REMEMBER

METHOD
THE SOLUBILITY OF
SALTS IN WATER
 Solubility in water Solubility in water
soluble except insoluble Kecuali
OH –,NO3-, CO3 2-
NH4+ K+,Na+
(Nitrate ion) (carbonate ion) (ANaK)

NH4+,K+,Na+
(NO ANaK)

Cl –
Hg+, Ag+, Pb2+ O 2-
Na+, K+, Ca 2+

(chloride ion) (MAP) (oxide ion)

SO4 2-
Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+
(sulphate ion) (PCB)
 CATION

A positively charged ion.

discharge at charge at cathode
+1 Na+ H+ K+ Ag+ Li+

NaH KAg Li / Nak Hafal Kimia Agak Liat

+2 Ba2+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Fe2+

BaCa CuMg ZnFe /

CuBa Cakap Mgapa ZnFe

+3 Al3+ Fe3+

Al Fe / Fetrah Alam
 ANION

A negatively charged ion.

discharge at charge at anode
-1 OH - NO3 - I- F- Br - Cl -

OH NO I Fikir Berapa Kali /

OH NO Baru Clear Fikiran I

-2 SO42- S2- CO32-

SOS CO O / SOS Contact Osama

THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS
IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
1
H 2
He 3
Li

Hajat Hendak Lihat

4
Be 5
B 6
C

Bedah Balas Cinta

 7
N 8
O 9
F

Nanti Orang Fikir

10
Ne 11
Na 12
Mg

Neat Nak Mgorat

13
Al 14
Si 15
P

Alamak Si Pele

16
S 17
Cl Ar
18

Siap Clewang Arku

19
K 20
Ca

Kena Cabut
METAL REACTIVITY
SERIES
AND
ELECTROCHEMICAL
SERIES
K Kalau
K+ F- F
Na Nanti
Na+ SO42- SO
Ca Calian
Ca2+ NO3- NO
Mg Mangkat
Mg2+ Cl - Kali
Al Alamak
Al2+ Br - Berapa
Zn Zaman
Zn2+ I- I
H
Fe2+ OH - OH
Fe Feudal
Sn2+
Sn Sudah tentu
Pb2+
Pb Parameswara
H+
Cu Cuba
METAL Cu2+ ELECTROCHEMICAL
Ag Ambil REACTIVITY SERIES
SERIES Hg 2+
Au Alih
Ag2+
Pt Pemerintahan
HYDROCARBON
SUBSTANCE
 CARBON
COMPOUNDS

Alkane : - ane Alkene : - ene Alkohol : - ol

CnH2n + 1 CnH2n CnH2n+1 OH

n=1 Meth- Mengapa

n=2 Eth- Engkau

n=3 Prop- Pergi

n=4 But- Buat

n=5 Pent- Pedih

n=6 Heks- Hati

n=7 Hep- Hamba

CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR
CATION
IN ONE
SALTS SOLUTION
 a) Test with NaOH solution

COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+

WHITE PRECIPITATE

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ PZAL

Mg2+ Ca2+ MgC

 Add / put in NaOH SOLUTION

CATION SOLUTION
Colourless /
Percipitates unchanges

NH4+
Coloured

White
Green Fe2+

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ PZAL

Brown Fe3+
Mg2+ Ca2+ MgC
Blue Cu2+
 To add/ put in EXCESS NaOH solution

White

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Dissolved/soluble in Undissolved / not

excess NaOH solution soluble
In excess NaOH
solution
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+
Mg2+ Ca2+

PZAL
MgC
(1)Reagent NaOH (aq) (2)Reagent Excess NaOH (aq)
: :

White PZAL White Colourless /

Precipitate: Precipitate: MgC PZAL
soluble:
MgC
(unsoluble)
 b) Test with NH3 solution

COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+ Ca2+

WHITE PRECIPITATE

Zn2+ Zn

Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+ MAP

 To add / put in NH3 SOLUTION

Cation Solution
Colourless
Percipitates
/unchanged

Coloured NH4+ Ca2+

Green Fe2+ White

Brown Fe3+ Zn2+ Zn

Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+ MAP

Blue Cu 2+
 To add / put in EXCESS NH3 SOLUTION

White

Zn2+

Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+

UNDISSOLVED / IN
DISSOLVED/ SOLUBLE SOLUBLE in excess
in excess NH3 solution NH3 solution

Zn2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+

Zn MAP
(1)Reagent: NH3 (aq) (2)Reagent: Excess NH3 (aq)

White White Colourless /

Precipitate: Precipitate: MAP
(solube) : Zn
Zn (insoluble)

MAP
 Test for
Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ & NH4+ions

Ion Confirmatory Test (types of reagent used and observation)

+ K2Fe(II) + K2Fe(III) + + + +
(CN)6 (CN)6
KSCN HCl KI Nessler

Fe 2+ Light Blue Dark Blue No

precipitate precipitate change
Fe 3+ Blue Brown Red
precipitate solution solution
Pb 2+ White Yellow
precipitate precipitate &
& dissolved in dissolved in
hot water hot water
NH4 + Brown
precipitate
 Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

PZAL 1 2 3

Tambah/campur larutan KI /
larutan ion SO4 2-

Tiada
Kuning
perubahan
Pb2+
1 Zn2+ Al3+
2 3
 Tiada perubahan

Zn2+ Al3+
2 3

tambah/ campur dgn

larutan NH 3

larut Tiada
Perubahan
Zn2+
2 Al3+
3
 Tidak Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan

Mg2+ Ca2+
MgC
4 5

tambah/campur dengan
larutan ion SO4 2-

Putih Tiada
perubahan
Ca2+
5 Mg2+
4
 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR
ANION
IN ONE SALTS SOLUTION

CO32-

Cl - SO42- NO3 -
 Types Anion Types of gas produced
of was found in the (after heating)
Salts salt

NO3- NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)

Nitrate (from HNO3 ) & O2 (oxygen)
&N2O(nitrogen monoxide)
CO32- CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Carbonate (from H2CO3 ) & O2 (oxygen)
& NH3 (ammonia)
Cl- NH3 (ammonia)
Chloride (from HCl ) & HCl (hydrogen chloride)

SO42- SO3 (sulfur trioxide)

Sulphate (from H2SO4 ) & NH3 (ammonia)
 MNEUMONIC

No Clue So Nothing

NO3 - Cl - SO42- NO3 -

White Brown
precipitate ring
 Anion test Anion test Anion test

Clue So Nothing

Cl - SO42- NO3 -

Reagent Reagent Reagent

No So
Clue
SO42-
NO3 -
Cl -

H+ Hendak
H +
Hati Ba 2+
Balik
Fe2+ Fetrah
Ag +
Agong H +
Haji
H+ Harta
Reagent: Anion test
NO NO3 - Clue
H+ NO3 - 1. HNO3

2. AgNO3 Cl -
Ag +
NO3 -

Reagent

No
Anion test: Cl -

Clue NO3 -

H+ Hati
Observation: White precipitate
Ag+ Agong
Reagent:
Anion test
Clue Cl -

Ba 2+ Cl - 1. BaCl2 So
H+ Cl - 2. HCl
SO42-

Reagent

Anion test: SO4 2- Clue

SO Cl -

Observation: White precipitate Ba2+ Balik

H+ Haji
Reagent:
Anion test
SO SO4 2-
Nothing
H+ SO4 2- 1. Dilute H2SO4

Fe2+ SO4 2- 2. FeSO4 NO3 -

H+ SO4 2- 3. Concentrated H2SO4

Reagent

So

Anion test: NO3 - SO42-

Nothing
H+ Hendak

Observation: Brown ring Fe2+ Fetrah

H+ Harta
 JENIS
ANION

CO32- Cl - SO42- NO3 -

1 2 3 4
 MASUKKAN

Mendakan
1 H Putih

Larutan asid
HCl @ H2SO4 @ Cl - SO42- NO3 -
HNO3

Pembuakan
gas Mendakan
Putih
CO32-
Cl - SO42- NO3 -
1
2 3 4
 MASUKKAN
Mendakan
2 H Ag Putih
Mendakan
NO3 -
Putih
4
Cl - SO42- NO3 -

2 3 4

Tiada Mendakan
Perubahan Putih

NO3 - SO42- Cl -

4 3 2
 Mendakan
3 Ba H Putih

Tiada
Cl -
Perubahan
2
NO3 - SO42-

4 3

Tiada Mendakan
Perubahan Putih

NO3 - SO42-
4 3
4 H Fe H Mendakan
Putih
Cincin perang
SO42-

NO3 - 3

4
1 H Hajat

2 H Ag Hati Agong

3 Ba H Balik Haji

4 H Fe H Hendak Fetrah Harta

 CARTA ORGANIK

Pengoksidaan
Hidrolisis
KANJI GLUKOSA ASID ETANOIK
C6H12O6 CH3COOH
Penapaian,
Yis Penurunan Pengesteran
ETANOL ETIL
C2H5OH ETANOAT

Pendehidratan
Porselin

Penghidrogenan ETENA
ETANA
C2H4
C2H6
Mangkin, Ni
Pempolimeran

POLITENA