1. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?
A) mean
B) scatterplot
C) standard deviation
D) correlation coefficient
2. Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant
if:
A) the difference between the samples is large.
B) the standard deviations of the samples are large.
C) both samples are drawn from the same population.
D) the sample means are larger than the sample medians.
4. Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on patients' discovering their own ways
of effectively dealing with their difficulties?
A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) client-centered therapy
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5. Systematic desensitization is a form of:
A) biomedical therapy.
B) counterconditioning.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) humanistic therapy.
6. Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their
negative interpretations of events?
A) client-centered therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) cognitive therapy
D) light exposure therapy
8. At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can
only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience
illustrates:
A) source amnesia.
B) the next-in-line effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.
9. DSM-IV focuses on clinicians' reports of observable behavior in order to:
A) facilitate the reliability of diagnoses.
B) shorten the time it takes to make a diagnosis.
C) avoid invading clients' psychological privacy.
D) reduce the need for medical terminology in psychological assessments.
10. A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the:
A) DID.
B) medical model.
C) DSM-IV.
D) biopsychosocial approach.
11. Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon
become the “King of the Universe.” Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from:
A) delusions.
B) obsessions.
C) hallucinations.
D) dissociative identity disorder.
12. Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to sexually seduce the
male nurses in her hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from:
A) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) delusions of grandeur.
C) a dissociative disorder.
D) hallucinations.
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13. The experience of auditory hallucinations by people with schizophrenia is most closely
linked with the activation of areas in their:
A) motor cortex.
B) angular gyrus.
C) temporal lobes.
D) hypothalamus.
18. If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the
presentation of food, the tone is called a(n):
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary reinforcer.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) immediate reinforcer.
19. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
20. The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of
________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of
others.
A) normative influences; informational influences
B) informational influences; normative influences
C) personal dispositions; situational influences
D) situational influences; personal dispositions
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21. Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience
experiment because:
A) the “learners” made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed shocking another person.
C) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
D) the “learners” obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.
27. After finding her old combination lock, Janice can't remember its combination because
she keeps confusing it with the combination of her new lock. She is experiencing:
A) proactive interference.
B) retroactive interference.
C) encoding failure.
D) storage failure.
28. Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her
explanation for the accident provides an example of:
A) the bystander effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) a dispositional attribution.
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29. According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated
with:
A) an oral fixation.
B) free association.
C) learned helplessness.
D) the Oedipus complex.
30. Which of the following sequences would be best to follow if you wanted to minimize
interference-induced forgetting in order to improve your recall on the psychology
midterm?
A) study, eat, test
B) study, sleep, test
C) study, listen to music, test
D) study, exercise, test
32. Brenda has trouble remembering her new five-digit zip plus four-digit address code.
What is the most likely explanation for the difficulty Brenda is having?
A) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's short-term memory
capacity.
B) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's iconic memory capacity.
C) The extra four digits cannot be organized into easily remembered chunks.
D) Brenda evidently has an impaired implicit memory.
33. Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms most closely associated with:
A) schizophrenia.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) dysthymic disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.
34. If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise.
This best illustrates:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the chameleon effect.
36. Bob has never been able to keep a job. He's been in and out of jail for charges such as
theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having:
A) a dissociative identity disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) an antisocial personality.
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37. Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His
deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is
indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior
best illustrates:
A) schizophrenia.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) an antisocial personality disorder.
38. Anthony is 32 years old, well above average in intelligence, and quite charming. He has
swindled several elderly people out of their life savings, and he seems to have little
feeling for his victims, nor does he fear the consequences of getting caught. His
behavior is evidence of:
A) schizophrenia.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) a personality disorder.
D) a dissociative disorder.
42. Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so
extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to
provide her with the quickest relief from her misery?
A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) drug therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) cognitive therapy
43. During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing
personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this
stuttering as:
A) neurogenesis.
B) tardive dyskinesia.
C) transference.
D) resistance.
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45. Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy
outcomes are attributable to:
A) meta-analysis.
B) the placebo effect.
C) progressive relaxation.
D) stress inoculation training.
46. Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of
therapy.
A) clearly communicate their diagnosis of a client's disorder
B) genuinely express their own true feelings
C) explain the immediate causes of a client's difficulties
D) identify a hierarchy of the client's anxiety-arousing experiences
47. Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that
cannot be proven or disproven?
A) client-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) cognitive-behavior therapy
D) systematic desensitization
48. Unlike psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________
more than the ________.
A) present; future
B) past; present
C) present; past
D) past; future
49. Mental health therapies that involve prescribed drugs or other procedures that act
directly on a patient's nervous system are:
A) cognitive therapies.
B) behavior therapies.
C) biomedical therapies.
D) psychodynamic therapies.
50. Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central
aim of:
A) cognitive therapies.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) light exposure therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.
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Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. C
11. A
12. D
13. C
14. A
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. C
19. A
20. D
21. C
22. D
23. D
24. C
25. D
26. C
27. B
28. D
29. D
30. B
31. C
32. A
33. A
34. D
35. D
36. D
37. D
38. C
39. B
40. C
41. C
42. A
43. D
44. D
45. B
46. B
47. B
48. C
49. C
50. D
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