!
"#$"&%('*)
+-,/.02130246587:9<;=02=
>-?@A2BDCFE&?!GCIH$JLKMON(P!QSRTP
U!GWV2QFA2GXU!GP!CFQYC[ZOC$?\H$JX]W?TRTMOG#H_^:H<`2NbacAdV2B8A_PTegfhM?!GGWA2QjidkdklknmoipehU!GWV2QFA
q r
stru vs
w 9*0n=6xzyT;{7|1:}z~2{<=b7|1:1
1:1
x2~
2<~
5<7r02=-0n587|y1|j~2= ;7|502y}{1|T0{={y!7:~2=
~
5z~
=02=dx6;7:={1:982~
5z<;0n &0_<5TD~
={-{9b5898b1:~
7:=d~~o~
21:~
5
$r02;{~O~
~25l0987:7:130n5\9<0n5<yT;={27:={n, w {}7:y7|~
{9y~
b¡{7:=0_7:~2=¢~2y1:7|yT4O7|={{
y87:=X02={}¤£{0298<7:={\¥02={}§¦2H_QY^d2¨A ©02=ª0n587|y1|z~nj02=dx«}{9<7|5<}«1:=2;¤7|9
5802}ox«7|=
02==O¡W1|7:!¬20n¡{1|x9<;{~2587|n®
¯g~(°;{7|9\7:9\={~n029\9<7|£{1|X029±7|-9<~
{=}{9,³²´±}{~O9±5<µ6{7:5898~
l={989<l¥
£©~
989<9<9<}¶={~}{~
{¡¡dx·;{¸0¬
5022c<=o¹Sx
025¹´~
1:} ¡={~2={y98902587:1|x¡6x
~
1:}{5/1:9<9gy02£{02¡{1:¶98{585<9TD,º²´*~
= 7|9g={027|¬2 ={~
{
;~=d5\VO?!^»CSALJDZoG#R!CFQSH_G&7|=
¶~O~
1|r0n={}by1:7:yT4¶~
= 9<025<yT;
<;{j&0227:y7:02=T024n9*~2={1|xz¼½¾p¿g9<y~
={}{9h~L£5<~O}{{y0
98T0n
587:={z¾
¾p¼
¼À¼
¼
¼£W~
9<987:¡{1|j585<=y9,jÁo¬25<0211|7|<7:9#r~
{1|}b={~n98Ây<~
yT;{yT4021|1©~2;9<¶~
o,Ã~024n;{980258yT;«~
5<0n={7:={n{1S6¶=6<5VO?!^»CSA
JDZoG#R!CFQSH_Gdl7:=«µO~29,¶Ãº;{7:9L£{5<~O}{{y90&1|98998<{£©={}{~
9bÄnÅÆ¿2¼
¼5858={y9, w 9
¬
=¸<;{7:97|9
<~o~X-yT;\<58xc>¶QYB8AORVO?!^»CSA¶JDZOG#R!C[QSH_G#<~X
Ä2ÇoÈÄn¼
¼&5<!58={y9
¥X={~n
b{yT;«~202=7:£{5<~p¬2=d,É={yz02d0n7:=T>¶QYB8AORbVO?!^»C´A
JDZOG#R!C[QSH_Gd±7|9gb{yT;
¡©!<5¡Wy0n{9<~o~2
1:±;{=³1:~Oy0n<9b~2={1|xʾ(Ço¾p¼
¼5<5<={y9,ËT>¶QYB8AORÌ PXVO?!^»CSA
JDZoG#R!CFQSH_Gd\¡{5<7|={
9<;{7:9}{~p=<~±ÅdÍ
ÇoO;{7:1|XCYM?zVO?!^»CSAgJDZOG#R!C[QSH_GcH$J
>¶QYB8AOR-xO7:1:}{9
0y~
~258T0n¡{1: ¡{g={~n
={7|~
581x;{1|£{1Yg¾pÎ585<=y9,
Ï~n7|¬n0n<}±¡dx±0¶}{987:5<I<~ 7|={y1|{}{º98~
º7|=d5897:=z;7:98<~
5<7|y021{029<£Wy!97:=±bx
0258<7:y1|2*²zy~2=6<7:=6{}³<;{7:9zF029<y7:=0_7:=¤£0297:&¡dxÐ58xO7|={MOQ:P!C$H_BDNH$JCM?>¶QYB8AOR
VO?!^»C´A*JDZoG#R!CFQSH_Gn<~L¡W£{5898=d}-7|;b¿ÆÄ
Í2¼5<5<={y9*~LyT;~o~
98r58~
,hÁo£W~287:=
bxc7|980242nh²
£{5<~
£<1|xª~p¬
}¸~¢DMOQ:P!CH_B!NªH$J±CYM?\>¶QYB8AOR&VO?!^»C´A JDZOG#R!C[QSH_Gd<~
¡©<~
1:}l<;0nI<;{58¶r58 {98
Çb5858={y9©0-~
990n<7:98YxO7|={-y~2={y1|{9<7|~
=l~\;
d022,\É={±~2<;{980295<~
ÑaªA2CM?!EA2CFQSR<A2v02={}ª029z029¶9<;{~
5z02={}c98r!-0n9
¡©!{9j;{7|9r7|£0_7:=dj02
2,²´r90n7:} 7:=7|<9r=6<7:58x!ÒÉ-,OÓ
0¬o7|9<7|}{ ¾pÅ
Î
Ô_¹ÎdÄ
DO±,
Õ¶7|5<yT;{;~2Ö ¾pÅ
ξ(D{×, w ,{ÏÐ,7:5<02y ¾pÎdÇ2¿
!{Ø,{ÁoyT;dI025Ù ¾pÎnÚ6Ä
!, w 58{y02£9<{1|
;{7:9~
5x¶¥ £{58~p¬o7|}{}-x2~
021:5802}oxb46={!Ê<;{º;{7:9~
5xW®Ãº;{º~2<;{55<5<={yº²}{7:}=ÛÜ
£{{5<98{2v0n9
;-y~
£{<5$5<~
ÙX0n
;{7|9 {=y5<2, w Y5021|1S;{b98xO98<Ý;{02}
~
5842}³~25 ={025<1xc~
58xd¹´¬
l7:=6<9¶7|;~
\0;{7|<yT;02=}§9<~
&98{yT;¬2=d
I029z1:~2={X~p¬
58}{{n,ú;{9<9<02
\029¶y1:025Ò7029z<7:b~
!z}{~p=¸<~58021
~
584X¡dxX9<;687:=}{~p=;{¶9xo9Þ0n={}58¬258<7:={\<~£W={y7:1ß0n={}£{02},
.o ;0_\02¡W~
¶;71|~n;l0257:y1:àá.I02yT4ª<~ª~o~
21:2,&.5<7|ºDâo£©5<7¹
=60n7|~
=98;{~p}§;0_ªãL^Y^rAdä!H_ZOCLCYM?±>¶QYB8AORXVO?!^»CSAbJDZoG#R!CFQSH_Gd£{5<~O}{{y}å_?!BH
5<5<={y9j9<~¤;7:9b<7|1|£502y!7:y021:1xc9<1:y!}7981|$,ªÉ=yl;7:9b7|9<98{l~2æ?TPpH_ç
¾
WG A2G#RT?I
~O9~
=O¹1:7|={2O;{7|90258<7:y1:L7|1:1¡W;{-PpH_^:?5<5<={yn/~25I;{7|¡W7|={{
7|x2~
y025<}~9<025<yT;{={}{5ªãL^Y^jAdä!H_ZOCLCYM?\>¶QYB8AOR&VO?!^»C´AbJDZOG#R!C[QSH_Gdl¥¤¡{ }{~
={~2g;{L021:1 ¹7|£W~
5802=dµ6{98<7:~
=l02584\7:=bx±7|<1:n602}{}{}&~
5;{
9024nL~2<5<<;
02={};{~
={98xW®
¢{ $Ëh´ !
"#{r"Ñ$g s j
Áo{£{£W~
9< 7:9l0{={y<7:~
=<;0nX7|9l}{!={}#L90x2
~
5X0n1:1¬20n1:{9l~2¶;{ª58021
¬20n5<730n¡{1: g02={}¢<;0nl7&7|9=7|¬258x6;{5<n
, I02=ʪy~
={98<5<{y!X9<~29<~
5
~21|<5~
5l89<1:y~25<l;{0n#;=c~
£W50_7:=l~
=¤;7:9L{=y7|~
=vP!QYGO`2^:?TPH_ZOC;
¬20n1:{~2;¶={y<7:~
=0ng02=dxX£{5898y5<7|¡©}£W~
7|=6 à
w ;{7|=67|9\£{5<~p¬O7:}{}¢¡dx;}{7|9<y5<<«0n=021:~2
{X~2g;{7|9±µO98<7:~
=#,·Áo{££©~
98
¤;{0p¬2ª0Ð98µ6{={y
½½½À
¾ Ç ½½½ 6,Ó
~p }{~r«981|yl0
£0258<7:y{13025±-¡W5
! 5<~2 <;{«98µ6{={yà .rx9<{7:={Ð~(¬25X0n1:1º-¡W589
~2 7S,Ü2,ß9<y02={={7|={{®Æc<;{\9<µO={y7;c0l9<1:y~25y021|1:}¤<;{\Õ5<~2={yT4n5z}{1T0
}{={~n}¡d#x " $ 0n={}}={}¤02%9 " $ á¾z7|' &( {02={)} " $ ¼±7|' &+ * ,²´º~
1:1|~(9
7:}{730n<1x<;0n ,
.-/
" 01
! ½ ¾(
2/58;5r±;0¬
±;{\=~
5<021:7|Ù0n<7:~
4 = 3 " $ ¾\~
502yT;¸¬n021|{-~25 &<v0n={}¸021:98~
;{9xO<58x£{5<~
£W56x " $ 7" 9, 8¬258<7:={-<~b;y~
=d<7:=6{~
{9y02982r-{9
5<£1302y¤;{ª98{0n<7:~
=Ê~(¬25 ¡6x·02=·7:=d
50_7:~2=~p¬
5 ,áú;{ª5<~
1|¤~2¶;
9<£Wy7}³7|={}{!:â &7|9-£{130x2}¡dx<;{l9<£Wy7|}³£©~
7|=d ,cú;{02=021|~
{~2;
Õ¶58~
={yT425r}{1T0¶7:9*587|<<=1:7|42g0¶={y<7:~
=d58027:={7|={;{9<029xob¡©~
1 "~
57,
×5<9<{02¡{1x
o<;{7:9rI029I7:50ny2ÛÜ95<029<~2=l~
5IyT;{~O~
9<7|={b<;{7:9r={~2T0_7:~2=&~
5r<;{}{1|0
{={y<7:~
=#,ȱÁo~±¶9840¸{=y7|~
={; " < >=? I9<{yT;;0n
@>A " E=? F < G H #½ Ç
B ADC
I*â02y!1x0n9 7|=¸<;{&}{7|9<y5<<&y029<~2I<;{lÕ5<~2={yT4n5b}1|0v7:£©~
98\;{={~
5¹
&021|7:Ù0n7|~
=l02=}9xo5xX£{58~
£©58<7:9
@ A " < >=? G á¾ 02={} " < K= L" 5=? #½ Ôd
B AJC
ú;{5<µ6{7:58=d9r7:K= Iµ69, Ç
02={} Ôd0x±¡©gT024n=&<~b}{!={L<;{7|502y}{1|0
{={y<7:~
=#,ú;{L~
58 ~n' Iµ/, Ç2j9<
99I<;0nM " < N=O j7:9r~25<L1|7:4n
;425<={1
~2j02=¤7|=6<
5<021IHT@?!B8A2C$H_Bº;{02=ª0&y~
=d¬
=d<7:~
=0n1h{={y!7|~
=+, PÐ 7|1:1v5<!{58=¤~&<;{7:9
029<£Wy!L98{¡{9<µ6{=d1x
,
P;0_-y0nQ = " R=S ¶£©~
989<7|¡{1|xc1|~o~
4ª1|7:4npà w =027¬
&0x~ng02={98r587:={¤<;{7:9
µO98<7:~
=³7|9\029b~
1|1:~p9,ªÃh024n0¤5<y!T02=
{130n5 7:=}{~p ~27|};UÇ T02=};{7|
;d
Ç
−1
(2ε)
window
f(x)
0 x0 x
x0 − ε x0 + ε
2h7:
{58-¾
Òú;{7:=}{~p 5<}{{y9~±;{¶}{1|T0-{=y7|~
=X;{=T ¼
¾ Ç T
Dd9<~¶;0_j<;{g025<0~2#<;{º7:={}{~p¢7:9{={7x
,×1:02y7|7;±7|<9¡©~n<~2 }{2
~ =l;{ 0_âo7:9º02=}l9<1|7:}{
7|021:~
= ;7:9I0(â7|9029I9<;~(=X7|=627|{,¾
,(P;=l;L7:=o¹
}{~p7|9y=d58}0nI<;{LyT;{~29<=£W~
7:=d o;7:=d
50n1©~2 < jb{1|<7:£{1|7:}±¡dx&<;{7:9
7:={}{~p {=y7|~
=7|9¶9<7:£{1x ¾2ÇUT2 B
< #,Xú;7:9z}{~o9b={~nbµ6{79<1|y!
< g021:~
=2#~ny~
{589<n,¶.7L7:1|1v}{~l9<~XC 7 T024n-;{-1|7:7|MT ¼,²=¤<;{7:9
1:7:7|;{-7|};c~2<;{-7:={}~(á¡Wy~29¬20n={7:98;{7:={21|x9<021:1[,zÁo7:b{1|02={~2{9<1x
7|9b;{7|
;d\¡©y~
9±0n5<¡{750n5<7:1xc130258
298~c029-~ y02£<{5<¸021:1j~2;{X~25<}{7|=0n
7:=«<;{-
5<02£{;ª~25 !©={~X&0_<5L;{~p 130n5<
z;{b¬n021|{b~n5 < g7:9, w £©~29<9<7|¡{1:
!âo£{1:7|y7º~
5< ~
5I;{z7|502y}1|0-{={y<7:~
#= " < >=? 7:9I<;{58~
58
7¬
=¡dx
" < E=: 9 1|¼ 7: ¾ UÇ T2 ~
~
55021:1#~2T
5= T Ú6
;{5 ½
ú;{7:9y02={={~2*¡©0L9T02=}o¹$021|~
={I}={77|~
=,²´©77:9T024n=1:75<021:1x
p;=
~
58&0n1:1|x2
" =
b{98¡W-Ù5<~l~25021:1 * ©;{7:1|b7|L-{9¡©b7:==7|z~
5 ,
w =¤Dâ£1:7:y7|g~
5< 98{yT;c029 Iµ/, Ú6I~
5;{ }{1T0={y<7:~
=¤b{98L¡©z7:=d5<£{58<}
7:=«<;{-1:7|
;dL~n Iµ/, Ç
!,ú;\}{1T0§${={y<7:~
=l7:9L021|0xo9
~l¡W-{={}5<9~O~o}c0n9
9<~
<;{7:={l<;0n024n998={98±;=¸7|~Oyy{5<97|=ª02=ª7|=6<
5<0211|7:4n Iµ/, Ç2!#7[,Àn,|
;{=7|0ny9~2=\~
5<}{7|=025x {=y7|~
={91|7:42 < *0n={}02=\7:=d
50_7:~2=-7:9*y025<587:}\~
,
²´º7:9I7|}730n<1|x-y1:025r<;0nI<;{9<~_¹y0n1:1:}l7|502y
}{1T0ª={y<7:~
={by02={=~2º¡W0
{={y<7:~
=X7|=l;{y~
=d¬
=6<7:~
={0219<={9<n,r²=£0n587|y{1:025 " < =D -{9º¡©bP!QYGO`2ZO^A2B
~
58&021|1|xb7:==7|*0n d;{0n7|9o0n;{
£©~27:=d;{58L7|<9j025<
=6r7:9jÙ5<~{,
Ï«0_;{&0n<7:y021:1x
o02=!âo£{1:7|y7º~
5< ~
5I;{z7|502y}1|0-{={y<7:~
=7|9g£5<~
£W581|x
7|¬2=7:=&<589I~n0Pp? Z?!G#RT?r~
5rF0n7|1|x±~2y~2=6¬2=d7|~
=021©{={y<7:~
=9{5<0n;{5;{02=
;{¤7:={}~(&5<£5<98=dT0_7:~2=¤7:4= Iµ/, Ú6D,g²´Ly02=;{=¤¡©b025<5<02={
}«;{0nW7:=0
9<{7T02¡{1|1:7:7|_<;{g9<µ6{={y02£{£{58~d02yT;{9I0¶µO{02=d7|x\<;0nj;029j021|1{;{£{58~
£W58<7:9
Ô
}{987:5<}ª~2*<;{-}{1|T0±{={y!7:~2=, w =¤7:=o={7|< =6{b¡©5L~298{yT;ª9<µO={y9¶&0x¡W
y~
={958{y<}, 2~
5*7|={9802={yndT024n
0F027:1xz~2©={y<7:~
={9 => £0250n!5<7|Ù}
¡6xl0-£©~29<7|<7|¬2y~
=98T0n=6M T{02=}l7|;l<;{~
1|1:~p7:={z£{58~
£©58<7:9Ò02yT;-¡W5~2
;{±F027:1|x 73;029 0£W024c0_ 7:73
7:9¶9xo587:y02¡W~
¶;£W~
7:=d 0n={}
7:7|7Y¶;029±0ª}{{={7|<X7:=d
5021r5<~
= ~ ;{~
9<X¬n021|{X7:9-={7|x2,³Ï«0n8589
025<z0258502={2}9<{yT;;{0n0n9<;{£025<025 T-7|9I&0n}{9<021:1|502={}9<021:1|5o;
;{7|
;d~2o;{j£W024¶7:= v7|={y5802989h;7:1:79ß7:}<; 987:-1|T0n={~
9<1|x}{y5<0n9<9
42£{7:=z<;{I~2021{0n5<0{=}{5*<;{ºy{5¬
gµ6021o~¶{={7x
,ú;=1:7: < =
5<£5<98=d9;}{1T0b{=y7|~
6= " < =J #,ØßI{9º={~p5<7|<}{~p=X;{L9<7:£{1|98
yT;{~
7:y9º~
5I98{yT;9<µ6{={y9, 2/~25I0298¶~2v5<7|<7:={o1|º{9º98 ¼,jÉ={~2v;
9<7:£{1|98£W~
989<7:¡7:1:77|9j7:9º;{F027:1x~28Øv~25<=d<Ù730n={9<{
7|¬2=¡6x
9 < T T ½
Ä
ú;{=ª1|7: 7|9L0±5<£{5<9<=60n7|~
=¤~2;{ 7:5<02y¶}{1T0\{={y<7:~
4= " !/7|<;
;{z£{5<~2£©587|9g9<£Wy7|}«7:)= Iµ69, Ç20n={} Ôd!,IÁo~
¶~2;{5
£W~
£{13025ºyT;{~27:y9
~
5
< º025<<;{~
1:1|~p7:={{Ò
¾ !âo£ = G T
¾ Dâo£ =% nÚ T
98yT; UT2 987:= UT2 ½½½ ¿d
UÇ T Ç T UÇ T
²´l7:97:=9858{y<7|¬2<~9<4n<yT;<;{98{=y7|~
={99<yT;{&0n<7:y021:1x
r02={}¢<~yT;{yT4Ê~
o
;0n
;02£{£W={9
0299<021|1:5I02={}9<021:1|5¬n021|{9~2 T\0258zyT;~
9<=, w 9g02=02-9<7:=
!âo58y7:982I<;{7:={4£Êx
~2{5~p=Ê9<µ6{={yª~nL{={y!7|~
={9±;0n1|02}{9\<~Ð;}{1|0
{={y<7:~
=029g0\1:7|77|={by029<n,
P;0_ÛÜ9-;{l£W~
7|=6b~2
021:1;7:9Tà .r~
58X
~
7:=«~
=§<~c02={98r5\<;{7:9-µ6{98<7:~
=
7|ÛÜ9;{1:£{1h~5<D¹´5<7-<;{±13029¶~2r<;{-{={y!7|~
={9¶7:= ¿d029~
1:1|~p9,b²´r±£{o
T ¾
{r¶
" < 9 1:7|
987:=
¾ 1:7: @ ¾ @ A ½ Í
A Ç A B C
Ç B A C
ú;{7:9L<{5<=9~
<~l ¡©b£©5<;02£9;{-~
9{98{10x¤~2j58£{589<=d7:=<;{-}{1|0
{={y<7:~
=#,Áo7:=y ¾d77:9~
¡d¬O7:~2{9;0n<;{º130n987:=d<
5<021{7:= Iµ/, Í27:9*={~n
02¡{9<~21:<1|xy~
=d¬
58
=d,¯g~
5I7:9j;{L7:=d
5021/r1:1 ¹}{!={}X7:=<;{~
58}{7:={0258x9<={9<n
¡©y02{98
987:= 02=}y~
9 }{~¶={~2j;0¬2
}{!={71:7|79*0n9 ,*ú;9<
0258
{98*58;5*58
7:={}{5<9h~2
;{jF02y;0nh;{}{1T0g={y<7:~
=-7|
9={~n0Ly~
=d¬
=d<7:~
=0n1
{={y<7:~
=#029X¸;0¬
021:5802}ox£{;0n9<7:Ù},°Ãº;{~
98¸x2~
{={Ê5<0n}{589;{~Ê0258
F027|1:7:0257|<R; 2~
{587:5<502=98~
5897:1|1ß5<y~
={7|Ù¶;0_L;b130n98gµ60n<7:~
=«02¡W~(¬2
9<9*<~9<
9*;{0n<;{M 2~
{587:5v5<02={9~
5< ~2;I7:5<02yj}{1T0
{=y7|~
=-7|9 {9
{={7|x2,ú;{7:97|9j7|={}{}&98~{,²´j9<{2
99O~O~{d;0_r~2={g0x~2VO? GQYGO`89<7|={
{1:025<
{={y<7:~
=9z1|7:4n±<;{±}{1T0l{={y!7|~
=Ð7:2;6¡©¦pQFA±<;{7|5 2~
{5<7|5<502={9~
5<9Ò~
5
!â02£{1:norzy~
{1|}l}{{={ " 029<;{7:=d¬
5<98 2~
5<7:5r<502={9~
5< ~20-y~
={9802=d
¥X7|=l;{7|9gy029<n {98g{=7|x
,
Ú
u $sOj
ú;{I7|502y}{1|0{=y7|~
=z;029µO7|r0ºF029<y7:=0n<7:={;{7|98<~
58x2,hú;{r¡©~O~
4¡dxzØ Ù=
y7|<}b0nv;{=}b~2o;{7|9h0n587|y1|2(7:902=z!âoy1:1|=d98~
{58yj~2{7|=~
5<0n<7:~
=,ßú;r}{1|0
{={y<7:~
=9<9r<~ ;0¬2L02}{7|<9{5<9802£{£W0n502={y
7|=<;{g02581|x\£0n58j~2#<;{z¾pÎ
y=d<{58x2h7|=«;{-r~
584O9¶~2r×~
7:989<~
= ¾Å¾(Ä
D 2~
{5<7|5 ¾pÅdÇ2Ç
!ß0n={} I02{yT;dx ¾ÅdÇ2Ô
¾pÅdÇ
Í
D,×h~27:9<98~
=X02=} I02{yT;dxl9<98=d7:021:1x±{9<}025<
=6<9r<;0nr7:£{1:7|}\;0_;
Øv~25<=d<Ù730n=5<£{5<9<=60n7|~
=§~2;{}{1T0X{={y<7:~
=#( Iµ/, Ä
!;02}Ð;{89<1:y~25
£{5<~
£W5xO9T0n<}7:= Iµ/, Ç
D9, 2/~2{5<7|5o7:=X;{7|9I{={}0n=6021#r~
5<4Ê]M?p¨ H_BDQS?ºãLGWA2ç
^»NnCFQ Z/?VO?\^AfhMA2^:?!ZOBD9<;{~pr} 7|=ªy~
={=y<7:~
=ª7J; 2~
{587:5
9<5<7:9!âo£02=9<7:~2={9
~2*£W587:~O}{7:yL={y<7:~
={9;0nº<;{z9<587:9z¾ Ç ¾ 3 A -/ y~29
< K= º;{02}
£{5<y7:981x&;7:998~
58I~29<1|y!~
5I£5<~
£W5x
{7[,Àn,|OI029I0-5<£5<98=dT0_7:~2=~n' " =O
7:=§;={}02=dT0n17:=d<58¬n021 < R=
= ,Ó
7|9±025<
=6<9\989<=d<73021|1|x
02~2{=d <~<;{&1:0298z~2r;{5<£5<98=dT0_7:~2={9b7|:= Iµ/, ¿d~
5 " < !,Xú;9<&02581|x
~
58469}{7:}={~20n7: 0n
&0n<;{0n<7:y0n1ß5<7:2~
{5g7:=«<;{by{5<58=d9<={9<\~n;{b<58,
Áo{¡{98µ6{=d<1|x
Õ7|5<yT;{;{~nÖ ¾pÅ2ÅdÇog¾pÅ
ξ( 02={}ÊÓ
0¬O7:987:}{ ¾pÅ
Î
Ô¾pÅ2Î
Îdbd0¬
;
5<90n;{&0_7:y021#}={77|~
={9 02d0n7:=={~
=o¹´5<7|
~
5<~2{9¡dx~O}{5<=98T0n={}0258}{9T~2
;{I}1|0
{={y!7|~
=,*Õ7|5<yT;{;{~nÖ029*y~
={y5<={}\7|; ;{={}02=dT0n19<~21:<7:~
= ~2
;{;5<D¹}{7|={9<7|~
=021nI0¬
rµ60n<7:~
=#(;7:1:Óg0¬O7:987:}{7:=d<5<~O}{{y}z<;{{={y!7:~2=
7:=-;{7|9¶É£W50_7:~2=021 I021:y{1:9<{,Ó
I£W~
7:=d<}-~
o*;0_G " < hy~
{1:}\¡WI58d0258}{}±0n9
;{}{5<7¬20_7|¬2L~2ß<;{Óg0¬O7:9<7|}{~
5{={7|\898<£l{=y7|~
={ < D{}{{={}029I={7|x
~
5 ¼&02=}«Ù5<~&~25 ¼, w Y<5Óg0¬O7:987:}{nW<;{ }1|0{=y7|~
=029g5<1|x
{9<}³¥7:=³£0257|y{1:0257|=y~
={={y<7:~
=³7|<;ÊØv02£1302yl50n={98~
589r9<£Wy73021|1|xС6x
1:y<5<7:y021ß=
7:={589 2,Ü{,|+j02=}{5L×~
1Sß¾pÎ
Ç2Åd!,r7:5<02y ¾ÎdÇ2¿ß¾pÎ2Ô
¼d7:=d<5<~O}{{y}
7|º7|=X;{7:9Iy1302989<7|y¶02={}l{={}{02=dT021#r~
584l~
=Xµ602=d yT;02={7|y99<98=d7:021:1xl0n9
;{
y~
=d7|=6{~
{9r02=021|~
{~2#;{
Õ5<~
={yT425I}{1T0,Ó
L021:98~¶58~2
}{~p=X0¶1:7:9j~2
7|9
7:£©~258T0n=6g£{58~
£W58<7:9¥b{yT;¤;{ 902b1|7:9
<;0n
98T0n={}0258}¤!âO<¡©~O~
469={~p
y025858x
,rÉL¬
5L0n={}02¡©~p¬2N Iµ69, Ç20n={} ÔdD{;{¶}{1|T0b={y<7:~
=021:98~\90n<7:99
" < 9 ¼ " = = " < " = " < "
! 9 ¾ 0
" <
Åd
;{58
7:9\02=dx58021=O-¡©5r02={}³9<~c~
=#, w d0n7:=*<;{98µ60n7|~
={9±0258l~c¡W
{={}{5<98<~o~O}029b¬n021|7:};{=³-{1|<7:£{1|7:}Сdx§98{7|02¡{1|l9<~o~n;{=y7|~
={9\0n={}7:=o¹
250n<}~(¬25 ,7|502y&021:98~ª1:7:9}§;{{98{1º¡{o±={~2±7:}{7:0n1|xc~
¡d¬O7:~
9
£{5<~
£W5x " < " < E=:
" < =? G Îd
Ç
;{58 7:902=dxX58021ß=6{-¡W5,
ú;{b{9<-~n;{-}1|0{={y!7|~
=¤¡Wy0n ~
58-02=}ª~
58 y~
~
=¤0nY5
;
02£{£W025<02={y~2
7|502ynÛÀ9-r~
5<4/,³ÉL<;{5\987:={
13025b={y<7:~
={9±0n1:9<~ª02}{;{7:5±02£o¹
£©02502=y2h029025<1x«¬
5<987:~
={9z~2rµ602=d{ {1:}ª<;{~
5xª¡Wd02=ª<~0242±9<;{02£©±7|=
Ä
;{±~25<469b~2I£{;dxo987:y7:98<9 98{yT;0292~
58}02=h×021:7j02={}ÐÓ
7:9<=6¡©5<{, w 5<~
{=}Ð;
902\7:2ß0n<;{0n7|y7:02={9L¡W
02=0_<£o9~}{!={9<{yT;Ð9<7:=
{130n5µO{02=d7¹
7:97:=05<7|
~
58~
{9*02={={5,*ú;g}1|0L{={y!7:~2=0n={}±~2;{59<{yT;9<7|={
{1:025*~
¡ y<9
5<-58y~2
={7:Ù}~¡©¶;0nL025<zy0n1:1:}¤`O?!G#?!B8A2^»Qå_?<V
JDZOG#R!C[QSH_GPI~
5 V2Q:P!C[BDQFäZOC[QSH_GP!
50n<;{5<;02=b={y<7:~
={97:= <;{Iy~
=d¬
=d<7:~
=0n1{9<={9<n,ú;{5898587:
~
58~
{9v;{~
58xz029
7|¬2=±¡dx±.~OyT;{={57|=X¾pÎ
ÔdÇo,*Áo~O~
=0nY58025<}{9oÁo~
¡W~
1:!¬ ¾pÎ
ÔdÄ
d0¬
º;{º587:
~25<~
{9
}{=7|7|~
=«~n}{7:95<7|¡{<7:~
={9g029jJDZoG#R!CFQSH_GWA2^ÆP!©02={}«<;{ 0x«;0n}¤¡©=ª£0¬2}¤~
5
0
}{=7|7¬
X0n;0n7|y021;~
5x
,cú;{7:9 I029±0nyT;{7:!¬
}¡dx³ÁoyT;d0258<Ù ¾pÎ2ÚdÄ(¹Ä2¼
!
02={}«y~
£{5<;{={987|¬21|xX<5<0n}«7:=;{7|9X]M?p¨ H_BDQS? VO?TP>Q:P!C[BDQFäZOC[QSH_GP!{+~
1[,¾ ¾pÎdÄ2¼d
02={}-+~
1[,Ç ¾pÎdÄO¾(!, 2~
5h1:02yT4¶~2/9<£{02yn
7|1:1d={~n*
~L58;57|=d~L<;{98º029<£Wy!9
~2;{5
<;02=«<~l5<£©0nL<;0nLr-={~p ;0¬
-0&y~
£{1|1|xX587:
~25<~
{9g0n;{&0_7:y021
;{~
58x~2h}{7|98587:¡{o7:~2={9,
Þvs{ n
"#{$" bv "
sß
$u s/'
Py02=Ë={~p {58= ~¢<;{µ6{97:~2=Ë~2\;dx;§}{1T0¢{=y7|~
=Ë02££©025<9¤98~
=0n5021|1|x§7|=³£{;dxo987:y021
£5<~
¡{1|9, ~
={987:}{5~25\!â02£{1:nr;¡{029<7|y£5<~
¡{1|
~21|y!5<~298T0_7:y9Ò¤27|¬
=0¸98T0_7:yyT;0258
«}={987|x
\7:=Ê589<£02y2I;0_l7:9
;{ªy~
5<589<£W~
={}7:={³1|y!5<~298T0_7:y«£©~2<=d7:021
0_02=dx·0258¡{7|<5025xÊ£W~
7|=6
< 8)à 25<~
Ï«0_âOr1|1SÛÜ9µ60n<7:~
={9d46={~p¢<;0n 9<0n7|989r×~
7:989<~
=#ÛÀ9µ60(¹
7:~2={=021x
G =
' ¾p¼d
;{58 7|9r<;{£©5<7|87|¬O7x±~2ß;{¬n02y{{(, P;0nº}~o9I~
={}{~\7|=&;y0298~2
0l@H_QYGChyT;0258
&1|~oy0n}c0n9<~2-£W~
7|=6
U < <à w £©~27:=dyT;0258
\7:9
02=&7|}{021|7:Ù0n7|~
=-7:=±;{7|yT;X0 GQYC?0n~
=6j~2yT;025<2 ¶7:998{£{£W~
9<}&~z¡©g£02yT4n}
7:=d~±Ù5<~\¬
~21:{2,ú;{¶yT;0n5<
}{={9<7xX-{9º;{5<!~
5<¶¡W7:==7|0nº;{£W~
7|=6
U /02=}Ù5<~1|9<!;{582,jú;{ }1|0-{={y<7:~
=y~
9º~~
{5027|}Ò*z0px5<72
7:=X;{7|9ºy02982
G" < >=? " = " = G""!$#&%
=
¾
¾(
;{58L;{ CMOB?T?!çV2QYE&?!GP!QSH_GWA2^_}{1T0¶{={y<7:~
>= " !'#&% 7:9j9<;{~2588¹´;02={}~
5;{
£{5<~O}{{y!
~2;{-<;{5<}1|0{={y!7|~
={97:=¤<;{\µ60_7:~2=c02¡©~p¬22,b²´¶7|90n98x«<~l¬
5<7|Yx;0_
;{7|9zDâo£{5<9<9<7|~
=Ð~25
L;029z021|1;{±£{58~
£W58<7:9z58µ6{7|5<}¸~20X£©~
7|=d¶yT;025<2&0n
;{£©~27:=d
,ú;{7|9 7|1:1:985<0n9;{~p 02={}c;6x;{}{1|T0l{=y7|~
=c5<µ6{=d1|x
02£{£W02589X029<;{«587:
;d¹;02=}¢9<7|}{«~n{={}02=d021
µ60n7|~
={9~20n;{&0_7:y021
£{;dxo987:y9,²´r<{5<=9r~
or<;0nj7|r021|9<~ 02£{£W02589029;
987:={
13025£0n58r~2#{=}02=dT021
PpH_^»ZoCFQSH_GP<~¡{029<7|yµ60n<7:~
={998{yT;¤029º<;{I0¬
zµ60_7:~2=,
²´7:9ßr~
58<;b={~n7:=<;0n5<£{5<9<=60n7|~
={9~2;{7:
;5¹´}{7:=9<7:~2=021:}{1T0I{={yD¹
7:~2={9¶1:7:4n; " !$#&% 025<02987:1x¤5<7<=Ð}~(=#, 2/~25z7|={9802={y2v;{±;{58D¹}{7|={9<7|~
=021
¿
y~
{=d<5<£{0258
~2 Iµ/, Í2I02¡©~p¬2 7|9 {98
" !'#&%
9 ¾ @;A
¾ @ #
Ç # C ½
@;A @;A !
%
Ç # B A C
B A C
B A C
#
¾(Ç
ú;{ =~2T0n<7:~
=X9<}7:=X;¶{=021µO{0n7|~
=98;{~
{1|}¡©¶9<1|3¹´!âo£{130n=0n~258x
,
PÐI;0¬
=6<7:~
=}\0n5<1:7|5ß;{0n×h~27:9<98~
=-029*5<9<£W~
={987:¡{1|r~
5;0n*029£W5¹
;02£{9;{5<9858y~
={7|Ù02¡{1|º{9<~2W;7:50nyI}{1T0L{=y7|~
=,×~
7:989<~
=02=}&7|502y
9< ~¡©¶1:7|={42}7|=~
58I0xO9
<;02=~
={n,rú;{z~
98g£{58~2~
{={}~2h;{9<z1:7:=4O9
7:9;{7|9Ò*7|502yº98;{~p}l;0_×~
7:989<~
=&¡{502yT4n<97:=y1:029<987:y021}xO=027:y9r¡Wy~
;
y~
-0n~
589~2;{±y~
5<589<£W~
={}7:={~
£W5<0n~
5897:=cµ602=d yT;02={7|y9b{1|<7¹
£{1:7|}«¡dx;{ y~
=98T0n=6
F02y<~
5LÇ & ¤;5< ª9T02=}{9
~
5L×1302={yT4/ÛÜ9Ly~
={9802=d,
²´
7:9¶;{5<~25<02£{£{58~
£{5<7:0n\<~«=}Ð;7:9z9<;{~
5-0nyy~2{=d 7;§0n={~2;5¶F029<y7:=0n<7:={
1:7:=4СWr=<;{X=029\~2
7|502y&02={}×h~
7|9<98~
=,ú;5<7|9\0«¬
58x{98{10n={}
5<02584n0n¡{1:5898{1|7|= 2/~2{5<7|5º02={021|xO9<7|9Iy0n1:1:}&; ×~
7:989<~
=98{0n<7:~
=&~25<-{1:0,
²=ª7|9
9<7|£{1|9L~
58/;{7|9L9<0pxO9;{0n7
7:9g;{ 2~
5<7:5g<502=98~
58Þ~25 < !
;{=
,A ,A
Ç
ß#½ ¾pÔd
- A - A
w ¬258xÊ1|d0n=6&02={}Ê9<7|£{1|XB I0x~2}5<7¬OB 7:={¸;{7|9±~25<-{1:0ª&024n9{9<~2;
9<~n¹´y021|1:} <7:5<02yy~
b¡{ºÒª02=·0n5<50x~2¶7|502y}{1|0¸{={y!7|~
={9&1|~oy0n}¢0_&;
7:=d
589,²´gy02=¡©¶98;{~p=<;0n
,A ,A
" < >=
ß9 ¾Ú6
- A - A
B B
7S,Ü2,;{¶7|502y
y~
b¡X7:9I7|}{=d7|y021|1|x±µO{021#~±0\98{ ~2Dâ£W~
={=d730n1:9®Ãº;130n85
y02=¡W&58}{{y}~;{!âo£{5<9<987:~
=¾ 9Ç 3 A y~
9 Ç
!,ú;{ly~
9<7|={9-7|=;
9<{ 87|=d558}{95<y7¬
1|xO7;02yT;~2;51|0¬O7:={\¡W;7:={} {98<;{¶9<;0258£
"p¹S{={y<7:~
=¢9<£{7|4290_l7:=d<
5&¬n021:{9&~2 H , P7;¢<;{¤;{1:£·~2 Iµ/, ¾Ú6!º;
×h~
7|9<9<~2=Ð98{0n<7:~
=«~25<-{1:0l7:99802¡{1:7|9<;{}е6{7\029<7|1|x
, P±;0¬
\<;O9zy~
{1:1y7|5<y1|2W~p¬O7:=5<~2Þ×~
7:989<~
=~X7|502y 02={}¤58<{5<={7|={&<~l×h~27:9<98~
=¤7|<;«;
;{1|£~27:5<02y2,
trtjvsO ·v¶"t
yT;02={7|y98&I0n9£{5<9<{02¡{1x={~l1|~
={
5g=}}c¡dxоÎ
Ô
¼®g×h, w ,ÆÏÐ,©7:5<02y2
Í
] M?-KrBDQYG#R!QÆ@W^:?TPlH$JIZ{A2GCFZOEÝaÐ?TRTMA2GQSRTP!É
âO~
5<}
=7|¬
5<987|xc×5<9<9É
â6¹
~
5<}#¾pÎ
Ô2¼ ~
5<7|
7:=0n1
}{77|~
=/!, w =b7:=!âo£©={9<7¬
I²=}{7302=z5<£{5<7|=d~2;{r130n<98
}{77|~
=X7:9g0¬n027:1:02¡{1:n,
Ço,gÏÐ, ,2Øv7|
;d;{7|1:1[_U!GCFBTHV2ZR!CFQSH_GlC$H hH_ZOBDQS?!BãLGWA2^»NpP!Q:PgA2GWV
?!G#?!B8A2^»Qå_?<V ZOG#R!ç
C[QSH_GP! I0n-¡{5<7|}{
g={7|¬2589<7|x\×58989 I02-¡{587:}{22,É587:
7|=021:1x£{{¡1:7:98;{}±7|=
¾pÎdÄ2Åo;{7|9b1|7|<<1:±y1:029<987:yl;{029-¡W=58£{587:=d}9<!¬
5<021I7|9,ú;{X¡©~O~
4/ÛÜ9
}{}7:y0_7:~2=7:9\029±98{yy7:={y!029±7|9 !âO02=}9<0xo9ÒÊ8Ãh~c×h02{17|502yn*;{~
90<;0n7|b{98j¡W<5<{nOØ0n{5<=6IÁoyT;d0258<Ù26;{~b£{58~p¬
}7|602={}¶~
5<2
Ãh£1:2o;{~98;{~p}¤;{~p 987:£{1:L7|y~2{1:}¡Wz02}{{,
Ô, ,Ø o Ù=]M?KrBT?TMOQ:P!CH_BDNH$JªCM?¢]M?TH_BDN·H$J>¶Q:P!CFB!QFäZOCFQSH_GP!Áo£{587:={25¹
+581302{{¯
j~
5<4/ß¾pÎ2ÅdÇo,
Å
¶$ $ "vÝ{h´ !
"#{r" '
ú;{l}{1|T0{={y<7:~
=02£{£W0258}§7|=7:5<02y2ÛÜ9¶~
584Ð~2=µ602=d yT;02=7:y9 7:=02=
A2¦_A2C´A2BI98~
;0n}7|Ö©5<=dg58~
<;{¶~
={9=d7|~
={}7|=X;{DâO,
~
=9<7:}5~
58}{7:={0258x;{58D¹}{7|={9<7|~
=021 I{y1:7:}02=/g9<£02y2, ú;{7:97|90¤^»QYG#?<A2B
¦2?TR!C$H_B\P@AORT? Ø2+Á{!, w =dx¸¬
y~25b7:=Ð7|zy0n=§¡©!âo£02=}{}{=7:µ6{1xÐ029-01:7:=025
y~
-¡7:=0n<7:~
=±~2#;{;{58
{={7|¬2y<~
5<9 02=} ±½6ú;{7:9j7:9¡Wy0n{9<g;{9<
<;{5<
¬
y!~
589L0n5<±^»QYG#?<A2BD^»NQYGWVO?@?!GWVO?!GC©~202yT;~2;5{02={};{!x«P@A2G\;{¶9<£{02ynÒj7[,Àn,|
;{!xª~
5<Ý0ÐäTA_P!Q:PL7:=¤<;{Ø2+¶Á©,Ï~
5<~(¬25
5 ¾
¼ºß<y2,
987:={X;
9<{£W587:~
5={~20n7|~
=
02={}
# 0n1:1I;9<«5<1:0n7|~
={9±y0n=¢¡W
y~
£{5<9<98}7|=6<~
" $± & ¾ Ç\~
5gÔd 7|=³<589±~2g;{Õ5<~2={yT4n5
¾¼