At B.S.E.S(Rajdhani.

) ,NewDelhi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

Submitted By:
CERTIFICATE
SAJAL KRISHN
PREFACE
MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE(M.P.)

ENGINEERING
1. ABOUT THE BSES 1

1.1 BSES IN DELHI 1

1.2 OVERVIEW OF DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 2

1.3 DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TREE 4

1.4 DRAWBACKS OF OLD DELHI DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 5

1.5 NEED FOR SCADA 5

2. SCADA 7

2.1 ELEMENTS OF SCADA 7

2.1 .1FIELD LEVEL 7

2.1.2SYSTEM LEVEL (AT CONTROL CABLES) 8

2.2 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA 8

2.3 PROTOCOLS USED IN SCADA 8

3. SCADA ADAPTATION WORK 9

3.1 INTRODUCTION 10

3.2 INPUT/OUTPUT SIGNALS FOR SCADA 12

3.3 ADAPTATION WORK PROGRESS 15

3.4 SCADA PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PHASES 16

4. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 17

4.1 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 18

4.2 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 18

5. SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENT 19

5.2 MAIN CONTROL CENTRE 20

5.2 BACK-UP CONTROL CENTRE 20

5.3 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU) 21

5.3.1 INTRODUCTION 22

5.3.2 COMMUNICATION RACK 22

 5.3.3 EXTENSION RACK 23

5.3.4 MFM PANEL 24

5.3.5 RTU COMMUNICATION 25

6. SCADA FUNCTIONS 25

7. SCADA SECTIONS 26

a. ENGINEERING SECTION 26

b. CONTROL SECTION 28

c. COMMUNICATION SECTION 30

8. DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 35

9. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM 37

APPENDIX 38

REFERENCES 40

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SAJAL KRISHN Of MEDICAPS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE has completed the summer training of
four weeks in SCADA at BSES (RELIANCE ENERGY LTD.) and this report is based on
the training acquired and the practical knowledge gained on field as well as in the control
room, at BSES { Nehru Place & Balaji.}

DATE………

GUIDED BY:-

Mr. ANAND KUMAR

(D.G.M., SCADA DEPARTMENT, BSES NEW DELHI)

 PREFACE
This report is based on the four week industrial training which has been the greatest learning
experience of my life so far, as it is full of observation and knowledge of practical world.
Most importantly I have been given the exposure to the latest technology in the world of
SCADA. This report is the result of four weeks training that I had in BSES (RELIANCE
ENERGY LIMITED), New Delhi. Joining BSES as a trainee gave me a solid platform and
served as the launch pad of my professional carrier.

I whole heartedly thank the company as well as their SCADA team for giving me the
opportunities to work on the latest technology and bring out the best in me and developing
my talents, not only in the technical field but also in my overall personality. The most
important virtue that I gained here is how to work in a team. Co-operating and assisting each
other in the department helped me to explore my potential and perform much better.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sincerity and immense pleasure, I have completed my summer training at BSES
(RELIANCE ENERGY LTD.) in New Delhi.

The purpose of summer training is to develop skills of performing work effectively and
efficiently. My primary obligation is to authorities of BSES (RELIANCE ENERGY LTD.),
who provided me the platform and opportunity to undergo summer taining

During my training many helping hands came across my way and now when I have
completed my system work, I would like to acknowledge my sincere and endless gratitude to
them. First and foremost I express my deep sense of gratitude to
Mr. Anand Kumar (Manager) and Mr. Aditya
for there constant advice and valuable time that they have devoted to me for my project. They
encouraged me to put forward my best effort towards the completion of this project.

I would also like to extend my special thanks to Mr. Om Prakash, Mr. Ritesh, Mr. Toshan,
Mr. Tanmay Mal, Mr. Scentil Kumaran, for their support at every step. At last but not the
least I am thankful to each and every one who helped me during the course of my training.

1. ABOUT THE BSES

BSES Limited is India’s premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity. Formerly known as Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply Limited,
it was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in suburbs of
Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted , reliable, and quality
power to customer and provide value added services for the development of power and
infrastructure sectors.

BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet the
increasing workload and to improve services to its customers.

BSES are the first to implement SCADA-DMS systems in India with capabilities at par with
the best cities in the world. Some of these systems are Real Time Load flow studies and loss
minimization applications, Automated Load Shedding, first ever successful SCADA- GIS
integration in the world, Automated Fault Localization, Isolation & service restoration
independent parameters, SCADA-AMR integration and availability based Tariff application.

1.1 BSES IN DELHI

Earlier the electricity transmission and distribution of Delhi was under the Delhi
Vidyut Board (DVB) but later it was overtaken by BSES and now we have joint venture of
Reliance Energy Ltd. with the government of NCT, Delhi.

Now BSES is looking after the proper management and distribution of electricity supply.
BSES is merely a receiver and donor of electricity supply. It receives or purchases electricity
supply mainly from five generating stations.

Generating Unit Generation Installed Capacity

I.P. 247.5 105

G.T. 282 198

R.P.H. 135 40

Pragati 330 330

BTPS 705 440

It can also utilize some other generating units such as Dadri, Anta, RAPP, Singrauli etc.
according to the consumer demands.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

It has mainly two parts:

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

Covers South and West regions

• Nehru Place
• Dwarka
• Jaffarpur
• Mundka
• Najafgarh
• Tagore garden
• Vikaspuri
• RK Puram 19 divisions
• Alaknanda 8.61 lacs Consumer
• Mehrauli
• Palam
• Nangloi
• Nizamuddin
• Janakpuri
• Punjabi Bagh

BSES Yamuna Power Limited

Covers East and Central regions

• Yamuna Vihar
• Krishna Nagar
• Chandni Chowk
Paharganj 14 Districts
• Nand Nagri 8.49 lacs Consumer
• Mayur Vihar
• Daryaganj
• Jhilmil
• Laxminagar
• Shankar Road
• G.T road
• Paharganj
• Patelnagar
• Karkardoma
 1.3 DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TREE
Symbolic diagram of Delhi distribution network is shown in above figure. The existing
RELIANCE ENERGY distribution network in Delhi is being operated at 66 kV/33kV/11kV
and 0.415 kV, with bulk supply at 66 KV/33kV/11kV voltage levels available from
TRANSCO.
Presently Delhi network is operated sub-optimally and is predominantly manual at a local
level based on instructions conveyed from the central location at Balaji Estate through
telephone / VHF radios. The decision making at the central location is based on wall mounted
static mimic diagrams of the primary network.
Globally distribution networks of similar sizes are operated using centralized data acquisition
and control with optimized operation of the network based on real time information,
improved availability and flexibility with reduced subjective ness.
Delhi draws power from 400kV Northern Grid at 400/220kV stations. Delhi’s
transmission system at 220 kV consists of twenty-three 220 kV interconnected sub-
stations.
The powers from these 220/66 & 220/33 kV substations of Transco are fed to RELIANCE
ENERGY Delhi area through 20 injection points at 66 & 33 kV voltage level; which are
further distributed to 108 substations of BRPL/BYPL . There exist some 11 KV feeds also
from TRANSCO to BRPL/BYPL.
There are presently 118-grid substations of 66/11 kV, 33/11 kV & 66/33 kV, in addition to
this grid stations are also under construction / commissioning and in planning stage. The
Primary distribution network operates essentially at 11 kV emanating from the 66 kV and/or
33 kV sub-stations. There are about 1300 numbers of such 11 kV feeders. These 11 kV
feeders in turn are feeding to about 8500-Distribution Transformer of 11/0.415 kV.
1.4 DRAWBACKS OF OLD DELHI DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Existing distribution systems have certain inherent drawbacks.

• The systems are monitored manually.

• Maintenance taking place only during breakdowns.
• The present system also does not ensure reliable and complete power system and
usage information that can facilitate trend forecasting or help in better analysis and
planning.
• The existing billing systems are still unreliable.
• The present system has intensive manpower requirement and over-dependence on
experts
• Inaccessible to reach remote locations.
• Trouble-shooting in case of breakdowns is based on the conventional call system
through telephone answering machines.

1.5 NEED FOR SCADA

Considering the current operational constraints, a need is felt for visibility of the network on
real time basis, flexibility of operational controls, and faster restoration from a central
location leading to improved availability of the network. Installation of a SCADA system will
lead to following benefits:

• Real time, accurate and consistent information of the System

• Faster Fault Identification, Fault Isolation and system restoration
• Extensive reporting & Statistical data archiving
• Central database and history of all system parameters
• Improved Availability of System
• Input for better network planning
• Optimized operation of the network based on real time calculations.

Implementation of SCADA system will provide supervision and remote control of switches
and reclosers such as pole-mounted switches and pole mounted switchgears on high voltage
distribution line. This can be remote controlled either automatically or manually, so that it
provide automatic isolation of faulty line sections, which enables quick and accurate recovery
of a stable power supply, and also minimizes the out-of service areas by units of distribution
sections.

2. SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a major tool that
will be used for improving network operations. SCADA refers to a system that enables
an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate, control and operate distribution
components, equipment and devices in a real-time mode from remote locations with
acquisition of data for analysis, and planning from one central location.

A suitable SCADA system to monitor and control its distribution network is an imperative
for optimally running a distribution network, especially for a metropolitan city like Delhi.
Distribution automation through SCADA systems directly leads to increased reliability of
power for the consumers and lower operating costs for the utility. It results in forecasting
accurate demand and supply management; faster restoration of power in case of a downturn
and a quick, alternate arrangement for power for important/emergency locations. It puts us in
a better position to undertake both active and reactive power management and with better
anticipation of trouble and greater trouble-shooting through remote access. Predictive
maintenance results in reduced cost of maintenance of power system devices, thereby
extending their life. SCADA also reduces human influence and errors. It offers complete
power system controls and data acquisitions in a central location, thereby assisting operators
in faster decision-making for healthy power supply. It also ensures reliability and quality of
power supply (minimum fluctuation in voltage supplies) for the consumers.

2.1 ELEMENTS OF SCADA

A typical SCADA system broadly comprises the following elements

2.1.1 FIELD LEVEL

At 66/33 kV Grid level:

• Remote terminal units – RTU 560 Type 1-Type 11

• Multifunctional Meters (MFMs capable of calculating 32 parameters)
• Intelligent Electronic Devices (Numerical Relays – ER, ABB, Siemens, Alstom)
• Marshalling Panel, Control Cables
• CMRs, Digital WTI,OTI,TPI etc

At 11 kV switching sub station

• FRTU 211 – Type 1-Type 8

• Fault Passage Indicators
 • Motorized RMUs, Battery chargers, Control cables
• CDMA Modems

2.1.2 SYSTEM LEVEL (AT CONTROL CABLES)

• Front-End Processors
• Application Servers
• UDW Servers
• PDS Server
• Large Screen Display
• Operator Panels
• Firewall & Communication Equipment

2.2 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA

• Supervisory control
• Improved Visibility
• Data Acquisition
• SCADA Events
• SCADA Alarms
• SCADA Tagging

2.3 PROTOCOLS USED FOR SCADA COMMUNICATION

• IEC 60870-5-104 : Communication of RTU to Control Centre

• IEC 60870-5-103 : Communication of IED to RTU
• MODBUS : Communication of MFMs to RTU
 SCADA

ADAPTATION

WORK
PRIMARY ADAPTATION WORK

3.1 INTRODUCTION

For implementing Distribution Automation and Management System, the primary system
components of the 66 / 33 / 11 kV network needs adaptation after which reliable supervision,
control and monitoring can be possible. Adaptation considered below refers to SCADA
related adaptation. Apart from upgrading of the primary equipment for reliability, there is a
need to adapt the installations for remote operation. It is important to consider supplementing
the installations with equipment for successful un-manned mode of operation and necessary
enhanced safety and security. TATA HONEYWELL is carrying out SCADA Primary
Adaptation work for REL. The scope of work includes signal gathering from field / control
and relay panels / RTCCP and terminating the connections at a marshalling panel in each
Grid station. The scope of work involved can be broadly classified into the following
categories:

• Assessment of existing network elements in the Grid sub stations for SCADA
compatibility
• Generation of Bill of Material based on assessment to ensure SCADA compatibility
of the network elements.
• Supply, Installation, testing and commissioning services for SCADA adaptation of the
primary network elements.

Assessment of network elements for SCADA adaptation

The scope of work involved under this category includes:

• Identification of Inputs / Outputs required for SCADA from all equipment in the grid
stations.
• Identification and quantification of the spare contacts available from all the network
elements either at the switchgear end or from the Control and Relay Panel
• Identification of the requirement of Contact Multiplying Relays for SCADA inputs.
• Assessment of extension of secondary of measuring transformers (CT/ PT) to a
marshalling panel through transducers / meters in the Control & Relay Panel.
1
The detailed scope involved in assessment for key network elements for SCADA adaptation
will be as detailed below.

1. Circuit breakers (66/33/11kV)

Indoor and outdoor Circuit breakers are the key elements of distribution system. To
implement SCADA there has to be effective signal & command exchange between the
remote control center and the circuit breakers. The status monitoring of circuit breaker
position will need potential free auxiliary contacts.

2. Isolators (66/33kV)

Out door equipment have overhead isolators. These will need to have reliable main and
potential free auxiliary contacts for monitoring. It is necessary to ensure that wiring has been
extended from these isolators to the control panels.

3. Transformers

Grid station Transformers need to be examined for availability of potential free alarm / trip
contacts and readiness of tap changer controls. The remote Tap changer control panel has to
be adapted for additional control from the control centers. Today these have local at the tap
changer, and, remote from local control room. There will be modifications in these panels to
enable tap position indication to be sent to SCADA.

4. Measuring Transformers

The current and voltage transformers (metering core) are vital elements for analogue
information from the installations to control center. The secondary is being extended to
marshalling panel or provision of transducers in the Control Panel will be provided for
SCADA purposes.

5. Protection systems

Availability of auxiliary contacts from the protection relays will be checked for SCADA
purposes.

6. Infrastructure for new SCADA equipment

2
It is proposed to implement field wiring from the Control and Relay Panel /RTCCP to a
marshalling panel for inputs / outputs required by the SCADA system. New RTU, transducer
and communication systems equipment panels will be installed in the station. These will
require space, auxiliary, power batteries, additional wiring etc. Space availability & aux
power supply for marshalling panel, transducer panel and RTUs and provision of air
conditioning for RTUs needs to be ascertained.

3.2 INPUT/OUTPUT SIGNALS

The INPUT/OUTPUT signals that are required for the SCADA/DMS are:

CIRCUIT BREAKER

• CRICUIT BREAKER STATUS

• OPEN
• CLOSE
• LOCAL/REMOTE
• CONTROL
• OPEN
• CLOSE
• ALARMS
• AUTO TRIP
• TRIP CIRCUIT HEALTHY
• TEST POSITION (For indoor switchgears)
• SERVICE POSITION (For indoor switchgears)
• SPRING CHARGE
• DC SUPPLY HEALTHY
• TIME LAPSE (For capacitor feeders)

ISOLATORS
3
 • ISOLATOR STATUS

• OPEN
• MAIN SWITCH
• EARTH SWITCH
• CLOSE
• MAIN SWITCH
• EARTH SWITCH

TRANSFORMERS

• CONTROL
• TAP RAISE
• TAP LOWER
• STATUS
• RTCCP LOCAL/REMOTE (SCADA)
• STATUS
• OLTC MANUAL/AUTOMATIC
• CONTROL STATUS
• ANALOGUE PARAMETERS
• WINDING TEMPERATURE
• OIL TEMPERATURE
• TAP POSITION
• ALARMS
• BUCHHOLZ ALARMS
• BUCHHOLZ TRIP
• OIL TEMP ALARM
• OIL TEMP TRIP
• WINDING TEMP ALARM
• WINDING TEMP TRIP
• OLTC SUPPLY UNHEALTHY
• OIL LEVEL LOW

4
 • PRESSURE RELIEF TRIP
• MAIN FAN FAILURE
• OVER VOLTAGE
• UNDER VOLTAGE
• TAP CHANGE UNCOMPLETE
• TAP CHANGE OUT OF STEP
• TAP CHANGE PROTECTION
• TAP CHANGE SUPPLY FAIL

PROTECTION SYSTEM

• MASTER TRIP RELAY OPERATED

• OVER CURRENT & E/F RELAY OPERATED
• OVER VOLTAGE /UNDER VOLTAGE/NEUTRL UNBALANCE
• TRIP CKT SUPERVISION
• VT FUSE FAILURE (LINE SIDE/BUS SIDE)
• LINE PROTECTION OPERATED
• AUTO RECLOSURE RELAY OPERATED
• AUTO RECLOSURE LOCKOUT OPERATED
• DIFF PROTECTION OPERATED
• REF PROTECTION OPERATED
• TRAFO BACK UP PROTECTION OPERATED
• VOLTAGE UNBALANCE RELAY OPERATED

AUXILLARY SYSTEM

AUXILLIARIES

• STATUS

• BATTERY CHARGER 1 FAIL

• BATTERY CHARGER 2 FAIL
• LOAD ON BATTERY 1

5
 • LOAD ON BATTERY 2

• ANALOG

• BATTERY 1 VOLTAGE
• BATTERY 2 VOLTAGE
• CHARGER1 CURRENT
• CHARGER 2 CURRENT
• CHARGER1 VOLTAGE
• CHARGER 2 VOLTAGE

3.3 SCADA ADAPTATION WORK PROGRESS

THL has done the survey of all the grid stations under REL and submitted the survey report
to the REL. The survey report includes the single line diagram (SLD’s) of all the grid stations
along with the grid station outline showing the space for the marshalling panel and the remote
terminal units (RTU).

The areas looked upon for making SLD’s are:-

• Connectivity details – incomer and outgoing feeder details from grid station (66/33
KV)
• Bus - 66/33/11KV buses
• Bus section – 66/33/11KV bus sections
• Power transformers- rating (MVA), voltage of primary and secondary (66/11KV,
33/11KV, 66/33KV), make
• Isolators
• Breakers- type, make, rating
• CT/PT-rating, type, location
• 11 KV feeders- outgoing feeders panel details
• Local transformer for grid station-rating, make
• Earth switches, LA

6
 • Spares- panels, feeders etc

The survey report also contains the status of the I/O points which are to be taken in the
SCADA system. Different codes used to define present status of I/O points in grid stations
are:

• Code 2- Potential free contact available

• Code 3- CMR required space available
• Code 4- CMR required space not available
• Code 5- Contact not available in control and relay panel

3.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

Phase I: Project Engineering

1. System study and Engineering
2. I/O count analysis
3. Requirement analysis and documentation
4. In depth discussions with final vendors

Phase II: System Setup and Commissioning

2. Setup of Master control centre and PDS server
3. detailed data engineering of Grid substations
4. Picture Editing and Generation (HMI) for use by SCADA operators
5. Individual site evaluation for 117 grids and equipment up gradation for SCADA
compatibility
6. SCADA adaptation and RTU commissioning
7. Integration of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) with ABB RTU 560
8. OFC used as a communication link with VSAT as backup link for reliable data
transfer
9. Testing of grids from MCC and Punch points liquidation

Phase III: Change Management

1. Re-adaptation of various grid substation due to replacement of existing panels (Panel
replacement planned at a later stage)
2. Change management at PDS w.r.t. to Data Engineering and HMI regeneration
3. SCADA adaptation and RTU commissioning
4. Integration of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) with ABB RTU 560
5. Testing of grids from MCC and Punch points liquidation
6. Training of Engineers from various department
7. GIS SCADA integration

7
Phase IV: DMS Data Engineering and Project Execution
1. Detailed Data Engineering for circle south and Transco(DTL) 11 kV feeders
2. RMU replacement planning based on ALSTOM study
3. RMU replacement and adaptation at DTL sites.
4. FRTUcommissioning and establishment of communication link using FWP CDMA
modems.

4. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Keeping in view the size of the distribution network and global utility practices, the SCADA
system will have one Master Control Center (MCC) and one Backup Control Center (BCC).
The BCC will be in hot standby mode for disaster recovery and will cater to the full
operational requirements of the network upon severe contingencies to the MCC. Redundancy
will be there at MCC and BCC.

4.1 Hardware
Architecture
One distinguishes two basic layers in a SCADA system : the “client layer “ which caters for
the man machine interaction and “the data server layer “ which handles most of the process
data control activies. The data servers communicate with the dvices in the field through
process control activities. The data servers communicate with devices in the field through
8
process controllers. Process controllers, e.g. PLCs, are connected to the data servers either
directly or via networks or fieldbuses that are proprietary or non propriety. Data servers are
connected to each other and to client stations via an Ethernet LAN.

Dedicate
client client d server

Data Data
server server

4.2 Software Architecture

The products are multi-tasking and are based upon a real-time database (RTDB) located in
one or more server. Servers are responsible for data acquisition and handling (e.g. poling
controllers, alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving) on a set of parameters,
typically those they are connected to.

However, it is possible to have dedicated servers for particular tasks, e.g. Historian, data
logger, alarm handler.

9
 SCADA

SYSTEM

COMPONENT

5.1 MAIN CONTROL CENTER

The MCC is the real-time nucleus of the

SCADA/DMS. The MCC will be a high-
availability system characterized by high-speed data

10
collection and presentation functions. The MCC collects, processes, and stores real-time data
from the following data sources:

• Remote terminal units (RTUs) or FRTUs located at substations, and other facilities
throughout the power system
• Computer systems connected to a computer network linking the SCADA/DMS with
the neighboring utilities
• Computer systems connected to the Information Systems WAN

The MCC database will be accessible by all other component systems of the SCADA/DMS.
All data presented to the SCADA/DMS users, used within the SCADA/DMS, and transmitted
to computer systems outside the SCADA/DMS will be derived from the MCC database.
MCC will have the redundant LAN.

5.2 BACK-UP CONTROL CENTER

A stand-alone BCC, located remotely from the SCADA/DMS in the Backup Operations
Center (BOC), will be provided to perform SCADA/DMS functions upon catastrophic loss of
the SCADA/DMS. The BCC hardware and software technology will be the same as the
SCADA/DMS such that the incremental maintenance costs for hardware, software, database,
display, and report updates and training is minimized. The hardware configuration of BCC is:
-

• SCADA /DMS/ICCP Servers (1 operational and 1 redundant)

• IS&R Servers (1 operational and 1 redundant)
• Archival Storage
• LAN Compatible DVD Drive
• Operator’s Workstations, 3 VDUs (2 nos)
• Support Console, 2 VDUs (1 no)
• Support Console, 1 VDU (1 no)
• Printers
• Laser printer A4/A3, B&W (2 no)
• Color Laser printer, A4/A3 (1 no)
• LAN and Routers for dual LAN of MCC / MCC
11
 • Switch, 10/100Mb/s, 48 ports + 2 ports 1000BaseT (2 no)
• WAN Router, 2 Eth., 4 WAN slots (2 no)
• Front End
• Redundant Front End for communication with 108 RTUs either on IEC-870-5-101 or
IEC-870-5-104 protocol (2 no)
• Standalone front end for communication with 2155 FRTUs consisting of One Line for
15 RTUs communicating on Dialup Line using IEC-870-5-101or 104 protocol.(1 no)
• GPS Clock (1 no)

• Video projection system (VPS) 2x4 modules (for each module of at least 67"
diagonal for BCC)
• UPS (2X 40KVA UPS with common Ni-Cd battery)

5.3 RTU HARDWARE

12
RTU extension rack

5.3.1 INTRODUCTION

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is brain of SCADA. It includes Marshaling Panel and Multi
Function Meter (MFM). Marshaling panel works as an intermediate link between control &
relay panel and RTU. All signals collected from C&R panel are first collected in marshaling
panel and then connected to RTU terminal box. All analog signals and signals of transformers
are collected in MFM. It can measure upto30 electrical parameters.

RTU consists of:

• one communication rack or basic rack

• some number of extension racks (according to the number of signals number of
extension racks can be increased)
• DC to DC converter (to convert any level DC supply to 50V DC on which RTU
works)
• MCBs

5.3.2 COMMUNICATION RACK:

• Redundant power supply unit (PSU)

13
 • Serial line interface cards (SLI Cards) – The SLI Card acts as an interface between
the RTU and the IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices). It continually reads data in
and out of the IEDs. These IEDs could either be Numerical Relays present on the CR
Panel or an MFM placed on the MFM panel of the RTU It is generally placed in a slot
of the Basic Rack. The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with the IEDs
through four ports, A, B, 1 and 2. The port A and B are of the RS485 type where 1
and 2 are of the RS232. The SLI card has an MMI port for handling the dialogue
between the web browser and the RTU.
• Ethernet card – The ETH card controls the process events and communications with
the Control Centers. It continually reads the data from the Extension Racks, the SLI
cards and sends it to the control center. The ETH card has a port “E”, which is used
by the RTU to communicate to the Master. The ETH is connected to the Extension
Rack through port A or B, called COM A and COM B. It also has an MMI port
similar to the one present in the SLI card, for handling the dialogue between the RTU
and the web browser.

The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other through a dedicated
communication channel present on the back plane of the Basic Rack.

5.3.3 EXTENSION RACK:

The Extension rack is a place, which is used to house the Input/Output Modules of the RTU.
Similar to the structure of the Basic Rack, the Extension rack has slots into which the I/O
modules can be inserted (unlike CPUs in the case of Basic Rack). The extension rack
communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack. In cases where there are more than
one extension racks, each communication port of the extension rack is looped with the one
succeeding it. As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to the ETH through port
A or B, called COM A and COM B.

The I/O or Input/Output modules are located in the Extension rack. The function of the Input
Modules is to send the status of the equipment present in the grid station to the MCC. The
function of the output modules is to control the status of the equipment from the MCC. Thus,
we see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is from RTU to MCC and from
MCC to RTU in the case of Output modules.

The different type of I/O modules used are the

14
 DI cards – 23BE21

AI cards – 23AE21

DO cards. – 23BA20

DI Card - The DI cards have 16 channels, which can be used for indications. If one takes a
look at the front face of the DI card, one can see 16 LEDs. Each LED indicates a particular
status at the field.

AI Card -The AI card on the other hand gives the analog value of the signal. It has 16
channels on which eight signals can be configured. The input to a channel in the AI card is a
4-20ma dc current, which is proportional to the range of the analog value.

It will represent following signals:

• Oil temperature
• Winding temperature
• Tap change position
• Station battery current
• station battery voltage

DO Card - The DO card is used to execute commands that are sent from the MCC. As soon
as the DO card gets a command from the MCC, it sends a pulse of 48v dc to the exciting
terminals of the contactor. As soon as the contactor gets this pulse it closes its contacts and
the command gets executed. There is a contactor dedicated to execute a particular command.

MCC RTU (ETH Card) DO Card CMR Breaker

5.3.4 MFM PANEL

The MFM Panel consists of MFMs. On the Panel cutouts are made pertaining to the size of
the MFMs. The MFMs are then inserted into the cutouts and are tightly clamped. As
mentioned before, the MFM is an IED and it communicates with the MCC through the SLI
card.

The MFM has 12 terminals to which connections have to be provided.

2 are for auxiliary supply,

4 are for PT secondary, and

6 are for CT secondary.

15
Apart from these terminals, the MFM has a Communicable port and a port to which a hand
held programmable and display unit can be connected.

The MFM is an IED that can calculate values once the inputs from the secondary of the CTs
and PTs have been given. Each MFM is dedicated to a particular panel, be it, outgoing or
incoming. The MFM calculates and displays values on a hand held programming and display
unit. These values depend on the programmed primary value corresponding to the CT and PT
ratio, pertaining to that feeder.

There is a communication port available for each MFM. It uses the RS 485 connection
scheme. The communication ports of five MFMs are looped. It is extended to the front face
of an SLI card through a cable. A maximum of 32 MFMS can be connected to one single
cable. The cable is then terminated at the A and B ports of the SLI cards, using an RJ45 jack.
In order to terminate the cable in port 1 and 2 of the SLI card, we have to make use of a
converter, which converts the RS 485 into a RS 232 scheme.

5.3.5 RTU COMMUNICATION

The RTU’s that will be placed in grid stations will communicate with the Master Control
Centre (MCC) and the Backup Control Centre (BCC) using the IEC 60870-5-104 protocols
on fiber optics. The communication network should be capable of handling traffic from the
RTU’s using this protocol. The IEC 60870-5-104 protocol provides the physical interface as
Ethernet interface and communication happens over Ethernet. In view of the need for DMS
functionalities, communication planning is based on 512 kbps per Grid Station.

As a backup VSAT will be used to communicate with the master control center and back up
control center using IEC 60870-5-104 or 101 protocols. The final protocol for VSAT will be
decided after the protocol testing is done.

6. SCADA FUNCTIONS

The following are the functionalities available in the SCADA/DMS:

• DATA ACQUISITION
• DATA EXCHANGE
• DATA PROCESSING
• TAGGING
• SUPERVISIORY CONTROL

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 • SWITCHING ORDERS
• LOAD SHEDDING AND RESTORATION
• ENERGY BALANCE
• INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

• DATA ARCHIVING

7. SCADA SECTIONS

SCADA has following three sections;

1. Engineering sections
2. Control Section
3. Communication Section

a. ENGINEERING SECTION:

There are various software’s which are used to help bring out the real picture of grid in our
PCs. These include:
1. Data Engineering (DE)

2. Picture Editor (PED)

• Firstly all the information related to grid and incoming and outgoing feeders are given
in DE.

• The various parameters, indications and measurands are defined.

• Then in Picture Editor, all information related to particular device is fed.

• The whole diagram is then published on online server and we get the SLD(Single
Line Diagram).

The various other Features included in the software:

1. Digital Alarm: Reports to user about various events occurring in grid like breaker in test,
Main DC fail, SCADA enabled.

17
2. Analog Alarm: It gives us information about voltage and current levels in various devices
of grid.

3. Events List:

• Gives us the total list of events and their occurrence.

• It tells the time of occurrence up to seconds.

4. Sequence Lists:

• It gives more detailed lists and the events are also sequenced.

• Their occurrence time is given up to the limit of milli-seconds.

• Very much helpful in Trouble Shooting.

According to various system demands, different parameters are indicated. There are a
permissible 32 indicators, out of which 8 are indicated here.

The various indications are:

1. Trip Circuit healthy

2. Spring Charged

3. Breaker in service

4. Protection Relay(IRF)

5. Auto Trip

6. VT Fuse

7. Main DC

8. SCADA Control Enabled

The various values given by MFM (Multi Function Meter) which is the IED in this case are:

1. R phase Current(A)

2. Y phase Current(A)

3. B phase Current(A)

4. R-Y phase Voltage(V)

5. B-R phase Voltage(V)

6. Y-B phase Voltage(V)

7. Active Power(W)
18
 8. Reactive Power(VA)

9. Power Factor

10. Maximum Demand(W)

Single Line Diagram Of Grid Station

Measurand sheet of
Grid Station

b. CONTROL SECTION

Software used:-

Operation and Maintenance

System (OMS):

Under this software complains

are registered and checked out
complains are separately served for South, East and Central circle. A parallel complain of
PCR i.e. Police Control Room is also checked out.

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OMS is a software which not only registers complains but also informs it to the required
person keeps a well maintained report about all the incidents.

This software registers the following operations:

1. Complain Register.

2. Breakdown.

3. Load Shedding

4. Shutdown

5. Load Recovery

6. GDR entry

7. Status Updating

8. Shutdown Planner

Similarly following types of reports are well maintained by this software:

1. Daily System

2. No Current

3. Faulty Cable

4. Power Cut

5. ONMS summary.

Thus, this software plays a vital role in scada/dms system in checking out complains.

Moreover, different color schemes available specifying the complains

E.g.: Green- complain is delayed.

Automatic Load Shedding Applications

It is a software available to scada system through which by a single click a feeder can be
trapped or restored as per the requirement.

If the breaker’s state is not defined than feeders can neither be traped nor be restored and if
any command is given than they fall under the category of rejected feeders.

After the operation, the software also provides an excel sheet reporting various data about the
rejection of feeders.

20
Once the command is given, it will be received by RTU trough d/o cards which ultimately
picks up the contactor and results in closing, opening and tripping.

If the feeder is not tagged its condition is shown by D/I cards.

Two blocks are available for the software:

1. Prio block
2. ALSA block

Prio block:

With the aid of this block, feeders can be categorized in any group as per the requirement.

ALSA block:

Tripping and restoration commands are given under this block.

One of the special features available is rather than changing the whole group, one feeder can
be deselected.

c. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
SCADA which is the acronym for “Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition” needs to
communicate with nodes placed at various sites which might be products of different
manufacturers. To maintain homogeneity in the sharing of resources and information a
definite standard is needed which is provided by basic communication models namely “OSI
model of communication”.
When networks first came into being, computers could typically communicate only with
computers from the same manufacturer. The OSI model was meant to help vendors create
interoperable network devices and software in the form of protocols so that different vendor
networks could work with each other. Like world peace, it’ll probably never happen
completely, but it’s still a great goal. The OSI model is the primary architectural model for
networks. It describes how data and network information are communicated from an
application on one computer, through the network media, to an application on another
computer. The OSI reference model breaks this approach into layers.

The OSI Reference Model

21
One of the greatest functions of the OSI specifications is to assist in data transfer between
disparate hosts—meaning, for example, that they enable us to transfer data between a Unix
host and a PC or a Mac.
The OSI isn’t a physical model, though. Rather, it’s a set of guidelines that application
developers can use to create and implement applications that run on a network. It also
provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards, devices, and
internetworking schemes.

The OSI has seven different layers, divided into two groups. The top three layers define how
the applications within the end stations will communicate with each other and with users. The
bottom four layers define how data is transmitted end-to-e

FIGURE :-- The seven layers

APPLICATION

• Provides a user interface

PRESENTATI
ON • Presents data

• Handles processing such as encryption

SESSION

• Keeps different applications’

data separate

TRANSPORT

• Provides reliable or unreliable delivery

• Performs error correction before retransmit

NETWORK

• Provides logical addressing, which routers use for path

determination

DATA LINK
22
 • Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames

• Provides access to media using MAC address

• Performs error detection not correction

• Moves bits between devices

PHYSICAL
• Specifies voltage, wire speed,
and pin-out of cables

CONNECTIVITY OF GRID STATIONS FOR SCADA OPERATIONS

1. All 117 Grid Stations will be connected to the Central Control Room through any of the
three methods:

• Fiber (Metro-Ethernet)
• LMDS (Wireless)
• VSAT (as back up and intermediate solution)

2. At the grid site there will be Ethernet Interface on RTU for running 104 protocols.

3. RTU is connected to the switch using a CAT-5 twisted pair cable at the Grid Station on
which REL can terminate other nodes and run other applications.The Switch is connected to
the Router (CISCO 2611 or CISCO 1700).

4. In case of Fiber site, the Router would directly connect to the metro-Ethernet Africa switch
provided by RIC.

5. In case of LMDS Site where metro Ethernet is not available, the RIC will connect using
the RIC wireless solution LMDS to the nearest LMDS hub and finally to the MPLS VPN
using the RIC Fiber. In this solution Ethernet interface would be provided by the LMDS at
the GRID Site.

6. For the Sites on VSAT, the connectivity to the MCC and BCC Site from the Earth Station
of VSAT Provider will be provided through the NEHRU PLACE office.

23
7.All the Grid Stations will be connected to MCC and BCC through 512 Kbps dedicated
bandwidth upgradeable to 2 Mbps or more on fiber optic. The MCC and BCC will be
connected through 2 Mbps dedicated line on fiber optic. Depending upon the future
requirement the bandwidth can be upgraded seamlessly.

8. The redundancy with regards to the connectivity to MCC or the BCC would be taken care
through the VPN solution centrally from the RIC NOC in DAKC, Mumbai.

9. For intermediate solution on VSAT, 19.2 Kbps provided by the HECL will be used for
communication between grid stations and the control centers.

24
 VSAT ON IEC-104 (Present
Scenario)

ARRANGEMENT AT
INDIVIDUAL GRID STATIONS

ROUTER V To service providers

S Hub
A By BRPL / BYPL IT
T Group
IEC 60870 –5 104 on
(Ethernet Port) at
19.2kbps I
D
U

RTU By ABB

IEDs

IEDs

IEDs Field Inputs / Outputs

IEC 60870-5-103 /
MODBUS

25
 COMMUNICATION OF
RTU WITH FEP

1 0 M b /s
L in k fo r L o c a tio
IC C P C o m
M
L
8. DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 100
A distribution management system is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of
electric distribution networks to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the
distribution system. DMS is an information system developed to provide comprehensive
support to a utility company’s distribution area, from planning through to placing in
production within facilities and including its operation and maintenance and technical,
economical and administrative aspects.

In general it offers functionalities that allow us to

Loc
F ro n
26
• Receive, recode and consult all customer claims relating to service quality
• Maintain and consult information on each distribution network component and customer
attended
• Maintain and consult information on work carried out in the network

Purpose of secondary network automation

• Online monitoring of 11kV network to plan resources in most efficient manner

• Reduce average interruption time of energy supply in the 11 kV network
• Faster restoration to part of affected consumers by reconfiguring the network
• Identify important nodes in the network for remote switching operation

DMS Application

• Operations monitoring
• Fault localization, isolation and System Restoration
• VAR Control
• Load Calibration
• Load flow calculations

• Distribution Load Forecasting

• Topology Processor
• Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration
• Crew Management
• Intelligent Alarm Processing Function
• Intelligent Operations Planning Support Functions
• Loss optimization and Minimization

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 9. GIS SCADA INTEGRATION

SCADA is the state of the art system installed in Delhi which helps in monitoring and
remotely operating of devices and early and proper detection of faults and further in their
rectification. There are lots of information which is captured in SCADA which can be viewed
at SCADA control room. The same information is then transferred to the GIS (Geographic
Information System) and can be viewed at each asset as mapped in GIS with the SCADA
devices.

The information is transferred to GIS via different LAN / WAN, Firewall, Protocols,
Technology (OPC, ESRI, and ABB-SCADA), different operating systems and different
geographic locations to GIS and can be visualized using reliance intranet network via Citrix.

The information received helps us in identification and getting the information about the
different analog and digital values in their geographic contents. Once the distance relays are
installed & operational then even the fault distance can be seen at its geographic distance
from the operated device (Circuit Breaker). Analog and digital values can be set to appear on
GIS plat form whenever there is a specific change and also within a specified time. The
online values are fetched from the SCADA server and have a very small time lag in
appearing on GIS platform.

This information is utilized to depict assets affected in case of tripping, and

number of consumers affected.

APPENDIX

28
APDRP-ACCELERATED POWER DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM PROGRAMME
BCC-BACK UP CONTROL CENTER
BRPL-BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED
BSES-BOMBAY SUBURBAN ELECTRIC SUPPLY LIMITED
BYPL-BSES YAMUNA POWER LIMITED
CRP-CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL
CT-CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CTS-CENTRAL TECHNICAL SERVICES
DMS-DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSYTEM
DNP-DISTRIBUTED NETWORK PROTOCOL
DPF-DISTRIBUTION POWER FLOW
DTL-DELHI TRANCO LIMITED
DSOM-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATIONS MODEL
FDS-FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
FEP-FRONT END PROCESSORS
FISR-FAULT ISOLATION AND RESTORATION
FO-FIBER OPTICS
FRTU-FEEDER REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
FSS-FIRST SWITCHING STATION
GPS-GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
ICCP-INTER CONTROL CENTER COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
IEC-INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
IED-INTELLIGENT ELECTRONICS DEVICES
IS&R-INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETREVIAL
LAN-LOCAL AREA NETWORK
LMDS-LOCAL MULTIPOINT DISTRIBUTION SERVICE
MCC-MAIN CONTROL CENTER
MMI-MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
NOP-NORMAL OPERATING POINT
OFR-OPTIMAL FEEDER RECONFIGURATION
OMS-OUTAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
OLTC-ON LOAD TAP CHANGER
PT-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
PDS-PROGRAM DEVELOPMANT SYSTEM
PGCIL-POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
REL-RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED
RIC-RELIANCE INFOCOMM
RMU-RING MAIN UNIT
RTCC-REMOTE TAP CHANGE CONTROL
RTU-REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
SCADA-SUPERVISIORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
29
SLD-SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
TASE-TELECONTROL APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENT
TCP/IP-TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL
UPS-UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY
VDU-VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT
VSAT-VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL
VPS-VIDEO PROJECTION SYSTEM
WAN-WIDE AREA NETWORK

REFERENCES

DOCUMENT REFERENCES

1. SCADA/DMS SPECIFICATION MANUAL

2. DOCUMENTS PROVIDED BY REL

WEBSITES

1. www. rel.co.in
2. www.abb.com
3. www.abb.co.in
4. www.iec.ch
5. www.google.com
6. www.wikipedia.com

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31