PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

Plant cells are quite different from the cells of the other eukaryotic
kingdoms' organisms. Their distinctive features include:

• A large central vacuole (enclosed by a membrane, the tonoplast), which

maintains the cell's turgor and controls movement of molecules between
the cytosol and sap, which stores useful material and waste.
• A cell wall composed of cellulose, and in many cases lignin, and deposited by
the protoplast on the outside of the cell membrane. This contrasts with the cell
walls of fungi, which are made of chitin, and prokaryotes, of flagella (including
conifers and flowering plants) also lack centrioles that are present in
animal cells.
 Cell types
• Parenchyma cells- These cells are the biochemistry
machines of the plant.
• They are alive at maturity and are specialized in any
number of structural and biochemical ways.
• Other than support functions, this cell type is the
basis for all plant structure and function. Parenchyma
cells have thin primary walls, and highly functional
cytoplasm.
• The cells are alive at maturity and are responsible for
a wide range of biochemical function. For example,
other than xylem in vascular bundles, the leaf is
composed of parenchyma cells.
• Some, as in the epidermis, are specialized for light
penetration, regulating gas exchange, or anti-
herbivory physiology. Other cells, as in the
mesophyll, are specialized for photosynthesis or
phloem loading.
• Collenchyma cells - Collenchyma cells are also alive at
maturity and have only a primary wall. These cells mature
from meristem derivatives. They pass briefly through a stage
resembling parenchyma, however they are determined to
differentiate into collenchyma, and this fact is quite obvious
from the very earliest stages. Plastids do not develop and
secretory apparatus (ER and Golgi) proliferates to assist in the
accumulation of additional primary wall. This is laid down
where three or more cells come in contact. Areas of wall
where only two cells come in contact remain as thin as those
of parenchyma cells.
• The design and function is to build and maintain the
special unevenly thick primary cell wall. The cells are
also typically quite elongate. The role of this cell type
is to support the plant in areas still growing in length.
The primary wall lacks lignin that would make it
brittle, so this cell type provides what could be called
plastic support. Support that can hold a young stem or
petiole into the air, but in cells that can be stretched as
the cells around them elongate. Stretchable support
(without elastic snap-back) is a good way to describe
what collenchyma does. Parts of the strings in celery
are collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma cells - These cells are hard and brittle (as
you might expect from the root: scler-. The cells develop
an extensive secondary cell wall (laid down on the inside
of the primary wall). This wall is invested with lignin,
making it extremely hard. Lignin, plus suberin and/or
cutin make the wall waterproof as well. Thus, these cells
cannot survive for long as they cannot exchange materials
well enough for active (or even maintaining) metabolism.
They are typically dead at functional maturity...the
cytoplasm is missing by the time the cell can begin to
carry out its funciton
 Tissue types

• cells of Arabidopsis epidermis

 Functions for sclerenchyma cells
include discouraging herbivory (hard
cells that rip open digestive passages in
small insect larval stages, hard cells
forming a pit wall in a peach fruit),
support (the wood in a tree trunk, fibers
in large herbs), and conduction (hollow
cells lined end-to-end in xylem with
cytoplasm and end walls missing).
These three major classes of cells can
then differentiate to form the tissue
structures of roots, stems, and leaves.
Plants have these types of tissues, and
they have similar locations within all
species of plants. However, the amount
of these tissues will vary for different
plant species.
 The three distinct types of plant cells
are classified according to the structure
of their cell walls and features of their
protoplast. Plants will have a primary
cell wall and sometimes a secondary
wall as well. These two major parts are
what determines the function of each
individual plant cell.
 Dermal tissue - The outermost covering of a plant
 Vascular tissue - Responsible for transport of
materials throughout the plant
 Ground tissue - Performs photosynthesis, starch
storage and structural support; ground tissues may
be composed of one of three cell types
 Parenchyma - Thin primary walls, may not have a
secondary wall; can develop into more specialized
plant tissues
 Collenchyma - Unevenly thickened primary walls,
grouped together to support growing parts of the
plant
 Sclerenchyma - Thick secondary walls, used to
support non-growing parts of the plant
This schematic represents an idealized animal cell, e.g.,
a liver cell. The columns to the left and right of the labels
contain links to discussions of the particular structures.
 Parts of animal cell
 Intermediate filaments  Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus

Plasma membrane Pinocytotic vesicle

Actin filaments
Peroxisome
Glycogen granules
Vacuole
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Microtubules
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Centrioles Mitochondrion
Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytosol
 Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (
IPA: /juːˈkærɪɒt/), organisms whose cells are
organized into complex structures by internal
membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most
characteristic membrane-bound structure is the
nucleus. This feature gives them their name, also
spelled "eucaryote," which comes from the Greek ευ,
meaning good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut,
referring to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the genetic
material, DNA, is arranged in chromosomes. Many
eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound
organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and
Golgi bodies. Eukaryotes often have unique flagella
made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement.
Thankyou

Goodby