Math Around The World Part 3

lwm pl:ún nig Esn Bisidæ
briBaØabR&tKNitviTüa nig BaNiC¢kmμ
n  k2  3 1 n 2  3n  3
 k   . n
k 1  3  2 2 3
Problems and Solutions

sñaédeá£Bum<pßay
esovePAKNitviTüa ½
1-dMeNa£RsaylMhat´KNitviTüa eá£Bum< qñaM2000
( sRmabéRtomRbLgcUlsaklviTüal&y nig GaharUbkrN_ )
2-BiPBsVIútcMnYnBit ( sRmab´fñak´TI11 nig sisßBUEkKNitviTüa )
3- GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt ( sRmab´fñak´TI11 nig sisßBUEkKNitviTüa )
4- dMeNa£RsayKMrU cMnYnkMupøic lImIt edrIev ( sRmab´fñak´TI12)
5- segçbrUbmnþKNitviTüa ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )
6- KMrUsikßaGnuKmn_ ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )
7- kMEnlMhat´KNitviTüafñak´TI10kmμviFIsikßafμI ( PaK1 qñaM2008 )
8- 151 KNnalImIt ( sRmab´fñak´TI11-12 )
9- KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak PaK1 nig PaK2
( sRmab´sisßBUEkKNitviTüafñak´TI11 nig 12 )

GñkcUlrYmRtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun
elak Esn Bisidæ
elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak Titü em¨g
elak RBwm sunitü
elak pl b‘unqay
GñkRtYtBinitüGkçraviruTæ
elak lwm miKþsir
karIkMuBüÚT&r
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka
GñkniBnæ nig eroberog
elak lwm plþún nig elak Esn Bisidæ
GarmÖkfa
esovePA KNitviTüaCMuviBiPBelak PaK3 EdlGñksikßakMBugkan´
enAkñúgéden£ xMJúáTáneroberogeLIgkñúgeKalbMngTukCaÉksar sRmab´
CaCMnYydl´GñksikßaEdlmanbMngeRtomRbLgsisßBUEkEpñkKNitviTüa
nig eRtomRbLgykGaharUbkrN_nana nig müa¨geTotkñúgeKalbMng
cUlrYmelIksÞÜyvis&yKNitviTüaenARbeTskm<úCaeyIg[kanÉtrIkceRmIn
EfmeTotedIm,Ibeg;InFnFanmnusß[mankanÉteRcInedIm,ICYyGPivDÄn_
RbeTsCatirbséyIg .
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sRmaMgbMputykmkeFIVdMeNa£Rsayya¨gek,a£k,ayEdlGac[elakGñk
gayyl´qabćgcaMGMBIsil,£énkareda£RsayTaMgGsén£ . büEnþeTa£Ca
ya¨gNak¾eday kgV£xat nig kMhusqþgedayGectnaRákdCamanTaMg
bec©keTs nig GkçraviruTæ . GaRs&yehtuen£ eyIgxMJúCaGñkeroberogrgćaM
edayrIkrayCanic©nUvmtiri£KnÉbbsSabnaBIsMNak´GñksikßakñúgRKb´mCÄdæan
edIm,ICYyEklMG esovePAen£[ánkanÉtsuRkiRtPaBEfmeTot .
CaTIbBa©bén£eyIgxMJúGñkeroberogsUmeKarBCUnBrdl´GñksikßaTaMgGs´
[mansuxPaBmaMmYn nig TTYlC&yCMn£RKb´Parkic© .
át´dMbgéf¶TI 17 mifuna 2009
GñkniBnæ lwm plþún
EpñkRbFanlMhat´
Problems
KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
EpñkRbFanlMhat´
1-eK[ n CacMnYnKt;FmμCati .
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit  cUrRsayfa ³
1  2 sin   1  2 cos 
2 n 2 n
 2n  1
2-cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ba  ba  2(a  b)( a1  b1 )

3 3 3
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b .
3-cUrkMnt;RKb;GnuKmn_ f :IR  IR EdlepÞógpÞat; ³
f ( x  y )  ( x  y )(f ( x )  f ( y )) cMeBaHRKb; x ; y  IR
2 2
101 3
4-KNnaplbUk S   1  3xx  3x
i0
i
2
i i
Edl x  101i ; i  1 , 2 , 3 , ... .

i
5-cUrkMnt;témøEpñkKt;énplbUk ³
1 1 1
S
2

3
 ...... 
10000
.
6-KNnatémøénplKuN
P  (1  cot 1o )(1  cot 2o )(1  cot 3o ).....(1  cot 44o )
-1-
x  y  z  5
7-eK[ x ; y ; z CacMnYnBitEdl 
 xy  yz  zx  3
cUrbgðajfa  1  z  133
8-cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eK[
1
f (n )  3
n 2  2n  1  3 n 2  1  3 n 2  2n  1
KNna f (1)  f (3)  f (5)  ...  f (999997)  f (999999)
9-cUrbgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eKman ³
1 1 1 1 1 1
  ...     .... 
1.2 2.4 ( 2n  1)2n n  1 n  2 2n
10-bgðajfa ³
1  1 3 1 9 1 27  1
(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )
2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 16
11-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc . cUrRsayfa ³
3 2
cos A  cos B  cos C 
2
12-eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdl | z || z
1 2 1 2 | r  0 .
2 2
 z z   z z 
bgðajfa  r  z z    r  z z   r1
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
 1 2   1 2 
-2-
13-eKyk z 1 ; z 2 ; ....; z n CacMnYnkMupøicEdlepÞógpÞat;

TMnak;TMng ³
(k  1)z k  1  i(n  k )z k  0 ; k  0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n  1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z  z  z  ....  z  2
0 0 1 2 n
n
x-cMeBaHtémø z Edl)ankMnt;xagelIcUrbgðajfa ³
0
2 2 2 ( 3n  1)n 2
| z 0 |  | z1 |  | z 2 | .... | z n | 
n!
14-eK[ z 1 ; z2 ; z3 CacMnYnkMupøicedaydwgfa ³
z 1  z 2  z 3  z 1z 2 z z z z 0 .
2 3 3 1
cUrbgðajfa | z || z || z 1 2 3 |
15-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit ³
2 2
 1  1
an  1   1    1   1   ; n  1
 n  n
1 1 1 1
cUrbgðajfa    .... 
a1 a 2 a 3 a 20
CacMnYnKt; .
16-eK[ x ; y ; z CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl xyz  1 .
cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1 1
  
( x  1)2  y 2  1 ( y  1)2  z 2  1 ( z  1)2  x 2  1 2
-3-
17-eK[ a ; b ; c CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 .

cUrRsayfa ³
a(b 2  b )  b(c 2  c )  c(a 2  a )  0
18-eK[ k CacMnYnKt;mYy ehIyeKyk ³
3 3
n  k  k2  1  k  k2  1  1
cUrbgðajfa n  3n CacMnYnKt;mYy .
3 2
19-eK[GnuKmn_ f : IR  IR eday ³
( x 2  x  1)3
f ( x)  6
x  x3  1
cUrrktémøGb,brmaénGnuKmn_enH ?
20-cUrKNnatémøplKuN ³
P  ( 3  tan 1o )( 3  tan 2o ).....( 3  tan 29o )
21-eK[ a , a , ..., a
1 2 n 0 nig x , x
1 2 , ..., x n 0 .
cUrRsayfa ³
2 2 2
a1 a2 an (a1  a 2  ...  an )2
  ...  
x1 x2 xn x1  x 2  ....  xn
-4-
22-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 .

cUrbgðajfa
1 1 1 3
  
a 3 (b  c ) b 3 (c  a ) c 3 (a  b ) 2
23-eK[ x ; y ; z  0 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
x y z 1
  
x  2y  3z y  2z  3x z  2x  3y 2
24-eK[sIVút a ; a 1 2 ; ....; an epÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐ ³
a1  0 ; | a 2 || a1  1 |; ... nig | a || a  1 | .
n n 1
bgðajfa a  a n ...  a   12
1 2 n
25-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³

 a  b  c abc
 1    1    1    2 (1  3 )
 b  c  a abc
26-eK[ a ; b ; c CaRbEvgRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYy .
cUrbgðajfa ³
abc bca  cab  a  b  c
27- KNnaplbUk ³
n  6k 
Sn    k k k 1 
 2k  1 ) 
rYcTajrktémø lim Sn .
k  1 ( 3  2 )( 3 n  
-5-
28-KNnaplKuNxageRkam ³
n
 2k x  2x 4x 2n x
Pn    tan k 
 tan x. tan . tan ..... tan
k 0 2  2 4 2n
29-KNnaplKuNxageRkam ³
n
 2 x 2k 
Pn   (1  tan k
) 
k  0 2 
30 eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
cUrbgðajfa ³
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2 3 sin A sin B sin C
6z  i 1
31-cUrbgðajfa 2  3iz
 1 luHRtaEt|z|
3
32-eK[ z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdlmanm:UDúlesμI 1
1 2 3 n
eKtag Z    (z )     ( z1 )  .

n n
k
k 1  
k 1 k
cUrbgðajfa 0  Z  n 2
33-eK[cMnYnkMupøic z Edl | z | 1 . cUrbgðajfa ³

2  | 1  z |  | 1  z2 |  4
-6-
34-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit ( v ) kMnt;eday ³
n nIN
v  5 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn v
2
0  2 v  1 ; n  0
n 1 n
bgðajfa v  v  1  ( v  v  1 )
n 1
2
n 1 n n
2 2
rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_én n .
n
35-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;eday ³
k kIN
  C u 
n
u  9 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u p p
0 k 1 n k
p 1
Edl C  p!(nn! p)! .

p
n
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én k nig n

k
36-eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;eday ³
n nIN
u  1 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u  2u  4u  1
2
0 n 1 n n
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én n
n
37-eK[ A ; B ; C CamMukñúgrbs;RtIekaN ABC mYy .

cUrbgðajfa cot A2  cot B2  cot C2  3 3
38-eK[ A ; B ; C CamMuRsYckñúgrbs;RtIekaN ABC mYy .
cUrbgðajfa (1  tan A)(1  tan B)(1  tan C)  (1  3 ) 3
-7-
39-eK[cMnYnKt;viC¢man n .
eKdwgfa n Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; % ehIy n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl;#
k> etIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 56 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 5616  n  5626 .
40-eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR ehIyepÞogpÞat;TMnak;TMng³
 
x 2f x 3 
1
f
1 x
   4 x 3
1  x 4

5
1  x 2  1  x 
1
cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal³ I   f x.dx .
0
   
41-enAkñúgtMruyGrtUNrma:l;manTisedAviC¢man 0, i , j,k 
 
manÉkta 1cm enAelIGkS½ eK[BIrcMnuc A(0,2,0)
nig B(1,2,1) . P Cabøg;mansmIkar 2x  2y  z  4  0 .
cUrsresrsmIkarbøg; Q kat;tamcMnuc A nig B ehIypÁúMCamYy
bøg; (P) )anmMuRsYcmYymantémø   4 .
42-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrRsayfa ³
(a 2  2)(b 2  2)(c 2  2)  9(ab  bc  ca)
-8-
43-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .

k>bgðajfa cos A  cos B  cos C  32
x>bgðajfa cos A cos B cos C  18
K>bgðajfa sin A2 sin B2 sin C2  18
44-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . tag p CaknøHbrimaRt nig R
CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN . cUrbgðajfa ³
k> cos A2 cos B2 cos C2  4pR
x> sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos A2 cos B2 cos C2
45-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . tag r nig R erogKañCakaMrgVg;
carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkARtIekaN .
k> cUrbgðajfa ³
r
cos A  cos B  cos C  1 
R
x> ebI ABC CaRtIekaNEkgenaHcUrRsayfa R  ( 2  1) r
46-edaHRsaysmIkar ³
x  4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  x 1
-9-
47-cUrbgðajfaenAkñúgRKb;RtIekaNeKmanTMnak;TMng ³
abc
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C 
2R 2
Edl a ; b ; c CaRCug nig R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN .
48-KNnaplKuN ³
 1  tan 2 2k x 
Edl | x | 2 
n
Pn    
k 1  2 k 2
 1  tan 2  n 2
49-eK[ a ; b ; c ; d nig x CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; ³

sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x
a

b

c

d
Edl x  k ; k  Z
cUrbgðajfa a (4b  d )  b (3a  c)

3 2 2 4
50-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³

k> tan A2 tan B2  tan B2 tan C2  tan C2 tan A2  1
x> tan A2 tan B2 tan C2  93
51-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³
ab AB C
 tan . tan
ab 2 2
- 10 -
52- cUrbgðajfa ³
2
a b
(sin x  a cos x )(sin x  b cos x )  1   
 2 
53-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc
nig RCug a ; b ; c nigépÞRkLa K . cUrRsayfa ³
2 2 2 2 2 2 a2  b2  c2
2 2 2
a b  4K  b c  4K  c a  4K 
2
54-RbsinebI xyx  (1  x)(1  y )(1  z ) Edl 0  x ; y ; z  1
cUrbgðajfa x(1  z )  y(1  x)  z(1  y )  43
55-eK[ a ; b ; c CaRbEvgRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYyEdlman
brimaRtesμI 2 .
cUrRsayfa ³
3
 a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  2
2
n  k2  12 22 32 n2
56-eK[ Sn    k    2  3  ....  n
3 3
k  1 3  3 3
KNna S CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrk
n lim Sn
n  
.
- 11 -
57-RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC  a ; AC  b ; AB  c

tag p  a  b2  c CaknøHbrimaRt r nig R
CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgnigkaMrgVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMngxageRkam ³
k> bc  ca  ab  p  r  4Rr2 2
x> a  b  c  2p  2r  8Rr
2 2 2 2 2
K> tan A2 . tan B2 tan C2  pr

X> tan A2  tan B2  tan C2  4Rp r
g> cot A2  cot B2  cot C2  pr
58-eK[ x ; y ; z CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl x  y  z  1 .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa  1x  1  y1  1  1z  1  8
 
59-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl a  b  c  1 2 2 2
3 3 3
bgðajfa a1  b1  c1  3  2(a abc
2 2 2
b c )

- 12 -
EpñkdMeNa¼Rsay
Solutions
lMhat´TI1
eK[ n CacMnYnKt;FmμCati . cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit  cUrRsayfa ³
1  2 sin   1  2 cos   2 .
2 n 2 n n 1
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ³
1  2 sin   1  2 cos 
2 n 2 n
 2n 1
tag x  1  2 sin  nig y  1  2 cos  Edl x  0 ; y  0
2 2
eKman x  y  1  2 sin   1  2 cos 

2 2
x  y  2  2(sin 2   cos 2 )
xy  4
y  4x
eday y  0 enaH 4  x  0 b¤ x  4
yk T  (1  2 sin )  (1  2 cos )
2 n 2 n
T  xn  y n
T  f ( x )  x n  ( 4  x )n
Edl 0  x  4 .
- 13 -
eyIgman dT
dx
 f ' ( x )  nx n 1
 n( 4  x )n 1
 n [ x n 1  ( 4  x )n 1 ]
 n [ x  ( 4  x ) ] g( x )
 n ( 2x  4) g( x )
Edl g(x)  x  x (4  x)  ...  (4  x)
n 2 n 3 n 2
0 .
ebI 2x  4  0 eKTajb¤s x  2 .
cMeBaH x  2 eK)an f (2)  2  (4  2)  2 n n n 1
taragGefrPaBén f (x)  x  (4  x) n n
x 0 2 4
f ' ( x)  .
 .
f ( x)
2n 1
tamtaragxagelIeKTaj f (x)  2 x  ] 0 ; 4 [ . n 1
dUcenH 1  2 sin   1  2 cos   2 RKb;   IR

2 n 2 n n 1

- 14 -
lMhat´TI2
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ba  ba  2(a  b)( a1  b1 )
3 3 3
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a nig b .
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ³
a b 3 1 1
3  3  2(a  b )(  )
b a a b
edayKuNGgÁTaMgBIrénvismPaBnwg 3
ab eK)an ³
3
a2  3 b2  3
2(a  b ) 2
tag x  a nig y  b
3 3
eK)an x  y  2(x  y ) (*)

2 2 3 3 3
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman ³
x  x y  x y  3x y nig y  x y
6 3 3 3 3 4 2 6 3 3
 x 3 y 3  3x 2 y 4
bUkvismPaBTaMgBIrenHGgÁnigGgÁeK)an ³
x 6  4x 3 y 3  y 6  3x 4 y 2  3x 2 y 4
- 15 -
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrénvismPaBnwg x 6
 y6 eK)an
2( x 6  2x 3 y 3  y 6 )  x 6  3x 4 y 2  3x 2 y 4  y 6
2( x 3  y 3 ) 2  ( x 2  y 2 ) 3
eKTaj x  y 2 2
 3 2( x 3  y 3 ) naM[ (*) Bit .
dUcenH ba 
3 3
b
a
 3
1 1
2(a  b )(  ) RKb; a  0 ; b  0 .
a b
lMhat´TI3
cUrkMnt;RKb;GnuKmn_ f :IR  IR EdlepÞógpÞat; ³
f ( x  y )  ( x  y )(f ( x )  f ( y )) cMeBaHRKb; x ; y  IR
2 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_ f :
eKman f (x  y )  (x  y )(f (x)  f (y ))
2 2
yk x  y eK)an f (0)  0
yk x  1 ; y  0 enaH f (1)  (f (1)  f (0))  f (1)
yk x  t ; y  1 eK)an f (t  1)  (t  1)(f (t )  f (1))
2
- 16 -
eday f (1)  f (1) enaH f (t  1)  (t  1)(f (t )  f (1)) (1)

2
yk x  t ; y  1 eK)an f (t  1)  (t  1)(f (t )  f (1)) (2)

2
pÞwm (1) nig (2) eK)an ³

( t  1)  f (t )  f (1)   ( t  1)  f (t )  f (1) 
eKTaj f (t )  f (1) t edaytag k  f (1)  IR
dUcenH f (x)  kx CaGnuKmn_EdlRtUvrk .
lMhat´TI4
101 3
xi
KNnaplbUk S   i0 1  3x i  3x i
2
i
Edl x i 
101
; i  1 , 2 , 3 , ... .
dMeNa¼Rsay
101 3
xi
KNnaplbUk S   i0 1  3x i  3x i
2
eyIgman 1  3x  3x 2
 x 3  (1  x) 3  x 3  ( x  1) 3
- 17 -
x3 x3
tag f ( x)  
1  3x  3x 2 x 3  (1  x ) 3
3
xi
eK)an f (xi )  3
x i  (1  x i ) 3
(1  x i ) 3
ehIy f (1  x i ) 
(1  x i ) 3  x i
3
3
xi (1  x i ) 3
eK)an f (x )  f (1  x )  x  (1  x )  (1  x )  x
i i 3 3 3 3
1
i i i i
eKTaj f (x )  1  f (1  x )
i i
eday x  101i enaH 1  x  1  101i  101101 i

i i
eK)an S   f (x )   f  101i    1  f (101101 i )

101 101 101
i
i0 i0 i0
 101  i 
101
S  102   f    102  S
i0  101 
102 101
 i  101  101  i 
eKTaj S
2
 51 ( eRBaH
f   f
 101   101
 )

i0 i0

- 18 -
lMhat´TI5
cUrkMnt;témøEpñkKt;énplbUk ³
1 1 1
S
2

3
 ...... 
10000
.
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt;EpñkKt;rbs; S ³
eyIgBinitü 1k  k 2 k  k  2 k  1 ; k  1
eKTaj 1k  2 ( k  k  1 )
10000
eK)an S  2  ( k  k  1)  2( 10000  1)  198
k2
müa:geTot 1k  k 2 k  k  12  k ; k  1
eKTaj 1k  2 ( k  1  k )
10000
eK)an S  2  ( k  1  k )  2( 10001  2 )  197
k2
dUcenHEpñkKt;én S KW 197 .
- 19 -
lMhat´TI6
KNnatémøénplKuN
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna
cos a sin a  cos a
eyIgBinitü 1  cot a  1 
sin a

sin a
eday sin a  cos a  2 sin(45  a) o
o
45  a )
ehtuenH 1  cot a  2 sin(sin a
eyIg)an P   1  cot a    2 sin(sin
44o 44o
45  a )  o

a 1o 
a 1o a 
o o o
P 
44 sin 44 . sin 43 ..... sin 1 22
2 .  2
sin 1o . sin 2o ...... sin 44o
dUcenH P  (1  cot 1 )(1  cot 2 ).....(1  cot 44 )  2 .
o o o 22
- 20 -
lMhat´TI7
eK[ x; y ; z CacMnYnBitEdl xxyyyz zzx5  3

cUrbgðajfa  1  z  133
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa  1  z  133
eKman x  y  z  5
eyIg)an x  y  5  z
( x  y )2  (5  z )2
( x  y ) 2  25  10z  z 2
eday xy  yz  zx  3
eyIg)an xy  3  z(x  y )
xy  3  z( 5  z )
xy  3  5z  z 2
eyIgman (x  y )  (x  y )  4xy  0
2 2
eKTaj (25  10z  z )  4(3  5z  z )  0

2 2
- 21 -
25  10z  z 2  12  20z  4z 2  0
 3z 2  10z  13  0
( 3z 2  3z )  (13z  13)  0
 3z( z  1)  13( z  1)  0
( z  1)( 3z  13)  0
13
eKTaj 1 z 
3
.
lMhat´TI8
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eK[
1
f (n )  3
n 2  2n  1  3 n 2  1  3 n 2  2n  1
KNna f (1)  f (3)  f (5)  ...  f (999997)  f (999999)
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna f (1)  f (3)  f (5)  ...  f (999997)  f (999999)
1
eKman f (n)  3
n 2  2n  1  3 n 2  1  3 n 2  2n  1
1

3
(n  1) 2  3 (n  1)(n  1)  3 (n  1) 2
- 22 -
KuNPaKyknwgPaKEbgnwg 3
n1 3 n1
3
n1 3 n1 1 3
f (n )  3 3 3
 ( n  1  3
n  1)
( n  1)  ( n  1)
3
2
1
eK)an f (1)  f ( 3)  ...  f ( 999999)  ( 3 10 6  0)  50
2
dUcenH f (1)  f (3)  f (5)  ...  f (999997)  f (999999)  50
lMhat´TI9
cUrbgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eKman ³
1 1 1 1 1 1
  ...     .... 
1.2 2.4 ( 2n  1)2n n  1 n  2 2n
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
1 1 1 1 1 1
  ...     .... 
1.2 2.4 ( 2n  1)2n n  1 n  2 2n
1 1 1
tag T 
1.2 2.4
 ..... 
( 2n  1)2n
1 1 1 1 1
 (1  )  (  )  ....  (  )
2 3 4 2n  1 2n
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1    .....   2(   ....  )
2 3 2n 2 4 2n
- 23 -
1 1 1 1 1 1
T  1   ....   (1    ....  )
2 3 2n 2 3 n
1 1 1
   ..... 
n1 n 2 2n
1 1 1 1 1 1
dUcenH 
1.2 2.4
 ...   
( 2n  1)2n n  1 n  2
 .... 
2n
lMhat´TI10
bgðajfa ³
1  1 3 1 9 1 27  1
(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )
2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 16
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
1  1 3 1 9 1 27  1
(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )
2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 16
tag P  ( 12  cos 20 )( 12  cos 320 )( 12  cos 920 )( 12  cos 2720 )
3  1  3n   
    cos 

 2
n0   20  
eKman 1
2
1 a 1 a
 cos a   1  2 sin 2  ( 3  4 sin 2 )
2 2 2 2
ehIy 3a a a a
sin  3 sin  4 sin 2  sin ( 3  4 sin 2 )
2 2 2 2
a
2
- 24 -
3a
sin
naM[ a
3  4 sin 2 
2
2
a
sin
2
3a
sin
ehtuenH 1
2
 cos a 
1
2
2
a
sin
2
3n 1 
3n   3n   1 sin 40
yk a eK)an 1
 cos  .
 n
20 2  20  2 sin 3 
40
 
 3  
n 1
81
3 sin sin
eK)an P  .
1 40   1 .
3n   16 sin 
40  1
n0  2 16
 sin  40
 40 
81  
eRBaH sin
40
 sin( 2  )  sin
40 40
.
dUcenH
1  1 3 1 9 1 27  1
(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )(  cos )
2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 16

- 25 -
lMhat´TI11
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc . cUrRsayfa ³
3 2
2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
3 2
2
tamvismPaB Cauchy-Schwartz eyIg)an³
( cos A  cos B  cos C ) 2  3(cos A  cos B  cos C) (1)
tag T  cos A  cos B  cos C
A BC BC
 1  2 sin 2  2 cos cos
2 2 2
A A BC
 1  2 sin 2  2 sin cos
2 2 2
BC  A
eRBaHcos
2
 cos    sin
2 2
.
A
2
 
eday nig CamMuRsYcenaH
B C 0B
2
; 0C
2
 BC  BC
eKTaj  
4 2
naM[

4
cos
2
1
- 26 -
ehtuenH T  1  2 sin A2  2 sin A2  32  12 (1  2 sin A2 )

2 2

3
2
b¤ cos A  cos B  cos C  32 (2)
tamTMnak;TMng (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an³
9
( cos A  cos B  cos C ) 2 
2
dUcenH cos A  cos B  cos C 
3 2
2
.
lMhat´TI12
eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdl | z || z | r  0 .
1 2 1 2
2 2
 z z   z z 
bgðajfa  r  z z    r  z z   r1
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
 1 2   1 2 
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
2 2
 z1  z 2   z1  z 2  1
 2    2   2
 r  z1z 2   r  z 1z 2  r
tag z  r(cos 2x  i sin 2x) nig z
1 2  r(co2y  i sin 2y )
Edl x  IR ; y  IR .
- 27 -
eK)an ³
z1  z 2 r [ (cos 2x  cos 2y )  i(sin 2x  sin 2y ) ]

r 2  z1z 2 r 2  r 2 [ cos( 2x  2y )  i . sin( 2x  2y ) ]
2 cos( x  y ) cos( x  y )  2i sin( x  y ) cos( x  y )

r [ 2 cos 2 ( x  y )  2i sin( x  y ) cos( x  y ) ]
1 cos( x  y )
 .
r cos( x  y )
z1  z 2 1 sin( y  x )
dUcKñaEdr 
r 2  z1z 2 r sin( y  x )
eK)an ³
2 2
 z1  z 2   z1  z 2  1  cos 2 ( x  y ) sin 2 ( y  x ) 
 2    2   2  2  2 
 r  z z
1 2  r  z z
1 2 r  cos ( x  y ) sin ( y  x ) 
cos 2 ( x  y )
eday 2
cos ( x  y )
 cos 2
( x  y )eRBaH cos 2
(x  y )  1
sin 2 ( y  x )
ehIy 2
sin ( y  x )
 sin 2
( x  y ) eRBaH sin 2
(x  y )  1
cos 2 ( x  y ) sin 2 ( y  x) 2 2
2
 2
 cos ( x  y )  sin (x  y )  1
cos ( x  y ) sin ( y  x )
2 2
 z1  z 2   z1  z 2  1
dUcenH  2    2   2 .
 r  z 1z 2   r  z 1z 2  r
- 28 -
lMhat´TI13
eKyk z ; z 1 2 ; ....; z n CacMnYnkMupøicEdlepÞógpÞat;TMnak;TMng
(k  1)z k  1  i(n  k )z k  0 ; k  0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n  1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z  z  z  ....  z  2
0 0 1 2 n
n
0
2 2 2 ( 3n  1)n 2
| z 0 |  | z1 |  | z 2 | .... | z n | 
n!
dMeNa¼Rsay
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z  z  z  ....  z
0 0 1 2 n  2n
eKman (k  1)z  i(n  k )z  0

k 1 k
eK)an zz  i. nk  k1
k 1
k
( p  1)
 z k  1  p  1 n  k 
      i . 
k 0 z
 k  k  0 k  1 
zp n!
 i pCpn ; Cpn 
z0 p!(n  p )!
eKTaj z p  i p z 0 Cpn ; p  0 , 1 , 2 , ....
- 29 -
n
eday z 0  z1  z 2  ....  z n  2 n
b¤  (z )  2 p
n
p0
n n
man  (z )  z  C i  z (1  i)
p0
p 0
p0
p p
n 0
n
eK)an z (1  i)  2
0
n n
n
eKTaj z  (1 2 i)  (1  i)
0 n
n
dUcenH z  (1  i) .
0
n
0
2 2 ( 3n  1)n
2 2
| z 0 |  | z1 |  | z 2 | .... | z n | 
n!
edayGnuvtþn_vismPaB AM  GM eyIg)an
z 0 2  z1 2  ...  z n 2  z 0 2
(C ) 0 2
n  (C1n )2  ....  (Cnn )2 
( 2n )!
 z 0 2 Cn2n  2n .
n! n!
2n
 2n( 2n  1)( 2n  2)....(n  1))
n!
n
2n  2n  ( 2n  1)  ( 2n  2)  ....  (n  1) 
  
n!  n 
( 3n  1)n

n!
( 3n  1)n
dUcenH 2 2
| z 0 |  | z1 |  | z 2 | .... | z n |  2
n!
2
.
- 30 -
lMhat´TI14
eK[ z ; z 1 2 ; z3CacMnYnkMupøicedaydwgfa ³
z1  z 2  z 3 z z z z z z 0 .
1 2 2 3 3 1
cUrbgðajfa | z1 || z 2 || z 3 |
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa | z || z || z |
1 2 3
eKman z  z  z  z z  z z  z z  0
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
eKTaj zz z z z (zz  z )  0 ((12))

1 2 3
 1 2 3 1 2
yk (1) CMnYskñúg (2) eyIg)an ³

z z  z  0 naM[ | z | | z | .| z |
2 2
1 2 3 3 1 2
dUcKñaEdr | z | | z | . | z | nig | z | | z | . | z
2
2
1 3 1
2
2 3 |
eyIg)an ³
| z1 |2  | z 2 |2  | z 3 |2 | z1 || z 2 |  | z 2 || z 3 |  | z 3 || z1 |
b¤ (| z |  | z |)
1 2
2
 (| z 2 |  | z 3 |)2  (| z 3 |  | z1 |)2  0
dUcenH | z || z 1 2 || z 3 | .

- 31 -
lMhat´TI15
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit ³
2 2
 1  1
an  1   1    1   1   ; n  1
 n  n
1 1 1 1
cUrbgðajfa    .... 
a1 a 2 a 3 a 20
CacMnYnKt; .
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa a1  a1  a1  ....  a1 CacMnYnKt;
1 2 3 20
2 2
 1  1
eyIgman an  1   1    1   1   ; n  1
 n  n
1 1
eK)an an

2 2
 1  1
1  1    1  1  
 n  n
n 1 
2 2
 1 
  1  1    1  1   
4
  n  n 


1
4

2n 2  2n  1  2n 2  2n  1 
- 32 -
20  1  1 20

     2n 2  2n  1  2n 2  2n  1
n  1 a n  4 n 1

1
4
 
( 5  1)  ( 13  5 )  ....  ( 29  761) 
1
 ( 1  29)  7
4
1 1 1 1
dUcenH    .... 
a1 a 2 a 3 a 20
7 CacMnYnKt; .
lMhat´TI16
eK[ x ; y ; z CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl xyz  1 . cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1 1
  
( x  1)2  y 2  1 ( y  1)2  z 2  1 ( z  1)2  x 2  1 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa
1 1 1 1
  
( x  1)2  y 2  1 ( y  1)2  z 2  1 ( z  1)2  x 2  1 2
eyIgman (x  1)  y 2 2
 1  x 2  y 2  2x  2
eday x  y  2xy
2 2
- 33 -
eKTaj (x  1)  y  1  2(xy  x  1)
2 2
naM[ (x  1) 1 y  1  12 . xy 1x  1
2 2
eKman xyz  1 enaHeKGacyk x  ba ; y  bc , z  ac

Edl a  0 ; b  0 ; c  0 .
eK)an xy  x  1  ac  ba  1  a  ba  c
ehtuenH (x  1) 1 y  1  12 . a  ab  c 1
2 2
RsaydUcKñaEdreK)an ³
1 1 b
 . 2 
( y  1)2  z 2  1 2 a  b  c
1 1 c
 . 3 
( z  1)2  x 2  1 2 a  b  c
eFIVplbUkvismPaB (1) ; (2) nig (3) eK)an ³
1 1 1 1
  
( x  1)2  y 2  1 ( y  1)2  z 2  1 ( z  1)2  x 2  1 2
- 34 -
lMhat´TI17
eK[ a ; b ; c CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 . cUrRsayfa ³
a(b 2  b )  b(c 2  c )  c(a 2  a )  0
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa a(b  b )  b(c  c )  c(a  a )  0
2 2 2
2 2 2
eday abc  1 enaHeKGactag a  yx ; b  yz ; c  xz
2 2 2
Edl x  0 ; y  0 ; z  0 .
vismPaBxagelIsmmUl ³
x2 y 4 y y 2 z 4 z z 2 x4 x
2
( 4  ) 2 ( 4  ) 2( 4  ) 0
y z z z x x x y y
x2y 2 x2 y 2z 2 y 2 z 2x2 z 2
4
  4   4  0
z yz x zx y xy
2x 2 y 2 2x 2 2y 2 z 2 2y 2 2z 2 x 2 2z 2
4
  4
  4
 0
z yz x zx y xy
2 2 2
 xy yz   yz zx   zx xy 
 2  2  2  2  2  2 0
z x  x y  y z 
Bit
- 35 -
lMhat´TI18
eK[ k CacMnYnKt;mYy ehIyeKyk ³
3 3
n  k  k2  1  k  k2  1  1
cUrbgðajfa n 3
 3n 2 CacMnYnKt;mYy .
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa n  3n CacMnYnKt;mYy
3 2
eKmansmPaB ³
a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca)
tag a  k  k  1 ; b  k  k  1 ;c  1  n
3 2 3 2
eK)an 2k  (1  n)  3(1  n)  0 ¬ eRBaH ab  1 ¦

3
b¤ 2k  1  3n  3n  n  3  3n  0
2 3
eKTaj n  3n  2k  2 CacMnYnKt;RKb;cMnYnKt; k .
3 2
dUcenH n  3n CacMnYnKt;mYy .
3 2
- 36 -
lMhat´TI19
eK[GnuKmn_ f : IR  IR eday ³
( x 2  x  1)3
f ( x)  6
x  x3  1
cUrrktémøGb,brmaénGnuKmn_enH ?
dMeNa¼Rsay
rktémøGb,brmaénGnuKmn_ f (x)
( x 2  x  1)3
f ( x)  6
x  x3  1
eyIgsMKal;eXIjfa f (o)  1 kMnt; . GnuKmn_Gacsresr ³
1 1
(x   1)3 ( x   1)3
f ( x)  x  x
1 1 1
x 3  3  1 ( x  )3  3( x  )  1
x x x
1
tag t  x Edl
x
b¤
| t |  2 t ]   ;  2]  [2 ;  [
(t  1)3
eK)an f ( x )  g( t )  3
t  3t  1
.
3(t  1)2 (t 3  3t  1)  3(t 2  1)(t  1)3
eyIgman g' ( x ) 
(t 3  3t  1)2
- 37 -
3(t  1)2 ( t 3  3t  1  t 3  t 2  t  1)
g' ( t ) 
(t 3  3t  1)2
3(t  1)2 ( t 2  2t  2)

(t 3  3t  1)2
ebI g'(t )  0 eK)an t  1 b¤ t  2t  2  0
2
smmUl t  1 ; t  1  3 ; t  1  3
1 2 3
eday t ]   ;  2]  [2;  [ enaHeKTaj t  1  3

2
eday (t 3(t 3t 1) 1)  0 RKb; t ]   ;  2]  [2;  [
3 2
enaH g'(t ) mansBaØadUc t  2t  2 .

2
Rtg;cMnuc t  1  3 GnuKmn_ g'(t ) bþÚrsBaØaBI ( ) eTA ( )

naM[ g(t ) mantémøGb,brmaRtg; t  1  3
KW g(1  3 )  2  3 3  3(2  3 )  2 3  3
dUcenHtémøGb,brmaén f KW 2 3  3 .
∞∞∞∞∞∞
- 38 -
lMhat´TI20
cUrKNnatémøplKuN ³
P  ( 3  tan 1o )( 3  tan 2o ).....( 3  tan 29o )
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnatémøplKuN ³
P  ( 3  tan 1o )( 3  tan 2o ).....( 3  tan 29o )
  3  tan k o 
29

k 1
sin k o 3 cos k o  sin k o
eKman o
3  tan k  3 
cos k o

cos k o
2 cos( 30o  k o )

cos k o
29  2 cos( 30o  k o ) 
eK)an P  
cos k o

k 1  
229 cos 29o cos 28o ..... cos 2o cos 1o
 o o o o
 229
cos 1 cos 2 ..... cos 28 cos 29
dUcenH ( 3  tan 1o )( 3  tan 2o ).....( 3  tan 29o )  229
- 39 -
lMhat´TI21
eK[ a , a , ..., a
1 2 n 0 nig x , x 1 2 , ..., xn 0 . cUrRsayfa ³
2 2 2
a1 a2 an (a1  a 2  ...  an )2
  ...  
x1 x2 xn x1  x 2  ....  xn
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ³
2 2 2
a1 a2 an (a1  a 2  ...  an )2
  ...  
x1 x2 xn x1  x 2  ....  xn
2 2 2
a1 a2 an (a1  a 2  ...  an )2
tag Tn 
x1

x2
 ... 
xn

x1  x 2  ...  xn
2 2
a a
cMeBaH n  1 eK)an T1  1  1  0  0
x 1 x1
Bit
cMeBaH n  2 eK)an ³
2 2
a1 a2 ( a1  a 2 ) 2
T2   
x1 x2 x1  x 2
2 2
( x1  x 2 )(a1 x 2  a 2 x1 )  x1x 2 (a1  a 2 )2

x1x 2 ( x1  x 2 )
(a1x 2  a 2 x1 )2

x1x 2 ( x1  x 2 )
0 Bit
- 40 -
]bmafavaBitdl;tYTI k KW T  0 Bit k
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;tYTI k  1 KW T  0 Bit k 1
eKman T  0 ¬ kar]bmaxagelI ¦
k
2 2 2 2
eK)an ax  ax  ...  ax  (ax ax ......ax )  0
1 2 k 1 2 k
1 2 k 1 2 k
2 2 2
a1 a2 ak (a1  a 2  ...  ak )2
eKTaj x1

x2
 ... 
xk

x1  x 2  ...  xk
ak2  1
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg xk  1
eK)an ³
2 2 2
a1 a2 ak ak2  1 (a1  a 2  ...  ak )2 ak2  1
  ...    
x1 x2 xk xk  1 x1  x 2  ...  xk xk  1
(a1  a 2  ...  ak )2 ak2  1 (a1  a 2  ...  ak  1 )2
eday x1  x 2  ...  xk

xk  1

x1  x 2  ...  xk  1
eKTaj)an ³
2 2 2
a1 a2 ak ak2  1 (a1  a 2  ...  ak  ak  1 )2
  ...   
x1 x2 xk xk x1  x 2  ...  xk  xk  1
naM[ T  0 Bit .
k 1
2 2 2
(a1  a 2  ...  an )2
dUcenH ax  ax  ...  ax
1 2 n

x1  x 2  ....  xn
.
1 2 n
- 41 -
lMhat´TI22
eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 . cUrbgðajfa
1 1 1 3
  
a 3 ( b  c ) b 3 (c  a ) c 3 (a  b ) 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa a (b1 c)  b (c1 a)  c (a1 b)  32
3 3 3
eKman ³
1 1 1
T  
a 3 ( b  c ) b 3 ( c  a ) c 3 (a  b )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1  1 1 1
         
T  a
  b
  c
 a b c
a(b  c) b(c  a ) c(a  b ) a(b  c)  b(c  a )  c(a  b )
2 2
 1 1 1  ab  bc  ca 
eday     
a b c  abc
  (ab  bc  ca)

2
ehIy a(b  c)  b(c  a)  c(a  b)  2(ab  bc  ca)

2
eKTaj T  ab  bc2  ca  3 (abc
3
) 3

2 2
dUcenH a (b1 c)  b (c1 a)  c (a1 b)  32 .
3 3 3
- 42 -
lMhat´TI23
eK[ x ; y ; z  0 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
x y z 1
  
x  2y  3z y  2z  3x z  2x  3y 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa x  2yx  3z  y  2yz  3x  z  2xz  3y  12
tag T  x  2xy  3z  y  2yz  3x  z  2xz  3y
x2 y2 z2
T 2  
x  2xy  3xz y 2  2yz  3xy z 2  2xz  3yz
( x  y  z )2
T 2
x  y 2  z 2  5( xy  yz  zx )
1 ( x  y  z )2 1
eK)anT  2
2 x  y 2  z 2  5( xy  yz  zx ) 2

1 1 ( x  y )2  ( y  z )2  ( z  x )2
T  0
2 2 x 2  y 2  z 2  5( xy  yz  zx )2
1
eKTaj)an T
2
.
x y z 1
dUcenH  
x  2y  3z y  2z  3x z  2x  3y 2
 .
- 43 -
lMhat´TI24
eK[sIVút a ; a 1 2 ; ....; an epÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐ ³
a1  0 ; | a 2 || a1  1 |; ... nig | a || a  1 | .
n n 1
a1  a 2  ...  an 1
bgðajfa n

2
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa a  a n ...  a   12
1 2 n
eyIgman | a || a  1 |
n n 1
naM[ a  a  2a  1
n
2 2
n 1 n 1
n 1 n 1 n
eK)an  (a )   (a  2a
k 1
k
2
k 1
2
k 1 k 1  1) 
k 1
2
 (ak  2ak  1)
n n n
2 2
an2  1   (a k )   ( a k )  2  ( a k )  n
k 1 k 1 k 1
n an2  1  n n
eKTaj  ak  
2

2
k 1
a1  a 2  ...  an 1
dUcenH n

2
.
- 44 -
lMhat´TI25
eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³
 a  b  c abc
 1    1    1    2 (1  3 )
 b  c  a  abc
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa  1  ba   1  bc   1  ac   2 (1  a abc
3
bc
)
tag T   1  ba   1  bc   1  ac 

a b c b a c
 2     
b c a a c b
a a a b b b  c c c
          1
a b c  a b c  a b c
3a 3b 3c
3 3 3 1
abc abc abc
3(a  b  c) 2(a  b  c) a  b  c
 3
 1  3
 3 1
abc abc abc
2(a  b  c) abc
 3
 3  1  2(1  3
)
abc abc
 a  b  c abc
dUcenH  1    1    1    2 (1  3
 b  c  a  abc
) .
- 45 -
lMhat´TI26
eK[ a ; b ; c CaRbEvgRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³
abc bca  cab  a  b  c
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ³
abc bca  cab  a  b  c
eday a ; b ; c CaRbEvgRCugrbs;RtIekaNenaHeK)an ³
a  b  c  0 ; b  c  a  0 ;c  a  b  0
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwartz eK)an ³
a  b  c  b  c  a  2 b (1)
a  b  c  c  a  b  2 a ( 2)
b  c  a  c  a  b  2 c ( 3)
bUkvismPaB (1) ; (2) nig (3) eKTTYl)an ³
2( a  b  c  b  c  a  c  a  b )  2( a  b  c )
dUcenH
abc bca  cab  a  b  c .
- 46 -
lMhat´TI27
KNnaplbUk ³
n 6k 
Sn    k k k 1 k 1 
k  1 ( 3  2 )( 3  2 )
rYcTajrktémø lim Sn
n  
.
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnaplbUk ³

n 6k 
Sn   k
 k 1 
k
k  1 ( 3  2 )( 3  2k  1 ) 
3k 3k  1 6k
eKman k
3 2 k
 k 1
3 2 k 1
 k
( 3  2k )( 3k  1  2k  1 )
n  3k 3k  1 
eK)an Sn    k k
 k 1

k 1 
k  1 3  2 3 2 
3n  1
dUcenH Sn  3  n  1
3  2n  1
.
 3n  1 
ehIy lim Sn  lim  3  n  1
n   n   3 2 
  31 2
n 1 

dUcenH lim Sn  2
n  
.
- 47 -
lMhat´TI28
KNnaplKuNxageRkam ³
n
 2k x  2x 4x 2n x
Pn    tan k 
k  0 2  2 4 2n
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnaplKuN ³
n
 2k x  2x 4x 2n x
Pn    tan k 
k  0 2  2 4 2n
sin a 2 sin 2 a 2 sin 2 a
eKman tan a  
cos a 2 sin a cos a sin 2a

x
2 sin 2 k
x x
yk a k
2
eK)an tan k 
2 2x
2
sin k
2
 2k  1 x  2n  1 x
n  sin k  n 1 1
sin
eKTaj Pn   2 .
k 0 
2 k
k 2
2
x
 2 2
. 2 n
 sin 2 k  sin 2x
 2 
2n  1 x
n 1
sin
dUcenH Pn  2( 2  1).
sin 2x
2n .
- 48 -
lMhat´TI29
KNnaplKuNxageRkam ³
 2 x 2k 
n
Pn   (1  tan k ) 
k  0 2 
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNnaplKuN ³
 2 x 2k 
n
Pn   (1  tan k ) 
k  0 2 
x 2 x 2x
cos 2  sin cos
2 x
eyIgman 1  tan k 
2
2 k
2 x
2 k
 2
x
k
cos k cos 2 k
2 2
 2k x 
n  cos k 1  cos 2x
eK)an Pn    2
2k  1 x
 
2n  1 x
k 0  
cos cos
 2k  2n
cos 2x
dUcenH Pn 
n 1 x
.
cos 2
2n
- 49 -
lMhat´TI30
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc . cUrbgðajfa ³
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUs
a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C
 2R ¬ R :kaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN ¦
a  2R sin A

eKTaj b  2R sin B (I )
c  2R sin C

tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A ( II )
yk (I ) CYskñúg (II) eK)an ³
4R 2 sin 2 A  4R 2 sin 2 B  4R 2 sin 2 C  8R 2 sin B sin C cos A
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2 sin B sin C cos A
- 50 -
sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin 2 A
eKTaj cos A 
2 sin B sin C
sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin 2 A
ehtuenH cot A 
2 sin B sin C sin A
(1)
sin 2 C  sin 2 A  sin 2 B
dUcKñaEdrcot B 
2 sin C sin A sin B
( 2)
sin A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C
2
ehIynwg cot C 
2 sin A sin B sin C
( 3)
bUkTMnak;TMng (1) ; (2) nig (3) eKTTYl)an ³

sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C
cot A  cot B  cot C  ( 4)
2 sin A sin B sin C
müa:geToteKman A  B  C   b¤ A  B    C
eK)an tan( A  B)  tan(  C)
tan A  tan B
  tan C
1  tan A tan B
eKTaj tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg cot A cot B cot C eK)an ³
cot A cot B  cot B cot C  cot C cot A  1
tamvismPaB AM  GM cMeBaHRKb; x ; y ; z  0
 x 2  y 2  2xy
 2
eKman 2
 y  z  2yz
 2 2
 z  x  2zx
- 51 -
eK)an 2(x  y  z )  2(xy  yz  zx)

2 2 2
b¤ 2 2 2
x  y  z  xy  yz  zx
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2xy  2yz  2zx eK)an ³

( x  y  z )2  3( xy  yz  zx )
edayyk x  cot A ; y  cot B ; z  cot C
eK)an (cot A  cot B  cot C)  3 2
naM[ cot A  cot B  cot C  3 (5)

tamTMnak;TMng (4) nig (5) eK)an ³
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C
 3
2 sin A sin B sin C
dUcenH sin 2
A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2 3 sin A sin B sin C

- 52 -
lMhat´TI31
cUrbgðajfa 26z 3izi  1 luHRtaEt |z|
1
3
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa | z |  13
eKman 26z 3izi  1
lkçxNÐ 2  3iz  0 b¤ z  23i
eK)an | 6z  i || 2  3iz |
| 6z  i |2 | 2  3iz |2
(6z  i )(6 z  i )  ( 2  3iz )( 2  3iz )
36zz  6iz  6iz  1  4  6iz  6iz  9zz
27 zz  3
1
zz 
9
1
| z |2 
9
1
dUcenH |z|  .
3
- 53 -
lMhat´TI32
eK[ z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdlmanm:UDúlesμI 1 .
1 2 3 n
eKtag Z    (z )     ( z1 )  .

n n
k
k 1   k 1 k
cUrbgðajfa 0  Z  n 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa 0  Z  n 2
eday z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdlmanm:UDúlesμI 1

1 2 3 n
enaHeKGactag z  cos x  i. sin x

k k k
Edl x  IR ; k  1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n
k
eK)an Z    (z )     ( z1 ) 

n n
k
k 1  k 1 k 
n n
  cos xk  i. sin xk    cos xk  i sin xk 
k 1 k 1
2 2
 n   n 
   cos xk     sin xk   0
 k 1   k 1 
eK)an Z  0
- 54 -
müa:geTottamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwartz

2
 n 
 
n
  cos xk   n  cos 2 xk
 k 1  k 1
2
 n 
 
n
nig  sin xk   n  sin 2 xk
 k 1  k 1
eKTaj Z  n  cos x   n  (sin

n n
2 2
k xk )
k 1 k 1
 cos2 xk  sin 2 xk 
n
Zn
k 1
Z  n.n  n 2
dUcenH 0  Z  n2 .
sMKal; ³ eKGacRsay Z  n tammYyrebobeTotdUcxageRkam 2
eday | z |  1 enaH z  z1 RKb; k  1 ; 2 ;.....; n

k k
k
 n   n 1 
eK)an Z    ( z k )     ( ) 
 k 1   k 1 z k 
 n   n   n   n 
   z k     zk     z k     z k 
 k 1   k 1   k 1   k 1 
2 2
n
 n 
  z k     | zk |  n2
k 1  k 1 
eKTaj)an Z  n . 2
- 55 -
lMhat´TI33
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z Edl | z | 1 . cUrbgðajfa ³
2  | 1  z |  | 1  z2 |  4
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa 2  | 1  z |  | 1  z |  4 2
tag z  cos t  i. sin t

eK)an | 1  z | (1  cos t )  sin t  2 | sin 2t |
2 2
ehIy | 1  z | (1  cos 2t )  sin 2t  2 | cos t |

2 2 2
t
 2 | 1  2 sin 2 |
2
 t t 
eK)an | 1  z |  | 1  z 2 | 2  | sin |  | 1  2 sin 2 | 
 2 2 
t
edayyk x  sin ;  1  x  1
2
ehIytagGnuKmn_ f
kMnt;eday f (x) | x |  | 1  2x | Edl  1  x  1

2
cMeBaH  1  x  1 eK)an 22  f (x)  2

dUcenH 2  | 1  z |  | 1  z |  4 .
2
- 56 -
lMhat´TI34
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit ( v ) kMnt;eday ³ n nIN
v  5 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn v
2
0  2 v  1 ; n  0 n 1 n
bgðajfa v  v  1  ( v  v  1 )
n 1
2
n 1 n n
2 2
rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_én n .
n
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa v  v  1  ( v  v  1 )
n 1
2
n 1 n n
2 2
tag w  v  v  1 eday v  2v  1 ; n  0
n n 1
2
n 1 n 1 n
2
eK)an w  2v  1  (2v  1)  1
n n
2
n
2 2
2 4 2
 2 vn  1  4 vn  4 vn
2 2 2
 v n  2 v n v n  1  ( v n  1)
2
 ( v n  v n  1 )2
dUcenH v  v  1  ( v
n 1
2
n 1 n
2
 v n  1 )2
KNna v CaGnuKmn_én n ³
n
tag t  ln( v  v  1)
n n n
2
- 57 -
eK)an t  ln( v  v  1)
n 1 n 1
2
n 1
eday v  v  1  ( v  v  1 )
n 1
2
n 1 n n
2 2
eKTaj t  2 ln( v  v  1)  2t
n 1 n n
2
n
naM[ (t ) CasIVútFrNImaRtmanersug q  2
n
nigtY t  ln( 5  2) .
0
tamrUbmnþ t  t  q  2 ln( 5  2)  ln(

n 0
n n
5  2) 2n
eday t  ln( v  v  1)
n n n
2
eKTaj)an v  v  1  ( 5  2) n (1)
n n
2 2
eday ( v  v  1)( v  v  1)  1
n n
2
n n
2
1
eKTaj v  v  1 
n n
2
2
vn  vn  1
2 1 2n
vn  vn  1   ( 5  2 ) ( 2)
2n
( 5  2)
bUksmIkar (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an ³
n n
2 v n  ( 5  2) 2  ( 5  2) 2
n n
( 5  2) 2  ( 5  2)2
dUcenH vn 
2
.
- 58 -
lMhat´TI35
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;eday ³
k kIN
  C 
n
u  9 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u p p
0 k 1 u
n k
p 1
Edl C  p!(nn! p)! .

p
n
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én k nig n

k
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_én k nig n ³
k
eyIgman u   C u 
n
p p
k 1 n k
p 1
eday     1   C u   1  (1  u )
n n
p p
Cpn uk p
n k k
p
p 1 p0
eK)an u  1  (1  u )
k 1 k
p
eKTaj ln(1  u )  p ln(1  u )

k 1 k
TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa { ln(1  u ) } CasIVútFrNImaRtman k
pleFobrYm p nigtYdMbUg ln(1  u )  ln 10 o
eK)an ln(1  u )  p ln 10 naM[ u  10 k  1 .

k
k
k
p
- 59 -
lMhat´TI36
eK[sIVúténcMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;eday ³
n nIN
u  1 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u  2u  4u
2
0 n 1 n n 1
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én n
n
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_én n ³
n
eKman u  2u  4u  1
n 1 n
2
n
KuNGgÁTaMgBIr nwg 2 eK)an ³

2
2un  1  4un  8un  2
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2 eK)an ³
2(un  1  1)  4(un  1)2
tag v  ln2(u  1)
n n
eK)an v  ln 2(u
n 1 n 1  1)

v n  1  ln 4 ( u n  1 ) 2 
v n  1  2 ln 2 ( u n  1 ) 
naM[ ( v ) CasIVútFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q  2
n
- 60 -
nigtY v  ln [2(u  1)]  ln(4)

0 0
tamrUbmnþ v  v  q  2 ln 4  ln 2 n1
n 0
n n 2
eday v  ln2(u  1)

n n
eKTaj 2(u  1)  2 n1

n
2
dUcenH u  2 n1  1 .
n
2 1
lMhat´TI37
eK[ A ; B ; C CamMukñúgrbs;RtIekaN ABC mYy .
cUrbgðajfa cot A2  cot B2  cot C2  3 3
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa cot A2  cot B2  cot C2  3 3
eKman A  B  C   naM[ A2  B2  2  C2
eK)an tan A2  B2   tan 2  C2 
A B
tan  tan
2 2  cot C
A B 2
1  tan tan
2 2
- 61 -
A B
tan  tan
2 2  1
A B C
1  tan tan tan
2 2 2
C A B A B
tan (tan  tan )  1  tan tan
2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg cot cot cot
2 2 2
eK)an ³
A B C A B C
cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C 
eday 0 A;B;C enaH 0 ; ; 
2 2 2 2
A B C
eK)an cot  0 ; cot  0 ; cot  0
2 2 2
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an ³
A B C A B C
cot  cot  cot  3 3 cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
cot  cot  cot  3 3 cot  cot  cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
 A B C  A B C
 cot  cot  cot   27  cot  cot  cot 
 2 2 2  2 2 2
A B C
dUcenH cot  cot  cot  3 3
2 2 2
.
- 62 -
lMhat´TI38
eK[ A ; B ; C CamMuRsYckñúgrbs;RtIekaN ABC mYy .
cUrbgðajfa (1  tan A)(1  tan B)(1  tan C)  (1  3 ) 3
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa (1  tan A)(1  tan B)(1  tan C)  (1  3 ) 3
eday A ; B ; C CamMuRsYcenaH tan A  0;tan B  0;tan C  0

tamvismPaB AM  GM RKb; x  0 ; y  0 ; z  0 eKman³
(1  x )(1  y )(1  z )  1  ( x  y  z )  ( xy  yz  zx )  xyz
(1  x )(1  y )(1  z )  1  3 3 xyz  3 3 x 2 y 2 z 2  xyz
(1  x )(1  y )(1  z )  (1  3 xyz )3
yk x  tan A ; y  tan B ; z  tan C eK)an ³
(1  tan A )(1  tan B)(1  tan C)  (1  tan A tan B tan C )3
eKman tan( A  B)  tan(  C)
tan A  tan B
  tan C
1  tan A tan B
eKTaj tan A  tan B  tan B  tan A tan B tan C
x  y  z  xyz
- 63 -
x  y  z  3 3 xyz
xyz  3 3 xyz
eKTaj xyz  3 3 b¤ tan A tan B tan C  3 3
eK)an (1  tan A)(1  tan B)(1  tan B)  (1  3 3 )
3 3
dUcenH (1  tan A)(1  tan B)(1  tan C)  (1  3 ) .

3
lMhat´TI39
eK[cMnYnKt;viC¢man n .
eKdwgfa n Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; % ehIy n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl;#
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 5616  n  5626 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
tamsmμtikmμeKdwgfa n Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; % naM[man
- 64 -
q 1  IN Edl n  7q  5 (1)
1
ehIymüa:geTot n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl; # enaHnaM[man

q  IN Edl n  8q  3 ( 2)
2 2
 n  7q  5 (1)
tam ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)anRbBn½æ  n  8q  3 (2)
1
 2
b¤  87nn  56
1q  40 ( 3)
56q  21 (4)
 2
dksmIkar ¬# ¦ nig ¬$¦ eK)an n  56(q  q )  19

1 2
tag q  q  q , q  IN
1 2
eK)an n  56q  19 .
TMnak;TMngenHmann½yfa cMnYn n enaHEcknwg 56 [sMNl; !( .
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 5616  n  5626
eKman n  56q  19 naM[ 5616  56q  19  5626
b¤ 5597
56
q
5607
56
b¤ 53
99   q  100 
56
7
56
naM[ q  100 .
cMeBaH q  100 eK)an n  5600  19  5619 .
dUcenHcMnYn n enaHKW n  5619 .
- 65 -
lMhat´TI40
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR ehIyepÞogpÞat;TMnak;TMng³
 
x 2f x 3 
1
2 
f
1 x 3
  4x 1  x
4
 
5
1  x   1  x 
1
cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal³ I   f x.dx .
0
dMeNa¼Rsay
1
KNnaGaMgetRkal³ I   f x.dx
0
tag x  t naM[ dx  3t .dt nigcMeBaH x   0 ,1 

3 2
naM[ t   0 , 1 
1 1
eK)an I   f (x).dx   f (t ).3t dt 3 2
0 0
1
naM[ 13 I   t f (t ).dt 1
2 3
müa:geTotebIeKtag x  11  tt naM[ dx   (12dtt ) 2
cMeBaH x   0 ,1  naM[ t   1 , 0 
eK)an ³
1
1 t
0
2dt 1
1 1 t
I   f ( x ).dx   f  .(  )  2  (1  t )2 1  t ).dt
f (
0 1  1  t  (1  t ) 2
0
- 66 -
1 1
1 1 t
eKTaj)an I 2
f (

).dt 2 
2 0 (1  t ) 1 t
bUkTMnak;TMng ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an ³
1
1 1 2 3 1 1 t 
I  I   t f (t )  f( ) .dt
3 2 0 (1  t ) 2
1  t 
tamsmμtikmμeKman ³
 
x 2f x 3 
1
f
1 x
   4 x 3
1 
 x 4
 5
1  x 2  1  x 
eK)an ³
1
5 1
1 4 6 64  1 63
I   4t 3 (1  t 4 ) 5 .dt   6 (1  t )   
6 0 0 6 6
1
63
dUcenH I   f ( x ).dx 
5
.
0
- 67 -
lMhat´TI41
  
enAkñúgtMruyGrtUNrma:l;manTisedAviC¢man  0 , i , j , k 
manÉkta 1cm enAelIGkS½ eK[BIrcMnuc A(0,2,0)
nig B(1,2,1) . P Cabøg;mansmIkar 2x  2y  z  4  0 .
cUrsresrsmIkarbøg; Q kat;tamcMnuc A nig B ehIypÁúMCamYy
bøg; (P) )anmMuRsYcmYymantémø   4 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
sresrsmIkarbøg; Q
tag Q : ax  by  cz  d  0 CasmIkarEdlRtUvrk.
edaybøg; Q  kat;tamcMnuc A nig B enaHkUGredaencMnuc
A nig B epÞógpÞat;nwgsmIkarbøg; Q  .
a(0)  b( 2)  c(0)  d  0   2b  d  0
eK)an a(1)  b(2)  c(1)  d  0 b¤ a  2b  c  d  0
 
 d
 b  (1)
naM[eKTaj)an  2

a   c ( 2 )
- 68 -
müa:geTotebIeyIgtag  CamMupÁúMedaybøg; P  nig Q

 
n .n
enaHeK)an cos   n . n P Q
P Q
eday n 2,2,1 nig n

P Q (a, b , c ) CaviucTr½Nrm:al;énbøg; P 
nig Q . eK)an ³
2a  2b  c 2a  2b  c
cos   
2 2  2 2  1. a 2  b 2  c 2 3 a2  b2  c2

eday 
4
¬bMrab;¦
2a  2b  c 2
enaHeKTaj 
2
3 a2  b2  c2
naM[ 2(2a  2b  c)  9(a  b  c ) (3)
2 2 2 2
yksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ CYskñúg ¬#¦ eK)an ³

2 d22
2( 2c  d  c)  9(c   c2 )
4
2 d2 2
2( c  d )  9( 2c  )
4
9
2(c 2  2cd  d 2 )  18c 2  d 2
4
- 69 -
9
2c 2  4cd  2d 2  18c 2  d 2  0
4
2 d2
 16c  4cd  0
4
2 d2
16c  4cd  0
4
2
 d d
 4c    0
 2
naM[ c. 8
tamTMnak;TMng ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eKTaj b nig a  d8 .
d
2
d d d
yktémø a
8
,b  nig
2
cCYskñúgsmIkarbøg; Q
8
eK)an ³
Q  : d x  d y  d z  d  0
8 2 8
smmUl Q : x  4y  z  8  0 .
dUcenHsmIkarbøg; Q EdlRtUvrkKW ³ Q  : x  4y  z  8  0

- 70 -
lMhat´TI42
eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrRsayfa ³
(a 2  2)(b 2  2)(c 2  2)  9(ab  bc  ca)
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa ³
(a 2  2)(b 2  2)(c 2  2)  9(ab  bc  ca) (1)
a  2 tan A
 
eRCIserIs A , B , C]0 ; [
2
Edl b  2 tan B

c  2 tan C
 2 2 2
 a  2  2 (1  tan A ) 
cos 2 A

 2 2
eK)an 2
b  2  2(1  tan B ) 
cos 2
B

 2 2 2
 c  2  2( 1  tan C ) 
 cos 2 C
8
naM[ (a 2  2)(b 2  2)(c 2  2) 
cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C
tag T  ab  bc  ca
T  2(tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A )
- 71 -
2(sin A sin B cos C  sin B sin C cos A  sin C sin A cos B )
T
cos A cos B cos C
2 [ cos A cos B cos C  cos( A  B  C) ]

cos A cos B cos C
vismPaB (1) smmUlnwg ³
8 18 [cos A cos B cos C  cos( A  B  C)]

cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C cos A cos B cos C
eKTaj)an ³
4
cos A cos B cos C cos A cos B cos C  cos( A  B  C) 
9
tag   A  B3  C .
tamvismPaB AM  GM nig Jensen eyIg)an ³
3
 cos A  cos B  cos C  3
cos A cos B cos C     cos 
 3 
4
eKTaj cos 3  (cos 3   cos 3) 
9
eday cos 3  4 cos   3 cos 
3
eK)an cos  (3 cos   3 cos )  49

3 3
4
cos4  (1  cos 2 ) 
27
- 72 -
3
 cos 2  cos 2  2 
2
cos  cos 2    1  cos 
. .(1  cos )   2
2 2 
2 2  3 
 
 
4
naM[ cos4  (1  cos 2 ) 
27
Bit .
dUcenH (a 2  2)(b 2  2)(c 2  2)  9(ab  bc  ca) Bit.
lMhat´TI43
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
x>bgðajfa cos A cos B cos C  18
dMeNa¼Rsay
eKman A  B  C  
eK)an cos(A  B)  cos(  C)
- 73 -
b¤ cos A cos B  sin A sin B   cos C

b¤ cos C  sin A sin B  cos A cos B
tag T  3  2(cos A  cos B  cos C)
 3  2(cos A  cos B  sin A sin B  cos A cos B )
 (sin A  sin B )2  (cos A  cos B  1)2  0
3
dUcenH cos A  cos B  cos C 
2
1
x>bgðajfa cos A cos B cos C 
8
eday A ; B ; C CamMuRsYcenaH cos A ; cos B ; cos C  0
cos A  cos B  cos C  3 3 cos A cos B cos C
3
 cos A  cos B  cos C 
cos A cos B cos C   
 3 
3
eday cos A  cos B  cos C 
2
¬sRmayxagelI¦
3
 3
  1
eKTaj cos A cos B cos C   2  
 3  8
 
1
dUcenH cos A cos B cos C 
8
.
- 74 -

eKman cos A  cos B  2 cos A 2 B cos A 2 B
eday cos A 2 B  cos 2  C2   sin C2
nig cos C  1  2 sin C2 eK)an ³
2
C AB C
cos A  cos B  cos C  1  2 sin cos  2 sin 2
2 2 2
C AB C
 1  2 sin  cos  sin 
2 2 2
C AB A  B
 1  2 sin  cos  cos 
2 2 2 
A B C
 1  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
3
eday cos A  cos B  cos C 
2
¬sRmayxagelI¦
A B C 3
eKTaj 1  4 sin sin sin 
2 2 2 2
A B C 1
dUcenH sin sin sin 
2 2 2 8
.
- 75 -
lMhat´TI44
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . tag p CaknøHbrimaRt nig R
CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN . cUrbgðajfa ³
x> sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos A2 cos B2 cos C2
dMeNa¼Rsay
tag BC  a ; AC  b ; AB  c
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUs ³
A
a  b  c  2bc cos A eday cos A  2 cos
2 2 2 2
1
2
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc( 2 cos 2  1)
2
2 A (b  c)2  a 2 (b  c  a )(b  c  a )
eKTaj cos
2

4bc

4bc
2p( 2p  2a ) p(p  a )
 
4bc bc
A p( p  a )
naM[ cos 
2 bc
- 76 -
dUcKñaEdr cos B2  p(pac b) nig cos C  p(pab c)

eK)an cos A2 cos B2 cos C2  p p(p  a)(abcp  b)(p  c)
eday S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)  abc 4R
eK)an p(p  a)(abc p  b )(p  c)

1
4R
dUcenH cos A2 cos B2 cos C2  4pR .
x> sin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos A cos B cos C
a b c
   2R
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
eKTaj sin A 
2R
; sin B 
2R
; sin C 
2R
a  b  c 2p p
eK)ansin A  sin B  sin C 
2R

2R R

A B C p
eday cos cos cos 
2 2 2 4R
A B C
dUcenHsin A  sin B  sin C  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
- 77 -
lMhat´TI45
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . tag r nig R erogKañCakaMrgVg;
carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkARtIekaN .
k> cUrbgðajfa ³
r
R
x> ebI ABC CaRtIekaNEkgenaHcUrRsayfa ³
R  ( 2  1) r
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> bgðajfa cos A  cos B  cos C  1  Rr
eKman cos A  cos B  2 cos A 2 B cos A 2 B
eday cos A 2 B  cos 2  C2   sin C2
nig cos C  1  2 sin C2 eK)an ³
2
C AB C
cos A  cos B  cos C  1  2 sin cos  2 sin 2
2 2 2
- 78 -
C AB C
 1  2 sin  cos  sin 
2 2 2
C AB A  B
 1  2 sin  cos  cos 
2 2 2 
A B C
 1  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
eK)an cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A eday cos A  1  2 sin 2
2
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc(1  2 sin 2 )
2
A a 2  (b  c)2 (a  b  c)(a  b  c)
eKTaj sin2
2

4bc

4bc
( 2p  2c)( 2p  2b ) (p  b )(p  c)
 
4bc bc
A (p  b )(p  c)
naM[ sin 
2 bc
RsaydUcKñaEdr ³
B (p  a )(p  c) C (p  a )(p  b )
sin  ; sin 
2 ac 2 ab
eK)an ³
4(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
abc
- 79 -
eday S  pr  abc
4R
 p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
 S 2 prS
(p  a )(p  b )(p  c )    Sr
eKTaj  p p
abc  4SR

(p  a )(p  b )(p  c) r
naM[ abc

4R
r
dUcenHcos A  cos B  cos C  1 
R
x> ebI ABC CaRtIekaNEkgenaHcUrRsayfa R  ( 2  1) r
]bmafa ABC CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; A enaH A  2 ;B  2  C
eday cos A  cos B  cos C  1  Rr
eK)an 0  cos 2  C   cos C  1  Rr
r
sin C  cos C  1 
R
  r
2 sin  C   1 
4  R
  r
eday sin  C   1
4 
enaH
1  2
R
r
naM[ R
2 1
 ( 2  1) r
dUcenH R  ( 2  1) r .
- 80 -
lMhat´TI46
edaHRsaysmIkar ³
x  4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  x 1
dMeNa¼Rsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
x  4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  x 1
elIkGgÁTaMgBIrCakaereK)an ³
x  4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  x  2 x  1
4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  2 x  1
4x  16x  .....  4n x  3  4x  4 x  1
16x  ....  4n x  3  4 x  1
eFIVrebobenHCabnþbnÞab;eK)an ³
¤
4n x  3  4n x  2.2n x  1 2n x  1
eKTaj x  41 n
Cab¤ssmIkar .
- 81 -
lMhat´TI47
cUrbgðajfaenAkñúgRKb;RtIekaNeKmanTMnak;TMng ³
abc
a cos A  b cos B  c cos C 
2R 2
Edl a ; b ; c CaRCug nig R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN .
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  c cos C  2abc
R 2
tag T  a cos A  b cos B  c cos C

eKman a  2R sin A ; b  2R sin B ; c  2R sin C
eK)an T  R(sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C)
 R2 sin( A  B ) cos( A  B )  2 sin C cos C
 R2 sin C cos( A  B )  2 sin C cos C
 2R sin C cos( A  B )  cos C
 2R sin C cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )
abc abc
 4R sin A sin B sin C  4R . 3 
8R 2R 2
abc
dUcenH a cos A  b cos B  c cos C 
2R 2
.
- 82 -
lMhat´TI48
KNnaplKuN ³
 1  tan 2 2k x 
Edl | x | 2 
n
Pn    
k 1  
2 k 2
 1  tan 2 
n 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
n  1  tan 2 2k x 
KNnaplKuN Pn    2
k 1  2
 1  tan 2 
k
1  tan 2 a
tamrUbmnþ cos 2a 
1  tan 2 a
1  tan 2 2k x
eK)an k 1
cos 2 x 
1  tan 2 2k x
cos 2 2k  sin 2 2k cos 2k  1 x
ehIy 2 k
1  tan 2  2 k
cos 2 x

cos 2 2k x
1  tan 2 2k x cos 2 2k x
eK)an 2 k
(1  tan 2 x ) 2

cos 2 2k  1 x
n  cos 2 2k x  cos 2 2x
dUcenH Pn    2 k 1 

x  cos 2 2n  1 x
.
k  1  cos 2
- 83 -
lMhat´TI49
eK[ a ; b ; c ; d nig x CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; ³
sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x
a

b

c

d
Edl x  k ; k  Z
cUrbgðajfa a (4b  d )  b (3a  c)

3 2 2 4
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa a (4b  d )  b (3a  c)
3 2 2 4
tag sina x  sinb2x  sinc3x  sind4x  t

 sin x  at
 sin 2x  bt

eKTaj 
sin 3x  ct

 sin 4x  dt
eKman sin 4x  2 sin 2x cos 2x
sin 2 4x  4 sin 2 2x cos 2 2x
sin 2 4x  4 sin 2 2x(1  sin 2 2x )
d 2t 2
 4b 2t 2 (1  b 2t 2 )
1 d2 
eKTaj t  2  1  2  (1)
2
b  4b 
- 84 -
müa:geTot sin 3x  3 sin x  4 sin 3

x
sin 3x  sin x( 3  4 sin 2 x )
ct  at ( 3  4a 2t 2 )
1 c
eKTaj t 2  2 ( 3  ) 2 
4a a
pÞwm 1 nig 2 eK)an ³
1 d2  1  c
 1     3  
b 2  4b 2  4a 2  a
4b 2  d 2 3a  c
4

4b 4a 3
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg a b eK)an a (4b  d )  b (3a  c)
3 4 3 2 2 4
dUcenH a (4b  d )  b (3a  c) .

3 2 2 4

- 85 -
lMhat´TI50
eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa
a  tan b
tamrUbmnþ tan(a  b)  1tan  tan a tan b
eK)an tan A 2 B   tan 2  C2 
A B
tan  tan
2 2  cot C  1
A B 2 tan C
1  tan tan
2 2 2
C A B A B
2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
dUcenH tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
- 86 -

tamvisPaB AM  GM eK)an ³
2
A B B C C A  A B C
tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  3 3  tan tan tan 
2 2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2
2
 A B C
1  3 3  tan tan tan 
 2 2 2
eKTaj tan A2 tan B2 tan C2  1

27

9
3
dUcenH tan A2 tan B2 tan C2  9

3
.
lMhat´TI51
eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³
ab AB C
 tan . tan
ab 2 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa aa  bb  tan A 2 B . tan C2
eKman a  2R sin A ; b  2R sin B ¬ R kaMrgVg;carwkeRkA¦
- 87 -
eK)an aa  bb  22RR(sin
(sin A  sin B )
A  sin B )
AB AB
ab 2 sin cos
 2 2
ab AB AB
2 sin cos
2 2
 C
ab AB cos(  )
 tan . 2 2
ab 2  C
sin(  )
2 2
C
AB sin
ab
 tan . 2  tan A  B tan C
ab 2 cos C 2 2
2
ab AB C
dUcenH ab
 tan
2
. tan
2
.
- 88 -
lMhat´TI52
cUrbgðajfa ³
2
a b
(sin x  a cos x )(sin x  b cos x )  1   
 2 
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
2
a  b
(sin x  a cos x )(sin x  b cos x )  1    1
 2 
2
a b
-ebI cos x  0 enaH 2
sin x  1  
 2


Bit
-ebI cos x  0 eyIgEckGgÁTaMgBIrén 1 nwg cos 2
x
  a  b 2  1
(tan x  a )(tan x  b )  1    
  2   cos 2 x
1
tag t  tan x enaH cos 2 x
 1  tan 2
x  1  t 2
  a  b 2 
eK)an (t  a )(t  b )  1     1 t 2

  2  
2 2
2 a b a b 2
2
t  (a  b )t  ab  1  t      t
 2   2 
- 89 -
2 2
a b 2 a b
  t  (a  b )t  1     ab  0
 2   2 
2 2
ab  ab

 2
t  1  
  2
 0

Bit
2
a b
dUcenH (sin x  a cos x )(sin x  b cos x )  1  
 2


.
lMhat´TI53
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc nig RCug a ; b ; c
nigépÞRkLa K . cUrRsayfa ³
2 2 2 2 2 2a2  b2  c2
2 2 2
a b  4K  b c  4K  c a  4K 
2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
2 2 2 2 2 2 a2  b 2  c2
2 2 2
a b  4K  b c  4K  c a  4K 
2
1 1 1
eKmanK  ab sin C  bc sin A  ca sin B
2 2 2
tag T  a 2b 2  4K 2  b 2c 2  4K 2  c 2a 2  4K 2
 a 2b 2 cos 2 C  b 2c 2 cos 2 A  c 2a 2 cos 2 B
- 90 -
T  ab cos C  bc cos A  ca cos B

a2  b 2  c2 b 2  c2  a2 c2  a2  b 2
 ab  bc  ca
2ab 2bc 2ca
a2  b 2  c2  b 2  c2  a2  c2  a2  b2

2
a2  b 2  c2

2
dUcenH
2 2 2 2 2 2 a2  b 2  c2
2 2 2
a b  4K  b c  4K  c a  4K 
2
lMhat´TI54
RbsinebI xyx  (1  x)(1  y )(1  z ) Edl 0  x ; y ; z  1
cUrbgðajfa x(1  z )  y(1  x)  z(1  y )  43
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa ³
3
x(1  z )  y (1  x )  z(1  y ) 
4
- 91 -
eKman (x  12 )  x  x  14  0 cMeBaHRKb; x
2 2
eKTaj x(1  x)  14 eday 0  x  1 enaHeKTaj)an ³

1
0  x(1  x )  . RsaydUcKñaEdreK)an ³
4
1 1
0  y (1  y ) 
4
ni g 0  z(1  z ) 
4
eyIg)an xyz(1  x)(1  y )(1  z )  641
eday xyz  (1  x)(1  y )(1  z ) enaHeKTaj ³
xyz   1 naM[ xyz  1 .
2
64 8
tag T  x(1  z )  y(1  x)  z(1  y )
 ( x  y  z )  ( xy  yz  xz)
eday xyz  (1  x)(1  y )(1  z )
b¤ xyz  1  (x  y  z )  (xy  yz  zx)  xyz
b¤ (x  y  z )  (xy  yz  zx)  1  2xyz
eKTaj T  1  2xyz  1  2  18   43
dUcenH x(1  z )  y(1  x)  z(1  y )  43
- 92 -
lMhat´TI55
eK[ a ; b ; c CaRbEvgRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYyEdlman
brimaRtesμI 2 . cUrRsayfa ³
3
 a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  2
2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa 32  a  b  c  2abc  2
2 2 2
edaybrimaRtrbs;RtIekaNenHesμI 2 enaHRCugTaMgbI a ; b ; c
rbs;RtIekaNsuTæEttUcCag 1 .
eyIg)an S  12 bc sin A  12
tamrUbmnþehrug S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c) eday p  1
enaH S  (1  a)(1  b)(1  c)  12
eKTaj 0  (1  a)(1  b)(1  c)  14
b¤ 0  1  (a  b  c)  (ab  bc  ca)  abc  14
b¤ 0  1  2  (ab  bc  ca)  abc  14
- 93 -
b¤ 1  (ab  bc  ca)  abc  54

b¤ 2  2(ab  bc  ca)  2abc  52
eKman (a  b  c)  a  b  c  2(ab  bc  ca)
2 2 2 2
eKTaj ³
a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  (a  b  c)2  2abc  2(ab  bc  ca)
a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  4  2(ab  bc  ca)  2abc
5
eday 2  2(ab  bc  ca)  2abc 
2
5
eK)an 4   a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  4  2
2
3
dUcenH 2
 a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  2.

- 94 -
lMhat´TI56
eK[ S    k3   13  23  33  ....  n3
n 2 2 2 2 2
n k 2 3 n
  k 1
KNna S CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrk lim S

n
n  
n
dMeNa¼Rsay
KNna S CaGnuKmn_én n ³
n
n  k 2  12 22 32 n2
Sn    k    2  3  ....  n
k  1 3  3 3 3 3
k2
tag tk  k
3
cMeBaHRKb; k 1
(k  1)2 k 2 2k  1
eK)an 3t k  1  t k 
3 k
 k 
3 3k
2k  1
yk Tk  3t k  1  t k 
3k
2k  3 2k  1 2
eK)an 3Tk  1  Tk 
3 k

3 k
 k
3
2
b¤3( 3t k  2  t k  1 )  ( 3t k  1  t k )  k
3
2
b¤ 9t k  2  6t k  1  t k  k
3
- 95 -
edayeKman ³
9t k  2  6t k  1  t k  9(t k  2  t k  1 )  3( t k  1  t k )  4t k
1 1 9 3
eKTaj t k  . k  (t k  2  t k  1 )  (t k  1  t k )
2 3 4 4
1 n 1  9 n 3 n
eK)an Sk    k    t k  2  t k  1    t k  1  t k 
2 k  1 3  4 k  1 4 k 1
1
1 n
1
 . 3  9 (t  t ) 
3
(t n  1  t1 )
n 2 2
6 1 1 4 4
3
1 1 9 3 9 3
 (1  n )  t n  2  t n  1  t 2  t1
4 3 4 4 4 4
2
k
eday tk  k
3
1 4 (n  1)2 (n  2) 2
eK)an t1  ; t 2  ; t n  1 
3 9 3 n 1
; tn 2 
3n  2
1 1 9 (n  2)2 3 (n  1)2 9 4 3 1
Sn   n
 . n  2  . n 1  .  .
4 4.3 4 3 4 3 4 9 4 3
2
3 1 n  3n  3
dUcenH Sn   .
2 2 3n
n 2  3n  3
eday lim
n   3 n
0
3
dUcenH lim Sn 
n  
.
2
- 96 -
lMhat´TI57
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC  a ; AC  b ; AB  c
tag p  a  b2  c CaknøHbrimaRt r nig R CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg
nigkaMrgVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMngxageRkam ³
k> bc  ca  ab  p  r  4Rr
2 2
x> a  b  c  2p  2r  8Rr
2 2 2 2 2

X> tan A2  tan B2  tan C2  4Rp r
g> cot A2  cot B2  cot C2  pr
dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMngxageRkam ³
k> bc  ca  ab  p  r  4Rr
2 2
- 97 -
tamrUbmnþehrugeK)an ³
S  p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)  pr
p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)  p 2r 2
(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)  pr 2
p 3  (a  b  c)p 2  (ab  bc  ca)p  abc  pr 2
abc
eday ehIy
a  b  c  2p S  pr b¤4R
abc  4pRr
eK)an p  2p  (ab  bc  ca)p  4pRr  pr

3 3 2
2 3
eKTaj ab  bc  ca  pr  pp  4pRr  r  p  4Rr 2 2
dUcenH bc  ca  ab  p  r  4Rr 2 2
x> a  b  c  2p  2r  8Rr
2 2 2 2 2
eKman a  b  c  (a  b  c)  2(ab  bc  ca)

2 2 2 2
eday bc  ca  ab  p  r  4Rr nig a  b  c  2p

2 2
eK)an a  b  c  4p  2(p  r  4Rr)

2 2 2 2 2 2
dUcenH a  b  c  2p  2r  8Rr
2 2 2 2 2
- 98 -

A
a  b  c  2bc cos A eday cos A  1  2 sin
2 2 2 2
2
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc(1  2 sin 2 )
2
A a 2  (b  c)2 (a  b  c)(a  b  c)
eKTaj sin2
2

4bc

4bc
( 2p  2c)( 2p  2b ) (p  b )(p  c)
 
4bc bc
A (p  b )(p  c)
naM[ sin 
2 bc
müa:geTot
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A eday cos A  2 cos 2
2
1
A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc( 2 cos 2  1)
2
2 A (b  c)  a 2 (b  c  a )(b  c  a )
2
eKTaj cos
2

4bc

4bc
2p( 2p  2a ) p(p  a )
 
4bc bc
A p( p  a )
naM[ cos 
2 bc
- 99 -
(p  b )(p  c)
(p  b )(p  c)
eK)an tan A2  bc
p(p  a )

p( p  a )
bc
RsaydUcKñaEdreKTaj ³
B (p  a )(p  c) C (p  a )(p  b )
tan  ; tan 
2 p( p  b ) 2 p( p  c )
eFIViviFIKuNeK)an ³
A B C (p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
tan tan tan 
2 2 2 p3
p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)

p2
S pr r
 2 2
p p p
A B C r
dUcenH tan . tan tan 
2 2 2 p
.
A B C 4R  r
X> tan  tan  tan 
2 2 2 p
A B C
tag T  tan  tan  tan
2 2 2
A (p  b )(p  c)
edayeKman tan 
2 p( p  a )
B (p  a )(p  c) C (p  a )(p  b )
tan  ; tan 
2 p( p  b ) 2 p( p  c )
- 100 -
enaHeK)an ³
(p  b )(p  c) (p  a )(p  c) (p  a )(p  b )
T  
p( p  a ) p(p  b ) p( p  c )
(p  b )(p  c)  (p  a )(p  c)  (p  a )(p  b )

p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
3p 2  (b  c  a  c  a  b )p  bc  ac  ab

S
2
3p  2(a  b  c)p  (ab  bc  ca)
T
pr
eday bc  ca  ab  p 2
 r 2  4Rr nig a  b  c  2p
3p 2  4p 2  p 2  r 2  4Rr r  4R
T 
pr p
A B C 4R  r
dUcenHtan  tan  tan 
2 2 2 p
A B C p
g>
cot  cot  cot 
2 2 2 r
AB  C
eKmanABC  naM[ 2
 
2 2
tan a  tan b
tamrUbmnþtan(a  b ) 
1  tan a tan b
 A  B   C
eK)an
tan
 2 
  tan  
2 2
- 101 -
A B
tan  tan
2 2  cot C  1
A B 2 C
1  tan tan tan
2 2 2
C A B A B
2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg cot cot cot
2 2 2
eK)an ³
A B C A B C
cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C r
eday tan tan tan 
2 2 2 p
A B C p
dUcenH cot  cot  cot 
2 2 2 r

- 102 -
lMhat´TI58
eK[ x ; y ; z CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl x  y  z  1 .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1  1 
  1   1   1  8
x y  z 
dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1  1 
  1    1    1  8
x y  z 
1  1  1  (1  x )(1  y )(1  z )
eKman 
x
 1  
 y
 1    1 
 z  xyz
1  x  y  z

eday xyz 1 naM[1  y  x  z
1  z  x  y

eK)an  1x  1 y1  1 1z  1  (y  z )(zxyz
 x )( x  y )
 
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman ³
y  z  2 yz ; z  x  2 zx nig x  y  2 xy
eK)an (y  z )(z  x)(x  y )  8xyz

- 103 -
( y  z )( z  x )( x  y )
naM[ xyz
8
1 1  1 
dUcenH   1   1   1  8
x y
.
 z 
lMhat´TI59
eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl a  b  c 2 2 2
1
3 3 3
2 2 2
b c )
dMeNa¼Rsay
3 3 3
2 2 2
b c )
3 3 3
tag T  a1  b1  c1  3  2. a abc
2 2 2
b c
eday a  b  c  1 enaHeKTaj ³
2 2 2
1 b 2  c2 1 a2  c2 1 a2  b2
2
 1 2
; 2  1 2
; 2  1
a a b b c c2
eFIVviFIbUksmPaBTaMgenHeK)an ³
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1  2 1 1 
   3  a     b     c   
a2 b 2 c2 b
2
c2  c
2
a2  a
2
b2 
- 104 -
kenSam T Gacsresr ³
2 1 1 2 1 1  2 1 1   a2 b 2 c2 
T  a  2  2   b  2  2   c  2  2   2   
b c  c a  a b   bc ca ab 
2 2 2
 1 1 1 1 1 1
 a2     b 2     c2     0
b c c a a b
1 1 1 2(a 3  b 3  c 3 )
dUcenH a 2
 2  2  3
b c abc
.

sUmrgćaMGanPaKTI4
- 105 -
lMhat´Gnuvtþn_

1-KNnaplbUk ³
n  k 2  12 22 32 n2
Sn    k      ... 
k 1  10  10 100 1000 1000...000
rYcTajrklImItén S kalNa n   .
n
2-eK[ {x } CasIVútcMnYnBitkMnt;eday ³
n
x1  5 ; x 2  5  13 ; x 3  5  13  5
x 4  5  13  5  13 ; .......
cUrbgðajfa lim x  man rYckMnt;témørbs;va .
n  
n
3-edaHRsaykñúgsMNMucMnYnBiténsmIkar ³
x1  x 2  ...  xn
x1  1  2 x 2  4  ...  n xn  n 2 
2
4-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnUnBitviC¢man . cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1 1  1 1 1
      
a  b b  c c  a 2 a b c
1 1 1 2
5-bgðajfa 1  n  n  ...  n  n n
2 3 n n1
.
- 106 -
2n
6-cUrbgðajfa  log k   (n  2)2  n  2 RKb; n  2 .
k 1
2
n
7-eK[ f : C  C CaGnuKmn_mYykMnt;eday f (z ).f (iz )  z 2
cMeBaHRKb; z  C .
cUrbgðajfa f (z )  f ( z )  0 cMeBaHRKb; z  C .
8-cUrbgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n cMnYn ³
17  12 2 n  17  12 2 n
4 2
CacMnYnKt; nig minEmnCakaerR)akd .
9-eKyk u  CasIVút Fibonacci EdlkMnt;eday ³
n n 1
u  u  1 nig u
1 2 u u
n 2 n 1 n
bgðajfacMeBaHRKb; n  6 rvag u nig u manmYyCakaer

n n 1
R)akd .
10-bgðajfacMeBaHRKb; n  IN * cMnYn n !  5 minEmnCakaer
R)akd .
11-edaHRsaykñúgsMMNMucMnYnKt;énsmIkar ³
( x 2  1)( y 2  1)  2( x  y )(1  xy )  4(1  xy )
- 107 -
12-eKkMnt;sIVút a  eday a  1 n n 1 1
nig cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; n  1 eKman a  2a  3a  2 n 1 n n

2
cUrbgðajfa a CacMnYnKt;cMeBaHRKb; n .
n
13-eK[ a  a  97 nig cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; n  2

1 2
a  a a  (a  1)(a  1) .
2 2
n 1 n n 1 n n 1
k>bgðajfa 2  2a CakaerR)akd n
x> 2  2  2a CakaerR)akd n
14-cUrbgðajfa cot 7  cot 27  cot 37  5

2 2 2
n 1
15-KNna S   sin(kx) cos(n  k )x
n
k 1
16-eK[ a ; a ; a ; ...; a CacMnYnsßitenAkñúgcenøaH  0; 2 

0 1 2 n
Edl tan(a  4 )  tan(a  4 )  ...  tan(a  4 )  n  1 .

0 1 n
bgðajfa tan a . tan a . tan a .... tan a  n .

0 1 2 n
n 1
17-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYyEdlepÞógpÞat; ³

2 2 2 2
 A  B  C  6s 
 cot    2 cot    3 cot    
 2  2  2  7r 
Edl s CaknøHbrimaRt nig r CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaNenH.
- 108 -
cUrbgðajfaRtIekaN ABC dUceTAnwgRtIekaN T mYyEdlman

rgVas;RCugTaMgGs;CacMnYnKt;KμantYEckrYmrYckMnt;RCugTaMgenH ?
18-cUrbgðajfakñúgRKb;RtIekaNeKmanvismPaB ³
a2 b 2 c2  A B C
   4  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 
bc ca ab  2 2 2
19-cUrbgðajfakñúgRKb;RtIekaNeKmanvismPaB ³
cos A cos B cos C 81
  
a3 b3 c3 16p 3
Edl a ; b ; c CargVas;RCug nig p CaknøHbrimaRt .
20-eK[ z ; z ; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdl | z || z || z
1 2 3 1 2 3 | r  0
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1 1 1
   2
| z1  z 2 || z1  z 3 | | z 2  z1 || z 2  z 3 | | z 3  z1 || z 3  z 2 | r
21-KNna lim   k(k(n1)!k ()!nk k)!1

n

n   k  1 
22-cUrbgðajfa (1  cot 22 )(1  cot 23 )  2
o o
23-eK[ f (x)  k1 (sin x  cos x) ; k  1 , 2 , 3 , ...

k
k k
cUrbgðajfa f (x)  f (x)  121 cMeBaHRKb; x .

4 6
- 109 -
24-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . cUrbgðajfa ³

k> sin A2 sin B2 sin C2  18
x> sin A2  sin B2  sin C2  43
2 2 2
K> cos A2  cos B2  cos C2  94

2 2 2
X> cos A2 cos B2 cos C2  3 8 3

25-k>cUrbgðajfa ³
tan 3x    
 tan  x  tan  x 
tan x 3  3 
n
  x    x 
x>KNna  tan  k  . tan  k  
k 1  3 3   3 3 
26-bgðajfaRtIekaN ABC mYyCaRtIekaNsm)atluHRtaEt
abc
a cos B  b cos C  c cos A 
2
27-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³
(ab  bc  ca  1)2  (a 2  1)(b 2  1)(c 2  1)
28-cUrbgðajfa ³
1 1 1 cos 1o
  ...  
sin 1o sin 2o sin 2o sin 3o sin 89o sin 90o sin 2 1o
- 110 -
29-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYymanRCug a ; b ; c ehIy x Ca

cMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³
a x cos A  b x cos B  c x cos C 
2

1 x
a  b x  cx 
30-eK[ x ; y ; z CacMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³
k> x  y  z  3 2 3
1  x2 1  y2 1  z2
ebI x  y  z  xyz .
x> 1 xx  1 yy  1 zz  3 2 3
2 2 2
ebI 0  x ; y ; z  1 nig xy  yz  zx  1 .
31-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
cMeBaHRKb; n  1 ; 2 ; 3 eKtag ³
xn  2n  3 (cosn A  cosn B  cosn C)  cos A cos B cos C
3
cUrbgðaj .
x1  x 2  x 3 
2
32-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc . bgðajfa ³
cot 3 A  cot 3 B  cot 3 C  6 cot A cot B cot C  cot A  cot B  cot C
33-edaHRsaysmIkar cos 2
x  cos 2 2x  cos 2 3x  1 .

- 111 -
Éksareyag
1-360 Problems for Mathematical Contests

2-103 Trigonometry Problems
3-Complex Number from A to Z
4-Mathematical Olympiad in China
5-The IMO Compendium

Math Around The World Part 3

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Math Around The World Part 3

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Problems and Solutions

2-cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ba  ba  2(a  b)( a1  b1 )

Edl x  101i ; i  1 , 2 , 3 , ... .

13-eKyk z 1 ; z 2 ; ....; z n CacMnYnkMupøicEdlepÞógpÞat;

cUrbgðajfa | z || z || z 1 2 3 |

17-eK[ a ; b ; c CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 .

22-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl abc  1 .

25-eK[ a ; b ; c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³

eKtag Z    (z )     ( z1 )  .

33-eK[cMnYnkMupøic z Edl | z | 1 . cUrbgðajfa ³

Edl C  p!(nn! p)! .

cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én k nig n

37-eK[ A ; B ; C CamMukñúgrbs;RtIekaN ABC mYy .

43-eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .

49-eK[ a ; b ; c ; d nig x CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; ³

cUrbgðajfa a (4b  d )  b (3a  c)

50-eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYy . cUrbgðajfa ³

57-RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC  a ; AC  b ; AB  c

K> tan A2 . tan B2 tan C2  pr

eKman x  y  1  2 sin   1  2 cos 

dUcenH 1  2 sin   1  2 cos   2 RKb;   IR

eK)an x  y  2(x  y ) (*)

eday f (1)  f (1) enaH f (t  1)  (t  1)(f (t )  f (1)) (1)

yk x  t ; y  1 eK)an f (t  1)  (t  1)(f (t )  f (1)) (2)

pÞwm (1) nig (2) eK)an ³

eday x  101i enaH 1  x  1  101i  101101 i

eK)an S   f (x )   f  101i    1  f (101101 i )

eKTaj (25  10z  z )  4(3  5z  z )  0

ehtuenH T  1  2 sin A2  2 sin A2  32  12 (1  2 sin A2 )

eKman (k  1)z  i(n  k )z  0

cUrbgðajfa | z1 || z 2 || z 3 |

eKTaj zz z z z (zz  z )  0 ((12))

yk (1) CMnYskñúg (2) eyIg)an ³

dUcenH | z || z 1 2 || z 3 | .

eKman xyz  1 enaHeKGacyk x  ba ; y  bc , z  ac

eK)an 2k  (1  n)  3(1  n)  0 ¬ eRBaH ab  1 ¦

eday t ]   ;  2]  [2;  [ enaHeKTaj t  1  3

enaH g'(t ) mansBaØadUc t  2t  2 .

Rtg;cMnuc t  1  3 GnuKmn_ g'(t ) bþÚrsBaØaBI ( ) eTA ( )

ehIy a(b  c)  b(c  a)  c(a  b)  2(ab  bc  ca)

tag T   1  ba   1  bc   1  ac 

bUkTMnak;TMng (1) ; (2) nig (3) eKTTYl)an ³

eK)an 2(x  y  z )  2(xy  yz  zx)

EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2xy  2yz  2zx eK)an ³

naM[ cot A  cot B  cot C  3 (5)

eKtag Z    (z )     ( z1 )  .

eday z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupøicEdlmanm:UDúlesμI 1

enaHeKGactag z  cos x  i. sin x

eK)an Z    (z )     ( z1 ) 

müa:geTottamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwartz

eKTaj Z  n  cos x   n  (sin

eday | z |  1 enaH z  z1 RKb; k  1 ; 2 ;.....; n

tag z  cos t  i. sin t

ehIy | 1  z | (1  cos 2t )  sin 2t  2 | cos t |

kMnt;eday f (x) | x |  | 1  2x | Edl  1  x  1

cMeBaH  1  x  1 eK)an 22  f (x)  2

tamrUbmnþ t  t  q  2 ln( 5  2)  ln(

Edl C  p!(nn! p)! .

cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_én k nig n

eKTaj ln(1  u )  p ln(1  u )

TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa { ln(1  u ) } CasIVútFrNImaRtman k