 2
5 ( −2i + 2 j − 3k ) 1
∴ λ = or λ = ( −2i + 2 j − 3k )
5 17 17
PROBLEM 3.18
The vectors P and Q are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
Determine the area of the parallelogram when (a) P = (8 in.)i + (2 in.)j −
(1 in.)k and Q = −(3 in.)i + (4 in.)j + (2 in.)k, (b) P = −(3 in.)i + (6 in.)j +
(4 in.)k and Q = (2 in.)i + (5 in.)j − (3 in.)k.
SOLUTION
i j k
Then P × Q = 8 2 −1 in 2 = ( 4 + 4 ) i + ( 3 − 16 ) j + ( 32 + 6 ) k in 2
−3 4 2
( ) ( ) (
= 8 in 2 i − 13 in 2 j + 38 in 2 k )
∴ Α= (8)2 + ( −13)2 + ( 38)2 in 2 = 40.951 in 2 or A = 41.0 in 2
i j k
Then P × Q = −3 6 4 in 2 = ( −18 − 20 ) i + ( 8 − 9 ) j + ( −15 − 12 ) k in 2
2 5 −3
( ) ( ) (
= − 38 in 2 i − 1 in 2 j − 27 in 2 k )
∴ Α= ( −38)2 + ( −1)2 + ( −27 )2 in 2 = 46.626 in 2 or A = 46.6 in 2
PROBLEM 3.19
Determine the moment about the origin O of the force F = −(5 N)i − (2
N)j + (3 N)k which acts at a point A. Assume that the position vector of
A is (a) r = (4 m)i − (2 m)j − (1 m)k, (b) r = −(8 m)i + (3 m)j + (4 m)k,
(c) r = (7.5 m)i + (3 m)j − (4.5 m)k.
SOLUTION
(a) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (5 N ) i − ( 2 N ) j + (3 N ) k
r = ( 4 m ) i − ( 2 m ) j − (1 m ) k
i j k
∴ MO = 4 −2 −1 N ⋅ m = ( −6 − 2 ) i + ( 5 − 12 ) j + ( −8 − 10 ) k N ⋅ m
−5 −2 3
= ( −8i − 7 j − 18k ) N ⋅ m
or M O = − ( 8 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 7 N ⋅ m ) j − (18 N ⋅ m ) k
(b) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (5 N ) i − ( 2 N ) j + (3 N ) k
r = − (8 m ) i + ( 3 m ) j − ( 4 m ) k
i j k
∴ MO = −8 3 4 N ⋅ m = ( 9 + 8 ) i + ( −20 + 24 ) j + (16 + 15 ) k N ⋅ m
−5 −2 3
= (17i + 4 j + 31k ) N ⋅ m
or M O = (17 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 4 N ⋅ m ) j + ( 31 N ⋅ m ) k
(c) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (5 N ) i − ( 2 N ) j + (3 N ) k
r = ( 7.5 m ) i + ( 3 m ) j − ( 4.5 m ) k
PROBLEM 3.19 CONTINUED
i j k
∴ MO = 7.5 3 −4.5 N ⋅ m = ( 9 − 9 ) i + ( 22.5 − 22.5) j + ( −15 + 15 ) k N ⋅ m
−5 −2 3
or M O = 0
−2
This answer is expected since r and F are proportional F = r . Therefore, vector F has a line of action
3
passing through the origin at O.
PROBLEM 3.20
Determine the moment about the origin O of the force F = −(1.5 lb)i +
(3 lb)j − (2 lb)k which acts at a point A. Assume that the position vector
of A is (a) r = (2.5 ft)i − (1 ft)j + (2 ft)k, (b) r = (4.5 ft)i − (9 ft)j +
(6 ft)k, (c) r = (4 ft)i − (1 ft)j + (7 ft)k.
SOLUTION
(a) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (1.5 lb ) i + ( 3 lb ) j + ( 2 lb ) k
r = ( 2.5 ft ) i − (1 ft ) j + ( 2 ft ) k
i j k
Then MO = 2.5 −1 2 lb ⋅ ft = ( 2 − 6 ) i + ( −3 + 5 ) j + ( 7.5 − 1.5 ) k lb ⋅ ft
−1.5 3 −2
or M O = − ( 4 lb ⋅ ft ) i + ( 2 lb ⋅ ft ) j + ( 6 lb ⋅ ft ) k
(b) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (1.5 lb ) i + ( 3 lb ) j − ( 2 lb ) k
r = ( 4.5 ft ) i − ( 9 ft ) j + ( 6 ft ) k
i j k
Then MO = 4.5 −9 6 lb ⋅ ft = (18 − 18 ) i + ( −9 + 9 ) j + (13.5 − 13.5 ) k lb ⋅ ft
−1.5 3 −2
or M O = 0
−1
This answer is expected since r and F are proportional F = r .
3
Therefore, vector F has a line of action passing through the origin at O.
(c) Have MO = r × F
where F = − (1.5 lb ) i − ( 3 lb ) j − ( 2 lb ) k
r = ( 4 ft ) i − (1 ft ) j + ( 7 ft ) k
i j k
Then MO = 4 −1 7 lb ⋅ ft = ( 2 − 21) i + ( −10.5 + 8 ) j + (12 − 1.5 ) k lb ⋅ ft
−1.5 3 −2
SOLUTION
Have M O = rB/O × FB
FB = TAB + TBC
i j k
and MO = 0 8.4 0 N ⋅ m = ( 5241.6 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 3754.8 N ⋅ m ) k
447 −1428 624
or M O = ( 5.24 kN ⋅ m ) i − ( 3.75 kN ⋅ m ) k
PROBLEM 3.22
Before a telephone cable is strung, rope BAC is tied to a stake at B and is
passed over a pulley at A. Knowing that portion AC of the rope lies in a
plane parallel to the xy plane and that the tension T in the rope is 124 N,
determine the moment about O of the resultant force exerted on the
pulley by the rope.
SOLUTION
Have M O = rA/O × R
where rA/O = ( 0 m ) i + ( 9 m ) j + (1 m ) k
R = T1 + T2
= − (122.116 N ) i − ( 21.532 N ) j
T2 = λT2 =
(1.5 m ) i − ( 9 m ) j + (1.8 m ) k (124 N )
(1.5 m ) + ( 9 m ) + (1.8 m )
2 2 2
= ( 20 N ) i − (120 N ) j + ( 24 N ) k
∴ R = − (102.116 N ) i − (141.532 N ) j + ( 24 N ) k
i j k
MO = 0 9 1 N⋅m
−102.116 −141.532 24
SOLUTION
Have M A = rC/ A × F
Fy = − ( 8sin 45° ) lb
i j k
and MA = 8.5 −2.0 5.5 lb ⋅ in.
−1.17613 −5.6569 −5.5332
SOLUTION
Have M C = rA/C × FBA
− ( 0.1 m ) i + (1.8 m ) j − ( 0.6 m ) k
=
(
228 N )
( 0.1) + (1.8) + ( 0.6 ) m
2 2 2
= − (12.0 N ) i + ( 216 N ) j − ( 72 N ) k
i j k
∴ MC = 0.96 −0.12 0.72 N ⋅ m
−12.0 216 −72
SOLUTION
(a) Have M A = rE/ A × TDE
TDE = λ DETDE
i j k
∴ M A = 0 92 0 lb ⋅ in. = − ( 22, 080 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 4416 lb ⋅ in ) k
48 264 −240
or M A = − (1840 lb ⋅ ft ) i − ( 368 lb ⋅ ft ) k
i j k
∴ M A = 108 92 0 lb ⋅ in.
−48 264 −240
SOLUTION
Have M O = rC/O × FC
i j k
∴ MO = 0.49118 0.25929 0.28358 N ⋅ m
−1.93476 −5.6569 5.3157
SOLUTION
Have | M O | = TBAd
i j k
∴ MO = 0 8.4 0 N ⋅ m = ( 4233.6 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 529.2 N ⋅ m ) k
−63.0 −588 504
∴ 4266.5 N ⋅ m = ( 777 N ) d
or d = 5.4911 m
or d = 5.49 m
PROBLEM 3.28
In Problem 3.21, determine the perpendicular distance from point O to
cable BC.
Problem 3.21: Before the trunk of a large tree is felled, cables AB and
BC are attached as shown. Knowing that the tension in cables AB and BC
are 777 N and 990 N, respectively, determine the moment about O of the
resultant force exerted on the tree by the cables at B.
SOLUTION
Have | M O | = TBC d
M O = rB/O × TBC
rB/O = 8.4 m j
i j k
∴ MO = 0 8.4 0 = (1008 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 4284 N ⋅ m ) k
510 −840 120
∴ 4401.0 N ⋅ m = ( 990 N ) d
d = 4.4454 m
or d = 4.45 m
PROBLEM 3.29
In Problem 3.24, determine the perpendicular distance from point D to a
line drawn through points A and B.
Problem 3.24: A wooden board AB, which is used as a temporary prop to
support a small roof, exerts at point A of the roof a 228 N force directed
along BA. Determine the moment about C of that force.
SOLUTION
Have | M D | = FBAd
M D = rA/D × FBA
FBA = λ BA FBA =
( − ( 0.1 m ) i + (1.8 m ) j − ( 0.6 m ) k ) ( 228 N )
( 0.1)2 + (1.8)2 + ( 0.6 )2 m
= − (12.0 N ) i + ( 216 N ) j − ( 72 N ) k
i j k
∴ MD = 0 −0.12 0.72 N ⋅ m
−12.0 216 −72
∴ 147.141 N ⋅ m = ( 228 N ) d
d = 0.64536 m
or d = 0.645 m
PROBLEM 3.30
In Problem 3.24, determine the perpendicular distance from point C to a
line drawn through points A and B.
Problem 3.24: A wooden board AB, which is used as a temporary prop to
support a small roof, exerts at point A of the roof a 228 N force directed
along BA. Determine the moment about C of that force.
SOLUTION
Have | M C | = FBAd
M C = rA/C × FBA
FBA = λ BA FBA =
( − ( 0.1 m ) i + (1.8 m ) j − ( 0.6 ) k ) ( 228 N )
( 0.1)2 + (1.8)2 + ( 0.6 )2 m
= − (12.0 N ) i + ( 216 N ) j − ( 72 N ) k
i j k
∴ M C = 0.96 −0.12 0.72 N ⋅ m
−12.0 216 −72
∴ 260.07 N ⋅ m = ( 228 N ) d
d = 1.14064 m
or d = 1.141 m
PROBLEM 3.31
In Problem 3.25, determine the perpendicular distance from point A to
portion DE of cable DEF.
Problem 3.25: The ramp ABCD is supported by cables at corners C
and D. The tension in each of the cables is 360 lb. Determine the moment
about A of the force exerted by (a) the cable at D, (b) the cable at C.
SOLUTION
Have M A = TDE d
M A = rE/ A × TDE
rE/ A = ( 92 in.) j
i j k
∴ M A = 0 92 0 N⋅m
48 264 −240
d = 62.548 in.
or d = 5.21 ft W
PROBLEM 3.32
In Problem 3.25, determine the perpendicular distance from point A to a
line drawn through points C and G.
Problem 3.25: The ramp ABCD is supported by cables at corners C
and D. The tension in each of the cables is 360 lb. Determine the moment
about A of the force exerted by (a) the cable at D, (b) the cable at C.
SOLUTION
Have M A = TCG d
M A = rG/ A × TCG
TCG = λ CGTCG
= − ( 48 lb ) i + ( 264 lb ) j − ( 240 lb ) k
i j k
∴ M A = 108 92 0 lb ⋅ in.
− 48 264 −240
SOLUTION
Have M B = TDE d
M B = rE/B × TDE
= ( 48 lb ) i + ( 264 lb ) j − ( 240 lb ) k
i j k
∴ M B = −108 92 0 lb ⋅ in.
48 264 −240
d = 131.575 in.
or d = 10.96 ft W
PROBLEM 3.34
Determine the value of a which minimizes the perpendicular distance
from point C to a section of pipeline that passes through points A and B.
SOLUTION
Assuming a force F acts along AB,
M C = rA/C × F = F ( d )
where
d = perpendicular distance from C to line AB
F = λ AB F =
(8 m ) i + ( 7 m ) j − ( 9 m ) k F
( 8 )2 + ( 7 )2 + ( 9 )2 m
= F ( 0.57437 ) i + ( 0.50257 ) j − ( 0.64616 ) k
rA/C = (1 m ) i − ( 2.8 m ) j − ( a − 3 m ) k
i j k
∴ MC = 1 −2.8 3−a F
0.57437 0.50257 −0.64616
+ 2.1108k ] F
rA/C × F 2 = ( dF )
2
Since MC = rA/C × F 2 or
Setting
d
da
( )
d 2 = 0 to find a to minimize d
Solving a = 2.0761 m
or a = 2.08 m W
PROBLEM 3.35
SOLUTION
P ⋅ Q = ( 7i − 2 j + 5k ) ⋅ ( −3i − 4 j + 6k )
= ( 7 )( −3) + ( −2 )( −4 ) + ( 5 )( 6 )
= 17
or P ⋅ Q = 17 W
P ⋅ S = ( 7i − 2 j + 5k ) ⋅ ( 8i + j − 9k )
= ( 7 )( 8 ) + ( −2 )(1) + ( 5 )( −9 )
=9
or P ⋅ S = 9 W
Q ⋅ S = ( −3i − 4 j + 6k ) ⋅ ( 8i + j − 9k )
= ( −3)( 8 ) + ( −4 )(1) + ( 6 )( −9 )
= −82
or Q ⋅ S = −82 W
PROBLEM 3.36
Form the scalar products B ⋅ C and B′ ⋅ C, where B = B′, and use the
results obtained to prove the identity
cos α cos β = 1
2
cos (α + β ) + 12 cos (α − β ) .
SOLUTION
By definition
B ⋅ C = BC cos (α − β )
By definition
B′ ⋅ C = BC cos (α + β )
1 1
or cos α cos β = cos (α + β ) + cos (α − β ) W
2 2
PROBLEM 3.37
Consider the volleyball net shown. Determine the angle formed by guy
wires AB and AC.
SOLUTION
First note
and
By definition
and θ = 43.630°
or θ = 43.6° W
PROBLEM 3.38
Consider the volleyball net shown. Determine the angle formed by guy
wires AC and AD.
SOLUTION
First note
By definition
θ = 38.942°
or θ = 38.9° W
PROBLEM 3.39
Steel framing members AB, BC, and CD are joined at B and C and are
braced using cables EF and EG. Knowing that E is at the midpoint of BC
and that the tension in cable EF is 330 N, determine (a) the angle
between EF and member BC, (b) the projection on BC of the force
exerted by cable EF at point E.
SOLUTION
− (7 m) i − (6 m) j + (6 m)k 1
λ EF = = ( −7i − 6 j + 6k )
( 7 ) 2 + ( 6 )2 + ( 6 ) 2 m 11.0
∴
(16i − 4.5j − 12k ) ⋅ ( −7i − 6 j + 6k ) = cosθ
20.5 11.0
= ( 330 N ) cos134.125°
= −229.26 N
or (TEF ) BC = −230 N W
PROBLEM 3.40
Steel framing members AB, BC, and CD are joined at B and C and are
braced using cables EF and EG. Knowing that E is at the midpoint of BC
and that the tension in cable EG is 445 N, determine (a) the angle
between EG and member BC, (b) the projection on BC of the force
exerted by cable EG at point E.
SOLUTION
where λ BC =
(16 m ) i − ( 4.5 m ) j − (12 m ) k =
16i − 4.5j − 12k
(16 m )2 + ( 4.5)2 + (12 )2 m 20.5
λ EG =
(8 m ) i − ( 6 m ) j + ( 4.875 m ) k =
8i − 6 j + 4.875k
(8)2 + ( 6 )2 + ( 4.875)2 m 11.125
= 188.295 N
or (TEG ) BC = 188.3 N W
PROBLEM 3.41
Slider P can move along rod OA. An elastic cord PC is attached to the
slider and to the vertical member BC. Knowing that the distance from O
to P is 0.12 m and the tension in the cord is 30 N, determine (a) the angle
between the elastic cord and the rod OA, (b) the projection on OA of the
force exerted by cord PC at point P.
SOLUTION
where λ OA =
( 0.24 m ) i + ( 0.24 m ) j − ( 0.12 m ) k
( 0.24 )2 + ( 0.24 )2 + ( 0.12 )2 m
2 2 1
= i+ j− k
3 3 3
Knowing that | rA/O | = LOA = 0.36 m and that P is located 0.12 m from O, it follows that the coordinates
1
of P are the coordinates of A.
3
Then λ PC =
( 0.10 m ) i + ( 0.22 m ) j + ( 0.28 m ) k
( 0.10 )2 + ( 0.22 )2 + ( 0.28)2 m
= 0.27037i + 0.59481j + 0.75703k
2 2 1
∴ i + j − k ⋅ ( 0.27037i + 0.59481j + 0.75703k ) = cosθ
3 3 3
or θ = 71.1° W
(b) (TPC )OA = TPC cosθ = ( 30 N ) cos 71.068°
SOLUTION
The requirement that member OA and the elastic cord PC be perpendicular implies that
λ OA ⋅ λ PC = 0 or λ OA ⋅ rC/P = 0
where λ OA =
( 0.24 m ) i + ( 0.24 m ) j − ( 0.12 m ) k
( 0.24 )2 + ( 0.24 )2 + ( 0.12 )2 m
2 2 1
= i+ j− k
3 3 3
2 2 1
∴ i + j − k ⋅ ( 0.18 − x ) i + ( 0.30 − y ) j + ( 0.24 − z ) k = 0 (1)
3 3 3
dOP
Since rP/O = λ OAdOP = ( 2i + 2 j − k ) ,
3
2 2 −1
Then x= dOP , y = dOP, z = dOP (2)
3 3 3
Substituting the expressions for x, y, and z from Equation (2) into Equation (1),
( 2i + 2 j − k ) ⋅ 0.18 − dOP i + 0.30 − dOP j + 0.24 + dOP k = 0
1 2 2 1
3 3 3 3
∴ dOP = 0.24 m
or dOP = 240 mm W
PROBLEM 3.43
Determine the volume of the parallelepiped of Figure 3.25 when
(a) P = −(7 in.)i − (1 in.)j + (2 in.)k, Q = (3 in.)i − (2 in.)j + (4 in.)k, and
S = −(5 in.)i + (6 in.)j − (1 in.)k, (b) P = (1 in.)i + (2 in.)j − (1 in.)k,
Q = −(8 in.)i − (1 in.)j + (9 in.)k, and S = (2 in.)i + (3 in.)j + (1 in.)k.
SOLUTION
(a) Vol = P ⋅ ( Q × S )
−7 −1 2
= 3 −2 4 in 3 = ( −14 + 168 + 20 − 3 + 36 − 20 ) in 3
−5 6 −1
= 187 in 3
or Volume = 187 in 3 W
(b) Vol = P ⋅ ( Q × S )
1 2 −1
= −8 −1 9 in 3 = ( −1 − 27 + 36 + 16 + 24 − 2 ) in 3
2 3 1
= 46 in 3
or Volume = 46 in 3 W
PROBLEM 3.44
Given the vectors P = 4i − 2j + Pzk, Q = i + 3j − 5k, and S = −6i +
2j − k, determine the value of Pz for which the three vectors are coplanar.
SOLUTION
For the vectors to all be in the same plane, the mixed triple product is zero.
P ⋅ (Q × S ) = 0
4 −2 Pz
∴ O = 1 3 −5 = −12 + 40 − 60 − 2 + Pz ( 2 + 18 )
−6 2 −1
34
so that Pz = = 1.70
20
or Pz = 1.700 W
PROBLEM 3.45
The 0.732 × 1.2-m lid ABCD of a storage bin is hinged along side AB
and is held open by looping cord DEC over a frictionless hook at E. If the
tension in the cord is 54 N, determine the moment about each of the
coordinate axes of the force exerted by the cord at D.
SOLUTION
= 0.720 m
= 1.08 m
Have TDE =
TOE
d DE
(rE/D )
54 N
= ( 0.360i + 0.720 j − 0.720k )
1.08
i j k
Then M A = 0 0.132 0.720 N ⋅ m
18.0 36.0 −36.0
PROBLEM 3.45 CONTINUED
{
∴ M A = ( 0.132 )( −36.0 ) − ( 0.720 )( 36.0 ) i + ( 0.720 )(18.0 ) − 0 j
}
+ 0 − ( 0.132 )(18.0 ) k N ⋅ m
SOLUTION
= 0.720 m
= 1.32 m
rE/C
and TCE = (TCE )
dCE
i j k
Then M A = 0.360 0.852 0 N⋅m
−34.363 29.454 −29.454
SOLUTION
Based on | M z | = k ⋅ ( rB ) y × TBA + k ⋅ ( rC ) y × TCD
where
M z = − ( 66 N ⋅ m ) k
( rB ) y = ( rC ) y = (1 m ) j
TBA = λ BATBA
(1.5 m ) i − (1 m ) j + ( 3 m ) k
= ( 56 N )
3.5 m
= ( 24 N ) i − (16 N ) j + ( 48 N ) k
TCD = λ CDTCD
=
( 2 m ) i − (1 m ) j − ( 2 m ) k T
CD
3.0 m
1
= TCD ( 2i − j − 2k )
3
{
∴ − ( 66 N ⋅ m ) = k ⋅ (1 m ) j × ( 24 N ) i − (16 N ) j + ( 48 N ) k }
1
+ k ⋅ (1 m ) j × TCD ( 2i − j − 2k )
3
2
or −66 = −24 − TCD
3
3
∴ TCD = ( 66 − 24 ) N
2
or TCD = 63.0 N W
PROBLEM 3.48
A fence consists of wooden posts and a steel cable fastened to each post
and anchored in the ground at A and D. Knowing that the sum of the
moments about the y axis of the forces exerted by the cable on the posts
at B and C is 212 N · m, determine the magnitude of TBA when
TCD = 33 N.
SOLUTION
Based on | M y | = j ⋅ ( rB ) z × TBA + ( rC ) z × TCD
where
M y = ( 212 N ⋅ m ) j
( rB ) z = (8 m ) k
( rC ) z = (2 m) k
TBA = λ BATBA
=
(1.5 m ) i − (1 m ) j − ( 3 m ) k T
BA
3.5 m
TBA
= (1.5i − j + 3k )
3.5
TCD = λ CDTCD
( 2 m ) i − (1 m ) j − ( 2 m ) k
= ( 33 N )
3.0 m
T
∴ ( 212 N ⋅ m ) = j ⋅ ( 8 m ) k × BA (1.5i − j + 3k )
3.5
8 (1.5 )
or 212 = TBA + 2 ( 22 )
3.5
168
∴ TBA =
18.6667
or TBA = 49.0 N W
PROBLEM 3.49
To lift a heavy crate, a man uses a block and tackle attached to the bottom
of an I-beam at hook B. Knowing that the moments about the y and z axes
of the force exerted at B by portion AB of the rope are, respectively,
100 lb ⋅ ft and −400 lb ⋅ ft , determine the distance a.
SOLUTION
Based on M O = rA/O × TBA
where
M O = M xi + M y j + M zk
= M xi + (100 lb ⋅ ft ) j − ( 400 lb ⋅ ft ) k
rA/O = ( 6 ft ) i + ( 4 ft ) j
TBA = λ BATBA
=
( 6 ft ) i − (12 ft ) j − ( a ) k T
BA
d BA
i j k
T
∴ M xi + 100 j − 400k = 6 4 0 BA
d
6 −12 −a BA
TBA
= − ( 4a ) i + ( 6a ) j − ( 96 ) k
d BA
100
From j-coefficient: 100d AB = 6aTBA or TBA = d BA (1)
6a
400
From k -coefficient: −400d AB = −96TBA or TBA = d BA (2)
96
100 ( 96 )
Equating Equations (1) and (2) yields a=
6 ( 400 )
or a = 4.00 ft W
PROBLEM 3.50
To lift a heavy crate, a man uses a block and tackle attached to the bottom
of an I-beam at hook B. Knowing that the man applies a 200-lb force to
end A of the rope and that the moment of that force about the y axis is
175 lb ⋅ ft , determine the distance a.
SOLUTION
Based on (
| M y | = j ⋅ rA/O × TBA )
where rA/O = ( 6 ft ) i + ( 4 ft ) j
rA/B
TBA = λ BATBA = TBA
d BA
( 6 ft ) i − (12 ft ) j − ( a ) k
= ( 200 lb )
d BA
200
= ( 6i − 12 j − ak )
d BA
0 1 0
200
∴ 175 lb ⋅ ft = 6 4 0
d
6 −12 −a BA
200
175 = 0 − 6 ( −a )
d BA
where d BA = ( 6 )2 + (12 )2 + ( a )2 ft
= 180 + a 2 ft
or 180 + a 2 = 6.8571a
Squaring each side
180 + a 2 = 47.020a 2
Solving a = 1.97771 ft
or a = 1.978 ft W
PROBLEM 3.51
A force P is applied to the lever of an arbor press. Knowing that P lies in
a plane parallel to the yz plane and that M x = 230 lb ⋅ in.,
M y = −200 lb ⋅ in., and M z = −35 lb ⋅ in., determine the magnitude of P
and the values of φ and θ.
SOLUTION
Based on M x = ( P cos φ ) ( 9 in.) sin θ − ( P sin φ ) ( 9 in.) cosθ (1)
−35
or tan φ = = 0.175 φ = 9.9262°
−200
or φ = 9.93° W
P = 40.608 lb
or P = 40.6 lb W
SOLUTION
Based on M x = ( P cos φ ) ( 9 in.) sin θ − ( P sin φ ) ( 9 in.) cosθ (1)
−30
or = tan φ
−180
∴ φ = 9.4623°
∴ P = 36.497 lb
M x = ( 36.497 lb )( 9 in.)( cos 9.4623° sin 60° − sin 9.4623° cos 60° )
= 253.60 lb ⋅ in.
or M x = 254 lb ⋅ in. W
PROBLEM 3.53
The triangular plate ABC is supported by ball-and-socket joints at B and
D and is held in the position shown by cables AE and CF. If the force
exerted by cable AE at A is 220 lb, determine the moment of that force
about the line joining points D and B.
SOLUTION
Have (
M DB = λ DB ⋅ rA/D × TAE )
where λ DB =
( 48 in.) i − (14 in.) j = 0.96i − 0.28 j
50 in.
= (180 lb ) i − (120 lb ) j + ( 40 lb ) k
0.960 −0.280 0
∴ M DB = 0 −4 8 lb ⋅ in.
180 −120 40
= 364.8 lb ⋅ in.
or M DB = 365 lb ⋅ in. W
PROBLEM 3.54
The triangular plate ABC is supported by ball-and-socket joints at B and
D and is held in the position shown by cables AE and CF. If the force
exerted by cable CF at C is 132 lb, determine the moment of that force
about the line joining points D and B.
SOLUTION
Have (
M DB = λ DB ⋅ rC/D × TCF )
where λ DB =
( 48 in.) i − (14 in.) j = 0.96i − 0.28 j
50 in.
= ( 72 lb ) i − (108 lb ) j − ( 24 lb ) k
0.96 −0.28 0
∴ M DB = 0 8 −16 lb ⋅ in.
72 −108 −24
= −1520.64 lb ⋅ in.
or M DB = −1521 lb ⋅ in. W
PROBLEM 3.55
A mast is mounted on the roof of a house using bracket ABCD and is
guyed by cables EF, EG, and EH. Knowing that the force exerted by
cable EF at E is 66 N, determine the moment of that force about the line
joining points D and I.
SOLUTION
Have M DI = λ DI ⋅ rF /I × TEF
(1.6 m ) i − ( 0.4 m ) j 1
where λ DI = = ( 4i − j)
(1.6 )2 + ( 0.4 )2 m 17
TEF = λ EF TEF
= (12 N ) i − ( 36 N ) j + ( 54 N ) k
= 6 ( 2 N ) i − ( 6 N ) j + ( 9 N ) k
4 −1 0
∴ M DI =
( 6 N )( 5.4 m ) 0 0 1
17
2 −6 9
= 7.8582 ( 0 + 24 ) + ( −2 − 0 )
= 172.879 N ⋅ m
or M DI = 172.9 N ⋅ m W
PROBLEM 3.56
A mast is mounted on the roof of a house using bracket ABCD and is
guyed by cables EF, EG, and EH. Knowing that the force exerted by
cable EG at E is 61.5 N, determine the moment of that force about the
line joining points D and I.
SOLUTION
Have M DI = λ DI ⋅ rG/I × TEG
where λ DI =
(1.6 m ) i − ( 0.4 m ) j
0.4 17 m
1
= ( 4i − j)
17
TEG = λ EGTEG
4 −1 0
5 N (11.7 m )
∴ M DI = 0 0 −1
17
1.2 −3.6 −11.7
{ }
= (14.1883 N ⋅ m ) 0 − ( 4 )( −1)( −3.6 ) + ( −1)( −1)(1.2 ) − 0
= −187.286 N ⋅ m
or M DI = −187.3 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.57
A rectangular tetrahedron has six edges of length a. A force P is directed
as shown along edge BC. Determine the moment of P about edge OA.
SOLUTION
Have (
M OA = λ OA ⋅ rC/O × P )
where
From triangle OBC
a
( OA) x =
2
a 1 a
( OA) z = ( OA ) x tan 30° = =
2 3 2 3
2 2
a a
a 2 = + ( OA) y +
2
or
2
2 3
a2 a2 2
∴ ( OA) y = a2 − − =a
4 12 3
a 2 a
Then rA/O = i +a j+ k
2 3 2 3
1 2 1
and λ OA = i+ j+ k
2 3 2 3
P = λ BC P
=
P
2
(
i − 3k )
rC/O = ai
PROBLEM 3.57 CONTINUED
1 2 1
2 3 2 3
( a )
P
∴ M OA =
1 0 0 2
1 0 − 3
aP 2
= −
2 3
(
(1) − 3 )
aP aP
= M OA =
2 2
PROBLEM 3.58
A rectangular tetrahedron has six edges of length a. (a) Show that two
opposite edges, such as OA and BC, are perpendicular to each other. (b)
Use this property and the result obtained in Problem 3.57 to determine the
perpendicular distance between edges OA and BC.
SOLUTION
(a) For edge OA to be perpendicular to edge BC,
JJJG JJJG
OA ⋅ BC = 0
where
From triangle OBC
a
( OA) x =
2
a 1 a
( OA) z = ( OA ) x tan 30° = =
2 3 2 3
JJJG a a
∴ OA = i + ( OA)y j + k
2 2 3
JJJG
and BC = ( a sin 30° ) i − ( a cos 30° ) k
a a 3
= i− k
2 2
=
a
2
(i − 3k )
a a
Then i + ( OA ) y j +
2 2 3
(
k ⋅ i − 3k
a
2
=0 )
a2 a2
or + ( OA)y ( 0 ) − =0
4 4
JJJG JJJG
∴ OA ⋅ BC = 0
JJJG JJJG
so that OA is perpendicular to BC.
PROBLEM 3.58 CONTINUED
SOLUTION
Having (
M AD = λ AD ⋅ rE/ A × TEF )
( 24 ft ) i + ( 3 ft ) j 1
where λ AD = = (8i + j)
( 24 )2 + ( 3)2 ft 65
rE/ A = ( 7 ft ) i − ( 3 ft ) j
= 600 (1 lb ) i + ( 4 lb ) j + ( 8 lb ) k
8 1 0
600 600
∴ M AD = 7 −3 0 lb ⋅ ft = ( −192 − 56 ) lb ⋅ ft
65 65
1 4 8
SOLUTION
Having (
M AD = λ AD ⋅ rG/ A × TGH )
( 24 ft ) i + ( 3 ft ) j 1
where λ AD = = (8i + j)
( 24 )2 + ( 3)2 ft 65
= 1600 − (1 lb ) i + ( 2 lb ) j + ( 2 lb ) k
8 1 0
(1600 lb )( 2 ft ) 10 3200 lb ⋅ ft
∴ M AD = −3 0 = ( −48 − 20 )
65 65
−1 2 2
Two forces F1 and F2 in space have the same magnitude F. Prove that the
moment of F1 about the line of action of F2 is equal to the moment of F2
about the line of action of F1.
SOLUTION
( ) (
M1 = λ1 ⋅ rB/ A × F2 = λ1 ⋅ rB/ A × λ 2 F2 )
( )
M 2 = λ 2 ⋅ rA/B × F1 = λ 2 ⋅ rA/B × λ1 F1( )
Since F1 = F2 = F and rA/B = −rB/ A
(
M1 = λ1 ⋅ rB/ A × λ 2 F )
(
M 2 = λ 2 ⋅ −rB/ A × λ1 F )
Using Equation (3.39)
( ) (
λ1 ⋅ rB/ A × λ 2 = λ 2 ⋅ −rB/ A × λ1 )
so that (
M 2 = λ1 ⋅ rB/ A × λ 2 F )
∴ M12 = M 21
PROBLEM 3.62
In Problem 3.53, determine the perpendicular distance between cable AE
and the line joining points D and B.
Problem 3.53: The triangular plate ABC is supported by ball-and-socket
joints at B and D and is held in the position shown by cables AE and CF.
If the force exerted by cable AE at A is 220 lb, determine the moment of
that force about the line joining points D and B.
SOLUTION
Have (
M DB = λ DB ⋅ rA/D × TAE )
where λ DB =
( 48 in.) i − (14 in.) j = 0.96i − 0.28 j
50 in.
TAE = λ AETAE
= (180 lb ) i − (120 lb ) j + ( 40 lb ) k
0.96 −0.28 0
∴ M DB = 0 −4 8 lb ⋅ in.
180 −120 40
= 364.8 lb ⋅ in.
Have
= (172.8 + 33.6 ) lb
= 206.4 lb
= ( 220 )2 − ( 206.41)2
= 76.151 lb
d = 4.7905 in.
or d = 4.79 in.
PROBLEM 3.63
In Problem 3.54, determine the perpendicular distance between cable CF
and the line joining points D and B.
Problem 3.54: The triangular plate ABC is supported by ball-and-socket
joints at B and D and is held in the position shown by cables AE and CF.
If the force exerted by cable CF at C is 132 lb, determine the moment of
that force about the line joining points D and B.
SOLUTION
Have ( M DB ) = λ DB ⋅ ( rC/D × TCF )
where λ DB =
( 48 in.) i − (14 in.) j
50 in.
= 0.96i − 0.28j
TCF = λ CF TCF
= ( 72 lb ) i − (108 lb ) j − ( 24 lb ) k
0.96 −0.28 0
∴ M DB = 0 8 −16 lb ⋅ in
72 −108 −24
= −1520.64 lb ⋅ in.
Have
= 99.36 lb
= (132 )2 − ( 99.36 )2
= 86.900 lb
d = 17.4988 in.
or d = 17.50 in.
PROBLEM 3.64
In Problem 3.55, determine the perpendicular distance between cable EF
and the line joining points D and I.
Problem 3.55: A mast is mounted on the roof of a house using bracket
ABCD and is guyed by cables EF, EG, and EH. Knowing that the force
exerted by cable EF at E is 66 N, determine the moment of that force
about the line joining points D and I.
SOLUTION
Have (
M DI = λ DI ⋅ rF /I × TEF )
(1.6 m ) i − ( 0.4 m ) j 1
where λ DI = = ( 4i − j)
0.4 17 m 17
rF /I = ( 5.4 m ) k
= 6 ( 2 N ) i − ( 6 N ) j + ( 9 N ) k
4 −1 0
∴ M DI =
( 6 N )( 5.4 m ) 0 0 1 = 172.879 N ⋅ m
17
2 −6 9
Have
1
= ( 4i − j) ⋅ (12 N ) i − ( 36 N ) j + ( 54 N ) k
17
1
= ( 48 + 36 ) N
17
84
= N
17
PROBLEM 3.64 CONTINUED
2
84
= ( 66 )2 −
17
= 62.777 N
172.879 N ⋅ m = ( 62.777 N )( d )
d = 2.7539 m
or d = 2.75 m
PROBLEM 3.65
In Problem 3.56, determine the perpendicular distance between cable EG
and the line joining points D and I.
Problem 3.56: A mast is mounted on the roof of a house using bracket
ABCD and is guyed by cables EF, EG, and EH. Knowing that the force
exerted by cable EG at E is 61.5 N, determine the moment of that force
about the line joining points D and I.
SOLUTION
Have M DI = λ DI ⋅ rG/I × TEG
(1.6 m ) i − ( 0.4 m ) j 1
where λ DI = = ( 4i − j)
0.4 17 m 17
4 −1 0
∴ M DI =
( 5 N )(11.7 m ) 0 0 −1
17
1.2 −3.6 −11.7
= −187.286 N ⋅ m
Have
1
= ( 4i − j) ⋅ 5 (1.2 N ) i − ( 3.6 N ) j − (11.7 N ) k
17
5
= ( 4.8 + 3.6 ) N
17
42
= N
17
PROBLEM 3.65 CONTINUED
2
42
= ( 61.5) 2
−
17
= 60.651 N
187.286 N ⋅ m = ( 60.651 N )( d )
d = 3.0880 m
or d = 3.09 m
PROBLEM 3.66
In Problem 3.41, determine the perpendicular distance between post BC
and the line connecting points O and A.
Problem 3.41: Slider P can move along rod OA. An elastic cord PC is
attached to the slider and to the vertical member BC. Knowing that the
distance from O to P is 0.12 m and the tension in the cord is 30 N,
determine (a) the angle between the elastic cord and the rod OA, (b) the
projection on OA of the force exerted by cord PC at point P.
SOLUTION
Have (
M OA = λ OA ⋅ rB/O × FBC )
where λ OA =
( 0.24 m ) i + ( 0.24 m ) j − ( 0.12 m ) k =
2 2 1
i+ j− k
0.36 m 3 3 3
rB/O = ( 0.18 m ) i + ( 0.24 m ) k
2 2 −1
1 F
∴ M OA = FBC 0.18 0 0.24 = BC ( −0.48 − 0.18 ) = −0.22 FBC
3 3
0 1 0
Only the perpendicular component of FBC contributes to the moment of FBC about line OA. The parallel
component will be found first so that the perpendicular component of FBC can be determined.
2 2 1
FBC ( parallel ) = λ OA ⋅ FBC = i + j − k ⋅ FBC j
3 3 3
2
= FBC
3
Since FBC = ( FBC )parallel + ( FBC )perp.
2
( FBC )2 −
2 FBC
( FBC )perp. = ( FBC )2 − ( FBC )2parallel =
3
= 0.74536 FBC
d = 0.29516 m
or d = 295 mm
PROBLEM 3.67
In Problem 3.45, determine the perpendicular distance between cord DE
and the y axis.
Problem 3.45: The 0.732 × 1.2 -m lid ABCD of a storage bin is hinged
along side AB and is held open by looping cord DEC over a frictionless
hook at E. If the tension in the cord is 54 N, determine the moment about
each of the coordinate axes of the force exerted by the cord at D.
SOLUTION
First note
z = ( 0.732 )2 − ( 0.132 )2 m
= 0.720 m
Have (
M y = j ⋅ rD/ A × TDE )
where rD/ A = ( 0.132 j + 0.720k ) m
TDE = λ DETDE
= (18 N ) i + ( 36 N ) j − ( 36 N ) k
0 1 0
∴ M y = 0 0.132 0.720 = 12.96 N ⋅ m
18 36 −36
= ( 54 )2 − ( 36 )2 = 40.249 N
12.96 N ⋅ m = ( 40.249 N )( d )
d = 0.32199 m
or d = 322 mm
PROBLEM 3.68
A plate in the shape of a parallelogram is acted upon by two couples.
Determine (a) the moment of the couple formed by the two 21-N forces,
(b) the perpendicular distance between the 12-N forces if the resultant of
the two couples is zero, (c) the value of α if the resultant couple is
1.8 N ⋅ m clockwise and d is 1.05 m.
SOLUTION
(a) Have M1 = d1F1
where d1 = 0.4 m
F1 = 21 N
∴ M1 = ( 0.4 m )( 21 N ) = 8.4 N ⋅ m
or M1 = 8.40 N ⋅ m
(b) Have M1 + M 2 = 0
or 8.40 N ⋅ m − d 2 (12 N ) = 0
∴ d 2 = 0.700 m
∴ sin α = 0.52381
and α = 31.588°
or α = 31.6°
PROBLEM 3.69
A couple M of magnitude 10 lb ⋅ ft is applied to the handle of a
screwdriver to tighten a screw into a block of wood. Determine the
magnitudes of the two smallest horizontal forces that are equivalent to M
if they are applied (a) at corners A and D, (b) at corners B and C,
(c) anywhere on the block.
SOLUTION
(a) Have M = Pd
1 ft
or 10 lb ⋅ ft = P (10 in.)
12 in.
∴ P = 12 lb or Pmin = 12.00 lb
(b) d BC = ( BE )2 + ( EC )2
Have M = Pd
1 ft
10 lb ⋅ ft = P (11.6619 in.)
12 in.
P = 10.2899 lb or P = 10.29 lb
(c) d AC = ( AD )2 + ( DC )2
Have M = Pd AC
(
10 lb ⋅ ft = P 2 89 in. )
1 ft
12 in.
P = 6.3600 lb or P = 6.36 lb
PROBLEM 3.70
Two 60-mm-diameter pegs are mounted on a steel plate at A and C, and
two rods are attached to the plate at B and D. A cord is passed around the
pegs and pulled as shown, while the rods exert on the plate 10-N forces as
indicated. (a) Determine the resulting couple acting on the plate when T =
36 N. (b) If only the cord is used, in what direction should it be pulled to
create the same couple with the minimum tension in the cord?
(c) Determine the value of that minimum tension.
SOLUTION
(a) Have M = Σ ( Fd )
= 8.62 N ⋅ m
M = 8.62 N ⋅ m
(b)
Have M = Td = 8.62 N ⋅ m
For T to be minimum, d must be maximum.
∴ Tmin must be perpendicular to line AC
0.380 m
tan θ = = 1.33333
0.285 m
and θ = 53.130°
or θ = 53.1°
(c) Have M = Tmin d max
where M = 8.62 N ⋅ m
d max = ( 0.380 )2 + ( 0.285)2 + 2 ( 0.030 ) m = 0.535 m
∴ 8.62 N ⋅ m = Tmin ( 0.535 m )
Tmin = 16.1121 N
or Tmin = 16.11 N
PROBLEM 3.71
The steel plate shown will support six 50-mm-diameter idler rollers
mounted on the plate as shown. Two flat belts pass around the rollers, and
rollers A and D will be adjusted so that the tension in each belt is 45 N.
Determine (a) the resultant couple acting on the plate if a = 0.2 m, (b) the
value of a so that the resultant couple acting on the plate is 54 N ⋅ m
clockwise.
SOLUTION
(a) Note when a = 0.2 m, rC/F is perpendicular to the inclined 45 N
forces.
Have
M = Σ ( Fd )
= − ( 45 N ) a + 0.2 m + 2 ( 0.025 m )
− ( 45 N ) 2a 2 + 2 ( 0.025 m )
For a = 0.2 m,
M = − ( 45 N )( 0.450 m + 0.61569 m )
= −47.956 N ⋅ m
or M = 48.0 N ⋅ m
(b) M = 54.0 N ⋅ m
+ M C + M F + Fx ( a + 0.2 m ) + Fy ( 2a )
M F = M C = −1.125 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.71 CONTINUED
−45
Fx = N
2
−45
Fy = N
2
−45 N 45 N
( a + 0.2 m ) − ( 2a )
2 2
a 0.20 2a
1.20 = a + 0.25 + 0.025 + 0.025 + + +
2 2 2
3.1213a = 0.75858
a = 0.24303 m
or a = 243 mm
PROBLEM 3.72
The shafts of an angle drive are acted upon by the two couples shown.
Replace the two couples with a single equivalent couple, specifying its
magnitude and the direction of its axis.
SOLUTION
Based on M = M1 + M 2
where
M1 = − ( 8 N ⋅ m ) j
M2 = − (6 N⋅m)k
∴ M = − (8 N ⋅ m ) j − ( 6 N ⋅ m ) k
and M = ( 8 )2 + ( 6 ) 2 = 10 N ⋅ m
or M = 10.00 N ⋅ m
M − (8 N ⋅ m ) j − ( 6 N ⋅ m ) k
λ = = = −0.8j − 0.6k
M 10 N ⋅ m
cosθ x = 0 ∴ θ x = 90°
SOLUTION
Have M = M1 + M 2
P1C = − (100 N ) k
i j k
∴ M1 = 0.96 −0.40 0 = ( 40 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 96 N ⋅ m ) j
0 0 −100
Also, M 2 = rD/ A × P2 E
P2 E = λ ED P2 E
− ( 0.48 m ) i + ( 0.55 m ) k
= (146 N )
( 0.48)2 + ( 0.55)2 m
= − ( 96 N ) i + (110 N ) k
i j k
∴ M 2 = 0 0.20 −0.55 N ⋅ m
−96 0 110
+ ( 52.8 N ⋅ m ) j + (19.2 N ⋅ m ) k
or M = 162.3 N ⋅ m
or θ x = 67.5°
or θ y = 23.6°
or θ z = 83.2°
PROBLEM 3.74
Knowing that P = 0, replace the two remaining couples with a single
equivalent couple, specifying its magnitude and the direction of its axis.
SOLUTION
Have M = M4 + M7
F4G = ( 4 lb ) k
Also, M 7 = rD/F × F7 D
F7 D = λ ED F7 D
7 lb
= ( −5i + 3j + 7k )
83
i j k
7 lb ⋅ in. 7 lb ⋅ in.
∴ M7 = −5 3 0 = ( 21i + 35j + 0k )
83 83
−5 3 7
( M x )2 + ( M y )
2
M = = (16.1353)2 + ( 66.892 )2
= 68.811 lb ⋅ in.
or M = 68.8 lb ⋅ in.
λ =
M
=
(16.1353 lb ⋅in.) i + ( 66.892 lb ⋅in.) j
M 68.811 lb ⋅ in.
= 0.23449i + 0.97212 j
or θ x = 76.4°
or θ y = 13.56°
or θ z = 90.0°
PROBLEM 3.75
Knowing that P = 5 lb, replace the three couples with a single equivalent
couple, specifying its magnitude and the direction of its axis.
SOLUTION
Have M = M 4 + M 7 + M5
where
i j k
M 4 = rG/C × F4G = −10 0 0 lb ⋅ in. = ( 40 lb ⋅ in.) j
0 0 4
i j k
7
M 7 = rD/F × F7 D = −5 3 0 lb ⋅ in. = 0.76835 ( 21i + 35 j) lb ⋅ in.
83
−5 3 7
or M = 85.6 lb ⋅ in.
SOLUTION
Have M = M1 + M 2 + M P
i j k
where M1 = rC/B × P1C = 0.96 −0.40 0 = ( 40 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 96 N ⋅ m ) j
0 0 −100
i j k
M 2 = rD/ A × P2 E = 0 0.20 −0.55 = ( 22.0 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 52.8 N ⋅ m ) j + (19.2 N ⋅ m ) k
−96 0 110
i j k
M P = rE/ A × PE = 0.48 0.20 −1.10 = ( 231 N ⋅ m ) i + (100.8 N ⋅ m ) k
0 210 0
or M = 350 N ⋅ m
SOLUTION
Have M = M1 + M 2 + M 3
M 2 = − (1.1 lb ⋅ ft ) j
= − ( 3.3185 lb ⋅ ft ) j − ( 0.020254 lb ⋅ ft ) k
or M = 3.32 lb ⋅ ft
λ =
M
=
( 0 ) i − 3.3185j − 0.020254k
M 3.3186
= −0.99997 j − 0.0061032k
SOLUTION
(a) Based on ΣF : FA = T = 1000 N
or FA = 1000 N 20°
ΣM A : M A = (T sin 50° )( dA )
= 1723.60 N ⋅ m
or M A = 1724 N ⋅ m
or FB = 1000 N 20°
= 957.56 N ⋅ m
or M B = 958 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.79
The 20-lb horizontal force P acts on a bell crank as shown. (a) Replace P
with an equivalent force-couple system at B. (b) Find the two vertical
forces at C and D which are equivalent to the couple found in part a.
SOLUTION
(a) Based on ΣF : PB = P = 20 lb
or PB = 20 lb
ΣM : MB = Pd B
= 20 lb ( 5 in.)
= 100 lb ⋅ in.
or M B = 100 lb ⋅ in.
ΣM : M D = PC d
∴ PC = 25 lb
or PC = 25 lb
ΣFy : 0 = PD − PC
∴ PD = 25 lb
or PD = 25 lb
PROBLEM 3.80
A 700-N force P is applied at point A of a structural member. Replace P
with (a) an equivalent force-couple system at C, (b) an equivalent system
consisting of a vertical force at B and a second force at D.
SOLUTION
(a) Based on ΣF : PC = P = 700 N
or PC = 700 N 60°
ΣM C : M C = − Px dCy + Py dCx
dCx = 1.6 m
dCy = 1.1 m
= −385 N ⋅ m + 969.95 N ⋅ m
= 584.95 N ⋅ m
or M C = 585 N ⋅ m
= 350 N
ΣM D : ( P cos 60° )( d DA ) = PB ( d DB )
PB = 87.5 N
or PB = 87.5 N
PROBLEM 3.80 CONTINUED
( PDx )2 + ( PDy )
2
PD =
PDy −1 518.72
θ = tan −1 = tan = 55.991°
PDx 350
or PD = 626 N 56.0°
PROBLEM 3.81
A landscaper tries to plumb a tree by applying a 240-N force as shown.
Two helpers then attempt to plumb the same tree, with one pulling at B
and the other pushing with a parallel force at C. Determine these two
forces so that they are equivalent to the single 240-N force shown in the
figure.
SOLUTION
Based on
From
Equation (2)
: tan α = tan 30°
Equation (1)
∴ α = 30°
Based on
∴ FB = 100 N
or FB = 100.0 N 30°
FC = 140 N
or FC = 140.0 N 30°
PROBLEM 3.82
A landscaper tries to plumb a tree by applying a 240-N force as shown.
(a) Replace that force with an equivalent force-couple system at C. (b)
Two helpers attempt to plumb the same tree, with one applying a
horizontal force at C and the other pulling at B. Determine these two
forces if they are to be equivalent to the single force of part a.
SOLUTION
(a) Based on ΣFx : − ( 240 N ) cos30° = − FC cos30°
∴ FC = 240 N
or FC = 240 N 30°
∴ M C = 59.088 N ⋅ m
or M C = 59.1 N ⋅ m
0.56382 FC = 82.724
FC = 146.722 N
or FC = 146.7 N
SOLUTION
Require the equivalent forces acting at A and C be parallel and at an angle
of α with the vertical.
Based on
∴ FA = 93.75 lb
or FA = 93.8 lb 60°
Based on
∴ FC = 156.25 lb
or FC = 156.3 lb 60°
PROBLEM 3.84
Three workers trying to move a 3 × 3 × 4-ft crate apply to the crate the
three horizontal forces shown. (a) If P = 60 lb, replace the three forces
with an equivalent force-couple system at A. (b) Replace the force-couple
system of part a with a single force, and determine where it should be
applied to side AB. (c) Determine the magnitude of P so that the three
forces can be replaced with a single equivalent force applied at B.
SOLUTION
(a) Based on
ΣFz : − 50 lb + 50 lb + 60 lb = FA
FA = 60 lb
or FA = ( 60.0 lb ) k
Based on
ΣM A : ( 50 lb )( 2 ft ) − ( 50 lb )( 0.6 ft ) = M A
(a) M A = 70 lb ⋅ ft
or M A = ( 70.0 lb ⋅ ft ) j
(b) Based on
ΣFz : − 50 lb + 50 lb + 60 lb = F
F = 60 lb
or F = ( 60.0 lb ) k
Based on
(b) ΣM A : 70 lb ⋅ ft = 60 lb (x )
x = 1.16667 ft
or x = 1.167 ft from A along AB
(c) Based on
ΣMB : − ( 50 lb ) (1 ft ) + ( 50 lb ) (2.4 ft ) − P (3 ft ) = R (0 )
70
P= = 23.333 lb
3
or P = 23.3 lb
(c)
PROBLEM 3.85
A force and a couple are applied to a beam. (a) Replace this system with
a single force F applied at point G, and determine the distance d.
(b) Solve part a assuming that the directions of the two 600-N forces are
reversed.
SOLUTION
(a)
Have ΣFy : FC + FD + FE = F
Have ΣM G : FC ( d − 1.5 m ) − FD ( 2 m ) = 0
1200 + 1200
d =
800
d = 3m or d = 3.00 m
(b)
Changing directions of the two 600 N forces only changes sign of the couple.
∴ F = −800 N or F = 800 N
and ΣM G : FC ( d − 1.5 m ) + FD ( 2 m ) = 0
1200 − 1200
d = =0
800
or d = 0
PROBLEM 3.86
Three cables attached to a disk exert on it the forces shown. (a) Replace
the three forces with an equivalent force-couple system at A.
(b) Determine the single force which is equivalent to the force-couple
system obtained in part a, and specify its point of application on a line
drawn through points A and D.
SOLUTION
(a) Have ΣF : FB + FC + FD = FA
Since FB = −FD
∴ FA = FC = 110 N 20°
or FA = 110.0 N 20.0°
− (140 N ) sin15° ( 0.2 m ) − (110 N ) sin 25° ( 0.2 m ) + (140 N ) sin 45° ( 0.2 m ) = M A
M A = 3.2545 N ⋅ m
or M A = 3.25 N ⋅ m
ΣM : M A = [ FE cos 20°] ( a )
a = 0.031485 m
or a = 31.5 mm below A
PROBLEM 3.87
While tapping a hole, a machinist applies the horizontal forces shown to
the handle of the tap wrench. Show that these forces are equivalent to a
single force, and specify, if possible, the point of application of the single
force on the handle.
SOLUTION
Since the forces at A and B are parallel, the force at B can be replaced with the sum of two forces with one of
the forces equal in magnitude to the force at A except with an opposite sense, resulting in a force-couple.
Have FB = 26.5 N + 2.5 N, where the 26.5 N force be part of the couple. Combining the two parallel forces,
= 3.60 N ⋅ m
a = −1.590 m
SOLUTION
(a) Have ΣFx : − ( 3 lb ) sin 40° + ( 3 lb ) sin 40° = Fx
∴ Fx = 0
∴ Fy = −10 lb
or F = 10.00 lb
Note: The two 3-lb forces form a couple
and ΣM A : rC/ A × PC + rB/ A × PB = rX / A × F
i j k i j k i j k
3 16 −10 0 + 160 1 0 0 = 10 d 0 0
sin 40° cos 40° 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0
i j k i j k i j k
3 16 −10 0 + 160 1 0 0 = 120 1 0 0
sin α cos α 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0
so that
α = 77.0° and α = −13.03°
PROBLEM 3.89
A hexagonal plate is acted upon by the force P and the couple shown.
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the smallest force P for
which this system can be replaced with a single force at E.
SOLUTION
Since the minimum value of P acting at B is realized when Pmin is
perpendicular to a line connecting B and E, α = 30°
Then,
where
= − ( 0.30 m ) i + ( 0.51962 m ) j
= ( 0.60 m ) i
PD = ( 450 N ) j
i j k i j k
∴ Pmin −0.30 0.51962 0 + 0.60 0 0 N ⋅ m = 0
0.86603 0.50 0 0 450 0
∴ Pmin = 450 N
SOLUTION
Have
ΣF : − ( 270 lb ) i = F
∴ F = − ( 270 lb ) i
Also, have
ΣM G : rA/G × P = M
i j k
270 0 −4 −2.4 lb ⋅ in. = M
−1 0 0
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : TAB = F
where
TAB = λ ABTAB
∴ TAB = 36 N ( i − 8j + 4k )
Have
ΣM E : rA/E × TAB = M
i j k
or ( 7.5 m )( 36 N ) 0 1 0 = M
1 −8 4
∴ M = ( 270 N ⋅ m )( 4i − k )
or M = (1080 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 270 N ⋅ m ) k
PROBLEM 3.92
Two workers use blocks and tackles attached to the bottom of an I-beam
to lift a large cylindrical tank. Knowing that the tension in rope CD is
366 N, replace the force exerted at C by rope CD with an equivalent
force-couple system at O.
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : TCD = F
where
TCD = λ CDTCD
Have
ΣM O : rC/O × TCD = M
i j k
or ( 7.5 m )( 6 N ) 0 1 0 = M
−3 −56 24
∴ M = ( 45 N ⋅ m )( 24i + 3k )
or M = (1080 N ⋅ m ) i + (135.0 N ⋅ m ) k
PROBLEM 3.93
To keep a door closed, a wooden stick is wedged between the floor and
the doorknob. The stick exerts at B a 45-lb force directed along line AB.
Replace that force with an equivalent force-couple system at C.
SOLUTION
Have
ΣF : PAB = FC
where
PAB = λ AB PAB
Have
ΣM C : rB/C × PAB = M C
i j k
MC = 2 29.5 −33 0 lb ⋅ in.
1 19 −12
SOLUTION
Have
ΣF : PB = F
where
= − ( 8.5505 lb ) j + ( 23.492 lb ) k
or F = − ( 8.55 lb ) j + ( 23.5 lb ) k
Have
ΣM O : rB/O × PB = M O
where
i j k
∴ 6.9282 15 −4 lb ⋅ in. = M O
0 −8.5505 23.492
SOLUTION
Have
ΣF : F = FD
= λ AI F
Have
ΣM D : M + rI /D × F = M D
where
M = λ AC M
( 0.240 m ) i − ( 0.180 m ) k
= ( 70.0 N ⋅ m )
0.300 m
= ( 70.0 N ⋅ m )( 0.800i − 0.600k )
rI /D = ( 0.360 m ) k
i j k
∴ MD = ( 70.0 N ⋅ m )( 0.8i − 0.6k ) + 0 0 0.36 ( 750 N ⋅ m )
0.36 −0.12 0.18
SOLUTION
First assume that the given force W and couples M1 and M 2 act at the
origin.
Now W = −Wj
Note that since W and M are perpendicular, it follows that they can be
replaced with a single equivalent force.
or F = − ( 2.40 N ) j
(b) Assume that the line of action of F passes through point P (x, 0, z).
M = rP/O × F
where rP/O = xi + zk
i j k
= x 0 z = (Wz ) i − (Wx ) k
0 −W 0
PROBLEM 3.96 CONTINUED
or x = −16.89 mm
−0.065cos 25°
z = = −0.024546 m
2.4
or z = −24.5 mm
PROBLEM 3.97
A 20-lb force F1 and a 40- lb ⋅ ft couple M1 are applied to corner E of the
bent plate shown. If F1 and M1 are to be replaced with an equivalent
force-couple system ( F2 , M 2 ) at corner B and if ( M 2 ) z = 0, determine
(a) the distance d, (b) F2 and M 2.
SOLUTION
(a) Have ΣM Bz : M 2 z = 0
( )
k ⋅ rH /B × F1 + M1z = 0 (1)
F1 = λ EH F1
M1 = λ EJ M1
M 2 = rH /B × F1 + M1
i j k
20 lb ⋅ in. ( −5.3955 ) i + 3j − 7k
= 31 −2 0 + ( 480 lb ⋅ in.)
11.0 9.3333
6 6 −7
or M 2 = − ( 21.0 lb ⋅ ft ) i + ( 45.7 lb ⋅ ft ) j
PROBLEM 3.98
A 4-ft-long beam is subjected to a variety of loadings. (a) Replace each
loading with an equivalent force-couple system at end A of the beam.
(b) Which of the loadings are equivalent?
SOLUTION
(a) Have ΣFy : − 200 lb − 100 lb = Ra
(a)
or R a = 300 lb
or M a = 500 lb ⋅ ft
or R b = 300 lb
and ΣM A : − 450 lb ⋅ ft = M b
or M b = 450 lb ⋅ ft
or R c = 300 lb
or M c = 450 lb ⋅ ft
or R d = 200 lb
or M d = 450 lb ⋅ ft
or R e = 300 lb
or M e = 100 lb ⋅ ft
PROBLEM 3.98 CONTINUED
or R f = 300 lb
or M f = 400 lb ⋅ ft
or R g = 500 lb
or M g = 500 lb ⋅ ft
or R h = 300 lb
or M h = 450 lb ⋅ ft
(b) Therefore, loadings (c) and (h) are equivalent
PROBLEM 3.99
A 4-ft-long beam is loaded as shown. Determine the loading of Problem
3.98 which is equivalent to this loading.
SOLUTION
Have ΣFy : −100 lb − 200 lb = R
or R = 300 lb
or M = 400 lb ⋅ ft
case R M
(d ) 200 lb 450 lb ⋅ ft
(f ) 300 lb 400 lb ⋅ ft
(g ) 500 lb 500 lb ⋅ ft
SOLUTION
For equivalent single force at distance d from A
(a)
Have ΣFy : − 300 lb = R
or R = 300 lb
or d = 1.500 ft
(b)
Have ΣFy : − 200 lb + 400 lb = R
or R = 200 lb
or d = 2.25 ft
or d = 0.333 ft
PROBLEM 3.101
Five separate force-couple systems act at the corners of a metal block,
which has been machined into the shape shown. Determine which of
these systems is equivalent to a force F = (10 N ) j and a couple of
moment M = ( 6 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 4 N ⋅ m ) k located at point A.
SOLUTION
The equivalent force-couple system at A for each of the five force-couple
systems will be determined. Each will then be compared to the given
force-couple system to determine if they are equivalent.
Force-couple system at B
Have ΣF : (10 N ) j = F
or F = (10 N ) j
and (
ΣM A : ΣM B + rB/ A × F = M )
( 4 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 2 N ⋅ m ) k + ( 0.2 m ) i × (10 N ) j = M
M = ( 4 N⋅m) i + ( 4 N⋅m)k
Force-couple system at C
Have ΣF : (10 N ) j = F
or F = (10 N ) j
and (
ΣM A : M C + rC/ A × F = M )
(8.5 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 0.2 m ) i + ( 0.25 m ) k × (10 N ) j = M
M = ( 6 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 2.0 N ⋅ m ) k
Force-couple system at E
Have ΣF : (10 N ) j = F
or F = (10 N ) j
and (
ΣM A : M E + rE/ A × F = M )
( 6 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 0.4 m ) i − ( 0.08 m ) j × (10 N ) j = M
M = (6 N⋅m) i + ( 4 N⋅m)k
Force-couple system at G
∴ force-couple system at G
Is Not Equivalent
Force-couple system at I
Have ΣF : (10 N ) j = F
or F = (10 N ) j
and (
ΣM A : ΣM I + rI / A × F = M )
(10 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 2 N ⋅ m ) k
+ ( 0.4 m ) i − ( 0.2 m ) j + ( 0.4 m ) k × (10 N ) j = M
or M = (6 N ⋅ m) i + (2 N ⋅m)k
SOLUTION
First WA = mA g = ( 38 kg ) g
WB = mB g = ( 29 kg ) g
(a) WC = mC g = ( 27 kg ) g
76 − 58
∴ d = = 0.66667 m
27
or d = 0.667 m
(b) WC = mC g = ( 24 kg ) g
76 − 58
∴ d = = 0.75 m
24
or d = 0.750 m
PROBLEM 3.103
Three stage lights are mounted on a pipe as shown. The mass of each
light is mA = mB = 1.8 kg and mC = 1.6 kg . (a) If d = 0.75 m,
determine the distance from D to the line of action of the resultant of the
weights of the three lights. (b) Determine the value of d so that the
resultant of the weights passes through the midpoint of the pipe.
SOLUTION
First WA = WB = m A g = (1.8 kg ) g
WC = mC g = (1.6 kg ) g
(a) d = 0.75 m
Have R = WA + WB + WC
or R = ( 5.2 g ) N
Have
∴ D = 1.18462 m
or D = 1.185 m
L
(b) D= = 1.25 m
2
Have
= − ( 5.2 g )(1.25 m )
∴ d = 0.9625 m
or d = 0.963 m
PROBLEM 3.104
Three hikers are shown crossing a footbridge. Knowing that the weights
of the hikers at points C, D, and E are 800 N, 700 N, and 540 N,
respectively, determine (a) the horizontal distance from A to the line of
action of the resultant of the three weights when a = 1.1 m, (b) the value
of a so that the loads on the bridge supports at A and B are equal.
SOLUTION
(a) a = 1.1 m
Have ΣF : −WC − WD − WE = R
R = 2040 N
(a) or R = 2040 N
Have
= −R ( d )
∴ − 5315 N ⋅ m = − ( 2040 N ) d
and d = 2.6054 m
(b) For equal reaction forces at A and B, the resultant, R, must act at the
center of the span.
(b)
L
From ΣM A = − R
2
= − ( 2040 N )( 3 m )
and a = 1.49268 m
or a = 1.493 m
PROBLEM 3.105
Gear C is rigidly attached to arm AB. If the forces and couple shown can
be reduced to a single equivalent force at A, determine the equivalent
force and the magnitude of the couple M.
SOLUTION
For equivalence
or Rx = 50.756 N
or Ry = −358.29 N
Ry −358.29
and tan θ = = = −7.0591 ∴ θ = −81.937°
Rx 50.756
or R = 362 N 81.9°
Also
ΣM A : M − ( 90 N ) sin 35° ( 0.6 m ) − ( 200 N ) cos 25° ( 0.85 m ) − (125 N ) sin 65° (1.25 m ) = 0
∴ M = 326.66 N ⋅ m
or M = 327 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.106
To test the strength of a 25 × 20-in. suitcase, forces are applied as shown.
If P = 18 lb, (a) determine the resultant of the applied forces, (b) locate
the two points where the line of action of the resultant intersects the edge
of the suitcase.
SOLUTION
(a) P = 18 lb
42 lb
Have ΣF : − ( 20 lb ) i + ( −3i + 2 j) + (18 lb ) j + ( 36 lb ) i = Rxi + Ry j
13
or R = − (18.95 lb ) i + ( 41.3 lb ) j
Ry −1 41.297
θ x = tan −1 = tan = −65.355°
Rx −18.9461
or R = 45.4 lb 65.4°
(b) Have ΣM B = M B
42 lb
M B = ( 4 in.) j × ( −20 lb ) i + ( 21 in.) i × ( −3i + 2 j) + (12 in.) j × ( 36 lb ) i + ( 3 in.) i × (18 lb ) j
13
∴ M B = (191.246 lb ⋅ in.) k
PROBLEM 3.106 CONTINUED
Since M B = rB × R
i j k
∴ (191.246 lb ⋅ in.) k = x y 0 = ( 41.297 x + 18.9461y ) k
−18.9461 41.297 0
191.246
For y = 0, x= = 4.6310 in. or x = 4.63 in.
41.297
191.246
For x = 0, y = = 10.0942 in. or y = 10.09 in.
18.9461
PROBLEM 3.107
Solve Problem 3.106 assuming that P = 28 lb.
Problem 3.106: To test the strength of a 25 × 20-in. suitcase, forces are
applied as shown. If P = 18 lb, (a) determine the resultant of the applied
forces, (b) locate the two points where the line of action of the resultant
intersects the edge of the suitcase.
SOLUTION
(a) P = 28 lb
42
Have ΣF : − ( 20 lb ) i + ( −3i + 2 j) + ( 28 lb ) j + ( 36 lb ) i = Rxi + Ry j
13
or R = − (18.95 lb ) i + ( 51.3 lb ) j
Ry −1 51.297
θ x = tan −1 = tan = −69.729°
Rx −18.9461
or R = 54.7 lb 69.7°
(b) Have ΣM B = M B
42 lb
M B = ( 4 in.) j × ( −20 lb ) i + ( 21 in.) i × ( −3i + 2j) + (12 in.) j × ( 36 lb ) i + ( 3 in.) i × ( 28 lb ) j
13
∴ M B = ( 221.246 lb ⋅ in.) k
PROBLEM 3.107 CONTINUED
Since M B = rB × R
i j k
∴ ( 221.246 lb ⋅ in.) k = x y 0 = ( 51.297 x + 18.9461y ) k
−18.9461 51.297 0
221.246
For y = 0, x= = 4.3130 in. or x = 4.31 in.
51.297
221.246
For x = 0, y = = 11.6776 in. or y = 11.68 in.
18.9461
PROBLEM 3.108
As four holes are punched simultaneously in a piece of aluminum sheet
metal, the punches exert on the piece the forces shown. Knowing that the
forces are perpendicular to the surfaces of the piece, determine (a) the
resultant of the applied forces when α = 45° and the point of
intersection of the line of action of that resultant with a line drawn
through points A and B, (b) the value of α so that the line of action of the
resultant passes through fold EF.
SOLUTION
Position the origin for the coordinate system along the centerline of the
sheet metal at the intersection with line EF.
(a) Have ΣF = R
∴ R = − (10.6246 kN ) i − (15.2746 kN ) j
Ry −1 −15.2746
θ = tan −1 = tan = 55.179°
Rx −10.6246
or R = 18.61 kN 55.2°
Have M EF = ΣM EF
where
MEF = (2.6 kN )(90 mm ) + (5.25 kN )(40 mm )
∴ MEF = 15.4903 N ⋅ m
To obtain distance d left of EF,
Have M EF = dRy = d ( −15.2746 kN )
15.4903 N ⋅ m
∴d = −3
= −1.01412 × 10−3 m
−15.2746 × 10 N
or d = 1.014 mm left of EF
PROBLEM 3.108 CONTINUED
(b) Have M EF = 0
M EF = 0 = ( 2.6 kN )( 90 mm ) + ( 5.25 kN )( 40 mm )
− (10.5 kN )( 20 mm )
sin α = 0.828125
α = 55.907°
or α = 55.9°
PROBLEM 3.109
As four holes are punched simultaneously in a piece of aluminum sheet
metal, the punches exert on the piece the forces shown. Knowing that the
forces are perpendicular to the surfaces of the piece, determine (a) the
value of α so that the resultant of the applied forces is parallel to the
10.5 N force, (b) the corresponding resultant of the applied forces and the
point of intersection of its line of action with a line drawn through points
A and B.
SOLUTION
(a) For the resultant force, R, to be parallel to the 10.5 kN force,
α =φ
Ry
∴ tan α = tan φ =
Rx
where
Rx = −3.2 kN − (10.5 kN ) sin α
or R = 18.98 kN 67.8°
Then
M EF = ΣM EF
where
M EF = ( 2.6 kN )( 90 mm ) + ( 5.25 kN )( 40 mm ) − (10.5 kN )( 20 mm )
= 57.682 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.109 CONTINUED
To obtain distance d left of EF,
Have M EF = dRy = d ( −17.5732 )
57.682 N ⋅ m
∴d = = −3.2824 × 10−3 m
−17.5732 × 103 N
or d = 3.28 mm left of EF
PROBLEM 3.110
A truss supports the loading shown. Determine the equivalent force
acting on the truss and the point of intersection of its line of action with a
line through points A and G.
SOLUTION
Have R = ΣF
R = ( 240 N )( cos 70°i − sin 70° j) − (160 N ) j
∴ R = − (147.728 N ) i − ( 758.36 N ) j
Ry −1 −758.36
θ = tan −1 = tan = 78.977°
Rx −147.728
or R = 773 N 79.0°
Have ΣM A = dRy
where
ΣM A = − [ 240 N cos 70°] ( 6 m ) − [ 240 N sin 70°] ( 4 m )
= −7232.5 N ⋅ m
−7232.5 N ⋅ m
∴d = = 9.5370 m
−758.36 N
or d = 9.54 m to the right of A
PROBLEM 3.111
Three forces and a couple act on crank ABC. For P = 5 lb and α = 40°,
(a) determine the resultant of the given system of forces, (b) locate the
point where the line of action of the resultant intersects a line drawn
through points B and C, (c) locate the point where the line of action of the
resultant intersects a line drawn through points A and B.
SOLUTION
(a) P = 5 lb, α = 40°
Have R = ΣF
∴ R = ( 0.83022 lb ) i + (1.21394 lb ) j
Ry −1 1.21394
θ = tan −1 = tan = 55.632°
Rx 0.83022
or R = 1.471 lb 55.6°
where
MB = − (5 lb )cos 40° (15 in. )sin 50° − (5 lb )sin 40°
− ( 2 lb )( 6 in.) + 50 lb ⋅ in.
∴ M B = −23.211 lb ⋅ in.
MB −23.211 lb ⋅ in.
and d = = = −19.1205 in.
Ry 1.21394 lb
23.211
∴ d1 = = 16.3889 in.
1.41627
SOLUTION
Based on ΣFx = 0
P cos α − 3 lb = 0
∴ P cos α = 3 lb (1)
and ΣFy = 0
P sin α − 2 lb = 0
∴ P sin α = 2 lb (2)
2
tan α =
3
∴ α = 33.690°
3 lb
P= = 3.6056 lb
cos 33.690°
or P = 3.61 lb 33.7°
(a) Based on ΣM B = 0
−3.5838d = −30.286
∴ d = 8.4509 in.
or d = 8.45 in.
PROBLEM 3.112 CONTINUED
(b) Based on ΣM D = 0
−3.5838d = −30.286
∴ d = 8.4509 in.
or d = 8.45 in.
SOLUTION
Equivalent force-couple at A due to belts on pulley A
∴ R A = 280 N
Have ΣM A : − 40 N ( 0.02 m ) = M A
∴ M A = 0.8 N ⋅ m
∴ R B = 360 N 25°
Have ΣM B : − 60 N ( 0.015 m ) = M B
∴ M B = 0.9 N ⋅ m
Equivalent force-couple at F
= ( 326.27 N ) i − (127.857 N ) j
R = RF = 2
RFx 2
+ RFy = ( 326.27 )2 + (127.857 )2 = 350.43 N
RFy −1 −127.857
θ = tan −1 = tan = −21.399°
RFx 326.27
or R F = R = 350 N 21.4°
PROBLEM 3.113 CONTINUED
Have
M F = − ( 3.5056 N ⋅ m ) k
M F = dR y
MF −3.5056 N ⋅ m
∴ d = = = 0.027418 m = 27.418 mm
Ry −127.857 N
or d = 27.4 mm
PROBLEM 3.114
As follower AB rolls along the surface of member C, it exerts a constant
force F perpendicular to the surface. (a) Replace F with an equivalent
force-couple system at the point D obtained by drawing the perpendicular
from the point of contact to the x axis (b) For a = 1 m and b = 2 m,
determine the value of x for which the moment of the equivalent force-
couple system at D is maximum.
SOLUTION
(a) The slope of any tangent to the surface of member C is
dy d x 2 −2b
= b 1 − 2 = 2 x
dx dx a a
For equivalence
ΣF : F = R
ΣM D : ( F cosα )( y A ) = M D
where
2bx x2
cos α = , y A = b 1 − 2
(a ) a
2
2
+ ( 2bx )
2
x3
2 Fb 2 x − 2
a
∴ MD =
a 4 + 4b 2 x 2
a2
R = F tan −1
2bx
x3
2Fb 2 x − 2
a
M =
a 4 + 4b 2 x 2
PROBLEM 3.114 CONTINUED
dM
(b) To maximize M, the value of x must satisfy =0
dx
where, for a = 1 m, b = 2 m
M =
(
8F x − x 3 )
1 + 16 x 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
−
1 + 16 x 2 1 − 3x 2 − x − x3 ( 32 x ) 1 + 16 x 2 2
2
∴
dM
= 8F = 0
dx (1 + 16x ) 2
or 32 x 4 + 3x 2 − 1 = 0
−3 ± 9 − 4 ( 32 )( −1)
x2 = = 0.136011 m 2 and − 0.22976 m 2
2 ( 32 )
x = 0.36880 m
or x = 369 mm
PROBLEM 3.115
As plastic bushings are inserted into a 3-in.-diameter cylindrical sheet
metal container, the insertion tool exerts the forces shown on the
enclosure. Each of the forces is parallel to one of the coordinate axes.
Replace these forces with an equivalent force-couple system at C.
SOLUTION
For equivalence
Σ F: FA + FB + FC + FD = R C
R C = − ( 5 lb ) j − ( 3 lb ) j − ( 4 lb ) k − ( 7 lb ) i
∴ R C = ( −7 lb ) i − ( 8 lb ) j − ( 4 lb ) k
or
i j k i j k i j k
MC = 0 0 −1.5 in. + 1 in. 0 −1.5 in. + 0 1.5 in. 1.5 in.
0 5 lb 0 0 −3 lb 0 −7 lb 0 0
SOLUTION
Equivalent force-couple at each pulley
Pulley B
R B = ( 290 N )( − cos 20° j + sin 20°k ) − 430 Nj
= − ( 702.51 N ) j + ( 99.186 N ) k
= − ( 21 N ⋅ m ) i
Pulley C
R C = ( 310 N + 480 N )( − sin10° j − cos10°k )
= − (137.182 N ) j − ( 778.00 N ) k
= ( 25.5 N ⋅ m ) i
or R = − ( 840 N ) j − ( 679 N ) k
M A = M B + M C + rB/ A × R B + rC/ A × R C
i j k
= − ( 21 N ⋅ m ) i + ( 25.5 N ⋅ m ) i + 0.45 0 0 N⋅m
0 −702.51 99.186
i j k
+ 0.90 0 0 N⋅m
0 −137.182 −778.00
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : A + B = C
or Fx : Ax + Bx = −40 N
∴ Bx = − ( Ax + 40 N ) (1)
ΣFy : Ay + By = 0
or Ay = − By (2)
ΣFz : 10 N + Bz = 20 N
or Bz = 10 N (3)
i j k i j k
∴ 0.2 0 −0.05 + 0.2 0 0.2 N ⋅ m = ( 40 N ⋅ m ) i
Bx By 10 Ax Ay 10
By = 160 N, Ay = −160 N
Ax = 8 N
∴ A = ( 8 N ) i − (160 N ) j + (10 N ) k
B = − ( 48 N ) i + (160 N ) j + (10 N ) k
PROBLEM 3.118
While using a pencil sharpener, a student applies the forces and couple
shown. (a) Determine the forces exerted at B and C knowing that these
forces and the couple are equivalent to a force-couple system at A
consisting of the force R = ( 3.9 lb ) i + Ry j − (1.1 lb ) k and the couple
M RA = M xi + (1.5 lb ⋅ ft ) j − (1.1 lb ⋅ ft ) k. . (b) Find the corresponding
values of Ry and M x .
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : B + C = R
ΣFy : C y = Ry (2)
i j k i j k
1 1
∴ x 0 4.5 + 4 0 2.0 + ( 2 lb ⋅ ft ) i = M xi + (1.5 lb ⋅ ft ) j − (1.1 lb ⋅ ft ) k
12 12
Bx 0 0 C x C y −1.1
0.32917
Cx = = 1.58000 lb
0.20833
From Equation (1): Bx = 3.9 − 1.58000 = 2.32 lb
∴ B = ( 2.32 lb ) i
or M x = ( 2.55 lb ⋅ ft ) i
PROBLEM 3.119
A portion of the flue for a furnace is attached to the ceiling at A. While
supporting the free end of the flue at F, a worker pushes in at E and pulls
out at F to align end E with the furnace. Knowing that the 10-lb force at
F lies in a plane parallel to the yz plane, determine (a) the angle α the
force at F should form with the horizontal if duct AB is not to tend to
rotate about the vertical, (b) the force-couple system at B equivalent to
the given force system when this condition is satisfied.
SOLUTION
(a) Duct AB will not have a tendency to rotate about the vertical or y-axis if:
R
M By (
= j ⋅ ΣM RB = j ⋅ rF /B × FF + rE/B × FE = 0 )
where
FE = − ( 5 lb ) k
i j k i j k
∴ ΣM RB = (10 lb ) 45 in. −23 in. 28 in. + ( 5 lb )( 2 in.) 27 −17 14
0 sin α cos α 0 0 −1
= ( −230 cos α − 280sin α + 170 ) i − ( 450 cos α − 270 ) j + ( 450sin α ) k lb ⋅ in.
Thus, R
M By = −450 cos α + 270 = 0
cos α = 0.60
α = 53.130°
or α = 53.1°
PROBLEM 3.119 CONTINUED
(b) R = FE + FF
where
FE = − ( 5 lb ) k
∴ R = ( 8 lb ) j + (1 lb ) k
and M = ΣM RB = − 230 ( 0.6 ) + 280 ( 0.8 ) − 170 i − 450 ( 0.6 ) − 270 j + 450 ( 0.8 ) k
SOLUTION
(a) Have R = ΣF = FF + FE
FE = − ( 5 lb ) k
∴ R = ( 8.6603 lb ) j or R = ( 8.66 lb ) j
Have M CR = Σ ( r × F ) = rF /C × FF + rE/C × FE
i j k i j k
∴ M CR = 9 −2 0 lb ⋅ in. + 18 −13 0 lb ⋅ in.
0 8.6603 5.0 0 0 −5
(b) To determine which direction duct section CD has a tendency to turn, have
R
M CD = λ DC ⋅ M CR
where
− (18 in.) i + ( 4 in.) j 1
λ DC = = ( −9i + 2 j)
2 85 in. 85
1
Then R
M CD = ( −9i + 2 j) ⋅ ( 55i + 45j + 77.942k ) lb ⋅ in.
85
= −43.928 lb ⋅ in.
Since λ DC ⋅ M CR < 0, duct DC tends to rotate clockwise relative to elbow C as viewed from D to C.
PROBLEM 3.121
The head-and-motor assembly of a radial drill press was originally
positioned with arm AB parallel to the z axis and the axis of the chuck
and bit parallel to the y axis. The assembly was then rotated 25o about
the y axis and 20o about the centerline of the horizontal arm AB, bringing
it into the position shown. The drilling process was started by switching
on the motor and rotating the handle to bring the bit into contact with the
workpiece. Replace the force and couple exerted by the drill press with an
equivalent force-couple system at the center O of the base of the vertical
column.
SOLUTION
Have R =F
= ( 44 N ) ( sin 20° cos 25° ) i − ( cos 20° ) j − ( sin 20° sin 25° ) k
Have M O = rB/O × F + M C
where
rB/O = ( 0.280 m ) sin 25° i + ( 0.300 m ) j + ( 0.280 m ) cos 25° k
M C = ( 7.2 N ⋅ m ) ( sin 20° cos 25° ) i − ( cos 20° ) j − ( sin 20° sin 25° ) k
i j k
∴ MO = 0.118333 0.300 0.25377 N ⋅ m
13.6389 −41.346 −6.3599
SOLUTION
From M C = rA/C × R + M
where
i j k
∴ MC = (10 N ⋅ m ) 2.6 0 0.5 + ( 5.0 N ⋅ m ) i − ( 35.0 N ⋅ m ) j + (12.5 N ⋅ m ) k
−4 28 −10
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : FA + FB + FC = R
− ( 85 lb ) j − ( 60 lb ) j − ( 90 lb ) j = R
− ( 235 lb ) j = R or R = 235 lb
Have ΣM x : FA ( z A ) + FB ( z B ) + FC ( zC ) = R ( z D )
Have ΣM z : FA ( x A ) + FB ( xB ) + FC ( xC ) = R ( xD )
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : FA + FB + FC + FD = R
− ( 85 lb ) j − ( 60 lb ) j − ( 90 lb ) j − ( 95 lb ) j = R
∴ R = − ( 330 lb ) j
Have ΣM x : FA ( z A ) + FB ( z B ) + FC ( zC ) + FD ( z D ) = R ( z H )
Have ΣM z : FA ( x A ) + FB ( xB ) + FC ( xC ) + FD ( xD ) = R ( xH )
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : FA + FB + FC + FD = R
∴ R = − ( 3400 kN ) j R = 3400 kN
Have ΣM x : FA ( z A ) + FB ( z B ) + FC ( zC ) + FD ( z D ) = R ( z E )
Have ΣM z : FA ( x A ) + FB ( xB ) + FC ( xC ) + FD ( xD ) = R ( xE )
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : FB + FC + FD + FE = R
∴ R = − ( 3400 kN ) j
Have ΣM x : FB ( z B ) + FC ( zC ) + FD ( z D ) + FE ( z E ) = R ( z B )
Have ΣM z : FB ( xB ) + FC ( xC ) + FD ( xD ) + FE ( xE ) = R ( xB )
SOLUTION
For the smallest weight on the trailer so that the resultant force of the four weights acts over the axle at the
intersection with the center line of the trailer, the added 0.6 × 0.6 × 1.2-m box should be placed adjacent to
one of the edges of the trailer with the 0.6 × 0.6-m side on the bottom. The edges to be considered are based
on the location of the resultant for the three given weights.
∴ R = − ( 780 N ) j
From the statement of the problem, it is known that the resultant of R from the original loading and the
lightest load W passes through G, the point of intersection of the two center lines. Thus, ΣM G = 0.
Further, since the lightest load W is to be as small as possible, the fourth box should be placed as far from G
as possible without the box overhanging the trailer. These two requirements imply
Since the weight W found for x = 0.3 m is less than W found for z = 3.7 m, x = 0.3 m results in the
smallest weight W.
SOLUTION
For the largest additional weight on the trailer with the box having at least one side coinsiding with the side of
the trailer, the box must be as close as possible to point G. For x = 0.6 m, with a small side of the box
touching the z-axis, satisfies this condition.
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : Pi − Pi − Pk = R
∴ R = − Pk
∴ M OR = Pa ( −i − 3k )
Then let vectors ( R, M1 ) represent the components of the wrench, where their directions are the same.
(a) R = − Pk or Magnitude of R = P
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR
= −k ⋅ Pa ( −i − 3k )
= 3Pa
M1 3Pa
and pitch p= = = 3a or p = 3a
R P
PROBLEM 3.129 CONTINUED
(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2
∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = Pa ( −i − 3k ) − ( −3Pak ) = − Pai
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
From i : − Pa = − Py or y =a
j: x = 0
∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the z-axis and intersects the xy plane at x = 0, y = a
PROBLEM 3.130
A piece of sheet metal is bent into the shape shown and is acted upon by
three forces. Replace the three forces with an equivalent wrench and
determine (a) the magnitude and direction of the resultant R, (b) the pitch
of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench intersects the
yz plane.
SOLUTION
First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple system at the origin.
Have ΣF : ( 2P ) i − ( P ) j + ( P ) j = R
∴ R = ( 2P ) i
Have ΣM O : Σ ( rO × F ) = M OR
i j k i j k
M OR = Pa 2 2 2.5 + 0 0 4 = Pa ( −1.5i + 5j − 6k )
2 −1 0 0 1 0
(a) R = 2 Pi or Magnitude of R = 2 P
R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
= −1.5Pa
M1 −1.5Pa
and pitch p= = = −0.75a or p = −0.75a
R 2P
PROBLEM 3.130 CONTINUED
(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2
∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = ( 5Pa ) j − ( 6Pa ) k
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
∴ z = 2.5a
From k : − 6 Pa = −2 Py
∴ y = 3a
∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the x-axis and intersects the yz-plane at y = 3a, z = 2.5a
PROBLEM 3.131
The forces and couples shown are applied to two screws as a piece of
sheet metal is fastened to a block of wood. Reduce the forces and the
couples to an equivalent wrench and determine (a) the resultant force R,
(b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench
intersects the xz plane.
SOLUTION
∴ R = − ( 21 N ) j
Have ΣM O : Σ ( rO × F ) + ΣM C = M OR
i j k i j k
M OR = 0 0 0.5 N ⋅ m + 0 0 −0.375 N ⋅ m − (12 N ⋅ m ) j
0 −10 0 0 −11 0
= ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i − (12 N ⋅ m ) j
(a) R = − ( 21 N ) j or R = − ( 21 N ) j
R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
= 12 N ⋅ m and M1 = − (12 N ⋅ m ) j
M1 12 N ⋅ m
and pitch p= = = 0.57143 m or p = 0.571 m
R 21 N
PROBLEM 3.131 CONTINUED
(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2
∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
∴ z = 0.041667 m
From k: 0 = −21x
∴ z =0
∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the y-axis and intersects the xz-plane at x = 0, z = 41.7 mm
PROBLEM 3.132
The forces and couples shown are applied to two screws as a piece of
sheet metal is fastened to a block of wood. Reduce the forces and the
couples to an equivalent wrench and determine (a) the resultant force R,
(b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench
intersects the xz plane.
SOLUTION
First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple system.
Have ΣF : − ( 6 lb ) i − ( 4.5 lb ) j = R R = 7.5 lb
Have ΣM O : ∑ ( rO × F ) + ∑ M C = M OR
M OR = 200 lb ⋅ in.
(a) R = − ( 6 lb ) i − ( 4.5 lb ) j
R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λ =
R
= 200 lb ⋅ in.
M1 200 lb ⋅ in.
Pitch p= = = 26.667 in.
R 7.50 lb
or p = 26.7 in.
(c) From above note that
M1 = M OR
Therefore, the axis of the wrench goes through the origin. The line
of action of the wrench lies in the xy plane with a slope of
dy 3
=
dx 4
PROBLEM 3.133
Two bolts A and B are tightened by applying the forces and couple
shown. Replace the two wrenches with a single equivalent wrench and
determine (a) the resultant R, (b) the pitch of the single equivalent
wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench intersects the xz plane.
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : − ( 20 lb ) k − ( 21 lb ) j = − ( 21 lb ) j − ( 20 lb ) k = R R = 29 lb
and ΣM O : ∑ ( rO × F ) + ∑ M C = M OR
i j k i j k
20 lb ( 4 in.) 4 3 0 + 21 lb ( 4 in.) 6 0 1 + ( −300 j − 320k ) lb ⋅ in. = M OR
0 0 −1 0 −1 0
(a) R = − ( 21 lb ) j − ( 20 lb ) k
R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
−21j − 20k
=− ⋅ − (156 lb ⋅ in.) i + ( 20 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 824 lb ⋅ in.) k
29
= 553.80 lb ⋅ in.
PROBLEM 3.133 CONTINUED
M1 553.80 lb ⋅ in.
Then pitch p= = = 19.0964 in. or p = 19.10 in.
R 29 lb
(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
∴ z = −7.4286 in.
or z = −7.43 in.
∴ x = 21.051 in.
or x = 21.1 in.
SOLUTION
and R = 94.2 lb
Have ΣM B : rA/B × FA + M A + M B = M RB
i j k
8 15
M RB = 0 −20 0 − 660k − 714 i + j = 1584i − 660k − 42 ( 8i + 15 j)
17 17
0 0 −79.2
R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
−24.0i − 45.0 j − 79.2k
= ⋅ (1248 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 630 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 660 lb ⋅ in.) k
94.2
= 537.89 lb ⋅ in.
PROBLEM 3.134 CONTINUED
and M1 = M1λ R
M1 537.89 lb ⋅ in.
Then pitch p= = = 5.7101 in. or p = 5.71 in.
R 94.2 lb
(c) Have M RB = M1 + M 2
Require M 2 = rQ/B × R
i j k
1385.04i − 373.04 j − 207.76k = x 0 z
−24 −45 −79.2
= ( 45 z ) i − ( 24 z ) j + ( 79.2 x ) j − ( 45 x ) k
SOLUTION
(a) First reduce the given force system to a force-couple at the origin.
Have ΣF : Pλ BA + Pλ DC + Pλ DE = R
4 3 3 4 −9 4 12
R = P j − k + i − j + i − j + k
5 5 5 5 25 5 25
3P
∴ R = ( 2i − 20 j − k )
25
3P 27 5
R= ( 2 )2 + ( 20 )2 + (1)2 = P
25 25
Have ΣM : Σ ( rO × P ) = M OR
−4 P −9 P
( 24a ) j ×
3P 3P 4P 4P 12 P
j− k + ( 20a ) j × i− j + ( 20a ) j × i− j+ k = M OR
5 5 5 5 25 5 25
24 Pa
∴ M OR = ( −i − k )
5
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR
R 3P 25 1
where λR = = ( 2i − 20 j − k ) = ( 2i − 20 j − k )
R 25 27 5 P 9 5
PROBLEM 3.135 CONTINUED
1 24 Pa −8Pa
Then M1 = ( 2i − 20 j − k ) ⋅ ( −i − k ) =
9 5 5 15 5
M1 −8Pa 25 −8a
and pitch p= = = or p = −0.0988a
R 15 5 27 5 P 81
−8Pa 1 8Pa
(c) M1 = M 1λ R = ( 2i − 20 j − k ) = ( −2i + 20 j + k )
15 5 9 5 675
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
8Pa 3P
( −403i − 20 j − 406k ) = ( xi + zk ) × ( 2i − 20 j − k )
675 25
3P
= 20 zi + ( x + 2 z ) j − 20 xk
25
Pa 3P
From i: 8 ( −403) = 20 z ∴ z = −1.99012a
675 25
Pa 3P
From k: 8 ( −406 ) = −20 x ∴ x = 2.0049a
675 25
SOLUTION
= − ( 96 N ) i + ( 72 N ) j + ( 64 N ) k
− ( 0.150 m ) i − ( 0.200 m ) k
FED = 120 N = − ( 72 N ) i − ( 96 N ) k
0.250 m
∴ R = − (168 N ) i + ( 72 N ) j − ( 32 N ) k
R
Have ΣM D : M A = M D
16
Have R ⋅ M RD = ( −168i + 72 j − 32k ) ⋅ ( −i − j + 3k )
11
128
= ( 21 − 9 − 12 )
11
=0
To determine the coordinates where the equivalent single force intersects the yz-plane, M RD = rQ/D × R
i j k
16 N ⋅ m
∴ ( −i − j + 3k ) = (8 N ) −0.3 ( y − 0.075) z m
11
−21 9 −4
or
16 N ⋅ m
11
{ }
( −i − j + 3k ) = (8 N ) −4 ( y − 0.075) − 9 z i + ( −21z − 1.2 ) j + −2.7 + 21 ( y − 0.075) k m
−16
From j: = 8 ( −21z − 1.2 ) ∴ z = −0.028427 m = −28.4 mm
11
48
From k: = 8 −2.7 + 21( y − 0.075 ) ∴ y = 0.28972 m = 290 mm
11
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : FA + FG = R
and R= 56 lb
Have ΣM O : ∑ ( rO × F ) + ∑ M C = M OR
{
M OR = (12 in.) j × (10 lb ) k + (16 in.) i × ( 4 lb ) i + ( 6 lb ) j − (12 lb ) k }
(16 in.) i − (12 in.) j ( 4 in.) i − (12 in.) j + ( 6 in.) k
+ ( 84 lb ⋅ in.) + ( 120 lb ⋅ in.)
20 in. 14 in.
To be perpendicular R ⋅ M OR = 0
≠0
To reduce to an equivalent wrench, the moment component along the line of action of P is found.
R
M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
( 4i + 6 j − 2k )
= ⋅ (18.4572i + 3.2286 j + 12.2858k )
56
= 9.1709 lb ⋅ ft
M1 9.1709 lb ⋅ ft
And pitch p= = = 1.22551 ft
R 56 lb
or p = 1.226 ft
Have
Require M 2 = rQ/O × R
SOLUTION
Express the forces at A and B as
A = Axi + Az k
B = Bxi + Bzk
ΣFx : Ax + Bx = 0 (1)
ΣFz : Az + Bz = R (2)
ΣM x : Az ( a ) + Bz ( a + b ) = 0 (3)
ΣM z : − Ax ( a ) − Bx ( a + b ) = M (4)
− Ax ( a ) + Ax ( a + b ) = M
M M
∴ Ax = and Bx = −
b b
a
∴ Az = R 1 +
b
PROBLEM 3.138 CONTINUED
a
and Bz = R − R 1 +
b
a
∴ Bz = − R
b
M a
Then A= i + R 1 + k
b b
M a
B = − i − Rk
b b
PROBLEM 3.139
Show that, in general, a wrench can be replaced with two forces chosen in
such a way that one force passes through a given point while the other
force lies in a given plane.
SOLUTION
First, choose a coordinate system so that the xy plane coincides with the given plane. Also, position the
coordinate system so that the line of action of the wrench passes through the origin as shown in Figure a.
Since the orientation of the plane and the components (R, M) of the wrench are known, it follows that the
scalar components of R and M are known relative to the shown coordinate system.
A force system to be shown as equivalent is illustrated in Figure b. Let A be the force passing through the
given point P and B be the force that lies in the given plane. Let b be the x-axis intercept of B.
Since the position vector of point P is given, it follows that the scalar components (x, y, z) of the position
vector rP are also known.
ΣFx : Rx = Ax + Bx (1)
ΣFy : Ry = Ay (2)
ΣFz : Rz = Az + Bz (3)
( )
Based on the above six independent equations for the six unknowns Ax , Ay , Az , Bx , Bz , b , there exists a
1
Equation (6) (
Ax = xRy − M z )
y
1
Equation (1) (
Bx = Rx − xRy − M z )
y
1
Equation (4) (
Az = M x + zRy )
y
1
Equation (3) (
Bz = Rz − M x + zRy )
y
Equation (5) b=
( xM x + yM y + zM z )
( M x − yRz + zRy )
PROBLEM 3.140
Show that a wrench can be replaced with two perpendicular forces, one
of which is applied at a given point.
SOLUTION
First, observe that it is always possible to construct a line perpendicular to a given line so that the constructed
line also passes through a given point. Thus, it is possible to align one of the coordinate axes of a rectangular
coordinate system with the axis of the wrench while one of the other axes passes through the given point.
The distance a is known. It is assumed that force B intersects the xz plane at (x, 0, z). Then for equivalence
∑ Fx : 0 = Ax + Bx (1)
∑ Fy : R = Ay + By (2)
∑ Fz : 0 = Az + Bz (3)
∑ M x : 0 = − zBy (4)
A⋅B = 0 or Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = 0 (7)
But only seven independent equations. Therefore, there exists an infinite number of solutions.
PROBLEM 3.140 CONTINUED
Using Equations (1) and (3) this equation becomes Ax2 + Az2 = 0
Since the components of A must be real, a nontrivial solution is not possible. Thus, it is required that
By ≠ 0, so that from Equation (4), z = 0.
0 = Bx (1)′
R = Ay + By (2)
0 = Az + Bz (3)
Ay By + Az Bz = 0 (7)′
aAy
Equation (6) can be written x=−
By
R − By
M = −aAz − −a ( − Az )
By
M
or Az = − By (8)
aR
( R − By ) By + − aR
M M
By
By = 0
aR
PROBLEM 3.140 CONTINUED
a 2 R3
or By =
a R2 + M 2
2
a 2 R3 RM 2
Ay = R − =
a2R2 + M 2 a2R2 + M 2
M a 2 R3 aR 2 M
Az = − 2 2 = −
aR a R + M 2 a2R2 + M 2
aR 2 M
Bz =
a2R2 + M 2
In summary
RM
A= ( Mj − aRk )
a R2 + M 2
2
aR 2
B= ( aRj + Mk )
a2R2 + M 2
Which shows that it is possible to replace a wrench with two perpendicular forces, one of which is applied at a
given point.
Lastly, if R > 0 and M > 0, it follows from the equations found for A and B that Ay > 0 and By > 0.
From Equation (6), x < 0 (assuming a > 0). Then, as a consequence of letting Ax = 0, force A lies in a plane
parallel to the yz plane and to the right of the origin, while force B lies in a plane parallel to the yz plane but to
the left of the origin, as shown in the figure below.
PROBLEM 3.141
Show that a wrench can be replaced with two forces, one of which has a
prescribed line of action.
SOLUTION
First, choose a rectangular coordinate system where one axis coincides with the axis of the wrench and
another axis intersects the prescribed line of action ( AA′ ) . Note that it has been assumed that the line of
action of force B intersects the xz plane at point P ( x, 0, z ) . Denoting the known direction of line AA′ by
λ A = λxi + λ y j + λzk
(
A = Aλ A = A λxi + λ y j + λz k )
Force B can be expressed as
B = Bxi + By j + Bzk
Next, observe that since the axis of the wrench and the prescribed line of action AA′ are known, it follows
that the distance a can be determined. In the following solution, it is assumed that a is known.
Then, for equivalence
ΣFx : 0 = Aλx + Bx (1)
ΣFy : R = Aλ y + By (2)
ΣM x : 0 = − zBy (4)
( )
Since there are six unknowns A, Bx , By , Bz , x, z and six independent equations, it will be possible to
obtain a solution.
PROBLEM 3.141 CONTINUED
aAλ y a
Equation (6) x=−
By
= − (
R − By
By )
Substitution into Equation (5)
a
M = −aAλz − −
By
( )
R − By ( − Aλz )
1 M
∴ A=− By
λz aR
Substitution into Equation (2)
1 M
R=− B λ + By
λz aR y y
λz aR 2
∴ By =
λz aR − λ y M
MR R
Then A=− =
λz aR − λ y M λy −
aR
λz
M
λx MR
Bx = − Aλx =
λz aR − λ y M
λz MR
Bz = − Aλz =
λz aR − λ y M
In summary
P
A= λA
aR
λy − λz
M
R
B= ( λ Mi + λz aRj + λz Mk )
λz aR − λ y M x
R λz aR − λ y M
and x = a 1 − = a 1 − R
By λz aR 2
λy M
or x =
λz R
Note that for this case, the lines of action of both A and B intersect the x axis.
PROBLEM 3.141 CONTINUED
R
Now Equation (2) A=
λy
λ
Equation (1) Bx = − R x
λy
λ
Equation (3) Bz = − R z
λy
Equation (6) aAλ y = 0 which requires a = 0
This last expression is the equation for the line of action of force B.
In summary
R
A= λ A
λy
R
B= ( −λ x i − λ z k )
λy
Assuming that λx , λ y , λz > 0, the equivalent force system is as shown below.
SOLUTION
or F = 360 N 50°
Have ΣM D : rB/D × R = M
where rB/D = − ( 0.65 m ) cos 30° i + ( 0.65 m ) sin 30° j
= − ( 0.56292 m ) i + ( 0.32500 m ) j
i j k
∴ M = −0.56292 0.32500 0 N ⋅ m = (155.240 + 75.206 ) N ⋅ m k
−231.40 −275.78 0
= ( 230.45 N ⋅ m ) k or M = 230 N ⋅ m
= − ( 0.90933 m ) i + ( 0.52500 m ) j
PROBLEM 3.142 CONTINUED
i j k
∴ FA −0.90933 0.52500 0 N ⋅ m = [ 230.45 N ⋅ m ] k
0 −1 0
or ( 0.90933FA ) k = 230.45k
∴ FA = 253.42 N or FA = 253 N
Have ΣF : F = FA + FD
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : R = FA + FC
− ( 360 N ) sin 40° i − ( 360 N ) cos 40° j = − ( FA + FC ) sin θ i − ( FA + FC ) cosθ j
i j k i j k
∴ −0.30311 0.175 0 N ⋅ m = FA −0.64952 0.375 0 N ⋅ m
−231.40 −275.78 0 −0.64279 −0.76604 0
∴ FA = 168.002 N or FA = 168.0 N
Substituting into Equation (3),
FC = 360 − 168.002 = 191.998 N or FC = 192.0 N
or FA = 168.0 N 50°
FC = 192.0 N 50°
PROBLEM 3.144
A force and a couple are applied as shown to the end of a cantilever
beam. (a) Replace this system with a single force F applied at point C,
and determine the distance d from C to a line drawn through points D and
E. (b) Solve part a if the directions of the two 360-N forces are reversed.
SOLUTION
or F = − ( 600 N ) k
or d = 90.0 mm below ED
∴ d = 0.09 m
or d = 90.0 mm above ED
PROBLEM 3.145
A crate of mass 80 kg is held in the position shown. Determine (a) the
moment produced by the weight W of the crate about E, (b) the smallest
force applied at B which creates a moment of equal magnitude and
opposite sense about E.
SOLUTION
(a) By definition ( )
W = mg = 80 kg 9.81 m/s 2 = 784.8 N
∴ M E = 196.2 N ⋅ m
∴ FB = 198.954 N
0.85 m
and θ = tan −1 = 59.534°
0.5 m
or FB = 199.0 N 59.5°
PROBLEM 3.146
A crate of mass 80 kg is held in the position shown. Determine (a) the
moment produced by the weight W of the crate about E, (b) the smallest
force applied at A which creates a moment of equal magnitude and
opposite sense about E, (c) the magnitude, sense, and point of application
on the bottom of the crate of the smallest vertical force which creates a
moment of equal magnitude and opposite sense about E.
SOLUTION
(a) By definition ( )
W = mg = 80 kg 9.81 m/s 2 = 784.8 N
∴ M E = 196.2 N ⋅ m
∴ FA = 321.47 N
0.35 m
and θ = tan −1 = 34.992°
0.5 m
or FA = 321 N 35.0°
(c) The smallest force acting on the bottom of the crate resulting in a
moment about E will be located at the point on the bottom of the
crate farthest from E and acting perpendicular to line CED. The
sense of the force will be such as to produce a counterclockwise
moment about E. A force acting vertically upward at D satisfies
these conditions.
PROBLEM 3.146 CONTINUED
Have ΣM E : M E = rD/E × FD
(196.2 N ⋅ m ) k = ( 0.85 m ) i × ( FD ) j
(196.2 N ⋅ m ) k = ( 0.85FD ) k
∴ FD = 230.82 N
or FD = 231 N
PROBLEM 3.147
A farmer uses cables and winch pullers B and E to plumb one side of a
small barn. Knowing that the sum of the moments about the x axis of the
forces exerted by the cables on the barn at points A and D is equal to
4728 lb ⋅ ft, determine the magnitude of TDE when TAB = 255 lb.
SOLUTION
The moment about the x-axis due to the two cable forces can be found
using the z-components of each force acting at their intersection with the
xy-plane (A and D). The x-components of the forces are parallel to the x-
axis, and the y-components of the forces intersect the x-axis. Therefore,
neither the x or y components produce a moment about the x-axis.
−i − 12 j + 12k
= k ⋅ 255 lb = 180 lb
17
1.5i − 14 j + 12k
= k ⋅ TDE = 0.64865TDE
18.5
y A = 12 ft
yD = 14 ft
M x = 4728 lb ⋅ ft
or TDE = 283 lb
PROBLEM 3.148
Solve Problem 3.147 when the tension in cable AB is 306 lb.
Problem 3.147: A farmer uses cables and winch pullers B and E to
plumb one side of a small barn. Knowing that the sum of the moments
about the x axis of the forces exerted by the cables on the barn at points A
and D is equal to 4728 lb ⋅ ft, determine the magnitude of TDE when
TAB = 255 lb.
SOLUTION
The moment about the x-axis due to the two cable forces can be found
using the z components of each force acting at the intersection with the xy
plane (A and D). The x components of the forces are parallel to the x axis,
and the y components of the forces intersect the x axis. Therefore, neither
the x or y components produce a moment about the x axis.
−i − 12 j + 12k
= k ⋅ 306 lb = 216 lb
17
1.5i − 14 j + 12k
= k ⋅ TDE = 0.64865TDE
18.5
y A = 12 ft
yD = 14 ft
M x = 4728 lb ⋅ ft
or TDE = 235 lb
PROBLEM 3.149
As an adjustable brace BC is used to bring a wall into plumb, the force-
couple system shown is exerted on the wall. Replace this force-couple
system with an equivalent force-couple system at A knowing that
R = 21.2 lb and M = 13.25 lb ⋅ ft.
SOLUTION
Have ΣF : R = R A = Rλ BC
where λ BC =
( 42 in.) i − ( 96 in.) j − (16 in.) k
106 in.
21.2 lb
∴ RA = ( 42i − 96 j − 16k )
106
Have ΣM A : rC/ A × R + M = M A
1
where rC/ A = ( 42 in.) i + ( 48 in.) k = ( 42i + 48k ) ft
12
= ( 3.5 ft ) i + ( 4.0 ft ) k
M = −λ BC M
−42i + 96 j + 16k
= (13.25 lb ⋅ ft )
106
= − ( 5.25 lb ⋅ ft ) i + (12 lb ⋅ ft ) j + ( 2 lb ⋅ ft ) k
PROBLEM 3.149 CONTINUED
i j k
Then 3.5 0 4.0 lb ⋅ ft + ( −5.25i + 12 j + 2k ) lb ⋅ ft = M A
8.40 −19.20 −3.20
SOLUTION
or M = 12.39 N ⋅ m
= − (12.3893 N ⋅ m ) k
or M = 12.39 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.150 CONTINUED
i j k i j k
∴ M = ( 0.520 m )( 60 N ) cos 55° sin 55° 0 + ( 0.880 m )( 60 N ) cos 55° sin 55° 0
− cos 20° − sin 20° 0 cos 20° sin 20° 0
or M = 12.39 N ⋅ m
PROBLEM 3.151
A 32-lb motor is mounted on the floor. Find the resultant of the weight
and the forces exerted on the belt, and determine where the line of action
of the resultant intersects the floor.
SOLUTION
or R = 185.2 lb 11.84°
Have ΣM O : ΣM O = xRy
∴ − (140 lb ) cos 30° ( 4 + 2 cos 30° ) in. − (140 lb ) sin 30° ( 2 in.) sin 30°
− ( 60 lb )( 2 in.) = x ( 38.0 lb )
1
x= ( −694.97 − 70.0 − 120 ) in.
38.0
Or, resultant intersects the base (x axis) 23.3 in. to the left of the vertical centerline (y axis) of the motor.
PROBLEM 3.152
To loosen a frozen valve, a force F of magnitude 70 lb is applied to the
handle of the valve. Knowing that θ = 25°, M x = −61 lb ⋅ ft, and
M z = −43 lb ⋅ ft, determine θ and d.
SOLUTION
Have ΣM O : rA/O × F = M O
i j k
∴ MO = ( 70 lb ) −4 11 −d in.
−0.90631cos φ −0.42262 0.90631sin φ
634.33
φ = cos −1 = 24.636°
697.86
or φ = 24.6°
1022.90
d = = 34.577 in.
29.583
or d = 34.6 in.
PROBLEM 3.153
When a force F is applied to the handle of the valve shown, its moments
about the x and z axes are, respectively, M x = −77 lb ⋅ ft and
M z = −81 lb ⋅ ft. For d = 27 in., determine the moment M y of F about
the y axis.
SOLUTION
Have ΣM O : rA/O × F = M O
i j k
∴ MO = F −4 11 −27 lb ⋅ in.
cosθ cos φ − sin θ cosθ sin φ
1 Mx
Now, Equation (1) cosθ sin φ = + 27sin θ (4)
11 F
1 Mz
and Equation (3) cosθ cos φ = 4sin θ − (5)
11 F
Substituting Equations (4) and (5) into Equation (2),
1 M 1 M
M y = F −27 4sin θ − z + 4 x + 27sin θ
11 F 11 F
1
or My = ( 27M z + 4M x )
11
PROBLEM 3.153 CONTINUED
27 4
Noting that the ratios and are the ratios of lengths, have
11 11
27 4
My = ( −81 lb ⋅ ft ) + ( −77 lb ⋅ ft ) = 226.82 lb ⋅ ft
11 11
or M y = −227 lb ⋅ ft