A a¨vq

cÖ
_g Aa¨vq
15
Av‡j vi cÖ
w
ZmiY ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
msw¶ß DËi cÖ‡kœvËi †KvY 330 ej‡Z wK †evS?
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K cÖkœ : 13| Kuv‡Pi µvwš ﾏ †KvY 410 ej‡Z
e‡j?(iv.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2003; wK †evS?
wm.†ev. 2005) (h. †ev. 2004; 2000; P.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 2| cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ θ‡jv wee„Z Ki| cÖkœ : 14| c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb
(Kz. †ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. Õ99; iv †ev. nIqvi kZ© wK wK? (h.†ev. Xv.†ev.
2003) iv.†ev. Õ06; P. †ev. 2000 ; 2001;
cÖkœ : 3| cÖwZmiYv¼ ej‡Z wK eyS? Kz.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev. Õ04)
(Kz.†ev. 2006; iv. †ev. 2000) cÖkœ : 15| Av‡jvi †Kvb NUbvi Kvi‡Y
cÖkœ : 4| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi gi“f‚wg‡Z gixwPKv †`Lv hvq?
cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.52 ej‡Z wK eyS? (Xv.†ev. Õ99)
(h. †ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2002) cÖkœ : 16| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi wK?
cÖkœ : 5| cig cÖwZmiYv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? (Xv. †ev. 2005; 2004; 2000, h.†ev.
(iv. †ev. 2000 ,2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; 2006; 2000; 2002; P.†ev. 2006; P.†ev.
m. †ev. Õ98 ; Kz. †ev. 2001,2005; Kz.†ev. ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev.2003; Kz.†ev.
wm.†ev. Õ06; Õ02; P.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2004)
2003,2005) cÖkœ : 17| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi wK Kv‡R
cÖkœ : 6| wMmvwi‡bi cig cÖwZmiYv¼ jv‡M? (P.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Õ05;
1.47 ej‡Z wK eyS? (m. †ev. Õ98) h.†ev. 06; ;02; Kz.†ev. Õ99; Õ05;
cÖkœ : 7| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi ewi.†ev. P.†ev. 2003)
cÖwZmiYv¼ wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i cÖkœ : 18| Av‡jvi †Kvb ag© Kv‡R jvwM‡q
wK? †Kb? AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆZwi Kiv nq?
cÖkœ : 8| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi (ewi.†ev. 2003)
cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb †Kvb& i‡Oi Rb¨ Abykxjbxi iPbvg ﾁ jK
me‡P‡q Kg, Avi †Kvb& i‡Oi Rb¨ cÖkœ : 1| †ø‡ji m ﾁ ÎwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨v
me‡P‡q †ewk? Ki| (Xv.†ev. 2006; 2002; wm.†ev.
cÖkœ : 9| Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ 2004; Kz.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2004)
cÖwZmiYv‡¼i m¤•K© wK?(iv.†ev. A_ev, cÖwZmi‡Yi wØZxq m ﾁ ÎwU eY©bv
2000; h.†ev. Õ99) I e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ cÖwZmiYv‡¼i cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_
m¤•K© wbY©q Ki| (Kz.†ev. 2003) cÖwZmiYv‡¼i m¤•K© e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖkœ : 10| µvwš ﾏ † KvY ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv. †ev. 2000 ; Xv. †ev.
(h. †ev. 2004; Õ99 ; 2001;Kz.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2003)
m. †ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. 2006; 2003; e.†ev. A_ev, †`LvI †h, aµb = , hLb ms‡KZ¸‡jv
2005)
A_ev, µvwš ﾏ †Kv‡Yi msÁv `vI| (iv. †ev. cÖPwjZ A_© enb K‡i|
A_ev cÖwZmiYv¼ I Av‡jvi †e‡Mi msÁv
2001; Kz.†ev. 2006; 2003) `vI|
cÖkœ : 11| µvwš ﾏ † KvY wK Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
A_ev, Nb I nvjKv gva¨‡g AvcZb †Kvb
Dci wbf©i K‡i? cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mgvb ev †ewk nq
A_ev, †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci µvwš ﾏ † KvY †Kb?
wbf©ikxj?
cÖkœ : 12| cvwbi mv‡c‡¶ nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ
70 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
cÖkœ : 3| Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©‡qi µvwš ﾏ †KvY KZ?
GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki| D`v : 3| nxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼ 2.4 n‡j Gi µvwš ﾏ
A_ev, cix¶v Øviv Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi
m ﾁ θ‡jv cÖgvY Ki| (h.†ev. 2006) †KvY wbY©q Ki|
cªkœ : 4| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ µvwš ﾏ † KvY I D`v : 4| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb gva¨‡gi
c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb e¨vL¨v Ki| µvwš ﾏ † KvY 300 n‡j H gva¨‡gi
(P.†ev. 2000; h.†ev. Õ99; 01 ; Kz.†ev. cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? (P.†ev. 2002)
Õ05; Õ01; wm.†ev. 2001) D`v : 5| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ cvwbi µvwš ﾏ † KvY
A_ev, msÁv `vI : 48.50| cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©q
(i) µvwš ﾏ †KvY (ewi.†ev. 2005; Ki| (Sin 48.50 = 0.75)
wm.†ev. 2001)
(ii) c ﾁ Y©Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
(Kz.†ev. 2004) mgm¨v : 1| k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM 3 ×
cÖkœ : 5| gi“f‚wgi gixwPKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 108 ms−1 n‡j cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM
wbY©q Ki| cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼
(Xv. †ev. Õ99; h.†ev. iv.†ev. 2005; 1.33| (h.†ev. 2006; 2004;
ewi.†ev. 2004) Kz.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 6| Mi‡gi w`‡b wcPXvjv gm„Y 2002)
ivRc‡_ gixwPKv †`Lv hvq †Kb mgm¨v : 2| wMmvwi‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi
e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.09| wMmvwi‡b
Av‡jvi †eM 2.04 × 108ms−1 n‡j Kuv‡P
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q Ki| (Xv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvb gva¨‡gi wm.†ev. 2006; m.†ev. Õ98,
cÖwZmiYv‡¼i mv‡_ µvwš ﾏ P.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2003
Abyiƒc)
†Kv‡Yi m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki|
cÖkœ : 2| Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼ mgm¨v : 3| a gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ b gva¨‡gi
Kv‡K e‡j? cÖwZmiYv¼ n‡j b gva¨‡gi
cÖkœ : 3| cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb wK wK µvwš ﾏ †KvY wbY©q Ki|
wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
cÖkœ : 4| Ônxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v
mgm¨v : 1| †ebwR‡bi mv‡c‡¶
Kuv‡Pi †P‡q †ewk− G Dw³ m¤•‡K©
†K‡ivwm‡bi cÖwZmiYv¼ 0.96
gva¨g `y‡Uvi Av‡jvK m¤^Üxq
Ges †K‡ivwm‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2.8×
¸Yvewji wK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq?
′ 108ms−1 n‡j †ebwR‡bi Av‡jvi †eM
cÖkœ : 5| nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ † KvY 24030
KZ? (P.†ev. 2004)
ej‡Z wK eyS?
mgm¨v : 2| cvwbi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.33 Ges
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg ﾁ n cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM 2.26 × 108ms−1
n‡j, k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM
D`v : 1| †ebwR‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2 × 108 ms−1 n‡j
wbY©q Ki| (iv.†ev. 2004; P.†ev.
†K‡ivwm‡b Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q Ki|
2005)
†ebwR‡bi mv‡c‡¶ †K‡ivwm‡bi
mgm¨v : 3| A gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ B gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmiYv¼ 0.96| (ewi.†ev. 2005;
cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.09| A gva¨‡g
wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2002;
Av‡jvi †eM 2.26 × 108ms−1 n‡j B
Kz.†ev. 2006; 2001; P.†ev. 2003)
gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM KZ? (iv.†ev.
D`v : 2| ei‡di cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.3 n‡j Gi 2006)

Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? (iv.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2003; wm.†ev.
2005)
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 71

DËi : Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY (Refraction of Light) :

msÁv : ¯^”Q mgmË¡ gva¨‡g Av‡jvK mijc‡_ P‡j| wKš‘ GK ¯^”Q gva¨g
n‡Z Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g PjvKv‡j Zxh©K Av‡jvKiwk¥ gva¨g `y‡Uvi we‡f`Z‡j
w`K cwieZ©b K‡i| AZGe ejv hvq−
ÒAv‡jvKiwk¥ GK ¯^”Q gva¨g n‡Z
Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g hvIqvi mgq gva¨g
`ywUi we‡f`Z‡j Zxh©Kfv‡e AvcwZZ
Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b Kivi
NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j|Ó
e¨vL¨v : wP‡Î PO Av‡jvKiwk¥ a
gva¨g n‡Z b gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i w`K
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j OQ c‡_ Pj‡Q|
GLv‡bÑ PO = AvcwZZ iwk¥
OQ = cÖwZm„Z iwk¥
∠PON = AvcZb †KvY
∠QON′ = cÖwZm„Z †KvY
Ges NON′ = Awfj¤^| wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY

cÖkœ : 2| cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ θ‡jv wee„Z Ki| (Kz. †ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. Õ99;
iv †ev. 2003)
DËi : Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ Î :
GKwU ¯^”Q I mgmË¡ gva¨g †_‡K
Aci †Kvb ¯^”Q I mgmË¡ gva¨‡g
cÖwZm„Z nIqvi mgq Av‡jvKiwk¥ †h
`y‡Uv m ﾁ Î †g‡b P‡j Zv‡`i
cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ Î e‡j|
cÖ_g m ﾁ Î : AvcwZZ iwk¥,
cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ Ges AvcZb
we›`y‡Z we‡f`Z‡ji Dci Aw¼Z
Awfj¤^ GKB mgZ‡j _v‡K|
wØZxq m ﾁ Î : `ywU wbw`©ó
gva¨‡gi wfZi w`‡q GKwU wbw`©ó
e‡Y©i Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZm„Z n‡j
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb Ges cÖwZm„Z
†Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ GKwU aª“e
msL¨v| A_©vr hw` AvcZb †KvY‡K i
Ges cÖwZmiY †KvY‡K r aiv nq Zvn‡j
−

wPÎ : Av‡jv‡Ki cÖwZmiY

= µ (aª“e msL¨v)
72 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖwZmi‡Yi G wØZxq m ﾁ ·K †ø‡ji m ﾁ ÎI ejv nq|

cÖkœ : 3| cÖwZmiYv¼ ej‡Z wK eyS? (Kz.†ev. 2006; iv. †ev. 2000)
DËi : cÖwZmiYv¼ :
msÁv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g
Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i Z_b wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I
cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ †h aª“e msL¨v nq Zv‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡gi
mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j| G‡K µ (wgD) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
e¨vL¨v :
Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb 'a' gva¨g †_‡K 'b'
gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb AvcZb
†Kv‡Yi mvBb I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi
mvB‡bi AbycvZ‡K 'a' gva¨‡gi
mv‡c‡¶ 'b' gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼
e‡j| 'a' gva¨‡g AvcZb †KvY i Ges 'b'
gva¨‡g cÖwZmiY †KvY r n‡j, 'a'
gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ 'b' gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmiYv¼,
aµb = = aª“e msL¨v wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY
GKK : cÖwZmiYsK GKB RvZxq `ywU ivwki AbycvZ ZvB Gi †KvY GKK
†bB| ZvQvov Sin i ev Sin r GiI †Kvb GKK †bB|
cÖkœ : 4| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.52 ej‡Z wK eyS?
(h. †ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2002)
DËi : evqyi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.52 ej‡Z Avgiv eywS?
1. evqy gva¨g †_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥ Kuv‡P cÖ‡ek Ki‡j AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb
I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ me©`v 1.52 nq|
2. G QvovI eySv hvq− evqy¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM I Kv‡P Av‡jvi †eM-Gi
AbycvZ 1.52 A_©vr evqy¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM Kuv‡P Av‡jvi †e‡Mi 1.52 ¸Y|
cÖkœ : 5| cig cÖwZmiYv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? (iv. †ev. 2000 ,2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99
; m. †ev. Õ98 ; Kz. †ev. 2001,2005; wm.†ev. Õ06; Õ02; P.†ev. 2003,2005)
DËi : cig cÖwZmiYv¼ :
msÁv : Av‡jvK iwk¥ hLb fvwKDqvg
†_‡K †Kvb gva¨‡g Zxe©Kfv‡e
cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi
Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I cÖwZmiY
†Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ‡K H gva¨‡gi
cig cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j|
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 73

e¨vL¨v : Av‡jvKiwk¥ fvwKDqvg 'O'

n‡Z Ab¨ gva¨g 'b' †Z cÖwZm„Z
nIqvi mgq AvcZb †KvY i Ges
cÖwZm„Z †KvY r n‡j,
Oµb = = aª“e msL¨v |
wPÎ t Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY (cig cÖwZmiYv¼)
cÖkœ : 6| wMmvwi‡bi cig cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.47 ej‡Z wK eyS? (m. †ev.
Õ98)
DËi : wMmvwi‡bi cig cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.47 ej‡Z Avgiv eywS :
1. k ﾁ b¨ gva¨g †_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥ wMmvwi‡b Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡j
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ 1.47 nq|
2. GQvovI eySv hvq- k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM I wMmvwi‡b Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
AbycvZ 1.47 A_©vr k ﾁ b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM wMmvwi‡b Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
1.47 ¸Y|

cÖkœ : 7| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ wewfbœ

n‡Z cv‡i wK? †Kb?
DËi : †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
e¨vL¨v : †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥ GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g cÖwZmwiZ n‡j
hw` AvcZb †Kvb i Ges cÖwZmiY †Kvb r nq Z‡e †ø‡ji m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx,
= µ = aª“e msL¨v
GB aª“eKwU‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j|
cÖwZmiYv¼ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| h_v−
1. gva¨g؇qi cÖK…wZ
2. Av‡jvi iO
3. gva¨‡gi Av‡jvKxq NbZ¡|
AZGe, GUv ¯•ó †h, †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ wewfbœ
n‡e hw`−
K) †h gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ A_©vr †h gva¨g †_‡K Av‡jvK H wbw`©ó
gva¨‡g G‡m co‡e †mB gva¨gwU cwiewZ©Z n‡j| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h,
cig cÖwZmiYv¼ me©`v k ﾁ b¨ ev evqy gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ we‡ePbv
Kiv nq e‡j wbw`©ó i‡Oi Rb¨ cÖwZmiYv¼ Awfbœ _v‡K|
L) gva¨gØq AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jI hw` Av‡jvi iO cwiewZ©Z nq Z‡e †Kvb
wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ wfbœ n‡e| KviY †ø‡ji aª“eK
cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡e|
cÖkœ : 8| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb †Kvb&
i‡Oi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Kg, Avi †Kvb& i‡Oi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk?
DËi : Av‡jvi iO‡f‡` cÖwZmiYv‡¼i wewfbœZv :
†h gva¨g †_‡K Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Ki‡e †mB gva¨gwU wbw`©ó _vK‡j ev
cÖwZmiYv¼ ej‡Z cig cÖwZmiYv¼ we‡ePbv Ki‡j †Kvb wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmiYv¼ ïaygvÎ Av‡jvi i‡Oi Dci wbf©i K‡i Kg †ewk nq| cÖwZmiYvs‡K
74 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

µgn«vmgvb Abymv‡i Av‡jvi iO¸‡jv h_vµ‡g,

†e¸wY > bxj > Avmgvbx > meyR > njy` > Kgjv > jvj|
A_©vr jvj i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ me‡P‡q Kg Ges
†e¸wb i‡Oi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk|
cÖkœ : 9| Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ cÖwZmiYv‡¼i m¤•K© wK? (iv.†ev.
2000; h.†ev. Õ99)
A_ev, Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ cÖwZmiYv‡¼i m¤•K© wbY©q Ki| (Kz.†ev.
2003)
DËi : cÖwZmiYv¼ Ges Av‡jv‡Ki †e‡Mi m¤•K© :
Av‡jv‡Ki Zi½ gZev` Abymv‡i, hw` †Kvb gva¨‡gi cig cÖwZmiYv¼ µ nq
Z‡e−
µ =
GLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ hw` 'a' gva¨g †_‡K 'b' gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Zvn‡j 'a' gva¨‡gi
mv‡c‡¶ 'b' gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼,
aµb = =
∴aµb = GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
Dc‡ii eY©bv Abymv‡i a nvjKv Ges b Nb gva¨g n‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥i−
i) a nvjKv gva¨g n‡Z b Nb gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e hvIqvi †¶‡Î,
aµb = = > 1
∴ i > r.
ii) b gva¨g n‡Z a gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e hvIqvi †¶‡Î,
bµa = = < 1
∴ i < r.

cÖkœ : 10| µvwš ﾏ †KvY ej‡Z wK eyS? (h. †ev. 2004; Õ99 ; m. †ev. Õ98;
Xv.†ev. 2006; 2003; e.†ev. 2005)
A_ev, µvwš ﾏ †Kv‡Yi msÁv `vI| (iv. †ev. 2001; Kz.†ev. 2006; 2003)
DËi : µvwš ﾏ †KvY :
msÁv : wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvKiwk¥
Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g
cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi mgq AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
†h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb
900 nq A_©vr cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥
we‡f`Zj †N‡l P‡j hvq Zv‡K nvjKv
gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ Nb gva¨‡gi µvwš ﾏ
†KvY e‡j|
µvwš ﾏ †KvY‡K mvaviYZ θc Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

wPÎ : µvwš ﾏ †KvY

cwigvc :
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 75

nvjKv gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ Nb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ µ n‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi

wbqgvbymv‡i wPÎ n‡Z cvB−
=
= = =
∴θc = sin−1
∴ Sin θc =
GwUB µvwš‡Kv‡Yi cwigvc|
cÖkœ : 11| µvwš †KvY wK Av‡jvi †e‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
A_ev, †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci µvwš †KvY wbf©ikxj?
DËi : µvwš †KvY Av‡jvi †e‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
e¨vL¨v : µvwš †KvY Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi GKwU NUbv| ZvB µvwš †KvYI
`ywU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| h_v−
1. gva¨g؇qi cÖK…wZ
2. Av‡jvi iO|
k ﾁ b¨ gva¨g Qvov wbw`©ó gva¨‡g wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jvi †eM wewfbœ
nq| Avevi wbw`©ó e‡Y©i Av‡jvi †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx
wewfbœ nq| Kv‡RB Av‡jvi †eM cwiewZ©Z nIqvi A_© n‡”Q gva¨g؇qi
cÖK…wZ wKsev Av‡jvi iO cwiewZ©Z nIqv| ZvB µvwš ﾏ †KvY Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
Dci wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkœ : 12| cvwbi mv‡c‡¶ nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY 330 ej‡Z wK †evS?
DËi : cvwbi mv‡c‡¶ nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY 330 ej‡Z †evSvq−
1. nxiK n‡Z cvwb‡Z wbw`©ó e‡Y©i Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi
mgq 330 †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ n‡j cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ nxiK I cvwbi we‡f`Zj
†N‡l hv‡e| A_©vr cÖwZmiY †KvY 900 n‡e|
2. AvcZb †KvY 330 Gi †ewk n‡j Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ n‡e bv| nxiK I
cvwbi we‡f`Zj †_‡K iwk¥ m¤•ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c nxi‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
cÖkœ : 13| Kuv‡Pi µvwš ﾏ †KvY 410 ej‡Z wK †evS? (h. †ev. 2004; 2000;
P.†ev. 2003)
DËi : Kv‡Pi µvwš ﾏ †KvY 410 ej‡Z †evSvq−
K. KuvP n‡Z k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g (ev evqy) hvIqvi c‡_ Av‡jvK iwk¥i AvcZb
†KvY 410 n‡j, cÖwZmiY †KvY 900 n‡e|
L. AvcZb †KvY 410 Gi †ewk n‡j Av‡jvK iwk¥i †Kvb cÖwZmiY n‡e bv|
AvcwZZ Av‡jvK cÖwZdj‡bi wbqgvbymv‡i Zv‡`i we‡f`Zj n‡Z
m¤•ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
M. Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼, µ =
N. k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jv‡Ki †eM C0 n‡j Kuv‡P Av‡jv‡Ki †eM = C0 × Sin 410|
cÖkœ : 14| c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb nIqvi kZ© wK wK? (h.†ev.
Xv.†ev. iv.†ev. Õ06; P. †ev. 2000 ; 2001; Kz.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005; ewi.†ev.
Õ04)
DËi : c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb :
msÁv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g µvwš ﾏ †Kv‡Yi †P‡q
eo gv‡bi †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq ZLb cÖwZmi‡Yi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvKiwk¥
76 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

m¤•ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c Nb gva¨‡gi Af¨š ﾏ ‡ i cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx cÖwZdwjZ nq|

GB NUbv‡K c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb e‡j|
c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdj‡bi kZ© :
1. Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K Nb I nvjKv gva¨‡gi we‡f`Z‡j AvcwZZ
n‡e|
2. iwk¥wUi AvcZb †KvY gva¨g؇qi µvwš ﾏ †KvY A‡c¶v eo n‡e|
cÖkœ : 15| Av‡jvi †Kvb NUbvi Kvi‡Y gi“f‚wg‡Z gixwPKv †`Lv
hvq? (Xv.†ev. Õ99)
DËi : Av‡jvi c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ gi“f‚wg‡Z gixwPKv †`Lv
hvq|
e¨vL¨v : gi“f‚wg‡Z m ﾁ ‡ h©i cÖPÊ
Zv‡c DËß evwj msjMœ evqy DËß
n‡q nvjKv nq Ges Dc‡ii w`‡K hvIqvi
d‡j µgk NbZi n‡Z _v‡K| DuPz †Kvb
j¶¨e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥ cw_‡Ki †Pv‡L
Avmvi mgq NbZi gva¨g †_‡K jNyZi
gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i ch©vµwgK
cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j hLb AvcZb †KvY
µvwš ﾏ † Kv‡Yi †P‡q eo nq ZLb Avi
cÖwZmwiZ bv n‡q Av‡jvi c ﾁ Y©
Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb N‡U Ges
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V euvKv
c‡_ cw_‡Ki †Pv‡L †cuŠ‡Q j¶¨e¯‘i
D‡ëv we¤^ aiv c‡o| ZLb cw_‡Ki
Kv‡Q mvg‡bi f‚-c„ô‡K `c©‡bi gZ
g‡b n‡e| GB ai‡bi `„wóåg nIqv‡K
gixwPKv e‡j| wPÎ : gixwPKv DrcwË

cÖkœ : 16| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi wK?

(Xv. †ev. 2005; 2004; 2000, h.†ev. 2006; 2000; 2002; P.†ev. 2006; P.†ev.
Kz.†ev. ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev.2003; Kz.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2004)
DËi : AcwUK¨vj dvBevi : AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡”Q Lye mi“ Ges bgbxq
KuvP Zš‘| Av‡jv en‡bi Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq|
hLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ KuvP Zš‘i GKcÖvš ﾏ w`‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb Zš‘i †`qv‡j evi
evi Gi c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb N‡U, hZ¶Y bv Aci cÖvš ﾏ w`‡q wbM©Z
nq| Gfv‡e Av‡jvKiwk¥ `‡Êi m¤•ﾁ Y© ˆ`N©¨ AwZµg K‡i| GK¸”Q AcwUK¨vj
dvBevi‡K Av‡jvK bj ejv nq|
wPwKrmKMY gvbe †`‡ni wfZ‡ii †Kvb Ask †`Lvi Rb¨ Giƒc Av‡jvK bj e¨envi
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 77

K‡ib|
cÖkœ : 17| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi wK Kv‡R jv‡M? (P.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
Õ05; h.†ev. 06; ;02; Kz.†ev. Õ99; Õ05; ewi.†ev. P.†ev. 2003)
DËi : AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii e¨envi : AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡”Q Lye mi“
Ges bgbxq KuvP Zš‘| AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii ga¨w`‡q Av‡jvKiwk¥ hvIqvi
mgq evi evi c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb N‡U Ges Aci cÖvš ﾏ w`‡q GK mgq
wbM©Z nq| Kv‡RB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi‡K euvKv c‡_ cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †Kvb
wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Av‡jv †djv hvq| Av‡jv hw`I †mvRv c‡_ P‡j Z_vwc
AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii ga¨w`‡q AuvKv euvKv c‡_ enb Kiv hvq| wb‡æv³ †¶‡Î
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi e¨eüZ nq|
K. euvKv c‡_ Av‡jvK en‡bi Rb¨|
L. wPwKrmKMY gvbe‡`‡ni wfZ‡ii †Kvb Ask †`Lvi Rb¨ AcwUK¨vj
dvBevi Z_v Av‡jvK bj e¨envi K‡ib|
M. j¨vc‡iv¯‹wcK †gwkb, P¶z Acv‡ik‡b e¨eüZ gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc BZ¨vw`
wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi m ﾁ ¶¥ hš ﾐ cvwZ‡Z AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii e¨envi
i‡q‡Q|
N. AvRKvj †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii e¨envi †kvbv hvq|
cÖkœ : 18| Av‡jvi †Kvb ag© Kv‡R jvwM‡q AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆZwi
Kiv nq? (ewi.†ev. 2003)
DËi : Av‡jvi c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
ˆZwi Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, Av‡jvK mij c‡_ Mgb K‡i| Kv‡RB euvKv c‡_ Av‡jvK
enb Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii GKcÖvš ﾏ w`‡q Av‡jvK cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡j Zvi Mv‡q evi evi c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdj‡bi gva¨‡g Ab¨cÖvš ﾏ
w`‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m|

wPÎ : AcwUK¨vj dvBevi

d‡j AcwUK¨vj dvBevi‡K AuvKv euvKv c‡_ cÖ‡ek Kwi‡qI †m c_ w`‡q
wbw`©ó Mš ﾏ‡e¨ Av‡jvK enb Kiv hvq| g ﾁ jZ euvKv c‡_ Av‡jvK en‡bi Rb¨B
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges Av‡jv‡Ki c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdj‡bi
ag©‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq|

Abykxjbxi
iPbvg ﾁ jK
78 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †ø‡ji m ﾁ ÎwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.†ev. 2006; 2002; wm.†ev.
2004; Kz.†ev. 2005; P.†ev. 2004)
A_ev, cÖwZmi‡Yi wØZxq m ﾁ ÎwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : †ø‡ji m ﾁ Î : cÖwZmi‡Yi wØZxq m ﾁ ·K †ø‡ji m ﾁ Î ejv nq|
m ﾁ Î : GK‡Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨g I wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
mvBb I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ aª“e _v‡K|
e¨vL¨v : GK‡Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨g I wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ hw` i1, i2, i3, . .
. AvcZb †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZmiY †KvY h_vµ‡g r1, r2, r3, . . . nq Zvn‡j †ø‡ji
m ﾁ Îvbymv‡i−
= = = .............. = µ = aª“e msL¨v

cÖkœ : 2| Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ cÖwZmiYv‡¼i m¤•K© e¨vL¨v Ki| (iv.

†ev. 2000 ; Xv. †ev. 2001;Kz.†ev. ewi.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, †`LvI †h, aµb = , hLb ms‡KZ¸‡jv cÖPwjZ A_© enb K‡i|
A_ev cÖwZmiYv¼ I Av‡jvi †e‡Mi msÁv `vI|
A_ev, Nb I nvjKv gva¨‡g AvcZb †Kvb cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mgvb ev
†ewk nq †Kb?
DËi : cÖwZmiYv¼ :
msÁv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g
Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I
cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ †h aª“e msL¨v nq Zv‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡gi
mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j| G‡K µ (wgD) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|
Av‡jv‡Ki †eM :
msÁv : †Kvb ¯^”Q gva¨‡g Av‡jvK GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê
†h ` ﾁ iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Dnv‡K H gva¨‡g Av‡jv‡Ki †eM e‡j| wewfbœ ¯^”Q
gva¨‡g Av‡jv‡Ki †eM wewfbœ| G‡K c Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cÖwZmiYv¼ Ges Av‡jvi †e‡Mi m¤•K© :
Av‡jv‡Ki Zi½ gZev` Abymv‡i, hw` †Kvb gva¨‡gi cig cÖwZmiYv¼ µ nq
Z‡e−
µ = =
GLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ hw` 'a' gva¨g †_‡K 'b' gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Zvn‡j 'a' gva¨‡gi
mv‡c‡¶ 'b' gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼,
aµb = =
∴ aµb = ... ... ... (i)
GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
Dc‡ii eY©bv Abymv‡i a nvjKv Ges b Nb gva¨g n‡j Av‡jvK iwk¥i−
i) a nvjKv gva¨g n‡Z b Nb gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e hvIqvi †¶‡Î,
aµb = = > 1 ∴ i > r.
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 79

ii) b gva¨g n‡Z a gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e hvIqvi †¶‡Î,

bµa = = < 1 ∴ i < r.
cÖkœ : 3| Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©‡qi GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
A_ev, cix¶v Øviv Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ θ‡jv cÖgvY Ki| (h.†ev. 2006)
DËi : Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©q :
cix¶v Øviv Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ ‡ Îi cÖgvY : Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A_ev Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ θ‡jvi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨
`ywU c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v−
1. wcb c×wZ
2. nvU©j Gi Av‡jvK Pµ c×wZ
GLv‡b Avgiv ïaygvÎ wcb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©q
A_ev Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m ﾁ θ‡jvi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kie|
ZË¡ : Av‡jvKiwk¥ k ﾁ b¨¯’vb (ev
evqy) †_‡K †Kvb ¯^”Q gva¨‡g
cÖwZmwiZ n‡j wbw`©ó e‡Y©i
Av‡jvi Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb
Ges cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi
AbycvZ GKwU aª“e msL¨v nq| GB
aª“e msL¨v‡K H gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j|
wP‡Î EO Av‡jvK iwk¥ O we›`y‡Z
AvcwZZ n‡q OR c‡_ cÖwZmwiZ n‡j
Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z hw` O1OO2 j¤^
Uvbv nq Zvn‡j,
i = ∠EOO1, r = ∠ROO2 GLv‡b, µ = gva¨‡gi
∴ µ = = cÖwZmiYv¼
i = AvcZb †KvY
r = cÖwZmiY †KvY

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY :
1. GKwU AvqZvKvi KuvPdjK|
2. GKwU Wªwqs †evW©
3. eo gv‡ci mv`v KvMR
4. wKQy j¤^v wcb
5. †¯‹j Ges †cwÝj|
Kv‡Ri aviv :
1. Wªwqs †ev‡W©i Dci
AvUKv‡bv mv`v KvM‡Ri Dci
GKwU AvqZvKvi KuvPdjK †i‡L
†cwÝj w`‡q Gi mxgv‡iLv ABCD
80 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wPwýZ Kwi|
2. AB c„‡ôi ms¯•‡k© Aew¯’Z O
we›`y‡Z GKwU wcb Ges E
we›`y‡Z Avi GKwU wcb
Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq †hb EO
†iLv AB Gi mv‡_ AvbZfv‡e
_v‡K|
3. Gevi CD c„‡ôi Mv †N‡l R
we›`y‡Z I wKQy ` ﾁ ‡ i S
we›`y‡Z h_vµ‡g `ywU wcb
Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq †hb
KuvPdj‡Ki g‡a¨ w`‡q †`L‡j E, O,
R, S GKB mij‡iLvq _v‡K|
4. Gici wcb¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †cwÝj w`‡q wPwýZ K‡i E, R, S we›`y †_‡K wcb
wZbwU mwi‡q †bqv nq|
5. DcwiD³ c×wZ‡Z F, T I Z we›`y‡Z wZbwU wcb Ggbfv‡e emv‡bv nq
†hb CD c„ô n‡Z KuvPdj‡Ki ga¨w`‡q †`L‡j F, O, T, Z GKB mij‡iLvq _v‡K|
6. Gevi KuvPdjK I wcb¸‡jv mwi‡q EO, FO, OR, OT †iLv Ges O we›`y‡Z AB
Gi Dci O1OO2 j¤^ A¼b Kiv nq|
7. GLb EO I FO AvcwZZ iwk¥Ø‡qi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g OR I OT cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ Ges
RS I TZ wbM©Z iwk¥|
ch©‡e¶Y :
i) †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ I Awfj¤^ KvM‡Ri
GKB c„‡ô A_©vr GKB mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z| AZGe, cÖ_g m ﾁ ÎwU
cÖgvwYZ nj|
ii) GLb AvcwZZ iwk¥ `ywUi Rb¨ AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZmiY †KvY cwigvc
K‡i †`Lv hvq †h,
= = µ (aª“e msL¨v)
GB aª“e msL¨v µ nj Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼| AZGe, wØZxq m ﾁ ÎwUI
cÖgvwYZ nj|
Avevi, =
Ges, = (wPÎvbymv‡i)
†¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc K‡i †`Lv hvq †h,
= = µ (aª“e msL¨v)
myZivs †KvY bv †g‡cI wØZxq m ﾁ Î cÖgvY Kiv hvq|
cªkœ : 4| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ µvwš ﾏ † KvY I c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb
e¨vL¨v Ki| (P.†ev. 2000; h.†ev. Õ99; 01 ; Kz.†ev. Õ05; Õ01; wm.†ev.
2001)
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 81

A_ev, msÁv `vI :

(i) µvwš ﾏ †KvY (ewi.†ev. 2005; wm.†ev. 2001)
(ii) c ﾁ Y©Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb (Kz.†ev. 2004)
DËi : µvwš ﾏ †KvY :
msÁv : wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvKiwk¥
Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g
cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi mgq AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
†h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb
900 nq A_©vr cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥
we‡f`Zj †N‡l P‡j hvq Zv‡K nvjKv
gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ Nb gva¨‡gi
µvwš ﾏ ‡ KvY e‡j| G‡K mvaviYZ θc
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
nvjKv gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ Nb gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmiYv¼ µ n‡j cÖwZmi‡Yi
wbqgvbymv‡i wPÎ n‡Z cvB−
= wPÎ : µvwš ﾏ †KvY
= = =
∴ Sin θc =

c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb :

msÁv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g µvwš ﾏ † Kv‡Yi †P‡q
eo gv‡bi †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq ZLb cÖwZmi‡Yi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvKiwk¥
m¤•ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c Nb gva¨‡gi Af¨š ﾏ ‡ i cÖwZdj‡bi m ﾁ Îvbyhvqx cÖwZdwjZ nq|
GB NUbv‡K c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb
cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ Awfj¤^ †_‡K `ﾁ‡i m‡i hvq|
wP‡Î AO Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g a †_‡K
nvjKv gva¨g b †Z †M‡j cÖwZm„Z n‡q
′
OA c‡_ Awfj¤^ †_‡K ` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i hvq| GLb
AvcZb †KvY µgk evov‡Z _vK‡j
cÖwZmiY †KvYI evo‡Z _vK‡e| Gfv‡e
evo‡Z evo‡Z Ggb GKUv AvcZb †KvY
cvIqv hv‡e hvi Rb¨ cÖwZm„Z †Kv‡Yi
gvb n‡e me©vwaK 900| †m‡¶‡Î BO
AvcwZZ iwk¥i Rb¨ cÖwZm„Z iwk¥
we‡f`Zj †N‡l OB′ c‡_ P‡j hv‡e| AvcZb
†Kv‡Yi GB gvb‡K µvwš ﾏ‡KvY e‡j|
82 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

wP‡Î ∠BOO′ = θc = µvwš ﾏ †KvY wPÎ : c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb

AvcZb †Kv‡Yi gvb hw` AviI evov‡bv nq Zv n‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥ Avi cÖwZm„Z
n‡e bv| m¤• ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Nb gva¨‡g wd‡i Avm‡e| wP‡Î CO
AvcwZZ iwk¥i Rb¨ GB cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ nj OD| GB NUbv‡K Af¨š ﾏ ixY
cÖwZdjb e‡j| Av‡jvK iwk¥ m¤• ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m e‡j G‡K
c ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb e‡j|
cÖkœ : 5| gi“f‚wgi gixwPKv e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv. †ev. Õ99; h.†ev. iv.†ev.
2005; ewi.†ev. 2004)
DËi : gi“f‚wgi gixwPKv :
gixwPKv GK cÖKvi `„wóåg hv mvaviYZ gi“f‚wg‡Z w`‡bi †ejvq N‡U _v‡K|
gi“f‚wg‡Z m ﾁ ‡ h©i Zv‡c evwj LyeB DËß nq| †mR‡b¨ H evwj msjMœ
evqy¯ﾏ i †ewk DËß| d‡j wb‡Pi evqy AZ¨š ﾏ nvjKv nq| Avi hZB Dc‡i DVv hvq
ZZB evqyi ZvcgvÎv Kg‡Z _v‡K e‡j evqy µgk NbZi n‡Z _v‡K|
GB Ae¯’vq gi“f‚wg‡Z ` ﾁ ‡ ii †Kvb MvQ
A n‡Z AvMZ †Kvb Av‡jvKiwk¥
cÖwZm„Z n‡q wb‡Pi Kg Nb‡Z¡i
¯ﾏ i¸‡jv‡Z Awfj¤^ n‡Z µgk ` ﾁ‡ i †eu‡K
hvq| d‡j wb‡Pi ¯ ﾏ i¸‡jv‡Z H iwk¥i
AvcZb †KvY µgk evo‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e
iwk¥wU Ggb GKwU ¯ ﾏ ‡ i G‡m
†cuŠQvq †hLv‡b Gi AvcZb †KvY, H ¯ﾏ
i Ges wb‡Pi ¯ ﾏ ‡ ii µvwš ﾏ ‡ KvY A‡c¶v
eo nq| d‡j ¯ﾏ iwUi O we›`y‡Z iwk¥wU
c ﾁ Y© cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K
hvÎv ïi“ K‡i|
GLb Dc‡ii w`‡K hvÎv c‡_ iwk¥wU
µgk jNyZi ¯ ﾏ i n‡Z NbZi ¯ ﾏ ‡ ii
ga¨w`‡q hvq e‡j Zv µgk Dc‡ii w`‡K
euvK‡Z _v‡K| †kl ch©š ﾏ Ggbfv‡e
†Kvb cw_‡Ki †Pv‡L †cuŠQvq †hb
iwk¥wU wb‡Pi †Kvb we›`y A′ n‡Z
Avm‡Q| wPÎ : gixwPKvi DrcwË
GKBfv‡e MvQ n‡Z Ab¨ iwk¥¸‡jv †Pv‡L †cuŠQv‡j MvQwU f‚wgi wb‡P
Dëvfv‡e Aew¯’Z g‡b n‡e| d‡j cw_‡Ki Kv‡Q MvQwU †Kvb Rjvk‡qi cv‡o
Aew¯’Z e‡j g‡b nq| Avevi AweiZ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ evqy¯ ﾏ ‡ ii
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 83

Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Mv‡Qi Dëv cÖwZwe¤^wUI Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z

Rjvk‡qi Ae¯’vb m¤•‡K© cw_‡Ki aviYv AviI my`„p nq| cw_K Z…òvZ©| †m
cvwbi AvksKvq Mv‡Qi w`‡K hv‡e Ges cvwb bv †c‡q cÖewÂZ I weåvš ﾏ
n‡e| `„wói GB åg‡K gixwPKv e‡j|
cÖkœ : 6| Mi‡gi w`‡b wcPXvjv gm„Y ivRc‡_ gixwPKv †`Lv hvq
†Kb e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi : Mi‡gi w`‡b wcPXvjv gm„Y ivRc‡_ gixwPKv †`Lv hvq|
e¨vL¨v : Mi‡gi w`‡b ivRc_ DËß nq I evqy¯ﾏ i nvjKv nq| ZvB Av‡jvK iwk¥
GB mgq NbZi gva¨g †_‡K jNyZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j cÖwZm„Z
iwk¥ Awfj¤^ †_‡K ` ﾁ ‡ i m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e euvK‡Z euvK‡Z Ggb GKUv
¯ ﾏ ‡ i Av‡m hLb AvcZb †KvY µvwš ﾏ † Kv‡Yi †P‡q eo nq| GB mgq Av‡jvK
iwk¥i cÖwZmiY bv n‡q m¤• ﾁ Y© Af¨š ﾏ ixY cÖwZdjb nq I Av‡jvKiwk¥
Dc‡ii w`‡K euvKv c‡_ †Pv‡L †cuŠ‡Q| d‡j Avgiv D³ ivRc‡_ cvwb g„`yg›`
Kuvc‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| ZvB Mi‡gi w`‡b wcP Xvjv gm„Y ivRc‡_ gixwPKv †`Lv
hvq|

AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv‡¼i mv‡_ µvwš ﾏ † Kv‡Yi
m¤•K© ¯’vcb Ki|
DËi : cÖwZmiYv‡¼i mv‡_ µvwš ﾏ †Kv‡Yi m¤•K© :
cÖwZmiYv‡¼i msÁv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q
gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
mvBb I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ †h aª“e msL¨v nq Zv‡K cÖ_g
gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j| GK µ (wgD) Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
µvwš ﾏ ‡Kv‡Yi msÁv :
wbw`©ó i‡Oi Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g
†_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi
mgq AvcZb †Kv‡Yi †h gv‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb 900 nq A_©vr
cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ we‡f`Zj †N‡l P‡j hvq
Zv‡K nvjKv gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ Nb
gva¨‡gi µvwš ﾏ † Kvb e‡j| G‡K θc Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
GLb aiv hvK, Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g a
n‡Z nvjKv gva¨g b †Z cÖwZm„Z
84 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

n‡”Q| wPÎ :
g‡b Kwi, Nb gva¨‡g µvwš ﾏ † KvY θc †Z AvcwZZ n‡”Q| Nb gva¨‡gi
cÖwZmibvsK µa I nvjKv gva¨‡gi cÖwZmibvsK µb n‡j †ø‡ji m ﾁ ‡ Îi mvaviY
iƒc †_‡K −
µa Sin θc = µb Sin 900
ev, =
ev, =
ev, bµa =
A_©vr nvjKv gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ Nb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼, Nb gva¨‡g
µvwš ﾏ †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi wecixZ msL¨v|
nvjKv gva¨g evqy n‡j (µb = 1) Ges Nb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ µ ai‡j,
µ =
ev, Sin θc =
A_©vr †Kvb gva¨‡gi µvwš ﾏ † Kv‡Yi mvBb H gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv‡¼i wecixZ
msL¨vi mgvb| BnvB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 2| Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼ :
Av‡jvK iwk¥ hLb k ﾁ b¨ gva¨g Qvov GK
gva¨g n‡Z Ab¨ gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb Ges cÖwZm„Z
†Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ‡K cÖ_g gva¨g
mv‡c‡¶ wØZxq gva¨‡gi Av‡cw¶K
cÖwZmiYv¼ e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : Av‡jvK iwk¥ a gva¨g n‡Z b
gva¨‡g cÖwZm„Z nIqvi mgq hw`
AvcZb †KvY i Ges cÖwZm„Z †KvY r nq
Z‡e a gva¨‡gi mv‡c‡¶ b gva¨‡gi
Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼−
aµb = wPÎ : Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼

cÖkœ : 3| cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb wK wK wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?

DËi : cÖwZmiYv‡¼i wbf©ikxjZv :
†Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
1. gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZ : Av‡jv †Kvb gva¨g †_‡K AvcwZZ n‡”Q Zvi Dci|
†hgbÑ evqy †_‡K Kuv‡P Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Kv‡Pi †h cÖwZmiYv¼
n‡e, cvwb †_‡K Kv‡P Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ Zv n‡e
bv|
2. Av‡jvi i‡Oi Dci : wewfbœ e‡Y©i Av‡jv‡Ki Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 85

cÖwZmiYv¼ wfbœ nq|

†hgbÑ mvZwU e‡Y©i g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Rb¨ gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼
me©v‡c¶v Kg Ges †e¸bx Av‡jvi Rb¨ cÖwZmiYv¼ me©v‡c¶v
†ewk nq|
3. gva¨‡gi Av‡jvKxq NbZ¡ : †h ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi Av‡jvKxq NbZ¡ hZ
†ewk; Zvi cÖwZmiYv¼I ZZ †ewk|
cÖkœ : 4| Ônxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼ Kuv‡Pi †P‡q †ewk− G Dw³
m¤•‡K© gva¨g `y‡Uvi Av‡jvK m¤^Üxq ¸Yvewji wK aviYv jvf Kiv
hvq?
DËi : wbæwjwLZ Av‡jvK m¤^Üxq ¸Yvewj m¤•‡K© aviYv jvf hvq−
1. Avgiv Rvwb †h, gva¨g hZ †ewk Nb A_ev Kg ¯^”Q Zvi cÖwZmiYv¼
ZZ †ewk| myZivs nxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼ Kuv‡Pi †P‡q †ewk ej‡Z eySv
hvq− gva¨g wn‡m‡e nxiK Kuv‡Pi †P‡q †ewk Nb ev Kg ¯^”Q|
2. evqy ev k ﾁ b¨ †_‡K K7v‡P Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †h cwigvY euvK‡e,
nxi‡K Zvi †P‡q †ewk euvK‡e|
3. †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ hZ †ewk nq, †mB gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM ZZ
Kg nq| G †_‡K eySv hvq− Kuv‡Pi †P‡q nxi‡K Av‡jvi †eM Kg|
cÖkœ : 5| nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY 24030′ ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY 24030′ Gi A_© n‡”Q−
1. nxiK n‡Z k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g ev evqy‡Z hvevi mgq Av‡jvKiwk¥i AvcZb
†KvY 24030′ n‡j cÖwZmiY †KvY 900 n‡e| AvcZb †KvY 24030′ Gi †ewk n‡j
Av‡jvKiwk¥i †Kvb cÖwZmiY n‡e bv| AvcwZZ Av‡jvK cÖwZdj‡bi
wbqgvbymv‡i we‡f`Zj n‡Z m¤•ﾁ Y©iƒ‡c cÖwZdwjZ n‡e|
2. k ﾁ b¨ ev evqy gva¨‡g n‡Z †mvRvmywR nxi‡Ki g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †Kvb
e¯‘‡K j¶¨ Ki‡j e¯‘wUi AvcvZ MfxiZv cÖK…Z MfxiZvi Sin 24030′ ¸Y n‡e|
MvwYwZK
mgm¨vewj I
mgvavb
◆ hv Rvbv `iKvi
1. Oηw = GLv‡b, Oηw = kb¨ gva¨‡gi mv‡c¶ (0) cvwbi (w)
cÖwZmivsK|
Co = kb¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM|
Cw = cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM
2. η = GLv‡b, η = cÖwZmivYvsK
θc = µvwš‡KvY
MvwYwZK
D`vniYmg
86 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb

ﾁn
D`vniY : 1| †ebwR‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2 × 108 ms−1 n‡j †K‡ivwm‡b Av‡jvi †eM
wbY©q Ki| †ebwR‡bi mv‡c‡¶ †K‡ivwm‡bi cÖwZmiYv¼ 0.96| (ewi.†ev.
2005; wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2002; Kz.†ev. 2006; 2001; P.†ev. 2003)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
η
bk = †ebwR‡b Av‡jvi †eM, Cb = 2 × 108ms−1
ev, Ck = †ebwR‡bi mv‡c‡¶ †K‡ivwm‡bi
cÖwZmiYv¼, bηk = 0.96
†K‡ivwm‡bi Av‡jvi †eM, Ck = ?
=
= 2.08 × 108 ms−1
DËi : †K‡ivwm‡b Av‡jvi †eM = 2.08 × 108 ms−1
D`vniY : 2| ei‡di cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.3 n‡j Gi µvwš ﾏ †KvY KZ?
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
η = ei‡di cÖwZmiYv¼, η =
1.3
µvwš ﾏ †KvY, θc = ?
ev, Sin θc =
ev, Sin θc =
ev, Sin θc = 0.7692 = Sin (50.280)
∴ θc = 50.280
DËi : µvwš ﾏ †KvY = 50.280|
D`vniY : 3| nxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼ 2.4 n‡j Gi µvwš ﾏ †KvY wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
η = nxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼, η
= 2.4
nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY, θc
= ?
ev, Sin θc = =
= 0.4167 = Sin (24.60)
∴ θc = 24.60
DËi : nxi‡Ki µvwš ﾏ †KvY = 24.60
D`vniY : 4| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb gva¨‡gi µvwš ﾏ † KvY 300 n‡j H
gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? (P.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
η = µvwš ﾏ‡KvY, θc = 300
cÖwZmiYv¼, η = ?
= = = 2
DËi : cÖwZmiYv¼, η = 2
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 87

D`vniY : 5| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ cvwbi µvwš ﾏ † KvY 48.50| cvwbi

cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©q Ki| (Sin 48.50 = 0.75)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
η = µvwš ﾏ †KvY, θc = 48.50
= = cÖwZmiYv¼, η = ?
∴ η = 1.33
DËi : cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼ = 1.33.

Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM 3 × 108 ms−1 n‡j cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi
†eM wbY©q Ki| cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.33| mgvavb:
(h.†ev. 2006; 2004; Kz.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. Õ99; iv.†ev. 2002)
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
OηW = k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM, O
ev, CW = = 3 × 108 ms−1
cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼, ηW =
1.33
cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM, CW = ?
=
= 2.26 × 108ms−1
DËi : cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM = 2.26 × 108ms−1.
mgm¨v : 2| wMmvwi‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.09| wM-
mvwi‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2.04 × 108ms−1 n‡j Kuv‡P Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q Ki|
(Xv.†ev. wm.†ev. 2006; m.†ev. Õ98, P.†ev. 2001; Xv.†ev. 2003 Abyiƒc)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
glηg = wMmvwi‡bi mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi
ev, cg= cÖwZmiYv¼ glηg = 1.09
wMmvwi‡b Av‡jvi †eM, cgl =
2.04 × 108ms−1
Kuv‡P Av‡jvi †eM, cg = ?
= = 1.87 × 108ms−1
DËi : Kuv‡P Av‡jvi †eM = 1.87 × 108ms−1.
mgm¨v : 3| a gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ b gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ n‡j b gva¨‡gi
µvwš ﾏ †KvY wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi,
b gva¨‡gi µvwš ﾏ †KvY θc
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
88 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
n
b a = n
a b =
ev, = ∴ bna =
ev, Sinθc = AvcZb †KvY; i = θc
ev, Sin θc = Sin 45 0
[∴ Sin45 = ]
0
cÖwZmiY †KvY r = 900
ev, θc = 450

∴ b gva¨‡gi µvwš †KvY 450

AwZwi³
MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| †ebwR‡bi mv‡c‡¶ †K‡ivwm‡bi cÖwZmiYv¼ 0.96 Ges
†K‡ivwm‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2.8×108ms−1 n‡j †ebwR‡bi Av‡jvi †eM KZ? (P.†ev.
2004)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
bηk = †K‡ivwm‡bi Av‡jvi †eM, Ck= 2.08 × 108ms−
1
Cb = bηk × Ck
†ebwRb mv‡c‡¶ †K‡ivwm‡bi
= 0.96 × 2.08 × 108ms−1
cÖwZmiYv¼, bηk = 0.96
= 1.9968 × 108ms−1
= 2 × 108ms−1
†ebwR‡b Av‡jvi †eM, Cb = ?
DËi : †ebwR‡b Av‡jvi †eM 2 × 108ms−1
mgm¨v : 2| cvwbi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.33 Ges cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM 2.26 ×
108ms−1 n‡j, k ﾁ b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q Ki| (iv.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 2005)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
ηw = cvwbi cÖwZmiYv¼, ηw = 1.33
C = ηw × Cw cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM, Cw = 2.26 × 108ms−1
= 1.33 × 2.26 × 108 k ﾁ‡b¨ Av‡jvi †eM, C = ?
= 3.0058 × 108
= 3.01 × 108ms−1
DËi : k ﾁ‡b¨ Av‡jvi †eM 3.01 × 108ms−1
mgm¨v : 3| A gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ B gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.09| A gva¨‡g
Av‡jvi †eM 2.26 × 108ms−1 n‡j B gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM KZ? (iv.†ev. 2006)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 89

η A gva¨g mv‡c‡¶ B gva¨‡gi

A B =
CB = cÖwZmiYv¼, AηB = 1.09
= A gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM, CA = 2.26 × 108ms−1
= 2.073 × 108ms−1 B gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM, CB = ?

ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. `ywU ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi we‡f`Z‡j ✓ M. Av‡jvi cY© Af¨šixY
Av‡jvK iwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b cÖwZdjb
Kivi NUbv‡K wK e‡j? (P.†ev. N. Av‡jvi †cvjviY|
2000)
K. cÖwZdjb ✓ L. cÖwZmiY AwZwi³
M. †cvjviY N. AceZ©b ˆbe©¨w³K
2. wbw`©ó gva¨‡gi cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb †Kvb&wUi
Dci wbf©i K‡i? (wm.†ev. 2002; 1| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi †Kv_vq
Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev. Õ99; m.†ev. e¨eüZ nq? (P.†ev. 2000)
Õ98) K. cÖ‡KŠkj KvR ✓ L.
wPwKrmv Kv‡R
✓ K. gva¨‡gi NbZ¡ L. AvcZb
M. †R¨vwZlxi Kv‡R N.
†KvY
Mvwoi Kv‡R
M. Av‡jvi iO N. cÖwZmiY †KvY 2| A gva¨‡gi cÖZmiv¼ 1.3 Ges B
3. †Kvb& k‡Z© cY© Af¨šixY gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiv¼ 1.5 n‡j
cÖwZdjb NU‡e? Av‡jv− (Xv.†ev. 2000)
(wm.†ev. 2005; Xv.†ev. 2000; Õ99; K. A gva¨‡gi †P‡qI B gva¨‡g `ª“Z
Kz.†ev. Õ99) Pj‡e
K. AvcZb †KvY µvwš †Kv‡Yi L. B gva¨‡gi †P‡qI A gva¨‡gi `ª“Z
†P‡q †QvU n‡e Pj‡e
L. AvcZb †KvY µvwš †Kv‡Yi M. Dfq gva¨‡g mgvb †e‡M Pj‡e
†P‡q eo n‡e ✓ N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB mwVK bq
3| Kuv‡Pi mv‡c‡¶ evqyi
✓ M. AvcZb †KvY µvwš †Kv‡Yi
cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ?
mgvb n‡e (Xv.†ev. 2005; h.†ev. 2000)
K. AvcZb †KvY cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi ✓ K. 0.66 L. 1
mgvb n‡e M. 1.66 N. 1.5
4. gixwPKvq †Kvb& NUbv N‡U? 4| wb‡Pi †KvbwUi cÖwZmiYv¼
(Xv.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. 2000; P.†ev. Õ99) Kg? (iv.†ev. Õ99)
A_ev, wb‡Pi †KvbwU gixwPKv K. †K‡ivwmb L. †ebwRb
m„wói Rb¨ `vqx (iv.†ev. Õ04) M. wMmvwib ✓N. cvwb
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb 5| wbDUªb †kvlY Kivi Rb¨
L. Av‡jvi we”QyiY wbDwK¬q wiÑq¨vKU‡i wK
90 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
e¨envi Kiv nq? ✓ L. †e¸wb i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
(Kz.†ev. Õ99) M. Avmgvbx i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
✓ K. wb‡Kj `Ê L. Kve©b `Ê N. njy` i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
M. K¨vWwgqvg `Ê N. 14| †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
cvwUbvg `Ê gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb
6| evqy gva¨g †_‡K KvP gva¨‡g me‡P‡q Kg? (Xv.†ev. 2002)
Av‡jv hw` j¤^fv‡e AvcwZZ nq ✓ K. jvj i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
Zvn‡j wK cwigvY Av‡jv L. †e¸wb i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
cÖwZdwjZ n‡e? M. Avmgvbx i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
(Kz.†ev. 2001) N. njy` i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
K. 5% cÖvq L. 10% cÖvq 15| †Kvb gva¨‡gi Av‡jvKxq NbZ¡
✓ M. 1.32 N. 2.34 †ewk?
7| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ cvwbi ✓ K. †h gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ †ewk
cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? L. †h gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼ Kg
(Kz.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2002; h.†ev. Õ99) M. †h gva¨g Av‡jvi mv‡c‡¶ jNyZi
✓ K. 1.33 L. 2.33 N. NbZ¡ gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Dci
M. 1.32 N. 2.34 wbf©i K‡i bv
8| Av‡jv GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ 16| kb¨ (f¨vwKDqvg) mv‡c‡¶
†Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv¼‡K
gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek Kivi
wK ejv nq?
mgq †Kv_vq Gi MwZc_
✓ K. cig cÖwZmiYv¼ L.
cwiewZ©Z nq? Av‡cw¶K cÖwZmiYv¼
✓ K. we‡f` Z‡j L. mgZ‡j M. AvcvZ cÖwZmiYv¼ N.
M. mgmË¡ gva¨‡g N. AmgmË¡ cÖK…wZ cÖwZmiYv¼
gva¨‡g 17| wbw`©ó GK‡Rvov ¯^”Q
9| evqy mv‡c‡¶ Kuv‡Pi cig gva¨‡gi Rb¨ †Kvb& i‡Oi Av‡jvi
cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? †¶‡Î cÖwZmiYv¼ me‡P‡q
(P.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2001) †ewk?
K. 1.44 L. 1.50 K. jvj L. njy` (h.†ev.
M. 1.4172 ✓ N. 1.5 2003)
10| gvbe‡`‡ni †fZ‡ii †Kvb Ask †`Lvi M. meyR ✓ N. †e¸wb
Rb¨ wK e¨eüZ nq? 18| nxi‡Ki µvwš †KvY KZ
(Kz.†ev. 2002) wWwMÖ?
K. Kw¤•DUvi L. †cwi‡¯‹vc (h.†ev. 2006; 2005; Õ iv.†ev. 2006;
M. †Öw_‡¯‹vc ✓ N. AcwUK¨vj 2002; Xv.†ev. 2006; 2001; e.†ev.
dvBevi 2001)
11| nxi‡Ki cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? (iv.†ev. K. 11° ✓ L. 24°
2003) M. 42° N. 45°
✓ K. 2.4172 L. 1.5 19| njy` Av‡jvi Rb¨ cvwbi mv‡c‡¶
M. 1.50 N. 1.44 Kuv‡Pi µvwš †KvY KZ? (Kz.†ev.
12| †K‡ivwm‡bi cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? 2005; iv.†ev. 2002)
(wm.†ev. Õ04; ewi.†ev. Õ06) K. 240 L. 450
K. 1.5 ✓ L. 1.44 ✓ M. 60 0
N. 900
M. 1.50 N. 1.5438 20| µvwš †Kv‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZmiY
13| †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †KvY KZ n‡e?
gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiYv‡¼i gvb
K. 300 L. 450
me‡P‡q †ewk? 0
M. 60 ✓ N. 900
(h.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2004; P.†ev. 2003)
21| Lye mi“ Ges bgbxq KuvP Zš‘
K. jvj i‡Oi Av‡jvi Rb¨
hv Av‡jv en‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq
 K¨vjwiwgwZ 91

Zv‡K wK e‡j? Kv‡Pi mv‡c‡¶ evqyi

✓ K. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi L. cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ n‡e?
Av‡jvKK bj [h.†ev. 2005]
M. Av‡jvK †PvO N. Av‡jvK iwk¥ K. 1.5 ✓ L. 0.66
22| Av‡jvi †Kvb& mÎ‡K †ø‡ji mÎ M. 1.33 N. 0.75
e‡j? (Xv.†ev. 2004) 28| cÖwZmiYv‡¼i GKK wK?
K. cÖwZdj‡bi 1g mÎ‡K L. [ewi.†ev. 2005]
cÖwZdi‡bi 2q mÎ‡K K. wgwjwgUvi L. gvBµb
M. cÖwZmi‡Yi 1g mÎ‡K ✓N. M. wgD ✓ N. GKK †bB
cÖwZmi‡Yi 2q mÎ‡K 29| cvwbi mv‡c‡¶ evqyi
23| AcwUK¨vj dvBeviÑ wK? cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ? [iv.†ev. 2004]
(iv.†ev. 2003) K. 1.5 L. 1.33
K. KvV L. mi KuvP ✓ M. 0.75 N. 0.66
M. †gvUv KuvP ✓ N. Lye mi“ 30| 'b' gva¨g hw` 'a' gva¨‡gi
bgbxq KuvP Zš‘| †P‡q Av‡jvi mv‡c‡¶ Nb nq
24| †e¸bx iO Gi Nb wd«›U Zvn‡j, wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
Kvu‡Pi cÖwZmiv¼ KZ? [ewi.†ev. 2004]
[Kz.†ev. 2006] ✓ K. bηa > 1 L. aηb > 1
✓ K. 1.6980 L. 1.6836 η
M. a b < 1 N. bηa < 1
M. 1.6738 N. 1.6670 31| msKU †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î †Kvb&wU
25| kb¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM 3 × mwVK? [ewi.†ev. 2004]
108ms−1 n‡j cvwb‡Z Av‡jvi †eM K. cÖwZmiY †KvY 600 L.
KZ? [wm.†ev. 2006] AvcZb †KvY 900
✓ K. 2.26 × 108ms−1 L. 2.26 × 108cms−1 ✓ M. cÖwZmiY †KvY 900 N.
M. 2.26 × 1010ms−1N. 2.26 × 108kms−1 AvcZb †KvY 600
26| †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jvi 32| †Kvb& †¶‡Î Av‡jvi cY©
cÖwZmiv‡¼i gvb me‡P‡q Kg? Af¨šixY cÖwZdjb NU‡e? hLb,
[ewi.†ev. 2006] − [Xv.†ev. 2000; wm.†ev. 2001,
✓ K. jvj L. Kgjv 2006]
M. njy` N. †e¸wb ✓ K. i > θc L. i < θc
27| evqyi mv‡c‡¶ Kv‡Pi M. i < θc N. i = 900
cÖwZmiYv¼ hw` 3/2 nq, Z‡e