Logarithm cheat sheet (M J Rhoades)

Notes: When log b is written, it is for any log base even base "e"

When "ln" is written it means base "e" which is log base 2.718283
If just log is written, with no subscript, it implies base 10

When ln is written it means base "e"

Rules
Algebra
Log b (x) = N means bN = x

log b (0) is undefined

log b b = 1
log b 1 = 0

log b bx = x or ln (ex) = x
log log bx = x
log b (xy) = log b (x) + log b y and vice versa
log b (x r) = r log b x

log b = log b (x) - log b (y) and vice versa

Inverse function of logs: example (x) = bx and g (x) = log b x

Inverse exponent functions of ln

-1
( (x)) = e ln (x) = x
-1
( (x)) = ln (ex) = x

Special logs x = log e x and log x = log 10 x natural and common logs
 Change of base formula log b (x) =

Trig
log b tan (x) = log b sin (x) - log b cos (x)

log b cot (x) =

Calculus
Limits

=1

Derivatives:

ƒ/ (ax) = ax ln (a)
ƒ/ (ex) = ex

ƒ/ (ln(x)) = , x > 0

ƒ/ (loga (x)) = ,x>0

ƒ/ (loga u) = (loga e)

Integrals:

dx = (x) (ln (x) - 1) + c

= ln (x) +c
 = (x - 1) ex + c

= ln ln (x) + c

ln (x) dx = x n + 1 +cn

(ln (x)) m dx = (ln x) m - (ln x) m - 1 dx n 1

dx = ln x + c

= dx when g (x) = Tan (x)

dx dx