ANALYSIS

EXERCISE 17–SOLUTIONS

1. Use l’Hopital’s rule

(a)
ax − 1 ax log a
lim = lim = log a.
x→0 x x→0 1
(b)
log(1 + ax) a
lim = lim = a.
x→0 x x→0 1 + ax

(c)
1 − cos x sin x 1
lim = lim = .
x→0 x2 x→0 2x 2
(d)
³ a a
a ´x x2 log cos lim x2 log cos
2

lim cos = lim e x = ex→∞ x;

x→∞ x x→∞

1
2 a log cos(ay) cos(ay) (−a sin(ay)) 1
lim x log cos = lim = lim = − a2 .
x→∞ x y→0 y2 y→0 2y 2
Finally,
³ a ´x
2
1 2
lim cos = e− 2 a .
x→∞ x

2. (a) f is continuous at 0 since

lim x log x = 0.
x→0+

(b) f is continuous at 0 since

lim x2 log x = 0.
x→0+

f is right-differentiable at 0 since
f (x) − f (0) x2 log x
lim = lim = lim x log x = 0.
x→0+ x−0 x→0+ x x→0+

3. Let f (x) = x − log(1 + x). Then

1 x
f 0 (x) = 1 − = ≥ 0 and f (0) = 0.
1+x 1+x
Hence if x ≥ 0 then f (x) ≥ 0.

4. (a) Note that | sin x1 | ≤ 1. Therefor |x sin x1 | ≤ |x|. The sandwich rule
imlies limx→0 x sin x1 = 0. Hence f is continuous at 0.
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2 ANALYSIS EXERCISE 17–SOLUTIONS

(b) Similarly to (a) f is continuous at 0. f is differentiable at 0 since

f (x) − f (0) x2 sin x1 1
lim = lim = lim x sin = 0.
x→0 x−0 x→0 x x→0 x

5. Let f (x) = sin x − x. Then for x ∈ (0, π/2) we have f 0 (x) = cos x − 1 < 0.
Therefore f (x) < f (0) = 0, which proves that sin x < x.
For the second (left) inequality let g(x) = sin x − π2 x. Note that g(0) =
g(π/2) = 0. g 0 (x) = cos x − π2 . The equation g 0 (x) = 0 has only one
solution on (0, π/2) since cos x is decreasing on (0, π/2). Let a ∈ (0, π/2)
such that cos a = π2 . Then g(x) is increasing on (0, a] and decreasing on
[a, π/2). So for x ∈ (0, a] we have that g(x) > g(0) = 0 and for x ∈ (a, π/2)
g(x) > g(π/2) = 0.
Alternatively one can prove by contradiction that g(x) does not have
zeroes in (0, π/2). For this one one can use Rolle’s theorem.

6. Let f (x) = x−2−log x. Then f 0 (x) = 1− x1 . Hence f 0 (x) < 0 for x ∈ (0, 1),
and since f (1) = −1 < 0, limx→0+ f (x) = +∞, the equation has exactly
one root in (0, 1). f 0 (x) > 0 for x ∈ (1, ∞) and limx→∞ f (x) = +∞,
therefore the equation has exactly one root in (1, ∞).