BAHAN LOGAM

Pn. Nik Zety Akhtar Abdul Aziz

Disediakan oleh : Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah
 Banyak digunakan di sektor
pembinaan
 Logam boleh dipecahkan kpd 2

 Logam Feros (Logam besi)

 Logam bukan Feros (Logam

bukan besi)
 Logam Feros
 Ialah logam yg asasnya adalah
besi
 Ialah logam yg didalamnya
mengandungi karbon
 Dgn kehadiran atau
kandungan karbon w/pun
peratus yg kecil, ia
menjadikan logam itu kuat,
tahan lasak, ekonomi &
murah
 Cth : besi dan keluli
Logam Bukan Feros
 Ialah logam yg berasaskan
selain drp besi
 Ialah logam yg tidak
mempunyai karbon dlm
struktur jisimnya
 Penggunaan spt pembinaan
tingkap, pintu, peralatan
ruang dapur,dll
 Cth : Aluminium, tembaga,
zink, gangsa, timah,
magnesium, plumbum
KELULI / Steel
 Ialah aloi karbon hasil campuran besi dgn karbon
 Dikenali sbg besi waja dgn kandungan karbon antara 0.12-
1.8%
 Sifat keluli ialah
 Sukar terbakar

 Menjadi mulur dan hilang kekuatan pd suhu melebihi 538 oC

 Mudah terhakis, maka perlu dilindungi dgn mengecat atau

digalvani. Galvanized =To coat (iron or steel) with rust-

resistant zinc.
 Utk rintangan api, ia disalutkan dgn bhn perintang api
Jenis Keluli
 Keluli Karbon (Mild Steel Carbon)
 Keluli aloi rendah kekuatan tinggi. Juga dikenali

sbg keluli karbon tinggi

(High Carbon Steel)
 High Speed Steel iaitu keluli tahan karat,

berintangan tinggi terhadap kakisan, haba dan

proses pengoksidaan. Aliran haba yg rendah
tetapi pengembangannya tinggi.
 Blh dipecahkan kpd keluli bernikel, keluli
kromiam
Penghasilan komponen keluli
 Keluli struktur (Structural Steel)
 Keluli Lembaran (Sheet Steel)

 Aloi Keluli (Steel Aloy)

Keluli Struktur / Structural Steel
 Structural steel is steel construction material, a
profile, formed with a specific shape or
cross section and certain standards of
chemical composition and strength. Structural steel
shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc, is
regulated in most industrialized countries.
 Structural steel members, such as I-beams, have

high second moments of area, which allow them to

be very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area
Common structural shapes
 I beam (I shape cross section)
 Z shape

 HSS-Shape (Hollow structural section also

known as SHS (structural hollow section) and

including square, rectangular, circular (pipe)
and elliptical cross sections)
 Angle (L shaped cross section)

 Channel (C shaped cross section)

 Tee ( T shaped cross section)

 I beam Z shape C shape

Hollow Structural Section Angle

 Sheet Steel
Bar, a piece of metal, rectangular cross sectioned (flat) and long,
but not so wide so as to be called a sheet.

Example of sheet steel

Alloy Steel
 Alloy steel is steel alloyed with other elements in
amounts of between 1 and 50% by weight to improve
its mechanical properties.
 Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low
alloy steels and high alloy steels.
 These steels have greater strength, hardness, , wear
resistance, hardenability, or toughness compared to
carbon steel. However, they may require heat treatment
in order to achieve such properties. Common alloying
elements are molybdenum, manganese, nickel,
chromium, vanadium, silicon and boron
 Low alloy steels are usually used to achieve
better hardenability, which in turn improves
its other mechanical properties. They are also
used to increase corrosion resistance in certain
environmental conditions.[3]
 With medium to high carbon levels, low alloy
steel is difficult to weld. Lowering the carbon
content to the range of 0.10% to 0.30%, along
with some reduction in alloying elements,
increases the weldability and of the steel
while maintaining its strength.
Penyambungan Keluli / Steel
Connection
 Boleh dijalankan dgn 3 cara
 Bolt & Nat
 Ribet
 Sambungan kimpalan (Welding)
Bolt & Nat
 Kepingan keluli perlu dilubangkan utk
membolehkan dipasang
 Bolt keluli lembut utk binaan sederhana besar,
beban yg sederhana dan utk pembinaan bangunan
 Bolt tegangan tinggi utk pelbagai kerja sama ada
kecil atau besar
Penyambungan bolt dan nat
Penyambungan bolt dan nat
Ribet
 Dibuat drp keluli lembut dan terdpt 2 jenis iaitu
 Ribet berbentuk kubah
 Ribet kepala benam
 Ribet perlu diganti apbl didapati bentuknya tidak
tepat, paksi ribet tidak lurus dan kepalanya retak
Sambungan Kimpalan (Welding)
 Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process
that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by causing coalescence.
 This is often done by melting the workpieces

and adding a filler material to form a pool of

molten material (the weld pool) that cools to
become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes
used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to
produce the weld.
Sambungan kimpalan
Kimpalan Arka (Electric Arc Kimpalan Gas (Oxyacetylene Gas
Welding) Welding)
Kimpalan yg menggunakan rod Kimpalan gas untuk kerja
kimpalan yg dicairkan menggunakan keluli sederhana
tenaga elektrik utk melekatkan logam
Api drp oksiasetilena
Suhu antara 2500 celsius hingga
3500 celsius dgn bantuan kuasa Sesuai utk kepingan keluli
elektrik nipis dan plat
Cepat dan pembakaran yg lebih
Untuk kimpalan suhu rendah,
dalam
Sesuai utk kepingan tebal dan boleh
gas oksiasitelina digunakan
digunakan utk kimpalan di kedua
belah permukaan
 Jenis kimpalan blh dibuat dgn 2 jenis
 Kimpalan muka tumpu
 Kimpalan kambi
 Kebaikan kimpalan ialah
 Sambungan kemas
 Memudahkan kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan
 Kerjanya mudah, cepat dan murah
 Pembaziran keluli dpt dielakkan berbanding kaedah
bolt dan nat, dan ribet.
A constant current welding power
supply capable of AC and DC

Shielded metal arc welding

Kimpalan Gas (Oxyacetylene Gas Welding)
Close-up view of the cracked fillet weld joining Another close up showing the tack welds. 
These butt-welds do not get alot of penetration
into the metal

Typical Fillet Welded T Joint Butt weld

 Kebaikan & keburukan penggunaan
keluli dlm industri pembinaan
KEBAIKAN KEBURUKAN
 Pembinaan kering, oleh itu ia tidak
 Walaupun tenaga pekerja blh
memerlukan tempoh utk mengeras dikurangkan, ia memerlukan pekerja
sebelum melakukan kerja mahir.
 Tidak perlu kpd acuan, oleh yg  Struktur perlu dilindungi dr
demikian tenaga kerja boleh ancaman kebakaran
dikurangkan. Sesuai utk tapak bina yg  Perlu dicat utk mengelakkan karat
terhad luasnya. Kebiasaanya kren blh
digunakan utk kerja mengangkat
 Biasanya pembinaan drp keluli akan
menghasilkan bentuk bangunan yg
 Pembinaan yg pantas, blh
serupa
disambungkan dgn cara kimpalan,
ribet atau bolt dan nat
 Blh diubah-ubah dgn cara membuka
strukturnya jika pemasangan
dilakukan mengunakan bolt dan nat
 Boleh menghasiklan binaan yg kemas
dgn bantuan pekerja2 mahir
Precast hollow core concrete slabs and steel beam
Steel construction: Three man structural ironworker crew unhooks large,
high steel truss from crane. All are wearing fall protection: