cÖ
_gAa¨vq
11
Zvcm
Âvj b ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi kxZKv‡j Mig _v‡K †Kb? (h.†ev.
cÖkœ : 1| cwienb Kv‡K e‡j? cwienb 2004)
c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvj‡bi mgq cÖkœ : 13| K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j gvby‡li †`n
gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jv wK f‚wgKv cvjb kx‡Zi w`‡b Mig _v‡K, A_P GK UzKiv
K‡i _v‡K eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2000) eid K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j Mi‡gi w`‡b
cÖkœ : 2| wewKiY c×wZ‡Z wKfv‡e Zvc VvÊv _v‡K| Gi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.
mÂvwjZ nq eY©bv Ki| (P. †ev. †ev. 2000)
Õ99) cÖkœ : 15| Kuv‡Pi Ni ev meyR evwo
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc mÂvj‡bi wZbwU c×wZi memgq Mig _v‡K| KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki| (iv. †ev. (P.†ev. 2003; ewi.†ev. 2005)
Õ99)
cÖkœ : 4| †Kvb cwievn‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q
Abykxjbxi iPbvg チ jK
cwienb c×wZ‡Z mÂvwjZ Zvc cÖkœ : 1| Zvc mÂvj‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ
†Kvb& †Kvb& wel‡qi Dci wbf©i D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
K‡i? A_ev, Zvc mÂvjb ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc
cÖkœ : 5| Zvc cwievn‡Ki msÁv `vI| Gi mÂvj‡bi
GKK D‡jL Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2000, 2001 ; cwienb/cwiPjb/wewKiYc×wZ
e.†ev. 2001 ; iv.†ev.Õ06` Õ99; D`vniY mn e¨vL¨v Ki| (wm.†ev.
h.†ev. 2002;2005) 2006)
cÖkœ : 6| Zvc cwievnK‡Z¡i GKK wbY©q A_ev, UxKv wjL : 1. Zv‡ci cwienb; 2.
Ki | Zv‡ci cwiPjb; 3. Zv‡ci wewKiY
cÖkœ : 7| †jvnvi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 80 Wm−1k−1 cÖkœ : 2| Zvc mÂvj‡bi cwiPjb c×wZ
ej‡Z wK eyS? (P. †ev. Õ99; Xv.†ev. e¨vL¨v Ki| KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨
2004; 2005) Zv‡ci cwiPjb nq bv †Kb?
cÖkœ : 8| Zv‡ci mycwievnK, KzcwievnK cÖkœ : 3| wewfbœ avZe c`v‡_©i Zvc
Ges AcwievnK ej‡Z wK eyS? cwievnKZ¡ Zzjbv Kivi GKwU cix¶v
D`vniY `vI| eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 9| †iv‡` ivLv GKLÊ †jvnv I GKLÊ cÖkœ : 4| avZe c`v‡_©i Zvc cwievnKZ¡
KvV‡K ¯•k© Ki‡j †Kvb&wU AwaKZi wbY©‡qi mvwj©i c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
DËß g‡b n‡e? †Kb? (Xv.†ev. Kz.†ev. P.†ev. 2000 ;
cÖkœ : 10| Av¸‡bi cv‡ki †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K h.†ev.2000;Õ05; e.†ev. Õ06; Õ04;
Av¸b †_‡K GKB `チ i‡Z¡ Gi wVK Dc‡i Õ02; iv.†ev. Õ06; Õ02; wm.†ev.
†Kvb ¯’vb †ewk Õ04; Õ02; Kz.†ev. Õ04; Õ02;
DËß nq †Kb? (h.†ev.2001) Xv.†ev. Õ04; Õ02)
cÖkœ : 11| gi“ A‡j w`‡b Zxeª Mig Avi
iv‡Z Zxeª kxZ Abyf‚Z nq| Gi KviY AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi
e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖkœ : 1| MigKv‡j cyKz‡ii DciKvi
cÖkœ : 12| L‡oi Qv`hy³ Ni MigKv‡j VvÊv I cvwb Mig Ges wb‡Pi cvwb VvÊv
248 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
_v‡K Avevi Lye VvÊvi w`‡b Dc‡ii kw³ ¶‡qi nvi KZ? (L) GKw`‡b KZ
cvwb VvÊv Ges wb‡Pi cvwb Mig kw³ ¶q n‡e?
_v‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| mgm¨v : 3| GKwU †fovi Mv‡q 2cm cyi“
ck‡gi ¯ マ i Av‡Q| ck‡gi Zvc
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg チ n cwievnKZ¡ 0.05 Wm−1k−1| hw` †fovi
D`v-1| GKRb †jvK Zvi kix‡i 6mm cyi“ wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv 370C nq Ges
d¬v‡b‡j Rwo‡q iv‡Lb| evqyi
†fovwU hw` 00C ZvcgvÎvi ei‡d ï‡q
ZvcgvÎv 270C n‡j Zvi kix‡ii cÖwZ
_v‡K Z‡e †fovwUi Zvc nviv‡bvi
eM© †m.wg. ¯’vb †_‡K cÖwZ NÈvq
nvi †ei Ki| ei‡di ms¯•‡k© _vKv
wK cwigvY Zvc evqy‡Z cwievwnZ
Mv‡qi †¶Îdj 0.15m2| (h.†ev. 2004)
n‡e? d¬v‡b‡ji Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 0.05
mgm¨v : 4| †Kvb N‡ii †`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj 100m2
Wm−1k−1 Ges H †jv‡Ki kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv
Ges cyi“Z¡ 25cm| †`Iqv‡ji `yB
370C|
cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 100C n‡j
D`v-2| †Kvb N‡ii evB‡ii ZvcgvÎv 300C| 1m2
†¶Îdj Ges 2mm cyi“ GKwU Kv‡Pi Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ wgwb‡U 3 ×
Rvbvjvi ga¨ w`‡q 4000W nv‡i Zvc 105J k Zvc cwievwnZ nq| †`Iqv‡ji
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| Kuv‡Pi Zvc Dcv`v‡bi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ wbY©q
cwievnKZ¡ 0.8Wm−1k−1 n‡j N‡ii wfZ‡ii Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2004; m.†ev. Õ98)
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki| mgm¨v : 5| †jvnvi GKwU eqjv‡ii cvZ 2cm
D`v : 3| GKwU N‡ii †Kvb †`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj cyi“| †jvnvi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 80Wm−
1 −1
30m2| †`IqvjwU B‡Ui ˆZwi Ges Gi k | cvZwUi cÖwZ 1cm2 †¶Îd‡ji
cyi“Z¡ 25 cm| N‡ii evB‡ii ZvcgvÎv ga¨w`‡q cÖwZ wgwb‡U 240J Zvc
300C Ges wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv 260C n‡j cwievwnZ n‡j Gi `yB cv‡ki
†`qvj w`‡q wK nv‡i Zvc N‡ii g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki|
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q wbY©q Ki| B‡Ui Zvc (Kz.†ev. 2004; 2002; e.†ev. 2006;
cwievnKZ¡ 0.6 Wm−1k−1| (iv. †ev. 2002; Xv.†ev. 2004)
Õ99)
D`v : 4| 1.2m `xN© Ges 3cm2 cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i
†¶Îdj wewkó GKwU Zvgvi `‡Êi GK
cÖvš マ 00C ZvcgvÎvi eid Ges Aci
cÖvš マ 1000C ZvcgvÎvi dzUš マ cvwbi
ms¯•‡k© ivLv Av‡Q| 10g eid Mj‡Z
KZ mgq jvM‡e? Zvgvi Zvc
cwievnKZ¡ 385Wm−1k−1 Ges eid Mj‡bi
Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 336000Jkg−1|
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU N‡ii evB‡ii Ges wfZ‡ii
ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g 350C Ges 250C|
NiwU‡Z 4m `xN© 1m cÖ¯’ GKwU
Kuv‡Pi Rvbvjv Av‡Q| Kuv‡Pi Zvc
cwievnKZ¡ 0.8Wm−1k−1 n‡j cÖwZ
wgwb‡U cwievwnZ Zv‡ci cwigvY
wbY©q Ki| Rvbvjvi cyi“Z¡ O.5cm|
mgm¨v : 2| kxZcÖavb †`‡ki †Kvb evwoi
†`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj 30m2 Ges cyi“Z¡
50cm| †`Iqv‡ji Dcv`v‡bi Zvc
cwievnKZ¡ 0.4Wm−1k−1 (K) hw`
evwoi wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv 150C Ges
evwn‡ii ZvcgvÎv − 50C nq Z‡e
K¨vjwiwgwZ 249
mgm¨v : 6| 4mm cyi“ wcZ‡ji cv‡Zi `yB eyb‡mb evb©v‡ii wkLvq Ges
c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g 100C Ges Aci cÖvš マ ei‡d Av‡Q| DËß
300C| Gi †fZi w`‡q cÖwZ cÖv‡š マ i ZvcgvÎv 2000C| (K) DËß
†m‡K‡Ê 33KJ Zvc cwievwnZ nq| cÖvš マ † _‡K kxZj cÖv‡š マ 30
wcZ‡ji Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 110Wm−1k− wgwb‡U KZ Zvc mÂvwjZ n‡e
1
n‡j cv‡Zi †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki| wnmve Ki| (L) KZ wK‡jvMÖvg
(iv.†ev. 2005; 2001; P.†ev. eid Mj‡e †ei Ki| mxmvi Zvc
2004) cwievnKZ¡ 35Wm−1k−1| eid Mj‡bi
mgm¨v : 7| 50cm2 †¶Îdj Ges 2mm cyi“ Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 3.36 × 105J kg−1|
GKwU iƒcvi cv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q
2.03MJ Zvc cwievwnZ n‡Z KZ
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v
mgq jvM‡e? iƒcvi Zvc
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU N‡ii †`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj
cwievnKZ¡ 406Wm−1K−1 Ges cv‡Zi
50m2 Ges cyi“Z¡ 25cm †`Iqv‡ji
`yB cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ `yB cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 200C
400C| (h.†ev.2005; 2002;
n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q 30 †m‡K‡Û 1.5 ×
wm.†ev. 2004)
105 J Zvc cwievwnZ nq| †`Iqv‡ji
mgm¨v : 8| 0.5m `xN© Ges 0.06m2
Dcv`v‡bi Zvc cwievnKZ¡
cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj wewkó GKwU
wbY©q Ki| (iv.†ev. 2003)
mxmvi `‡Êi GK cÖvš マ GKwU
Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| cwienb Kv‡K e‡j? cwienb c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvj‡bi mgq
gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jv wK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K eY©bv Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2000)
DËi : cwienb :
msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i ïay
¯•›`‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x AYy‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i c`v‡_©i DòZi Ask
†_‡K kxZjZi As‡k Zvc mÂvwjZ K‡i †mB c×wZ‡K cwienb e‡j|
Zvc mÂvj‡b AYy¸‡jvi f‚wgKv :
Zvc cwien‡bi Rb¨ Ro gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb| GB c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i DòZi
AYy¸‡jv Zvc MÖnY K‡i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K ¯•w›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| GB ¯•›`‡bi
gva¨‡g DËß AYy¸‡jv cvk¦©eZ©x kxZj AYy¸‡jv‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i, †m¸‡jv
DËß n‡q Avevi Zv‡`i cvk¦©eZ©x AYy¸‡jv‡Z Zvc mÂvwjZ K‡i| †h gva¨‡gi
AYy¸‡jv hZ †ewk my`„p †mLv‡b cwienb ZZ †ewk n‡q _v‡K| †mRb¨ KwVb
c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ci cwienb me‡P‡q †ewk nq, Zi‡j Zvi †P‡q Kg,
evqexq c`v‡_© AZ¨š マ Kg Ges f¨vKzqv‡g †Kvb cwienb nq bv|
cÖkœ : 2| wewKiY c×wZ‡Z wKfv‡e Zvc mÂvwjZ nq eY©bv Ki| (P.
†ev. Õ99)
250 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
DËi : wewKiY :
msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z Zvc Ro gva¨‡gi mvnvh¨ QvovB ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K
Zi‡½i AvKv‡i Dò e¯‘ †_‡K kxZj e¯‘‡Z mÂvwjZ nq Zv‡K wewKiY e‡j|
Zvc mÂvj‡bi cÖwµqv :
GB c×wZ‡Z Zvc †Kvb gva¨g QvovB mÂvwjZ nq| Zvc GK cÖKvi ZvwoZ
†PŠ¤^K Zi½| Av‡jvi b¨vq Zv‡ci wewKi‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| GgbwK Zvc ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi (†hgbÑ evqy) ga¨ w`‡q mÂvj‡bi mgq
gva¨g‡K DËß K‡i bv|
D`vniY : Avgiv c„w_ex‡Z m チ h© †_‡K Zvc cvB| c„w_ex I m チ ‡ h©i g‡a¨
K‡qKk wK‡jvwgUvi evqygÊj e¨ZxZ Avi †Kvb Ro gva¨g †bB| m チ h© †_‡K
Zvc ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i AvKv‡i wewKiY c×wZ‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m|
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc mÂvj‡bi wZbwU c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki| (iv.
†ev. Õ99)
DËi : Zvc mÂvj‡bi wZbwU c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ : Zvc mÂvj‡bi
wZbwU wewkó c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v−
1. cwienb
2. cwiPjb
3. wewKiY|
DcwiD³ wZbwU c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbæiƒc−
cv_©‡K¨i cwienb cwiPjb wewKiY
welq
1. gva¨g gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| nq| nq bv|
2. gva¨‡gi gva¨g DËß nq| gva¨g DËß nq| gva¨g _vK‡jI DËß
Ae¯’v nq bv|
3. gva¨‡gi gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi Zvc ZvwoZ
KYv¸‡jvi ¯’vbPz¨wZ N‡U ¯’vbPz¨wZ N‡U| †PŠ¤^K Zi½vKv‡i
Ae¯’vb bv| mÂvwjZ nq|
4. Zvc mÂvj‡bi †h †Kvb c‡_ Zvc †h †Kvb c‡_ Zvc Zvc mÂvwjZ nq
w`K mÂvwjZ nq| mÂvwjZ nq| mij‡iLvq|
5. c×wZ GwU axi c×wZ| GwU cwien‡bi Zvc Av‡jvi †e‡M
†P‡q A‡c¶vK…Z mÂvwjZ nq|
`ª“Z c×wZ|
6. †h c`v‡_© mvaviYZ KwVb Zij I evqexq evqexq I
N‡U c`v‡_© GB c`v‡_© Zvc k チ b¨¯’v‡bi
c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvwjZ nq| ga¨w`‡q Zvc
mÂvwjZ nq| mÂvwjZ nq|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 251
KzcwievnK|
AcwievnK :
msÁv : †h mKj c`v‡_©i ga¨w`‡q Zvc G‡Kev‡iB cwievwnZ nq bv Zv‡`i‡K
Zv‡ci AcwievnK e‡j|
D`vniY : †dÎ, ckgx Kvco, A¨vm‡e÷m BZ¨vw` Zv‡ci AcwievnK|
cÖkœ : 9| †iv‡` ivLv GKLÊ †jvnv I GKLÊ KvV‡K ¯•k© Ki‡j †Kvb&wU
AwaKZi DËß g‡b n‡e? †Kb?
DËi : †jvnv‡K †ewk DËß g‡b n‡e|
KviY : †h e¯‘ hZ mycwievnx †m ZZ `ª“Z Zvc MÖnY ev eR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†jvnv Kv‡Vi †P‡q AwaKZi mycwievnx, ZvB ¯•k© Ki‡j †jvnv ZvovZvwo
†`‡n Zvc mÂvjb Ki‡e, wKš‘ KvV Kzcwievnx nIqvq ZvovZvwo Zvc mÂvjb
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡RB †jvnv‡K AwaKZi DËß g‡b n‡e|
cÖkœ : 10| Av¸‡bi cv‡ki †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K Av¸b †_‡K GKB ` チ i‡Z¡ Gi
wVK Dc‡i †Kvb ¯’vb †ewk
DËß nq †Kb? (h.†ev.2001)
DËi : Av¸‡bi cv‡ki †Kvb ¯’v‡b †Kej wewKiY c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvwjZ nq|
wKš‘ Av¸‡bi Dc‡ii †Kvb ¯’v‡b cwiPjb I wewKiY GB `yB c×wZ‡Z Zvc
mÂvwjZ nq| G‡¶‡Î mÂvwjZ Zv‡ci cwigvY AwaK| AZGe, Av¸‡bi cv‡ki
†Kvb¯’vb A‡c¶v Av¸b n‡Z GKB `チ i‡Z¡ Gi wVK Dc‡ii †Kvb¯’v‡b AwaK Mig
†eva nq|
cÖkœ : 11| gi“ A‡j w`‡b Zxeª Mig Avi iv‡Z Zxeª kxZ Abyf‚Z nq|
Gi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : gi“ A‡j w`‡b Zxeª Mig KviY- w`‡bi †ejv m チ h© Zvc wewKiY
K‡i, Avi c„w_ex †m Zvc †kvlY K‡i f‚-c„ô DËß nq| f‚-c„ô hZ †ewk DËß n‡e
†ewk Mig Abyf‚Z n‡e, Avi f‚-f…ô Zvc wewKiY K‡i hZ kxZj n‡e ZZ †ewk
kxZ Abyf‚Z n‡e|
gi“ A‡ji evqy ﮋ _v‡K| GB ﮋ evqy wewKi‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^”Q c`v_©
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i A_©vr, ﮋ evqyi ga¨ w`‡q Zvc mn‡R wewKwiZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
gi“ A‡ji w`‡bi †ejv ZvB ﮋ evqyi ga¨w`‡q m チ h© †_‡K weKxY© Zvc
mn‡RB f‚-c„‡ô †cuŠQvq Ges f‚-c„ô DËß nq| ZvB gi“ A‡j w`‡b Zxeª Mig
Abyf‚Z nq|
gi“ A‡j iv‡Z Zxeª kxZ :
iv‡Zi †ejvq f‚-c„ô Zvc wewKiY K‡i| gi“ A‡ji ﮋ evqyi ga¨w`‡q GB
weKxY© Zvc mn‡RB evqygÊj †f` K‡i P‡j hvq Ges f‚-c„ô Lye kxZj nq|
GRb¨ iv‡Zi †ejv Zxeª kxZ Abyf‚Z nq|
cÖkœ : 12| L‡oi Qv`hy³ Ni MigKv‡j VvÊv I kxZKv‡j Mig _v‡K †Kb?
254 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
(h.†ev. 2004)
DËi : L‡oi Qv`hy³ Ni MigKv‡j VvÊv I kxZKv‡j Mig _v‡K KviY : †h
N‡ii Qv‡`i ga¨w`‡q MigKv‡j evB‡i †_‡K Zvc wfZ‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv Avi
kxZKv‡j evB‡ii ZvcgvÎv N‡ii wfZi †_‡K Kg _vKvq evB‡i Zvc †h‡Z cv‡i bv
A_©vr, †h N‡ii Qv` Kzcwievnx c`v‡_©i ˆZwi n‡e †mB Ni MigKv‡j VvÊv
Avi kxZKv‡j Mig _v‡K|
Lo Zv‡ci KzcwievnK| GQvov Qv` L‡oi ˆZwi n‡j L‡oi gv‡S gv‡S A‡bK duvK
_v‡K hv‡Z evqy Ave× _v‡K| evqy Zv‡ci KzcwievnK e‡j Mi‡gi w`‡b evB‡ii
ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡jI L‡oi Qv‡`i ga¨w`‡q Zvc wfZ‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Ni
VvÊv g‡b nq| Avevi kxZKv‡j evB‡ii ZvcgvÎv Kg _vK‡jI wfZ‡ii Zvc evB‡i
†h‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Mig g‡b nq|
cÖkœ : 13| K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j gvby‡li †`n kx‡Zi w`‡b Mig _v‡K, A_P
GK UzKiv eid K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j Mi‡gi w`‡b VvÊv _v‡K| Gi KviY
e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv. †ev. 2000)
DËi : K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j gvby‡li †`n kx‡Zi w`‡b Mig _v‡K, A_P GK
UzKiv eid K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j Mi‡gi w`‡b VvÊv _v‡K, KviY- K¤^j Zv‡ci
KzcwievnK KviY K¤^‡ji duv‡K duv‡K AmsL¨ wQ`ª c‡_ evqy Ave× _v‡K|
evqy Zv‡ci KzcwievnK e‡j GB evqy¯マ i Zvc mÂvj‡b evav cÖ`vb K‡i|
kx‡Zi w`‡b gvby‡li †`n K¤^‡j †X‡K ivL‡j K¤^‡ji ga¨w`‡q gvby‡li †`‡ni
Zvc evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j kixi Mig _v‡K| Aci c‡¶ Mi‡gi w`‡b evqygÊj
†_‡K Zvc MÖnY K‡i eid Mj‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ K¤^‡j XvKv _vK‡j K¤^j Zv‡ci
KzcwievnK e‡j evB‡ii Zvc K¤^j †f` K‡i ei‡d Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j eid †Kvb
Zvc MÖnY K‡i bv, ZvB GwU VvÊvB _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 14| Mi‡gi w`‡b mv`v Kvco I kx‡Zi w`‡b iwOb Kvco e¨envi Kiv
Avivg`vqK| KviY eywS‡q `vI| (h.†ev. 2006)
DËi : Mi‡gi w`‡b mv`v Kvco I kx‡Zi w`‡b iwOb Kvco e¨envi Kiv
Avivg`vqK| KviY- †h Kvco hZ †ewk Zvc †kvlY K‡i DËß nq †mB Kvco
e¨envi Ki‡j ZZ †ewk Mig jv‡M| Mi‡gi w`‡b Ggb Kvco e¨envi Kiv nq hv Zvc
Kg †kvlY K‡i Avi kx‡Zi w`‡b Ggb Kvco e¨envi Kiv nq hv †ewk Zvc †kvlY
K‡i|
e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ¶gZv Zvi i‡Oi DciI wbf©i K‡i| mv`v e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ¶gZv
G‡Kev‡iB Kg Ges AvcwZZ Zv‡ci †ewki fvMB cÖwZdwjZ K‡i, Acic‡¶ iwOb
e¯‘ †ewk Zvc †kvlY K‡i| Mi‡gi w`‡b mv`v Kvco e¨envi Ki‡j m チ ‡ h©i
weKxY© Zvc mv`v Kvc‡o c‡o †ewki fvMB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q hvq, Kvc‡oi
ZvcgvÎv Zv‡Z mvgvb¨ ev‡o| kx‡Zi w`‡b wewfbœ iwOb Kvco e¨envi Ki‡j
m チ ‡ h©i Zvc Kvc‡o c‡o †kvwlZ nq| d‡j Kvc‡oi ZvcgvÎv ev‡o Ges Avivg
jv‡M| G Kvi‡Y Mi‡gi w`‡b mv`v Kvco I kx‡Zi w`‡b iwOb Kvco e¨envi Kiv
AvivgcÖ`|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 255
Abykxjbxi
iPbvgjK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc mÂvj‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, Zvc mÂvjb ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc mÂvj‡bi
cwienb/cwiPjb/wewKiYc×wZ D`vniY mn e¨vL¨v Ki|
(wm.†ev. 2006)
A_ev, UxKv wjL : 1. Zv‡ci cwienb; 2. Zv‡ci cwiPjb; 3. Zv‡ci
wewKiY
DËi : Zvc mÂvj‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ :
Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³| †ewk ZvcgvÎv wewkó ¯’vb †_‡K Zvc Kg ZvcgvÎv
wewkó ¯’v‡bi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq, G‡K Zvc mÂvjb e‡j| GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨
¯’v‡b Zvc wZb c×wZ‡Z mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| h_v−
1. cwienb
2. cwiPjb
3. wewKiY|
1. cwienY :
msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i
ïay ¯•›`‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x AYy‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i c`v‡_©i
DòZi Ask †_‡K kxZjZi As‡k Zvc mÂvwjZ K‡i †mB c×wZ‡K cwienb e‡j|
256 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
e¨vL¨v :
Zvc cwien‡bi Rb¨ Ro gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb| GB c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i DòZi AYy¸‡jv
Zvc MÖnY K‡i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K ¯•w›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| GB ¯•›`‡bi gva¨‡g
DËß AYy¸‡jv cvk¦©eZ©x kxZj AYy¸‡jv‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i, †m¸‡jv DËß n‡q
Avevi Zv‡`i cvk¦©eZ©x AYy¸‡jv‡Z Zvc mÂvwjZ K‡i| †h gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jv
hZ †ewk my`„p †mLv‡b cwienb ZZ †ewk n‡q _v‡K| †mRb¨ KwVb c`v‡_©i
ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ci cwienb me‡P‡q †ewk nq, Zi‡j Zvi †P‡q Kg, evqexq c`v‡_©
AZ¨š マ Kg Ges k チ b¨¯’v‡b †Kvb cwienb nq bv|
D`vniY : GKwU avZe `Ê R (†hgb †jvnv) -Gi
GK cÖvš マ Av¸b F G ai‡j wKQy¶Y ci Aci
cÖv‡š マ Mig AYyf‚Z nq| KviY- avZe `‡Êi †h
Ask Av¸‡bi g‡a¨ _v‡K H As‡ki AYy¸‡jv Av¸b
n‡Z Zvc MÖnY Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ c チ e©v‡c¶v
†ewk †Rv‡i ¯^-¯^ ¯’vb‡K †K›`ª K‡i ¯•w›`Z
n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j DËß Aby¸‡jv ¯^-¯^ ¯’v‡b †_‡K
cvk¦©eZ©x A‡c¶vK…Z kxZj AYy¸‡jv‡Z Zvc
mÂvjb K‡i| Giƒ‡c Zvc `‡Êi Ask n‡Z kxZj As‡k
mÂvwjZ nIqvq `‡Êi Aci cÖv‡š マ Mig Abyf‚Z
nq| myZivs Zvc mÂvj‡bi Giƒc cÖwµqvB
cwienb cÖwµqv| wPÎ : avZe `‡Êi Zvc cwienb
2. cwiPjb :
msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z Zvc †Kvb c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi PjvPj Øviv DòZi Ask †_‡K
kxZjZi As‡k mÂvwjZ nq Zv‡K cwiPjb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Zv‡ci cwiPj‡bi Rb¨ Ro
gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Zij I evqexq
c`v‡_© Zvc cwiPjb c×wZ‡Z
mÂvwjZ nq| Zvc MÖnY K‡i c`v‡_©i
DòZi As‡ki AYy¸‡jv kxZjZi As‡k
P‡j hvq, Gfv‡e Ab¨ AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb
cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri MwZi
mvnv‡h¨ Zvc mÂvwjZ K‡i|
D`vniY : GKwU Kuv‡Pi cv‡Î cvwb
wb‡q Gi mv‡_ wKQy is wgkv‡bv
nq| Gici cv‡Îi wb‡P Zvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cv‡Îi Zjv †_‡K
GKwU iwOb cvwbi †mªvZ Dc‡ii
w`‡K D‡V hvq Ges cv‡Îi †`qvj
†e‡q Avi wPÎ : Zv‡ci cwiPjb
GKwU †mªvZ wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| cv‡Îi Zjvi cvwb cÖ_‡g Zvc MÖnY K‡i, d‡j
K¨vjwiwgwZ 257
GwU DËß n‡q nvjKv nq Ges Dc‡i D‡V hvq| Dc‡ii VvÊv cvwb wb‡P †b‡g
Av‡m| Gfv‡e µgvMZ Dò cvwbi Dc‡i hvIqv Ges kxZj cvwbi wb‡P Avmvi
d‡j mg¯ マ cvwb DËß nq| myZivs GB c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb
cwieZ©b K‡i Zvc mÂvjb K‡i e‡j GB c×wZ‡K cwiPjb e‡j|
3. wewKiY :
msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z Zvc Ro gva¨‡gi mvnvh¨ QvovB ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K
Zi‡½i AvKv‡i Dò e¯‘ †_‡K kxZj e¯‘‡Z mÂvwjZ nq Zv‡K wewKiY e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : wewKiY c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvwjZ nIqvi Rb¨ †Kvb Ro gva¨‡gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv ev Ro gva¨g _vK‡jI Zv‡K DËß K‡i bv| ¯^”Q e¯‘i ga¨ w`‡qI
Zv‡ci wewKiY n‡Z cv‡i; †hgbÑ KvP, †KvqvU©R BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A¯^”Q e¯‘i
ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ci wewKiY nq bv| †hgbÑ KvV, †jvnv, cv_i BZ¨vw`| K‡qKwU
Zi‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wewKiY m¤¢e; †hgbÑ Kve©b WvB-mvjdvBW (C2S)| wKš‘
mvaviYZ Zi‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wewKiY m¤¢e nq bv| cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ci
AvswkK wewKiY N‡U|
D`vniY : Avgiv c„w_ex‡Z m チ h© †_‡K Zvc cvB| c„w_ex I m チ ‡ h©i g‡a¨
K‡qKk wK‡jvwgUvi evqygÊj e¨ZxZ Avi †Kvb Ro gva¨g †bB| m チ h© †_‡K
Zvc ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i AvKv‡i wewKiY c×wZ‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m|
cÖkœ : 2| Zvc mÂvj‡bi cwiPjb c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| KwVb c`v‡_©i
g‡a¨ Zv‡ci cwiPjb nq bv †Kb?
DËi : Zvc mÂvj‡bi cwiPjb c×wZ :
cwiPj‡bi msÁv : †h c×wZ‡Z Zvc †Kvb c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi PjvPj Øviv DòZi
Ask †_‡K kxZjZi As‡k mÂvwjZ nq Zv‡K cwiPjb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Zvc mÂvjb c×wZ e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv
nj :
Zvc mÂvj‡bi cix¶v :
GKwU Kuv‡Pi cv‡Î cvwb wb‡q Gi mv‡_
wKQy is wgkv‡bv nq| Gici cv‡Îi wb‡P
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cv‡Îi Zjv
†_‡K GKwU iwOb cvwbi †mªvZ Dc‡ii
w`‡K D‡V hvq Ges cv‡Îi †`qvj †e‡q Avi
GKwU †mªvZ wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| cv‡Îi
Zjvi cvwb cÖ_‡g Zvc MÖnY K‡i, d‡j
GwU DËß n‡q nvjKv nq Ges Dc‡i D‡V
hvq| Dc‡ii VvÊv cvwb wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m|
Gfv‡e µgvMZ Dò cvwbi Dc‡i hvIqv Ges
kxZj cvwbi wb‡P Avmvi d‡j mg¯ マ cvwb
DËß nq| myZivs GB c×wZ‡Z c`v‡_©i
AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i Zvc mÂvjb
K‡i e‡j GB c×wZ‡K cwiPjb e‡j|
wPÎ : Zv‡ci cwiPjb
KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Zv‡ci cwiPjb bv
258 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
Bb‡Rbn‡Ri cix¶vq mgvb `チ i‡Z¡i (d) Ges mgvb cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj (A) wewkó
wewfbœ avZe c`v‡_©i K‡qKwU `ʇK GKB mgq (t) a‡i Ggbfv‡e DËß Kiv
nq hv‡Z `‡Êi `yB cÖv‡š マ i ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ (∆θ) mgvb _v‡K| avZe `ʸ‡jvi
Mv‡q †gvg jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vq wewfbœ avZe `‡Êi Rb¨ cwievwnZ
Zv‡ci cwigvY (Q) wewfbœ n‡e| d‡j wewfbœ c`v‡_©i `‡Êi Mv‡q jvMv‡bv
†gvg mgfv‡e Mj‡e bv|
mgxKiY (2) bs †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Q-Gi gvb †ewk n‡j K-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e|
A_©vr †h `‡Êi †gvg †ewk Mj‡e Zvi cwievnKZ¡ †ewk|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. wewfbœ avZe `Ê 3. wkLv Ges
2. GKwU avZe cvÎ 4. †gvg I wKQy cvwb|
cix¶v c×wZ :
1. GKwU avZe cvÎ †bB|
2. mgvb ˆ`‡N©¨i Ges mgvb cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj wewkó wewfbœ avZe
c`v‡_©i K‡qKwU `Ê wb‡q cÖ‡Z¨KwU `‡Êi Mv‡q †gvg jvMvB|
3. `ʸ‡jvi GK cÖvš マ avZe cv‡Îi wfZi XzKv‡bv nq|
4. GLb cv‡Îi g‡a¨ cvwb †i‡L Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j 1000C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb
dzU‡Z _vK‡e Ges mKj `‡Êi wb‡Pi cÖv‡š マ i ZvcgvÎv GKB n‡e| wKš‘
Dc‡ii Ask kxZj _vKvq wewfbœ `‡Êi ga¨ w`‡q Zvc cwievwnZ n‡e Ges
`ʸ‡jvi †h ¯’v‡bi ZvcgvÎv †gv‡gi Mjbvs‡Ki †ewk n‡e †mB ¯’v‡bi †gvg
M‡j hv‡e|
nq|
AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| MigKv‡j cyKz‡ii DciKvi cvwb Mig Ges wb‡Pi cvwb VvÊv
_v‡K Avevi Lye VvÊvi w`‡b Dc‡ii cvwb VvÊv Ges wb‡Pi cvwb Mig
_v‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : MigKv‡j cyKz‡ii DciKvi cvwb Mig Ges wb‡Pi cvwb VvÊv _v‡K Avevi
Lye VvÊvi w`‡b Dc‡ii cvwb VvÊv Ges wb‡Pi cvwb Mig _v‡K|
e¨vL¨v : MigKv‡j cyKz‡ii DciKvi cvwb m チ ‡ h©i Zvc †kvlY K‡i Mig nq|
wKš‘ cvwbi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ Kg e‡j Dc‡ii Zvc wb‡P †h‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j wb‡Pi
cvwbi ZvcgvÎv ev‡o bv| ZvB Dc‡ii cvwb Mig n‡jI wb‡Pi cvwb VvÊv _v‡K|
Avevi Lye VvÊvi w`‡b f‚-c„‡ôi me wKQyi mv‡_ mv‡_ cyKz‡ii DciKvi cvwbI
Zvc wewKib K‡i| d‡j ZvcgvÎv K‡g hvq Ges VvÊv nq| wKš‘ cvwbi Zvc
cwievnKZ¡ Kg e‡j wb‡Pi cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †ewk _vK‡jI wb‡Pi Zvc Dc‡i
Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j wb‡Pi cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †ewkB _v‡K Ges wb‡Pi cvwb
Mig g‡b nq|
MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
◆ hv Rvbv `iKvi :
K = GLv‡b,
k ZvccwienbvsK
=
A †¶Îdj
=
∆θ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b
=
θ = cwievwnZ Zvc
∆ = ga¨eZ©x `iZ¡
MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg
n
D`v-1| GKRb †jvK Zvi kix‡i 6mm cyi“ d¬v‡b‡j Rwo‡q iv‡Lb| evqyi
ZvcgvÎv 270C n‡j Zvi kix‡ii cÖwZ eM© †m.wg. ¯’vb †_‡K cÖwZ
NÈvq wK cwigvY Zvc evqy‡Z cwievwnZ n‡e? d¬v‡b‡ji Zvc
cwievnKZ¡ 0.05 Wm−1k−1 Ges H †jv‡Ki kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv 370C|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 263
Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU N‡ii evB‡ii Ges wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g 350C Ges
250C| NiwU‡Z 4m `xN© 1m cÖ¯’ GKwU Kuv‡Pi Rvbvjv Av‡Q| Kuv‡Pi
Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 0.8Wm−1k−1 n‡j cÖwZ wgwb‡U cwievwnZ Zv‡ci
cwigvY wbY©q Ki| Rvbvjvi cyi“Z¡ O.5cm|
K¨vjwiwgwZ 265
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Q = ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨,∆θ = (35−
= 25)0c = 100 = 10k
= 384000J †¶Îdj, A = 4m × 1m = 4m2
= 3.84 × 105J
mgq, t = 1 wg. = 60 sec.
DËi : cwievwnZ Zvc, Q = 3.84 × cyi“Z¡, d = 0.5cm = 0.005m
105J|
Zvc cwievnKZ¡, k = 0.8 Wm−1k−1
cwievwnZ Zvc, Q = ?
mgm¨v : 4| †Kvb N‡ii †`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj 100m2 Ges cyi“Z¡ 25cm| †`Iqv‡ji
`yB cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 100C n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ wgwb‡U 3 ×
105J k Zvc cwievwnZ nq| †`Iqv‡ji Dcv`v‡bi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ wbY©q
Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2004; m.†ev. Õ98)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Q = †¶Îdj, A = 100m2
ev, K = cyi“Z¡, d = 25cm = 0.25m
= ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ = 100c
−1 −1
= 1.25 Wm k = 10k
mgq, t = 1 wgt = 60
sec.
Zvc, Q = 3 × 105J
Zvc cwievnKZ¡, K= ?
DËi : Zvc cwievnKZ¡, k = 1.25 Wm−1k−1.
mgm¨v : 5| †jvnvi GKwU eqjv‡ii cvZ 2cm cyi“| †jvnvi Zvc cwievnKZ¡
80Wm−1k−1| cvZwUi cÖwZ 1cm2 †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q cÖwZ wgwb‡U 240J Zvc
cwievwnZ n‡j Gi `yB cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki|
(Kz.†ev. 2004; 2002; e.†ev. 2006; 2002; Xv.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Q = cyi“Z¡, d = 2cm = 0.02m = 2 × 10−2m
ev, ∆θ = Zvc cwievnKZ¡, k = 80Wm−
1 −1
= k
= 10k †¶Îdj, A = 1cm2 = 1 × 10−4m2
= 100C
mgq, t = 1 min = 60 sec.
Zvc, Q = 240J
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ = ?
DËi : ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ = 10 C. 0
mgm¨v : 6| 4mm cyi“ wcZ‡ji cv‡Zi `yB c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g 100C
Ges 300C| Gi †fZi w`‡q cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê 33KJ Zvc cwievwnZ nq| wcZ‡ji
Zvc cwievnKZ¡ 110Wm−1k−1 n‡j cv‡Zi †¶Îdj wbY©q Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2005; 2001; P.†ev. 2004)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Q= cyi“Z¡, d = 4mm = 4 × 10−3m
ev, A = ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ = (30−
= = 0.06m2 10)0C = 200C = 20k
mgq, t = 1 sec.
Zvc, Q = 33KJ = 33 × 103J
K¨vjwiwgwZ 267
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| GKwU N‡ii †`Iqv‡ji †¶Îdj 50m2 Ges cyi“Z¡ 25cm †`Iqv‡ji
`yB cv‡ki ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ 200C n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q 30 †m‡K‡Û 1.5 × 105 J
Zvc cwievwnZ nq| †`Iqv‡ji Dcv`v‡bi Zvc cwievnKZ¡ wbY©q Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †`Iqv Av‡Q,
†`Iqv‡ji Dcv`v‡bi Zvc ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ ∆θ = 200C = 20 K
cwievnKZ¡ K †¶Îdj, A = 50 m2
GLb, Q = mgq, t = 30 S
∴K = cyiZ¡, d = 25 cm = 25 × 10−2m
= Zvc, Q = 1.5 × 105J
= 1.875 Wm−1 k−1
∴ wb‡Y©q †`Iqv‡ji Zvc cwievnKZ¡| 1.875 Wm−1k (Ans.)
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. cwienY c×wZ‡Z Zvc mÂvj‡bi
mgq †Kvb&wU N‡U?
K. gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb
cwieZ©b K‡i
✓ L. gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jv ¯’vb
cwieZ©b K‡i bv
M. gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv
N. gva¨‡gi cvkvcvwk AYy¸‡jv wg‡j
wg‡k GK n‡q hvq
2. wewKiY c×wZ‡Z Zvc wKfv‡e
mÂvwjZ nq?
K. gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jvi PjvPj Øviv
L. hvwšK Zi‡½i AvKv‡i
✓ M. ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i AvKv‡i
N. gva¨‡gi AYy¸‡jvi ¯•›`b Øviv
K¨vjwiwgwZ 269
33| †Kvb Zi‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ci w`‡q Zv‡ci cwienY me‡P‡q
AvswkK wewKiY N‡U? †ewk nq? [h. †ev. 2004]
[P.†ev. 2006] K. Zvj L. evqexq
✓ K. cvwb L. Kve©b ✓ M. KwVb N. f¨vKzqvg
WvBA·vBW 39| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
M. †Zj N. `ya [P.†ev. 2004]
34| wb‡Pi †Kvb c`v‡_©i Zvc K. kx‡Zi w`‡b mv`v Kvco e¨envi
cwievnKZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk? Avivg`vqK
[ewi.†ev. 2006] L. Mi‡gi w`‡b iwOb Kvco e¨envi
K. A¨vjywgwbqvg L. Avivg`vqK
†jvnv ✓ M. kxZcÖavb †`‡k meyR evwoi
✓ M. Zvgv N. wUb eûj e¨envi nq
35| ei‡di Zvc cwievnKZ¡ KZ? N. L‡oi Qv`hy³ Ni kxZKv‡j VvÊv
[iv.†ev. 2006] _v‡K
K. 0.84Wm−1K−1 L. 0.024Wm−1K−1 40| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wUi ga¨ w`‡q
M. 1.46Wm−1K−1 ✓ N. 1.6Wm−1K−1 Zv‡ci wewKiY nq bv? [wm.†ev.
36| mvwj©i c×wZ‡Z †Kvb&wU 2004]
wbY©q Kiv hvq? [Xv.†ev. 2004] ✓ K. cv_i L. KvP
✓ K. Zvc cwievnKZ¡ L. M. †KvqvU©R N. f¨vKzqvg
G-Gi gvb 41| ZvcgvÎv evov‡j cwievwnZv
M. g-Gi gvb N. Av‡cw¶K Zvc e„w× cvq †KvbwUi? [ewi.†ev.
37| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU Zv‡ci 2005]
AcwievnK? [iv.†ev. 2004] K. wmwjKb L. †jvnv
✓ K. †dÎ L. cvi` ✓ M. Zvgv N. †evib
M. ckg N. KvV
38| †Kvb& ai‡bi gva¨‡gi ga¨