odef;azjrif\

h 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;avhvmcsuf
a'gufwmudak v;
{nfyh garmu©
jrefrmavhvma&;Xme
blqefEdik if Hjcm;avhvma&;wuúodv
k f
blqef? ud&k D;,m;or®wEdkifiH

pmwrf; tusOf;csKyf

odef;azjrifo
h nf 0w¬Kwdq
k &m[k ac:í &avmufatmif 0w¬
Kwdk ta&;aumif;ol jzpf
aMumif; avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/ olU 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;onf vlwpfO;D \ twGif;pdwfraem
ESihf vufawGUjzpfysufaeykH tpOfwYdu
k dk azmfjy&mü tm;aumif;onf/ pma&;ol tcg
tm;avsmfpmG zGJUwwfaom tzGw
JY pfcrk mS trsKd;orD;rsm;\ cEm̈ud,
k ftvSzUGJ rsm; jzpfyg
onf/ trsKd;om;rsm;\ w'*FvIyf&Sm;wwfaom pdwftrlt&mudkvnf; trdt& zGJUonf
[k qdEk kid fygonf/ odY&k mwGifvnf; wpfcgwpf&Hü 0w¬
K\ t&om ysufoGm;onfudk
owdjyKrdygonf/ odY&k mwGif wu,fh vlUb0ü xdo
k Ydk [efaqmifavmu (tjyif
A[d'ËSihf trSeaf vmu (twGif;tZÑwå
) wdkY\ 0da&m"drsm;udk pma&;oltaejzifh rMum
cP BuHKawGUae&ojzifh tZÑwåb0trSef oabmrsKd; a&;zGJUavh&o
Sd nf[k,laomf &Edik f
ygonf/ xdYt
k jyif odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
wrdk sm; wGif xif&mS ;pGmawGU&aom tcsufrsm;rSm
Edik if aH &;arQmfreS ;f csuftzGUJ ? aus;vufa'o (txl;ojzifh tnma'o) tzGUJ ? qif;&Jom;
tvkyform; v,form;vlwef;pm;tzGJUrsm; jzpfygonf/ ta&;tzGJU taejzifrh l acwf
tpOftvdu
k f ajymif;vJvmaom a&;[efrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh a&SUydik ;f
(1933-35) 0w¬Krsm;\ pm;ajyta&;tom;onf um&efeabrsm;jzifh ta&;rsm;NyD;?
1936 ESihf aemufyidk ;f 0w¬Kwdrk sm;rSm ,aeUacwfypkH H ½d;k &Sif;aom (0g) aeYpOfo;kH
pum;ajyta&;tzGJU ykHpHrsm; jzpfvmonfudk awGU&ygonf/ pma&;ol\ xif&mS ;aom
twwfynm wpfcrk mS oDcsif;tydkif;tprsm;udk oifhavsmfovdk xnfo
h Gif; a&;zGJUwwfrI
yif jzpfygonf/ tqdyk g awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk NcKHiHrk datmif þ pmwrf;wGif BudK;pm;
azmfxkwfxm;ygonf/
 2
1/ ed'gef;

odef;azjrifo
h nf wpfacwfwpfa,muf[k ac:qdkEkid favmufatmif 0w¬
Kwdk 0w¬
K&Snf
ta&;aumif;aom pma&;q&mwpfO;D jzpfonfudk jrefrm0w¬
Kwdk 0w¬
K&Snfrsm;udk
avhvmzl;olwidk ;f vufcHMuvdrrfh nf[k taotcsmajym&Jygonf/ (7? 11? 1952)
&ufpGjJ zifh a&;om;aom armifEk (xdpk Ofu jynfaxmifpkor®
wjrefrmEdik if aH wmf 0efBuD;
csKyf OD;Ek) \odef;azjrifh 0w¬Kwdak ygif;csKyf 'kwd,tBudrf ykHEySd jf cif; ed'gef;wGif þ odYk
a&;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
]]odef;azjrifo
h nf jrefrmpmayavmuwGifomru urÇ
mph mayavmuwGif
xdyfq;kH wef;odkY a&mufEidk o
f nfh t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfph Ho
k nfh pma&;q&m wpfO;D
jzpfonf/ vGefco
Jh nfh 15 ESpftwGif; EdkifiHa&;udk tpGjJ yKNyD; odef;azjrifEh iS hf uRefawmf
wdY\
k pyfMum;wGif tBudrfBudrf jzpfc&Jh aom y#dyu©
rrI sm;onf odef;azjrifh tay:
wGif pma&;q&mwpfO;D taeESihf xm;&SdcaJh om uRefawmf\ txifMuD;rIudk ,aeY
xufwidk f rajymifvJcaJh o;ay/}}1
txufyg 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek\ ok;H oyfcsufonf rnfrQqDavsmfaMumif;udk
odef;azjrif\
h 0w¬Kwdrk sm;udk zwf½IavhvmMunfyh gu ydkí odjrifvmEdik rf nf jzpfygonf/
xdYktjyif odef;azjrifo
h nf 0w¬Kwdk (0g) pma&;q&maumif;wdYküawGU&wwfavh&daS om
ud,
k fydik [
f efvnf; &Sdoljzpfonf/ þ pmþ 0w¬
Kudk zwfvu
dk fonfESifh rnfola&;aompm
[k ajymEdkifol tenf;pkwGif 0w¬Kwdq
k &m odef;azjrifv
h nf; yg0ifonf/ ,if;taMumif;
udk (20? 8? 1937) &ufpjGJ zifh a&;om;aom armifEk (jynfaxmifpo
k r®
w jrefrm
Edik if Hawmf 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek) \odef;azjrifh 0w¬
Kwdak ygif;csKyf yxrtBudrf
ykEH ydS jf cif; ed'gef;wGif þ odYk a&;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
]]vlyo
kH P²mefudk cyfvSrf;vSrf;u jrif½EkH iS hf ¤if;vlonf b,fol jzpfonfudk odEidk f
\/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf ¤if;\ [ef odYrk [kwf ]]pwdik }f } onf tjcm; vlrsm;
\ pwdik Ef iS hf rwlaomaMumifyh if jzpfay\/ vlüomvQif pwdik f &Sdonf r[kw/f
ta&;tom;ü vnf; pwdik f &Sdao;\/ odY&k mwGif ,cktcg 0w¬
K a&;aeMuaom
tcsKdU vlwpfpo
k nf bmudrk Q *½krpdu
k f/ ¤if;wdYu
k ,
dk fyidk f pwdkifv;kH vkH; r&S/d
jzpfuwwfqef; t&rf; aomhcs vdu
k fMuonfom rsm;avonf/ -----------/
1
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-14
 3
tnmtaMumif;udk a&;vQif zwf&ol \ pdwfxJü ¤if;onf tnmudk a&mufNyD;
tnmol tnmom;rsm;ESihf awGq
Y akH e& onfudk pdwfxJwGif tvdt
k avsmuf
jzpfay:vmapEdik &f rnf/ aomrwf[m'DESifh *sKd;ZufuGef&ufwYdk emrnfBuD;vm&jcif;
taMumif;wpf&yfonf þ uJo
h dkY Atmosphere ac: ]]av}} ygatmif a&;om;
Edkifjcif;aMumifyh if jzpfavonf/ armifodef;az \ 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;udk tuJjzwf &mü
tjcm;tcsufrsm;wGif tuJjzwfq&mwdYo
k nf oabmuGv
J v
GJ Qif uGv
J aGJ yrnf/ odY&k m
wGif armifodef;az\ 0w¬Krsm;ü ]]tnm tufwrdpkY zf ;D ,m;}} ac: ]]tnmav}} yg
jcif;udu
k m; rnfonfh tuJjzwf q&mrS oabmuGv
J rGJ nf r[kwfay/ þ tcsuf
onfvnf; armifodef;az\ 0w¬ dwpfcak ywnf;/}}1
Kwdrk sm; \ xl;jcm;aom owå
txufyg ok;H oyfcsufu unfhjcif;tm;jzifh pma&;q&m odef;azjrifo
h nf ol\ xl;jcm;
aom ud,
k fyidk [
f efudk azmfaqmifEdkifonfh 0w¬
Kwdq
k &mjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/
txufyg 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek\ ok;H oyfcsuf ESpcf sufudk qifjcifMunfh½Hk
jzifyh if uREkfyfwYdo
k nf pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m? EdkifiHa&;orm;? oydwfarSmuf
ausmif;om;? tnmom; odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;udk avhvm&onft
h aMumif;udk
taMumif;jy&ef vkaH vmufNyD[k ,lqygonf/

1
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-9
 4
2/ odef;azjrifh (1914-1978) tw¬
KyÜ
wåd tusOf;

odef;azjrifu
h dk ppfuidk ;f wdik f; rkH½mG c½dik f bkwvifNrdKUü tz ajrwdik ;f pma&; OD;b? trd
a':jrifw
h Ydrk S 1914 ck Zlvidk v
f 10 &uf aomMumaeYwGif arG;zGm;onf/ i,frnfrSm
bkwvif ausmif;wGif armifjrarmif? t*Fvdyf-jrefrmausmif;wGifrl armifodef;az
jzpfonf/
bkwvifNrdKU OD;bd;k OmPfausmif;wGif rlvwef;ynm? rkH½GmNrdKU trsKd;om;ausmif;
ESihf Ak'b̈momausmif;wdYw
k Gif txufwef;ynm oif,lco
Jh nf/ 1932 wGif rkH½Gm
Ak'b̈mom txufwef;ausmif;rS 'orwef;udk jrefrmpmESifh ocsFm *kPfxl;jzifh
atmifonf/ rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf (1932-33)? &efukefwuú
ovdk f (1933-35) wGif
qufvuf ynmoif&m 1935 wGif 0dZÆ
mbGYJ &&Sdonf/ uvuwå
m; wuú
ovdk fwGif
Oya'ynmESifh r[m0dZÆm (ygVd) (1938)udk qnf;yl;onf/
&efukefwuúov
dk f aeYausmif;om;rsm; udk,fpm;vS,f (1933-34)? trIaqmif
(1934-35)? wdYAk rmtpnf;t½kH; wGzJ uftwGif;a&;rSL; (1936-37)? e*g;eD pmtkyf
toif; ynma&;tzGiJY ,f trIaqmif (1937-38)? zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;
\ pnf;½k;H a&;rSL; (1941-42)? zqyv tzGJYcsKyf wGzJ uftwGif;a&;rSL; (1946)?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGw
JY Gif acwå
wm0ef,l (1946)?
jynfolUnDnGwfa&;ygwD (1952)? bkwvifNrdKUe,f yrnw trwf (1956)? jrefrmEdik if H
pma&;q&mtoif; Ouú| (1956-57? 1957-58? 1962-63)? Adkvfwaxmif owif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyfEiS hf tkycf sKyfr'I g½du
k fwm (1958 rS ) ponf wm0ef,lcJh\/ urÇ
mNh idrf;
csrf;a&;uGef*&uf? jrefrm-w½kwf rdwfaqGjzpftoif;wdYw
k Gif vnf; yg0ifco
Jh nf/
pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mESihf EdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpf tdEd,́EdkifiHoYdk (1936?
1942? 1956)? w½kwfEidk if o
H Ydk (1942? 1952? 1956)? tD*spfEkid fiHESifh t*FvefodkY
(1957)? *syef? AD,uferfEiS hf w½kwfEidk if Hrsm;odYk (1961)? tar&duodYk (1961) ESifh
½k&Sm;? ta&SU *smreD? ½lar;eD;,m;odYk (1962) oGm;a&mufcJh\/
Zefe0g&D 1933 ol&d,owif;pmyg ]]rEÅ
av;tifwmrD'D,dwf ac: Oypm
ausmif;ü tydjk refrmpm oifjyydYck soifhjcif;}} aqmif;yg;onf yxrykEH Sdyfpmrl jzpfonf/
0w¬
Kwdk &Snf? aqmif;yg;? c&D;oGm;pmay? tw¬
KyÜ
wåd? EdkifiHa&;pmayESihf pmay a&;&m
rsm;pGma&;cJhonf/ xif&mS ;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm q&mvGef; tw¬
KyÜ
wåd (1937)?
 5
wufbkef;BuD; (1937)? wufacwfewfqdk; (1940)? OD;apmbdvyfoGm; jyZmwf (1941)?
Zmwfq&mOD;zdk;pdef (1952)? ppftwGif;c&D;onf (1953)? awmfvSefa&;umv EdkifiHa&;
tawGUtBuHKrsm; (1956)? ta&SUuae0ef;xGufonfh yrm (1958)? ausmfNidr;f (1961)?
0w¬
Kwdak ygif;csKyf (1966)? 0daoowdik f;ordkif; tp (1967)? oDwmNyHK; (1968)?
wpfckaomaiG&wkobif (1973)ESihf 60 ausmfrS a&;aom0w¬
Krsm; (1978) wdYk
jzpfMuonf/ ]ta&SUuae0ef; xGufonfhyrm} jzifh pmayAdrmef 0w¬
K&Snfqk
(1958)? ]0daoowdik ;f ordkif;tp} jzifh trsKd;om;pmay pmya'om yxrqk
(1967)? ]oDwmNyHK;} jzifh trsKd;om;pmay0w¬
K&Snf wwd,qk (1968) &&Sdco
Jh nf/
odef;azjrifh uavmiftrnftjyif 0aeiaz? odef;aeEG,f? wuú
ovdk ftausmh?
waumif<uuf? OD;ausmufv;kH ? odef;az? wufbkef;BuD;odef;az? armifwl ponfwYdu
k dk
vnf; tok;H jyK a&;zGo
JY nf/
1978 ck Zefe0g&D 15 &uf we*FaEGaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/1

1
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/
 6
3/ odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬Kwdrk sm;

odef;azjrif\
h 0w¬Kwdrk sm;udk avhvm&mü t"du tajccHonfh pmtkyfrSm &mjynfph mtkyf
wdu
k f? &efukefNrdKUu (1? 8? 1998)aeYwGif &mjynfph mtkyfwu
dk f\ wwd,ESpyf wfvnf
txdrf;trSwf? pma&;q&modef;azjrifh uG,fvGefonfh tESpf 20 ajrmuf trSwfw&?
&mjynfph mtkyfwu
dk f\ 75 tkyfajrmuf xkwfa0onfh ]]odef;azjrifh 0w¬
Kwdk aygif;csKyf
opf}} pmtkyfjzpfonf/ pmtkyfwGif aemufqufwGJtjzpf odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
Kwdk pm&if;
udv
k nf; xnfo
h Gif; azmfjyxm;onf/ pma&;q&m odef;azjrifh ud,
k fwidk f &Smí rawGUcJh
onfh 0w¬Kwdrk sm;udyk g &SmazG xnfo
h Gif; azmfjyxm;onf/ tcsKdU 0w¬
Kwdw
k pfy'k f ESpyf 'k f
wGif 0w¬K ed*H;k ydkif; &SmrawGUí xnfo
h Gif; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&So
d nfrSty oyf&yf
om;em;pGm xkwfa0xm;onfh pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm 0w¬Krsm;udk ESpfpOftvdu
k f azmfjyvdkufygrnf/

ESpf pOf acgif;pOf taMumif;t&m

1933 1 cifrsKd;cspf tcspfESiEfh kid fiHa&;
2 aqG;yifv,faAG pdwful;tawG;
1934 3 ighvifEiS hif ghaiG vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; (Edik if aH &;aemufcH)
1935 4 rif;wdik yf if Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;? usef;rma&;
5 jrifEh iS ho
f Gif jyefajymif;atmufarhi,fb0
6 olc;dk "m;½dk;urf;Ä tysKdBuD;ESihf armif;av;Zmwfvrf;? arwå
mzGJY
7 &Siw
f Ydak ,musfm; vifr,m;tcspf (a,musfm;rsm;\ twGif;pdwf
vIyf&Sm; ajymif;vJwwfy)kH
8 a&yGufyrm tcspfESifh EdkifiHa&;onf qefYusifbufyrmjzpfí
tcspfr&SdrS EdkifiHa&;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfEidk f
rnf [laomcH,lcsuf
9 qdo
k pöm tcspfESifh EdkifiHa&; (rEÅ
av;&wemykH aejynfawmf
BuD;udk jyefajymif;owd&ykH)

Ä
0w¬Ktqk;H ydkif;ryg yg/
 7
10 ppfonfawmf Edik if aH &;? ppfa&;ESihf vlraI &; (ppfoBl uD;r[mAE¨
Kv
\ om; armifusefBuD;\ &ifaoG;udk 'l;remom;
tjzpf auRarG; apmifah &SmufjyKpkysKd;axmif&aom
zcif ppfom;BuD;\ om;tay:xm;&Sdaom arQmf
vifhcsuf)
11 ,kEH kid fzG,f tcspf ESihf tdrfaxmifa&; (vufxyfjcif;)
1936 12 rde;f raMumuf tdrfaxmifa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;
13 av'Dcif [efrsm;aom tysKdBuD; aps;onfwpfO;D av'Dcif
wHqdyf a'gufjrifhzdeyfp;D rdí 'ku©
a&muf&ykH
14 528 oli,fcsif;twGuf opö
mysufoljzpf&ykEH iS hf rdb
aus;Zl; qyfvrdk EI iS hf Edkifit
Hh a&; aqmif½Gufvdk
aom vli,fwpfO;D \ pdwftwGif; 0da&m"d jzpfykH
rsm;
15 apmif;awmfoHÄ vifr,m;tcspfarwå
mzGUJ
(apmif;wD;í oDcsif;qdMk uyk)H
16 aiGoZif vifr,m;tcspfarwå
mzGUJ (rdrcd ifyGef;ESifh vGwfvyf
pGm rae&onft
h xJ cifyGef;u rdrd\ twGif;pdwf
udk em;rvnf&aumif;vm;[k wpfbufowf awG;
awmaeaom tdrfaxmif&iS rf ed ;f uav; wpfO;D
taMumif;)
17 vGwfvyfa&; tcspfzUGJ (vlBuD;csif; oabmwlxm;aomfvnf;
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rcspf&aom cspfol vli,fESpfOD;
tdrfaxmifusrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k arQmfvifhy)kH
1937 18 wpfnwkef;u tcspfzUGJ (a,musfm;aoí ocsKØ
i;f ü nBuD;rdk;csKyf
vmidak eaom vwfvwfqwfqwf rkq;dk r wpfO;D
ESihf zJ0kid f;rS zJ½;HI í aiG&Sm&efxGufvmaom zJ
0goemtd;k ausmif;q&muav;wdYk awGUum cspf
&nfwl rQoGm;ykH)
 8
1938 19 rmvD tcspfzUGJ (tysKdBuD; NcHrS rmvDukvm;\ vkyfaqmif
csufaMumifh [db
k ufNcHrS vlysKdBuD;ESihf tysKdBuD;wdYk
cspfBudKufoGm;ykH^ rmvDa&;wJh zl;pm)
20 a&eH vlwef;pm; b0o½kyfazmf (om; pmzwfEidk af p&ef
zcifa&eHajr tvkyform;BuD;u bDtpdk D a&eH
ukrÜ
PDqidk rf S a&eH cdk;ay;&m oli,fcsif; qdik af pmifh
tjypfay;cH&yk?H xdYak Mumifh a&eHudk pdwfemyk)H
21 oDcsif;qdkí vlwef;pm; b0o½kyfazmf (olawmif;pm;armifESr
idk&onf oDcsif;qd?k ESpyf g;oGm; BuHK&musbef; uarmufur
vkyfudik o
f ½kyfaqmif awmif&rf;&SmazG&yk?H ,if;udk
tacsmiform;rsm;u tjrwfxkwfcsifyH)k
1948 22 vGwfvyfa&;& tcspfa&;? EdkifiHa&;? vlwef;pm;b0o½kyfazmf
awmhrS (jrefrmEdik if v
H Gwfvyfa&;&rnfh aeYwGif vufxyf
rnfh cspfolESpfOD;\ aomu)
23 tar jyefajymif;atmufarhwojcif; (pma&;olu ol
\ rdcifudk jyefajymif; owd& vGrf;qGwfjcif;)
1949 24 tm;vk;H aumif; vlwef;pm;b0o½kyfazmf (EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;
ygonf cifAsm; rsm; ESihf ½dk;½d;k tusOf;om;rsm; qufqHa&;? ,if;wdYk
\ b0ESifh ,if;wdYk \ cHpm;csufrsm;)
25 tcsKd&SmwrmawGU vlwef;pm;b0o½kyfazmf (bkwvifNrdKUe,f? ukuú
dKpk
½Gmu vlysKd udck spfy?dk tysKd rppfMunfESifh tysKd[idk ;f
BuD; ra'gif;arwdYk\ ok;H yGihq
f idk Zf mwfvrf;udk xdk
acwfu qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;wdYt
k ajctae ESihf
¤if;wdY\
k tm;ud;k &m aiG&SifaMu;&Siw
f Ydk\ tajc
taersm;udk aemufcHjyKxm;onf/)
1951 26 wwd,wef;rSm vlwef;pm;b0o½kyfazmf (tnmom;wpfO;D tnm
wpfae&m ü tqifrajyojzifh om;ud&k ifudk ½GmrSm bkef;BuD;
ESihf xm;cJhNyD; &efukefqif;? rkeY[
f if;cg; a&mif;yg
 9
aomfvnf; wwd,wef;pm; rkeY[
f if;cg; onf
b0udyk if ra&mufEidk yf J tqifrajyjzpf& ykHrsm;)
1955 27 aiGpdef avSavSmf vlwef;pm;b0o½kyfazmf (vrf;ab;aps;onfr u
&if; wufusKd;jcif; av; aiGpdef\ jzpfvmorQ 'ku©
t00udk BuHKovdk
&ifqidk af jz&Sif;&if; rqkH;Edkifaom'ku©
rsm; jzifh
BuKHawGU&yku
H dk b0jrpfjyifus,fü avSi,fudk avSmf
cwf&if; tm;udk;trSDjyK&m wpfcw
k nf; avSmfwuf
usKd;&onfuo
Jh dkYaom tjzpfESifh wifpm; a&;zGJU
xm;onf/ þ 0w¬
Kwdw
k Gif odef;azjrifh 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;ü
tcgtm;avsmfpmG awGU&avh&o
Sd nfh a&SUae
Zmwfaqmif\ jyefvnf ajymjycsufjzifh a&;om;
xm;onf/)
28 ted|m½kaH wGyg vlwef;pm;b0ESifh twGif;pdwfoEÅ
mefo½kyfazmfzJUG
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 10
1956 30 u,fEidk &f if uav;oli,f umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; Oya'
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 11
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 12
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 13

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 14
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 15
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 16

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 18
apmif;awmfoH? aiGoZif? vGwfvyfa&; wdYw
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 19

odef;azjrif\
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rsm;onf t"dua&;zGJUaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdak omf &Edik yf gonf/
vlwef;pm;b0rsm;udk o½kyaf zmf&mü odef;azjrifo
h nf txl;ojzifh ol,MkH unf&m 0g'
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þ 0w¬Kwdrk sm;wGif odef;azjrifh jzpfapcsifaom jrefrmhvlrIa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm; yg0if
aeonf[k qd&k ay rnf/ ,if;0w¬
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k li,frESihAf vpnfol? Oya'abmiftwGif;rS
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þ rQaom0w¬Kwdk ta&twGufudk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh odef;azjrifo
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onf qdo
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apumrl wpfzufpGef;a&mufaom o½kyfazmfrI[k þ pmwrf;&Siu
f ok;H oyfvdkayonf/
 20
odYk&mwGif 0w¬K\ oabmonf vlUobm0udk xif[yfjcif;omjzpfí trSefwu,f&aSd e
aom tjzpftysufudk cHpm;a&;zGw
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f Gif jiif;qdk
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usKd;jcif;? u,fEidk &f ifu,fMuyg wdYo
k nf vlwef;pm;b0 tcuftcJrsm;udk pmzwfol
jynfolvlxkoYdk csjyí 0w¬Kwpfc\
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&ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh pepfq;dk ? acwfq;dk udk a&mufatmifwGef;ydakY eaom pepfjyK
acwfjyKolwYdu
k dk owdjyKrdzkYd odef;azjrifu
h owday;xm;ouJo
h Ydk &Sdygonf/

(3) tcspfESifh Edik fiHa&;? Edik fiHa&;arQmfreS ;f csuftzGJU

odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
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k pfpnf;wnf; zwf&oltzdkY odef;azjrifh
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vrf;cGJum toufao&onftxd cHpm;oGm;&&Smaom rlqvifrav; cifaxG;?
jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ESr;f wpfpyd ifjzpfygapawmh[k cH,lcsufjzifh vGwfvyfa&;
BudK;yrf;rIü aqmif½Gufaeaom odef;vGifwdkY\ aMuuGzJ ,
G f tjzpftysufuav; wpfcu
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h zGUJ xm;onf/
 21
]]uREkfyfwYdk jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;rSmum; ESr;f aphESifh wl\/
ESr;f aph tjzKef;ESihf wlaom vlnv
Hh lzsif;? ud,
k fhtusKd;udo
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jynfusKd; trsm;tusKd;udk rMunfv
h dk raqmif½Gufvo
dk lrsm; aygu
qDwnf;[laom vGwfvyfa&; &zdYk r&Sad y/---uRefb0rS xGufEidk af tmif
BudK;pm;ygrS vGwfvyfa&; &acsrnf[laom oabmudk odef;vGif
em;vnf ojzifh a&S;uxuf ydkrdkí wdik ;f usKd;jynfusKd; aqmif½Guf&ef
tm;wufvm av\/]]1
[laom 0w¬Kwdyk g Zmwfaqmif odef;vGif\ qk;H jzwfcsufudk cdkifrmatmifcsEdik &f efudk
vnf;aumif;? bmoma&;? tcspfa&;xuf trsKd;om;ta&;u ydkí ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk
vnf;aumif; tcspftvGrf;emusí toufaoqk;H &onftxd rsKdodyfoGm;&Smaom
tcspfol&Jaumif;ruav; cifaxG;\ tjzpftysufonf aMuuGzJ ,
G f jzpf&onf/
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xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
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wpfvk;H wpfcw
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odef;azjrifo
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k dk EdkifiHa&;vufeuftjzpfomru EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[m pifjrifh
tjzpf tok;H csvdkuf onf[lí yif ajym&rvdk jzpfaeayawmhonf/
qdo
k pöm ESifh vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrS wdYrk Smrl tcspfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tzGJU qdak omf
vnf; EdkifiHa&;udk aemufcHjyKxm;aom vlrIa&; tcspfa&; 0w¬
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qkMH uonf wdYu
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1
ode;f azjrifh/ 1998/ pm-33
 22
Oya'jyKa&;? usef;rma&;? pm&dwå
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0w¬K&Snfwpfy'k fudk zwf&I&ouJo
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tm;rvdt
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aom ppfolBuD; r[mAE¨Kv \ aoG;u omrefvlwpfO;D avmufrQ &JprG ;f odwåd
r&Syd u
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f TwfpGepfY m;
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wpfajy;nD zGHUNzdK;wd;k wufa&;udk &nfrSef;í a&qif;a'o zGHUNzdK;wd;k wufa&;twGuf
todynm&Siftwwfynm&Sif um,OmPvkyo
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aqmif½Gufoifhyu
kH dk Zmwfvrf;qifa&;zGJUxm;onf/ wpfcw
k nf;aom ynmay;0w¬
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odef;azjrifo
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onfcsnf; jzpfawmhonf/ aqG;yifv,faAG wGif ygawmfrl t&SiEf pS yf g;udk vGrf;qGwf
onf/ olUuRefjzpf&jcif;udk cHjyif;onf/ om;wuGJ r,m;wuGJ tjzpfudk ,lusKH;r&
jzpf&onf/ ,if;onf aqG;yifv,faAG\ Zmwfvrf;yif jzpfawmhonf/ q&mtdk
 23
jyó em wGif wuúov
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wuúodv
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vGrf;zdkY tdak umif;? v waygif;}} wGif zl;yGihpf yef;uav;vdk
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vufriId cf s&rnfomyif/ odYak omf q&mtdk\ vGrf;qGwf wocGih?f
pdwful;cGihEf Sifh pdwfazmuf jyefcGiw
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odYk&mwGif þ 0w¬KygZmwfaqmif atmufwef;pma&; vlqif;&Jonf q&mtdyk g
Zmwfaqmif wuúov
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1
ode;f azjrifh/ 1998/ pm- 452
 24
taemufwidk ;f rS ud,
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odef;azjrifu
h dk uefYuGufonf[k qdck o
Jh nft
h wdik f; twnfjyKygonf/
odef;azjrif\
h jyefvnfwrf;wjcif;tzGJYrsm;tjzpf jrifEh Sio
fh Gifi,fpOfu? tar?
&Sifokre wdYjk zpfonf/ zwfcsifz,
G ftzGrJY sm;jzpfonf[kom qd&k ayrnf/ jrifEh iS o
fh Gif
i,fpOfu wGif i,fpOfb0 udk vGrf;armxm;onf/ rvSjrifhESifh armifoGif vli,fcsif;
vlysKdazmf? tysKdazmf0ifcsdef wpfO;D ESihw
f pfO;D pdwf0ifpm;rdMuykH uav;rsm;udk zGx
JY m;onf/
xdak cwf vli,fb0udk avhvmEdik o
f nf/ tarwGif odef;azjrifu
h olESifh olUtar
taMumif; zGJUxm;onf/ olUtaru olU&nf;pm;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí rdef;rcsif;
rSwfcsufcsykHuav;rsm;onf jrefrmhvlrIa&;tajc taewdYu
k dk tuJcwfcGifh &Edik o
f nf/
&Sifokre wGif odef;azjrifh\ om;tBuD; armif[oFmonf olUrdcif aeraumif;
onft
h wGuf tzGm;u awmif;qdkí &SifjyK&onft
h aMumif;udk Ak'b̈mom jrefrmh,kHMunf
rIEiS hf uGejf rLepf t,ltqwdMYk um; 0da&m"djzpfaeyku
H av;wdu
Yk kd wpfpeG ;f wpfp jyxm;
onf/ odY&k mwGif jrefrmhvlaerItwGif; aexdik foljzpfí jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI"avhudk
ta&mif ra&mbJ vufcHykH udk jyxm;onfrSm ESpfoufzG,fjzpfygonf/

(5) vlESifh wd&pämeftzGJU

odef;azjrifhonf taMumif;t&mpkHudk a&;zGaJY om 0w¬

Kwdq
k &m jzpfonf/
ol\ 0w¬Kwdrk sm;wGif vlUobm0omru wd&pämefwYdk\ obm0rsm;udyk g EidufEu
Id f
cRwfcRwf a&;zGYaJ vh&do
S nfuadk wGU&onf/ vlESifhwd&pä
mefwYdu
k zdk x
JYG m;aom 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;
tjzpf opöm odYrk [kwf pdeef uf ESihf tawmifyH&daS omyef;rsm; wdYk jzpfygonf/
opöm odYrk [kwf pdefeuf wGif odef;azjrifh\ uav;rsm;u ]]opö
m}} [k
trnfay; xm;aom acG;rBuD;udk odef;azjrifhu þ acG;rBuD;onf wpfu,
kd fv;kH
rnf;eufae ojzifh ]]pdefeuf}} [k trnfay;csify?kH odY&k mwGif acG;rBuD;\ tjyKtrlEiS hf
tusifhp½du
k fu ocifh tay:wGif opö
m&Sv
d Sojzifh ]]opö
m}} [laomtrnfESio
fh m
vdu
k fzufykH taMumif;wdYu
k dk EspfoufpzG,f a&;zGJUxm;onf/
 25
tawmifyH&aSd omyef;rsm; wGif yef;yGihBf uD;ESihf wlaom vdyfjymtaumifBuD;rsKd;
tzdktrwpfpHu
k dk Zmwfvrf;wnfí odef;azajrifhEiS hf ZeD;? orD;wdu
kY dk Zmwf&Hum
tdrfajr§mif? awmufw?Jh ydk;aumifuav;rsm;jzifh Zmwfvrf;qif a&;zGx
JY m;onf/
vdyfjymwd\
Yk obm0 udk ZD0aA'? owå
aA'orm;wdY\
k ½IaxmifhrS wifjyjcif;r[kwfbJ
pmawGUtodrQudk tajccHí rdom;pkpyfpyfppk ck pH m;wwfykH ½IaxmifhrS wifjyxm;&m
wd&pä
mefavmuudk pdwf0ifpm;vmaponfh EId;aqmfrrI sKd;udak y;Edkifonfh 0w¬
Kwd[
k k
qd&k ygrnf/

6/ taMumif;t&mNcKHio
kH ;kH oyfcsuf

odef;azjrif\
h 0w¬Kwdrk sm;udk wpfpw
k pfpnf;wnf; zwf&I&jcif;onf 0w¬
Kwdkrsm;udk
avhvm &ouJo
h Yd?k ]]odef;azjrifh\ vltjzpf}} udkvnf; avhvm&ouJo
h Ydk &Sdygonf/
odef;azjrifh \ 0w¬Kwdrk sm;wGif odef;azjrif\
h pdwftajctaewdYk xif[yfaeonf[k
qdEk kdifonf/ odef;azjrifo
h nf qif;&Jom;ausmrGw
J Ydu
k dk oem;wwfonf/ oem;onfh
tavsmuf xdb
k 0 rsm;rS vGwfajrmufapcsifonf/ odY&k mwGif olu vGwfajrmufapcsif
wdik ;f wu,fh b0wGif rvGwfajrmufMuay/ xdt
k cg t&D;pdrf;uJo
h Ydk jrefrmcspfwD;rsm;udk
zefwD;í &ufpufpGm owfypfvu
dk fonf/ rSefonfrmS ;onfxuf xGufayguf ay;vdkuf
jcif;omjzpfonf/ (ighvifEiS hf ighaiG)/ EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif OD;zdk;ul;uJo
h Ydk Edik if aH &;
taMumif; bmwpfvkH;rQ em;rvnfolu aiGtm;ud;k NyD; trwfjzpfvmykH? xdo
k ludk
Edik if aH &; tjrwfxw
k v
f o
kd l Edik if aH &;t0g;0olwu
Ykd bufawmfom;tjzpf pnf;½k;H MuykH?
xdYkaMumifh odef;azjrifu
h trwfOD;zdk;ul;udk umvom;a&m*g&apNyD; 'ku©
jzifh r&IrvS
Zmwfodrf; cdkif;vdu
k fyw
kH Ydrk Sm udk,w
fh idk f;jynf ud,
k v
fh lrsKd; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;zdY&k mü odef;azjrifh
\ rcsifrh &J &SdvSaom pdwftajccHaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/ (rif;wdik yf if)/ rdru
d ,
dk fudk
a&SUaetjzpf zefwD;í uav;oli,f apmifah &Smufa&;w&m; a[mvm;? a[m&JU/
(u,fEdik &f ifu,fMuyg? oDcsif;qdkí idk&onf)/ vlwef;pm;w&m;a[mvm;? a[m&JU/
(aiGpdefavSavSm&f if;wufusKd;jcif;? wwd,wef;rSm pfae&m)/ EdkifiHa&;w&m; a[mvm;?
a[m&JU/ (cifrsKd;cspf? aqG;yifv,faAG? a&yGufyrm? 528)/ tcspf0w¬
KESihf pdwftwGif;
oEÅ
mefzUGJ 0w¬Kwdw
k Ydu
k m; odef;azjrif\
h wpfu,
dk fawmf a&;zGJUcsif&m taMumif;t&m
rsm;[k a,bk,stm;jzifh ok;H oyfcsifygonf/
 26

7/ ta&;tom;ydkif;udk NcKHiakH vhvmjcif;

þ ae&mwGif odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬Kwdt

k a&;tzGJUESifh pum;ajyta&;tom;udk tus,f
avhvmjcif; rjyKawmhyg/ odom½krH Qom avhvmokH;oyfoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; OD;pGm ajym
xm;vdyk gonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eko;kH oyf&mwGif yg&Sdonft
h wdik ;f odef;azjrifo
h nf
olY 0w¬Kwdrk sm;wGif txl;ojzifh ]]tnmav}} udk ygatmif a&;zGJUwwfavh&do
S nf/
odef;azjrifh onf jrefrm0w¬Kwdo
k rdkif;\ a&S;OD;acwfxJrS pwifa&;om;cJholrsm;wGif
tygt0if[k qdu
k qdEk kid fayonf/ xdYak Mumifh odef;azjrifh\ a&Suydkif;0w¬
Kwdrk sm;wGif
pum;ajya&;&mü um&efeab tzGUJ rsm;udk rMumcPqdo
k vdk awGU&avh&o
Sd nf/
þ onfrSm a&S;OD; jrefrmumvay:0w¬
K&Snfrsm;\ MoZm[k ,laomf&Edkifayonf/
odYk&mwGif odef;azjrifh ud,
k fwidk f uvnf; þ odYt
k zGJUtEGJUrsm;udk ESpo
f uf[efwlayonf/
taMumif;rl a&S;OD;qk;H 0w¬Kwdk jzpfonfh cifrsKd;cspf wGif
]]uRefrrSmvnf; &Siht
f wGuf &wufrat;bJ ae&wmwpfzuf?
aqGawG rsKd;awG wHawG;cGufrSm yufvufarsmvdYu
k wpfzH?k
wpfoufv;kH tusKd;,kwfrSmu wpfvrf;yJ &Sihf? b,fenf;eJUrS
aygif;vdYrk jzpfbl;? cifhudk oem;&if 'Db0 'DrQeJY awmfMuygpd&kY JU}}1
[laomtzGJUrsKd;udk awGU&ouJo
h dkY? q&mtdjk yó em uJo
h Ydak om aemufyidk ;f rS a&;zGJUonfh
0w¬Kwdw
k Gifvnf;
]]uREkfyfonf aEGOD;yef;rsm;\ tvSwGif MunfEl;ae&mrS twef
Mumawmh ,pfr;l oGm;ayNyD/ pum;yef; aiGjzL? ika&T0g? ikev
D mESifh
1
ode;f azjrifh/ 1998/ pm-19
 27
pdeyf ef; ywåjrm;wdYo
k nf uREkfyf\ raemtMunf"mwfwGif a&mifpkH
k fcwfNyD; wzsyfzsyfaeMuavNyD/}}1
½du
[laom um&efoGif;ta&;tom;rsKd;udk awGU&avonf/ odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;
teuf taumif;qk;H o½kyfazmf0w¬
K[k ajymí &aom aiGped af vSavSmf&if;wufusKd;jcif;
0w¬Kwdük yif
]]uRefawmhf tvkyfcef;rSm wdu
k f\ wwd,xyfrSm &Sdojzifh a[m[J
vdu
k fatmif wuf,l&avonf/ acgif;aygif;p wvlvl? vufxJu
0wfvekH uf w&rf;&rf;? BefaumufvckH snf w&Tr;f &Tr;f ESihf cHhnm;aom
toGifudk aqmifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; 0wfqif&aom uRefawmfhrSm
roufomvSygacs/ acgif;aygif;onf tdu
k f½rkH u em;xifuu
dk fap
onf/}}2
[laom tzGJUrsKd;wdUk udk awGU&ayao;onf/
]]uRefaESmifBudK;jywf? rsKd;jrifjh rwfí ? xuf&yfpiG hpf Gi?fh a'gif;vH vTiv
fh dk
NyD/}}3
[laom qdo
k pöm 0w¬Kyg tnnf;uav;rsKd;uvnf; odef;azjrifh\ um&ef0goemudk
azmfjyaeayonf/ ,if;wdYu
k kd axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh odef;azjrifo
h nf um&efoGif;í
a&;onfh pum;ajyta&;tzGJUü txkyH gonf[k ok;H oyfaomf &aumif;tHh xifonf/
odef;azjrif\
h tjcm;xl;aom ta&;tzGJUykpH rH mS teufzGiafh &;[ef jzpfonf/
]]uRefrwdYk tcspf[m tifMuif;yifew
JY lavawmh tck uRefrwdYk tcspf
arwåm[m tnGefY tcuf t½Guf tyGifh tzl; a0a0qmqmeJY
vSawmh vSyg&JU? awmfawmfMumvdYk tcg&Snfvmyvm;qdrk jS zifh
ausmufjzpfoGm; awmhr,f/ ---/ awmfawmfMum onfx
h ufyNdk yD;
tcspf'D*&DawG wufukefrSjzifh ausmufjzpfvmwJhtifMuif; zsufr&
ovdk uRefrwdYt
k cspf [mvnf; ESdrfr& csKd;rEdik f azsmufzsuf
rypfEikd af omtajc a&mufoGm; &if cGusawmhrmS yJ/]](cifrsKd;cspf)4

1
ode;f azjrifh/ 1998/ pm-444
2
ode;f azjrifh/ 1998/ pm-328
3
---¤if;---/ pm-118
4
---¤if;---/ pm-19
 28
]]ighyu
dk fqHawG jzKef;rSmygyJ [laom pavmif;zkH;BuD;jzifh vif&d&S if
aumif;rSmyJ[laom td;k BuD;udk ydwfxm;vdu
k faomtcgrS vif&wem
wdY\
k *kPfaus;Zl; taiGUteHYwYdo
k nf rxGufvmbJ &Sdav\/}}
(ighvifEiS hf ighaiG)1

]]BuD;rm;cHhnm;aom tm½kcH w
H dkufBuD;rsm;onf owå
0gtrsm;tm;
bk&m; wnf;[laom ud;k uG,f&m? oHCmwnf;[laom ud;k uG,f&m
onfrmS &Sdonf[k ac:onfESifh wlbdonf/]] (qdo m)2
k pö

]]vlUb0ESifh tcspfwYdo
k nf wpfaeYwnf; ta&mifokH;rsKd; ajymif;aom
ok;H yefvSESifh wlao;awmhonf/ rGe;f rwnfrh D jzpfay:aom
tcspfonf jzLazG;aeonf/ rGe;f vGrJ S jzpfaom tcspfonf
yef;a&mifazsmhazsmh jzpf onf/ ae0ifcsdeftcspfonf eD&aJ e\/}}
(ae0ifcsdeftcspf)3
þ rQ xkwfEkwfjyvQif vkaH vmufNyD[k ,lq&ygonf/ taMumif;rSm þ odYak om
teufzGifh a&;[efrsm;udk odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
Kwdw
k idk f;üawGU&jcif;aMumifh tm;vk;H xkwfjy
aeygu qk;H EdkifzG,f r&Syd g/
odef;azjrifo
h nf 0w¬Kwdak &;zGJU&mü tdik u
f sif;ta&;tzGJUvnf; aumif;ol
jzpfonf/ 0w¬K&SnfwYdw
k Gifom tawGU&rsm;aom tdik u
f sif;tzGJUrsKd;udk odef;azjrifh
\ 0w¬Kwdw
k idk ;f vdv
k dküawGU&wwfygonf/ odYktwGuf þ pmwrf;wGif odef;azjrifh
\ tdik u
f sif;tzGJUrsm;udk oD;jcm; xkwfEkwfí rjyawmhyg/ pum;ajymcef;&yfí pma&;ol
u 0ifajym&aom ae&mrsKd;? ZmwfaqmifwpfO;D OD;u awG;awmpOf;pm;cef;0ifonfh
ae&mrsKd;wdYw
k Gif ae&m&vQif &ovdk xdo
k Ydk tdik u
f sif;tzGJUrsKd;udk ode;f azjrifo
h nf
tvGwfray;bJ a&;zGJUavh &Sdyg onf/ ]]cifrsKd;cspf? aqG;yifv,faAG? tar? qdo
k pö
m?
ppfonfawmf}} ponfwYdw
k Gif tdik u
f sif;tzGUJ tm;aumif; avonf/ þ odYak zmfjyjcif;

1
---¤if;---/ pm-42
2
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-117
3
---¤if;---/ pm-467
 29
onf xd0k w¬Kwdrk sm;üom tdik u
f sif;tzGJU ygonf[k rqdv
k ydk g/ tjcm;0w¬
Kwdrk sm;üvnf;
ygonfom jzpfonf/
odef;azjrif\
h 0w¬Kwdrk sm;wGif tdik u
f sif;tzGJUESifh wpfqufwpfpyfwnf; avhvm
Edkifaom tzGJUwpfcrk mS rde;f rzGJU jzpfonf/ odef;azjrifo
h nf rde;f wdEkY iS hf ywfoufí
a,musfm; wdY\
k tawG;? pdwful;? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIwYdu
k dk a&;zG&JY onft
h cg rde;f rwdYk
\ obm0? rde;f rwd\
Yk tvSudk ususee wpfwpfccG G zGJUavh &Sdonf/ odY&k mwGif 0w¬
Kwdk
wdik ;f ü yg0if onfum; r[kwfay/ cifrsKd;cspf? apmif;awmfoH? vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrS
wdYkuJo
h dYk tcspf0w¬K rsKd;üyif rde;f rtzGJUudk rawGU&ay/ xdYak Mumifh odef;azjrifo
h nf
rde;f rtzGJUudk ususee zGJUavh&do
S l[k ajymp&m usefaeonfh taMumif;rSm
ol\ 0w¬Kwdrk sm;udk wpfpw
k pfpnf; wnf; zwf&I&onfh twGuf aMumifo
h m jzpf&jcif;
[kjrifygonf/ txl;ojzifh ted|m½kaH wGygvm; ESihf q&mtdjk yó em wdYw
k Gif
rde;f rtzGJUrsm;onf ]]tjyma&mifoef;aeonf]] [kyif qdck sifygonf/ t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdik f;
a&;&JvGef;onf[kom qd&k awmhrnf/ cyf,Of,Of uav; zGJUxm;onf[k qdEk kid fonfh
rde;f rtzGJUrsm;rS tcsKdUudk xkwfEkwfjyvdyk gonf/

]]½kyf&nfrSmvnf; jzLjzLazG;azG;? om;aoG;pdkp?dk armufradk zmif;<u? 00

pufpuf? trufBuD; rufp&mozG,fjzpfaom t&D;pdr;f }} (ighvifESifh
ighaiG)1
]]tif; w,facsm? w,fvS? w,fedyfyguvm;/ yg;tdYu
k av;awGu
vnf; rdrkY ?kYd taoG;eDpdpkY ?kYd ESmwHuav;u oG,foG,f? rsufawmif
uav;u aumhaumh/ Munfyh gh? yg;pyfuav; uvnf; a&;xm;ovd?k
ud,
k fayguf uav;u ,Of,Of? cg;tifu jynfjh ynf?h wifaeu
azmif;azmif;? taumif;wumh tqDcJ &TJvYdkompdk qdw
k mvdyk J
(rif;wdik yf if)2
vSjrifh\ eufajymifaom a&mifaypl;uav;udk yef;0wf&nf
yef;0wfrIef udk vSyjzmpDaom ½Gufcsyfuav;rsm; 0dkif;tkaH eovdk
tzsm;aumhaeaom qH&pfuav; 0dkif;&pfaeavonf/ qH&pfwoDoD

1
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-45
2
---¤if;---/ pm-69
 30
0Jaeí tusÐMum; rS ay:xGufaeaom pum;0gyGihf \ usufoa&
rsKd;udk aqmifaeav\/ jzLqGwfnEHh ak om*Grf;jzifh a&Tpifudk tkyfxm;
ouJo
h Ydk jzLqGwfaom tusÐuav; vTrf;xm;aom ud,
k fuav;rSm
tvGefwifhw,fvSay\/ ao;oG,foam cg;uav; qDü tusÐjzL
uav;onf csKdifhí aeay\/ ydk;eDeED iS hf &Sew
f pfuGufpD &ufxm;aom
vkcH snfuav;ESihf jzL0if;aom tom;onf vGefpGm yeHpm;aeav\/
vkcH snfMum;rS xGufí 0g0if;aom ajczrdk;ay:wGif ar;wifí
aeaom a&Tajcusif;uav;onf pGeYpf Gev
fY Tm;vTm; <um;ae onfESifh
f Gif i,fpOfu)1
wlav\/ (jrifEh iS ho
]]urÇmay:wGif tausmhuo
Jh Ydk vSywifhw,faom rde;f rysKdrsm;um; &Sm;
vSayonf/ t½G,frSmvnf; wpfq,fih g;ESpfausmf wpfq,fah jcmufESpf
eD;eD; jzpfí qHawmufwzGm;zGm; a&mifwrm;rm;ESihf jzpfayonf/
ud,
k ftquftaygufrSmvnf; rqlvGef;? rBuKHveG ;f ? redrv
fh Gef;?
rjrifhvGef;? tcsKd;us e*dv
k S jzpfonf/ 0if;pufjynfhNzdK;í tvSBuD;vS
aom rsufESmvnf; &Sad y\/}} (qdo m)2
k pö
qufvufí wifjyvdo
k nfrSm odef;azjrifh\ 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;ü tnmav ygaom
odef;azjrifph wdik f taMumif; jzpfygonf/ þ ae&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm
owdjyKrdaomtcsufrSm odef;azjrifo
h nf a&S;OD;jrefrm0w¬
Kwdq
k &m yDrk;d eif;\ pwdik Ef Sifh
tawmftwef wlonf[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf/ yDrk;d eif;u t*FvdyftiSm;
pum;rsm; rMumcP a&;xnfw
h wfonf/ tjyef tvSefajympum;rsm;wGif vdt
k yfygu
wpfwpfccG G xnfah &;wwfonf/ oDcsif;? uAsmrsm; udk xnfah &;wwfonf/ ud,
k fyidk f
a&;onfh uAsmvdv
k dk oDcsif;vdv
k rdk sm;vnf; ,if;\ 0w¬
K wd-k &Snf rsm;wGif tvsOf;oifh
ovdk ygvmwwfonf/ rdef;rtzGJUudkvnf; wckwfw& xnfw
h wfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
odef;azjrifw
h Gif q&mBuD; yDr;dk eif;\ MoZm wpfpHw
k pf&m oufa&mufaeEdik f
onf[k ,lqrdygonf/ odY&k mwGif rwlaom tcsufrmS yDrk;d eif;u EdkifiHa&;
ya,m*uif;oavmuf odef;azjrifu
h EdkifiHa&; udk &onfeh nf;jzifh ol\ 0w¬
Krsm;wGif

1
ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-89
2
---¤if;---/ pm-119
 31
xnfo
h Gif;vmjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ ,if;onfvnf; odef;azjrifph wdik w
f pfck jzpfaeay
onf/
odef;azjrif\
h tnmav txif&Sm;qk;H 0w¬
Kwdkrsm;rSm ighvifEiS hif ghaiG ESihf
tcsKd&Sm wrmawGU wdYjk zpfygonf/ od&kY mwGif þ Espfyk'frQavmufESifh tnmav[k
qdv
k djk cif; r[kwfyg/ ol\ 0w¬
Kwdrk sm;wGif rMumrMumawGU&aom tnma'o
(bkwvif? rkH½Gme,f wpf0ku
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ud;k um;aompmtkyfESifh pmwrf;rsm;

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ode;f azjrif/h 1998/ pm-51-52
 33
aiGOa'gif;/ jrefrm0w¬Kwdo
k rdkif;? 0w¬
Kwdpk mwef;rsm;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef/ 1979/
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k fpd;k ? rif;,ka0 ESi/fh jrefrmpmrdwfzUGJ / &efukef? yk*pH mtkyfwu
dk f/ 1971/
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Kwdpk mwef;rsm;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef/
1979/
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Kwdpk mwef;rsm;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef/ 1979/
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dk f/ 1998/