`
 




` 
 

m
 


 
 




 


 
  
OTHER TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
K Calculate the grams analyte of the precipitate for
the following:
i) P in Ag3PO4
ii) Bi2S3 in BaSO4

K : Look for the common element. Make sure

that the elements are equivalent in number!!!
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
K Phosphate in a 0.2711 g sample was precipitated
giving 1.1682 g of (NH4)2PO4.12 MoO3

i) Find percentage P
ii) Find the percentage P2O5 in the sample.
YET ANOTHER:
K Manganese in a 1.52 g sample was precipitated
as Mn3O4 weighing 0.126 g.

i) Find percentage Mn2O3

ii) Find percentage of Mn in the sample
AND ANOTHER««
K A mixture containing only FeCl3 and weighs 5.95
g. The chlorides are converted to hydroxides and
ignited to Fe2O3 and Al2O3 . The oxide mixture
weighs 2.26 g.
Calculate:
i) the percentage Fe
ii) the % of Al in the sample.
K A 0.4960 g sample of a CaCO3 is dissolved in an
acidic solution. The calcium is precipitated as
CaC2O4 .H2O and the dry precipitate is found to
weigh 0.6186 g.

What is the percentage of CaO in the sample?

mRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS ² EXTRA THINmS!
K VERY accurate process if done correctly (helped
determine atomic weight!)

K  !"#$ $% &

 Choose compound that precipitates to '% 

(%'that are easy to collect with the filter
paper not small
 NB: the LARmER the crystal the better...
   
 )
`  *

+
K Because they have a LOWER surface area
therefore they cannot absorb contaminants.

K The will be easily collected with filter

K Ok... but how do we make large crystals?

HOW TO MAKE LARmE CRYSTALS...
K Stir solution and add reactants SLOWLY
K Make the solution hot to increase collision rate

K Keep at low pH

K The solutions should be diluted ² the excess

added isn·t meant to be ½ a jar but a few drops.

K ,
: Adding too much excess of reactant can

also increase the contamination as the free ions
will interact!
WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR mRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS!

K Use distilled water (deionized) this way it will

prevent contamination of the surface of your
precipitate.

K Filter in a vacuum ² a vacuum will prevent the

filter paper from raising and your precipitate
being lost.

K Use a precipitate that absorbs LESS impurities

such as barium sulfate, AgCl, BaCrO4 and Fe2O3

,  ) -
` 
. 
 `, 
/
`
000

 .

 

K j
  


 
  1%
Heat solution, stir, low pH

K ¢ 



 
  1%
Choose a better precipitate that is easier to
...collect ie AgCl
)

  ) 
/ , 2
K The ideal gas law is PV = nRT

P ² pressure in kPa
V ² Volume in L
n ² mole
R ² constant (8.314J/mol.K)
T ² Temperature (kelvin)

How to get Kelvin?

 '345`67


,  ) -
` 

. 
 `, 
/
`
000

,-

 

K `%1%
,3  1%
Some chemists do an extra reaction to get rid of
known contaminant ions ² follow ideal conditions

( 2
,3  1%
Water is a heavy molecule that will affect the weight
 8,   .
 )    000
K Just because its a formula doesn·t mean its
perfect. `% #'2—





K It is only a generalization! 

  
  



K 8, 90
!#%%% :
!:8%' %  $  : This law does
NOT take into account attraction between
individual gas particles
: 1%''1; #$%' %1%''< 
#1' ' 2
Otherwise the distances between particles are
different and the energy of collision is affected.
,
8, 
K
'%`, ., 2 This means that no
energy is lost in the collision. If it is inelastic
then the collision energy is converted to a
different form

i.e. Light, heat

K  1$ % 2 If it is too low then there
will be a mREATER PROBABILITY of
interaction between molecules (i.e. Attraction)

K 8' %  2Pressure = force/area.

 8,
=8 , >,  ` 2

`

)
K 

  



You can also be asked about this... The formula

for this is simply:


4?@1%@3 '(  or 
4?13

8

. `, -
, 2
K The pressure unit that the ideal gas law needs is
kPa
K You don·t always get kPa in the question
K LEARN TO CONVERT!!!

K !%14!!0
A8%
!%147B47B11 

$2The BEST way to do conversions is turn into

atm...and then work from there.
)    
= 8
2
K Charlie was blowing up a balloon for his sister.
He blew about 5L of carbon dioxide into it. Then
he measured the pressure which was exactly 3.72
atm. The temperature was a pleasant 42ºC.

K How many mol. of carbon dioxide did he need to

sacrifice?

K How many CO2 molecules?

K Calculate the number of oxygen atoms that are

in the balloon.
,
   ,> -,
000

K Your not only going to get units like L or mL for

volume.

K ¶Old fashion· units

!1C4!1
!1C4!
!1C4!
MORE mAS EQUATIONS:
K Before we said....a mole has a mass.
K A mole can also have volume.

K   % '(D##  ($ #

2
 STP
 SLC

 Chemist can choose to work at SLC or STP.

 They can·t just choose random condition as
the temperature will affect the calculations.
-,
`
K Standard conditions
K All lab work done at A5`

K !%10of pressure

K 1 mole of gas at these condition occupy 24.5L!

K -` 40A

K This means that when you some mol. Of

substance you can sub it and you get the amount
it occupies!
-,
 8
K `2
K !%1

K 0A for 1 mole

K 5`

K -8 40A
Ô

 

K This is less popular in science as it is not

practical.
IMPORTANT NOTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K Remember how we just covered the assumptions
of the ¶ideal gas law·?

K We weren·t suppose to do experiments in cold

temperatures as this slows down the ¶elasticity·

K Right?

K NO... This is different...here WE KNOW the

temperature and the formulas have been made
based on temp... before we USED A CONSTANT!
EXAMPLES...
K What volume will 20.0 g of Argon occupy at STP?
 .
000  , -` 
K 3i) 0.190 g of a gas occupies 250.0 mL at STP.
ii) What is its molar mass?
iii) What gas is it?

`,*
. )    
K Sometimes we have initial conditions and then
these are changed.

K Therefore we need to use TWO EQUATIONS.

K menerally PV = nRT

K If you know that something will be constant then

make the INTIAL reaction equal the FINAL
reaction WITH THE FACTOR THAT IS
CONSTANT!!!!
FOR EXAMPLE:
K If I initially have a gas at a pressure of 12 atm a
volume of 23 L and a temperature of 200K and I
raise the pressure to 14 atm and the temperature
to 300K. What is the new volume of the gas?
8 ``
2
K , ,-
 
.
`, ,>,
.,   ,) 

 % -`
+

Then ,8 worrying about being

¶not good enough· in an area... Instead
know that as long as you §  
you  ;  D% !
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
K It is a chemical formula in the simplest ratio.

K Ie/

mlucose·s [C6H12O6 ] empirical formula is CH2O

Whenever you work out a chemical equation you

end up getting the EMPIRICAL FORMULAR.
WAY TO WORK OUT THE EMPIRICAL
FORMULA:
K !:#(% 3 %"%1 %(%3 
!0

Ie/ A compound X is made up of 54% of carbon,

40% hydrogen and 6% chlorine...

Therefore the compound is made of 54g of

carbons, 40g of hydrogen and 6 gram of chlorine.
K :`3 (1% %1' 3%' ;(
41
MORE ON EMPIRICAL FORMULA
K
:.3 %'' 3%' ;(  

1' 3%' 0

K :`3 %'' 3%' D' 

1; 0

K A:  3%' %  %#(

' 1   1%'#1'%0

 `2 2, Whole numbers

@2(2<
`= ,E
AN EXAMPLE:
K What is the empirical formula for a compound if
an 8.1 g sample contains 4.9 g of magnesium and
3.2 g of oxygen?
MOLECULAR FORMULA
K When we get the empirical formula this does
NOT always give us the actual formula.

K   If we were to do glucose we would get CH2O

as the empirical formula. This tells us absolutely
nothing ² we wouldn·t know that it is glucose!

K Sometimes in the question you are given the

MOLECULAR FORMULA. This tells you the
molar mass of the actual unknown compound.
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
K When you are given the molecular formula you
must:

K Molecular formula / Empirical (Mr)

K Then using the ratio above you multiply the

atoms by that number!
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS...DON·T HAVE TO
BE WHAT YOU EXPECT...

K 1%(%3   1$%'#1'%#2

K Hydrates

K Compounds which do not directly give you %

K Compounds that have been in some way

manipulated.
K Proteins
HARDER QUESTIONS:
K A 3.245 g sample of titanium chloride was
reduced with sodium to titanium metal. After the
resultant sodium chloride was washed out, the
residual titanium metal was dried, and weighed
0.819g. What is the empirical formula of this
titanium chloride?
ONE MORE....I LOVE QUE·S
A certain compound was known to have a formula
which which could be represented as
[PdCxHyNz](ClO4)2.

Analysis showed that the compound contained

30.15% carbon and 5.06% hydrogen. When
converted to the corresponding thiocynate
[PdCxHyNz](SCN)2 the analysis was 40.46%
carbon and 5.94% hydrogen.
Calculate the values of x, y and z.
SOME MOLECULAR ONES...
K A compound has the following composition. C=
40.0% H=6.67% and O=53.3%. Its molecular
weight is 60. Determine the molecular formula

Do you want
that score?
WAKE UP!
LAST ONE
K One of the earliest methods for determining the
molecular weight of proteins was based on
chemical analysis. A haemoglobin preparation
was found to contain 0.335% iron.
i) If the haemoglobin molecule contains one atom of
iron, what is its molecular weight?
ii) If it contains 4 atoms of iron, what is its
molecular weight?
THIS WEEK PLEASE:
K Do ALL the set questions
K ASK if you have issues

K Read the notes again

K
= 

2
K Concentrations

K Acids/Bases

K Volumetric Analysis (Part 1)