giorgi WeiSvili

makron-henioxTa samefos istoriidan

ucnobi samefo – ase SeiZleba vuwodoT samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

arsebul im politikur erTeuls, romelmac arc Tu umniSvnelo roli iTamaSa romis
kavkasiur politikaSi ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi. makron-henioxTa, igive maxeloniis,
samefos istoriuli Tavgadasavlis gasaazreblad, werilobiTi da nivTieri wyaroebis
dumilisa Tu metad mwiri informatiulobis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens istoriuli geografia. winamdebare werilic istoriuli geografiis safuZvelze
politikuri istoriis erTi, SedarebiT naklebad cnobili, epizodis rekonstruirebis
cdas warmoadgens.
msjelobas CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobaTa
analiziT daviwyebT. Tavisi Txzulebis erT adgilas berZeni geografosi afsaross,
md. afsarosis SesarTavsa da saTaves, mis Senakadebs – glaukossa da likoss, agreTve
likosis saTaves kapadokiis pontoSi uCvenebs (V.6.6 – [1]). afsarosi, saerTo
identifikaciiT, mdinare Woroxia; misi Semdinare glaukosi da likosi olTis-
TorTomis-wyali unda iyos [1. 51; Sdr. 2. 164, iqve, Sen. 1];1 yovel SemTxvevaSi,
olTisis-wylis likosis saxeliT moxsenieba ukve elinisturi xanidan dasturdeba
(App. Rhod., IV.131-134 – [4]); Strabo, XI.14.7 – [5]); [6. 7; Sdr. 7. VI. 263; iqve, Sen., 67].2
maSasadame, wyaros mixedviT, II s-is II naxevrisaTvis md. Woroxis TiTqmis mTeli auzi
kapadokiis pontoSi yofila moqceuli. Tvalsazrisi afsaros-Woroxis Sesaxeb rom,
faqtiurad, swori unda iyos, amaSi klavdios ptolemaiosis sxva Cvenebac gvarwmunebs:
`kapadokia – vkiTxulobT `geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ – isazRvreba ...
aRmosavleTidan didi armeniiT evfratis gaswvriv adgilamde, sadac [evfrati]
yvelaze CrdiloeTiT uxvevs aRmosavleTisaken, es adgili mdebareobs 71°-42°30´ qveS.
aqedan mosxuri mTebis xazze wertilamde, romelic mdebareobs 73°-44°45´ qveS~ (V.6.1).
didi armeniis aRwerisas berZeni avtori kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom evfrati da
mosxuri mTebi somxur saxelmwifos kapadokiisgan//kapadokiis pontosagan mijnavda
(V.12.2,5). mosxuri mTebis evfratis saTaveebTan dakavSireba metad niSandoblivia;
amgvari geografiuli warmodgenebi realobisgan arc Tu Sors unda idges, radgan
sxva avtorebic `mosxuri mTebis~ saxeliT, metwilad, im wyalgamyof qedebs
moixsenieben, romlebic md. Woroxis auzs evfrat-araqsis auzisgan gamohyofs [8. I. 56-
60; 9. 44-50; 10. 308-315; Sdr. 7. II. 254; 1. 50].3 gamodis, rom sazRvari did armeniasa da
kapadokias Soris gasdevda jer evfrats, saTaveebamde, xolo Semdeg – evfrat-TorTo-
mis-wylis wyalgamyof qeds.
klavdios ptolemaiosis koncefcia Woroxis xeobis TemTa kapadokiis pontosadmi
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb [Sdr. 12. ruka ## 56, 57; 1. 62-63] Tanmimdevrulicaa4 da arsebiTi
siaxlis Semcvelic: misi winamorbednic Tu momdevno xanis avtorebic Woroxis auzs
an iberiis an didi armeniis sazRvrebSi uCveneben [ix. 14. 46-84].
1
md. glaukoss olTu-CaisTan, wyaros miuTiTeblad, aigiveben a. braieri da d. uinfildi [3. 58-
60].
2
berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi likosi, Cveulebriv, dRev. kelkit-Cais ewodeba.
3
`aSxaracuicis~ avtori, romelic Tavis traqtats `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelos~
safuZvelze werda, kapadokiisa da didi armeniis gamyof `mosxur mTebad~ dRev. lazistanis
qeds gulisxmobs [11. 100], rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom somexma anonimma aleqsandrieli
swavlulis geografiuli nomenklatura meqanikurad miusadaga IV s-is miwurulis somxeTis
politikur geografias.
4
amis sawinaaRmdego argumentad ver gamodgeba is faqti, rom `geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~
pariadres mTebi, zogierTi avtoris mixedviT – dRev. lazistanis qedi, did armeniaSia
naCvenebi (V.12.5). `pariadres mTasTan sirakenes (araqsis xeobaSi – g.W.) da sakapenes (mtkvris
xeobaSi – g.W.)~ (V.12.9) dasaxeleba mowmobs, rom klavdios ptolemaiosTan es mTebi mtkvar-
araqsis erT-erTi wyalgamyofi qedia [ix. 13].
 samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `geografiul saxelmZRvanelos~,
sxvadasxva drois wyaroebis monacemTa ukritikod da ganurCevlad gamoyenebis gamo,
axasiaTebs istoriul-geografiuli uzustobebi da anaqronizmebi [ix. 15. Tavebi VIII-
X). Secdomebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis aRweraSic SeiniSneba [1. 40, 61; 2. 159, 166-167;
16. 450-451, Sen. 53]; amis erT-erT magaliTad mohyavT klavdios ptolemaiosis warmodge-
nebi kapadokiis pontos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb.
provincia `kapadokiis ponto~ traianes aRmosavluri politikis nayofia [1. 55].
centraluri da aRmosavleTi anatoliis provincializaciis procesi imperiis
strategiul amocanebs eqvemdebareboda [17. II. 151-163]. romi-parTiis dapirispirebis
fonze gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens kapadokia da ponto – legionebis
momaragebis umoklesi sakomunikacio derefani da mowinaaRmdegeze CrdiloeTidan
Setevis saucxoo placdarmi; garda amisa, Savi zRvidan evfratisaken gamavali
samxedro xazi kavkasiidan momdinare safrTxis ganeitralebisa Tu kavkasiis saqmeebSi
Carevis efeqtur saSualebad moiazreboda [17. I. 118-142].
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis strategiuli mniSvneloba
TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa ax.w. I s-is 50-ian wlebSi, rodesac parTia-somxeTis wina-
aRmdeg omSi Cafluli romis armia umTavresad `pontos zRviT da trapezuntidan~
maragdeboda (Tac., Ann., XIII.39 – [18]). meore saukunis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, amaze
uwinaresac, romaelebi trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT, Tanamedrove arakli burunus
adgilas [3. 323; 19. 283; Sdr. 7. VI. 252; 1. 50] afuZneben kidev erT mniSvnelovan cixe-
simagres – hisoss (Arr., PPE, $3 – [20]); amave periodisaTvis romi gansakuTrebiT aZlie-
rebs afsarosis garnizonsac (Arr., PPE, $6); [21. 376-377; 25. 228-229]. romis imperiis mzardi
samxedro-politikuri interesebi samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi kidev ufro
aSkara xdeba II s-is SuaxanebisaTvis: arsdeba axali romaul-`barbarosuli~
dasaxlebebi – ofiusi, kordile, morTula, qsiline; mniSvnelovan navsadgurad
gadaiqca rize; kvlav gamococxlda (?) aTenis cixe (Claud. Ptol., V.6.6). praqtikulad,
trapezuntidan afsarosamde ar darCenila arc erTi mniSvnelovani ubani, sadac
romaelebs fexi ar moekidaT. imperia ramdenime amocanas wyvetda: zrdida zRvis
resursebis aTvisebis efeqturobas; axalisebda da, imavdroulad, Tavis kontrols
uqvemdebarebda WanTa sameurneo saqmianobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavda Semosavlebis
gazrdas xazinaSi;5 aRmosavleTis legionebs avsebda WanebiT (Arr., Alan., $$ 7, 14; 20. 125-
126); uzrunvelyofda sanapiro zolis gaswvriv gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzis
usafrTxoebas [23. 104]; aumjobesebda kavSirurTierTobas samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis or umTavres cixe-simagres – trapezuntsa da afsaross Soris;
icavda sanapiro zols Wanebis Semotevebisgan.6 aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda im
garemoebasac, rom yvela am punqtidan, mdinareTa xeobebis gayolebiT, miemarTeboda
umoklesi gzebi didi armeniis CrdiloeT provinciebisaken: hisosidan da ofiusidan
(dRev. ofi), trapezuntis gzasTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis orjer mokldeboda manZili
baiburTamde. aqedan droulad SeiZleboda armeniidan SemoWrili mtrisTvis gzebis
5
cnobilia, rom ukanasknel dromde lazebi ZiriTad savaWro operaciebs zRvispira punqtebSi
sazRvao transportis saSualebiT awarmoebdnen [22. 617; 3. 18]. miT ufro, ase unda yofiliyo
Zvelad, im gansxvavebiT, rom vaWrobasTan mniSvnelovanwilad mekobreobac iqneboda
Serwymuli. sanapiro dasaxlebebs Soris, moxerxebul yureSi cixe-simagris aRmarTva
romaelebs didad gauadvilebda Wanebis ekonomikur eqsploatacias. erT-erT aseT punqts
warmoadgenda kordile, dRev. sivri-dere anu saTevzao sofeli – saucxoo navsayudeli
mafavridan aTinasaken mimavali navebisaTvis [3. 334]. romaelebi rom xelidan ar uSvebdnen Wanu-
ri tomebis daxarkvis SesaZleblobas, amas arianec adasturebs (PPE, $11).

6
niSandoblivia prokopi kesarielis cnoba, rom Wanebi `uaRresad mkacr cxovrebas eweodnen
da qurdobiT irCendnen Tavs... Tavs esxmodnen da ... awiokebdnen ara marto armenielebs,
aramed romaelebsac, romelnic vidre zRvamde maTi mezoblebi iyvnen...~ (BP., I.15 – [24. II])
gadaketva an kidev zurgidan Semovla [3. 324; 19. 286]. rizedan pirdapiri gziT miis-
vleboda sperSi, xolo iqidan – karenitsa da qserqseneSi [3. 55-56] – didi armeniis
evfratispira sasazRvro provinciebSi. aTinas cixidan (dRev. fazari), romelic
adrianes dros `uyuradRebod mitovebuli~ yofila (Arr., PPE, $4),7 magram momdevno
xanaSi, Cans, kvlav ganaxlebula, morTuladan (dRev. findikli) da qsilinedan (dRev.
ardaSeni)8 gzebi gadadioda rogorc sperSi, aseve taoSi [3. 56-56, 338]. arqabes xeoba
olTis-TorTomiswylis xeobis Sav zRvasTan damakavSirebel umokles arterias
warmoadgenda [3. 57]. afsarosis cixidan ki Woroxis Sua da qvemo welis gakon-
troleba SeiZleboda [3. 57].
zRvispira cixe-simagreebidan aRmosavleT anatoliisken mimavali gzebis
keTilmowyoba da usafrTxoeba romis umTavresi sazrunavTagani iyo. usafrTxoeba,
upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobda adgilobrivi tomebis damorCilebas. II s-is
dasawyisisaTvis trapezuntis midamoebSi mcxovrebi tomebi imperatoris xe-
lisuflebas aRiarebdnen da xarksac kisrulobdnen, magram `yaCaRur~ cxovrebas mainc
ar iSlidnen da gadasaxadebis gadaxdasac Tavs aridebdnen (Arr., PPE, $11).
trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT romis mokavSired makronebis//maqelonebis da
henioxebis samefo gamodioda.
am politikur erTeuls ixseniebs kapadokiis legati flavius ariane 131 wlis
inspeqciisas (Arr., PPE, $11). samefos, V saukunis usaxelo peri plusis mixedviT, ekava
teritoria mdinareebs ofiuntsa da arqabes Soris (PPE, $1 – [24. II]) da moicavda
mermindeli WaneTis//lazistanis rogorc Sida, mTian mxareebs, ise zRvispira zolsac
[21. 370; 8. I. 84; Sdr. 25. 220-221]. samefos centri mdebareobda aTinas maxloblad, mdina-
re pritanisze (Arr., PPE, $7). samecniero literaturaSi anqiales sasaxles dRev.
ardaSenTan varaudoben [3. 336], Tumca romauli xanis naSTebi furtuna-sus (Zv.
pritanisi) xeobaSi jer-jerobiT mikvleuli ar aris. samefo centrs metad
xelsayreli mdebareoba hqonda:9 erTi mxriv, zRvasTan siaxlove saSualebas aZlevda
henioxTa mefes mudmiv kontaqtSi yofiliyo romaelebTan da fxizlad sWeroda Tvali
zRvis sanapiroze, meore mxriv ki, gaekontrolebina `zuRas (zRvis) xevi~ – dRev.
lazistanis qedis saZovrebTan da Worox-evfratis xeobebTan damakavSirebeli
umTavresi sakomunikacio arteria [22. 558, 613; 3. 56].
henioxebis moTaveobiT Wanur tomTa konsolidacia Zveli da axali
welTaRricxvebis mijnidan unda dawyebuliyo [21. 373-377; 26], razec pliniusTan da-
mowmebuli termini gens Sannorum Heniochorum (VI.4.12 – [27]) mianiSnebs. san-henioxebi,
strabonis erTi cnobis – makronebs uwin sanebi rqmeviaT (Strabo, XII.3.18) – gaT-
valiswinebiT, makron-henioxTa kavSirs unda gulisxmobdes. ormxriv interesebze
damyarebuli samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebi romTan I s-is 50-iani wlebidan
ixlarTeba.
tacitusi gadmogvcems, rom armeniaze gabatonebisaTvis warmoebuli parTia-romis
omebis morig raundSi korbulonma Secvala taqtika da gadawyvita, `yvela
mimarTulebiT ganeviTarebina saomari moqmedeba ... Zalebi imgvarad gaanawila, rom
legatebi da prefeqtebi erTdroulad SeWriliyvnen (didi armeniis – g.W.) sxvadasxva
7
motivi, Cans, navsadguris mouxerxebloba iyo, rasac arianes detaluri angariSic mowmobs
(PPE, $4). savaraudod, adrianes dros romaelebi kvlav dainteresdnen `uyuradRebod
mitovebuli~ aTenis cixis reabilitaciiT – ariane arsad ise detalurad ar Cerdeba
navsadguris daxasiaTebaze, rogorc aTenSi –, rac, SesaZlebelia, didi armeniis provinciaSi
samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
8
am punqtebis identifikaciisaTvis ix. [3. 336, 338; Sdr. 1. 51].
9
istoriuli geografiis TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania, rom Sua saukuneebSic,
zRvispireTSi ucxo Zalis batonobis pirobebSi, am qveynis mbrZaneblebi centrebad iseT
adgils irCeven, romelic sanapiro zolTanac axlos mdebareobda da hinterlandisken
mimaval mTavar gzebsac akontrolebda [3. 337].
mxareSi~; paralelurad, mosazRvre regionebidan Seteva unda ganexorcielebinaT mefe
antioqoss da farsman iberiels. `pirvelad maSin gadmoibires henioxebi10 – xalxi,
romelic sxvebze umal erTgul mokavSireobas uwevs romaelebs. henioxebi armeniis
uval mxareebisaken gaeSurnen~ (Ann., XIII. 37). damowmebuli fragmenti sayuradRebo
miniSnebebs Seicavs; irkveva, jer erTi, rom henioxebis mokavSireobis sakiTxi
romaelebs dRis wesrigSi trapezuntis gzis gaxsnasTan erTad daudgaT, rac, kidev
erTxel, xazs usvams romaelTaTvis Wanuri tomebis mxardaWeris mniSvnelobas
trapezuntidan anatoliaSi mimavali komunikaciebis efeqturi gamoyenebisaTvis. meore
mxriv, samxedro reidisas henioxebs maincdamainc trapezuntis gziT ar unda
esargeblaT; ufro mosalodnelia, rom maT gamoiyenes is gza-gardasavalebi, rom-
lebic maT miwa-wyals Woroxis xeobasTan, iqidan ki didi armeniis Sida mxareebTan
akavSirebda. isic aSkaraa, rom did armeniaSi msxvilmasStabiani saomari operaciebis
sawarmoeblad romisTvis mxolod iberTa mokavSireoba aRar kmaroda; saWiro iyo
damatebiTi Zalis gamoyenebac.
II s-is dasawyisSic, somxeTis kampaniisas, makron-henioxTa mefe anqiale traianes
erT-erTi mokavSirea da romaelTa daxmarebiT sakuTari politikuri miznebis
realizacias cdilobs samxreT kavkasiaSi [25. 227-228]. cnoba traianesa da anqiales
randevus Sesaxeb dion kasiosma Semogvinaxa: `(traiane – g.W.) mivida arsamosatamde da
[misi] ubrZolvelad aRebis Semdeg, mivida satalaSi da anqiale – henioxebisa da maxe-
lonebis mefe saCuqrebiT daajildova~ (LXVIII.19.1 – [28]). satala romaelTa erT-erT
mniSvnelovan samxedro bazas warmoadgenda evfratis sazRvrebze. mokavSireTa
Sexvedra, albaT, didi armeniis moTareSebasTan erTad satalisken mimavali
komunikaciebis (trapezuntidan, hisosidan) usafrTxoebasac isaxavda miznad.
henioxebi aqtiurad exmarebian markus avreliussac II s-is 60-ian wlebSi armenia-
parTiis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi (Dio, LXXI.14.2). misi mniSvneloba romisaTvis im
garemoebiTac mtkicdeba, rom `geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ damowmebuli samxreT-
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis romauli sadgomebi swored im sanapiro zolzea,
romelic ofiuntisa da arqabes SesarTavebs Soris eqceva.
ukanasknelad makron-henioxTa samefo III s-is wayroebSi moixsenieba [21. 387-391].
yovelive es gvafiqrebinebs, rom romis provinciis, kapadokiis pontos sazRvrebi
mxolod sanapiro zoliT Semoifargleboda, Sida raionebi ki makron-henioxTa mefes
emorCileboda. klavdios ptolemaiosis zemoTmotanili cnobac md. afsarosisa da
misi Senakadebis – glaukosisa da likosis kapadokiis pontoSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb
realur-istoriulad gulisxmobs imas, rom II s-is SuaxanebisaTvis md. Woroxis zemo
da Sua welis auzi makron-henioxTa samefom SeierTa [Sdr. 21, ruka: „Грузия и
сопредельные области в первые века н.э.“].
Woroxis mxareSi makron-henioxebi upirispirdebodnen iberebs, armenielebsa da
kolxebs, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze ecilebodnen erTmaneTs am sazRvrispira
teritorias. klavdios ptolemaioss Tu verwmunebiT, II s-is SuaxanebisaTvis taos
nawili, savaraudod, mermindeli amier tao da Woroxis qvemo welis Temebi kolxebs
(resp. lazebis//egrebis samefos – ix. [8. I. 86-91]) sWeriaT; maTi politikuri sazRvrebi
mosxur mTebamde aRwevda (V.9.3-4, V.10.1, V.12.1-2 – ix. [14. 78-79]). Woroxze placdarms,
savaraudod, inarCunebda iberiac. misi poziciebis gasarkvevad gadamwyvetia iberiis
samosaxlos – artanisas (Claud., Ptol., V.10.3) lokalizacia: iyo is artanuji Tu `qalaqi
artanisa~ anu artaanis qalaqi huri [ix. 1. 59-60]).11
ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi Woroxis mTels xeobaze farnavazianTa xelisufleba
vrceldeboda; maTve epyraT Savi zRvis sanapiro arqabedan afsarosamde (Zidritebis

10
wyaroSia Insochi. am termins, sruliad samarTlianad, henioxad aRadgenen [ix. 21. 367; Sdr. 25.
169-170; 18. 87].
11
didi armeniis provincia katarZene (Claud. Ptol., XXX) Seesabameba ara klarjeTs, aramed
evfratis xeobaSi mdebare xorZianenes [ix. 6. 8-9; Sdr. 8. I. 60].
qveyana//qarT. wyaroebis „bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri“) [ix. 29; 14. 69-75]. iberiis
samefos sazRvrebs scnobda romic (Tac., Ann. XIV.26; Dio, LXX.3), miuxedavad imisa, rom
iberTa samflobeloebis gafarToeba xSirad imperiis interesebis sapirispirodac
xdeboda [21. 354, 361]. magram romaelebi ara mxolod gascemdnen, aramed arTmevdnen
kidec `nawyalobev~ miwa-wyals. romaelTa mecadineobiT farnavazianebi kargaven
strategiulad mniSvnelovan zRvispira zolsac da Woroxis mxaresac. axal
teritoriebs romi amjerad makron-henioxTa da lazTa samefoebs umtkicebs.
II s-is 60-iani wlebis miwurulidan aqtiurdebian armenielebic. dion kasiosis
erTi Cvenebis mixedviT satrapma tiridatem `ajanyeba moaxdina armeniaSi da mokla
henioxebis mefe da ... maxvili aRmarTa verusis winaaRmdeg...~ (LXXI.14.2). konteqstidan,
TiTqos, ueWvelia, rom ajanyeba somxeTs ar unda gascloda; isic ar unda iwvevdes
eWvs, rom tiridati gansakuTrebiT Crdilo-dasavleT provinciebSi aqtiurobs da
kapadokiis legats mas Semdeg SeebrZoleba, rac makron-henioxTa mefes moklavs.
brZolis dawyebisTanave `maxvilis aRmarTva~ Crdiloeli mezoblis winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxveviTi ar unda yofiliyo da henioxebis mefec mxolod samokavSireo
valdebulebebs ar unda emsxverpla. armeniis satrapis agresia Wanebis mimarT,
vfiqrobT, teritoriuli pretenziebiT da kerZod, tao-speris mitacebis surviliT
iyo gamowveuli.
II saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis samxreT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri
geografia ukve momdevno saukunis dasawyisSi icvleba. dion kasiosis cnobiT,
imperatori makrianusi (217-218 ww.) iZulebuli yofila, ecno armeniis mier kapadokiis
nawilis dapyroba (LXXXIX.27.4 – [30). radgan kapadokiis cneba yofil pontos samefosa
da, kerZod, makron-henioxTa miwa-wyalsac faravda, amitom ufleba gvaqvs, mitacebul
teritoriebSi tao da speri vivaraudoT. legenda mamikonianTa Wenastanidan anu
WaneTidan somxeTSi mosvlisa da taoSi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb arapirdapir eTanxmeba
msgavs mosazrebas.12
dasasruls, WaneT-mesxeTis urTierTobis kidev erT istoriul-geografiul
aspeqts minda Sevexo.
ZvelTaganve geografiuli garemo, mwiri resursebi da, rogorc Cans,
demografiuli pirobebi Wanebs mezobeli mxareebis moTareSebas karnaxobda.13 Wanuri
`kolonizaciis~ erT-erT asparezs Woroxis auzi warmoadgenda.
werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, Wanebis Woroxis xeobaSi damkvidrebisa da iq
sakuTari politikuri erTeulebis Seqmnis procesi ukve adreantikuri xanidan
SeiniSneba: Zv.w. 401 wels qsenofontes Woroxis zemo welze, sadac Zv.w. VI-V ss.
sasperebi cxovrobdnen (Her., Hist. I.104, 110; IV.37, 40 – [36]),14 samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTidan Camosaxlebuli skviTinebi//SkviTinebi daxvdnen (Anab., IV.7.18-21 –

12
cnobebi mamikonianTa somxeTSi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb daculia favstos buzandTan (V. 37 –
[31]), movses xorenacisTan (II.81 – [32]), ~dasawyisi istoriis~ anonim avtorTan (Tavi II – [33]).
irkveva, rom mamikonianebi WaneTidan gadmosulan III s-is SuaxanebSi. mamacobisa da samxedro
niWis waylobiT Wani mamikonianebi swrafad winaurdebian somxeTis mefis karze da erT-erT
uwarCinebules sagvareulod gadaiqcevian. ukve IV saukunisaTvis isini arian somxeTis didi spa-
rapetebi da mxedarTmTavrebi da memkvireobiTi mflobelni taosi (favstos buzandi, III.4, IV.2,
sxv.). im droisaTvis, roca mamikonianebi arSakidebis samsaxurSi dgebian, tao, dion kasiosis
cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ukve somxeTis farglebSi unda yofiliyo. gvinda kidev erTi
hipoTeturi varaudi gamovTqvaT: xom ar warmomavlobda es sagvareulo aTinas xeobidan, sof.
mamakivaTidan? mamikonianTa Wanuri warmoSobisa da sanaxararo saxlis istoriis Sesaxeb ix. [34;
16]. fiqroben, rom WaneTidan iyvnen mosulni dimaqsianTa winaprebic [32. 278]; am sagvareulos
erTi Sto VII s-dan aRmosavleT taoSia damkvidrebuli [34. 263].
13
WaneTis fizikuri da ekonomikuri geografiis friad sayuradRebo daxasiaTeba moepoveba
prokopi kesariels (BP., I.15, BG., VIII.1, Aed., III.6). am regionis sxva ekonom-geografiuli
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb ix. [22. 615-621; 35. 31-41].
14
ufro swored, speri sasperebis pirvelsacxovriss warmoadgenda.
[37]).15
skviTinebis//heptakometebis inflitracia skidisis mTebis kalTebidan Woroxis
xeobaSi momdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeboda (Strabo, XII.3.18). Wanurma `kolonizaciam~
Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo da ukve axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi
baiburdis sanaxebSi kompaqturi Wanuri Temebi gaCnda. pliniusi am moaxalSeneebs
armenoxalibebs uwodebs (NH., VI.4.12),16 xolo prokopi kesarieli – okenit Wanebs (Aed.,
III.6). ucxo eTnikuri jgufebis gamoCenam pontos qedis samxreT kalTebze cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia politikur geografiaSic: Tu romaeli enciklopedistisaTvis xalibebi
armeniis (resp. mcire armenia) teritoriaze mcxovrebi tomia [2. 161; 21. 85, 302],
bizantieli istorikosisaTvis, metad niSandoblivad, baiburTi armenias (bizantiis
provincia Armenia Interior) miekuTvneba, misgan sul ramdenime kilometriT dacilebul
xartoni//RarTi [34. 62-63; 3.14] ki – imperiis iurisdiqciis miRma myof okenit Wanebs.
aSkaraa, rom pliniusi armeniasa da WaneTs Soris bunebriv sazRvars (pontos mTebi)
avlebs (misive TqmiT, armenoxalibebi cxovrobdnen im uzarmazar mTebs gadaRma,
romlebic trapezunds ertya), maSin roca prokopi kesarielisaTvis amosavali
Seqmnili eTnikuri geografiaa. eTnikuri sazRvris politikurad gadaqcevas, cxadia,
garkveuli dro dasWirdeboda.17
Wanebis//lazebis tradiciuli yofisa da meurneobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mwiri
informaciis safuZvelze SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Woroxisa da evfratispira
TemebSi maT izidavda mdidari sasoflo-sameurneo resursebi – xorbleuli da
msxvilfexa pirutyvi. Tavis mxriv, WanebTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT
dainteresebuli iyo hinterlandis mosaxleobac: sasoflo produqtis, pirutyvisa da
madnis realizeba Wanebis SuamavlobiT an WaneTze gavliT zRvispira dasaxlebebSi
xdeboda [22. 558; 3. 56].
Wanur tomTa infiltraciis intensiuri xasiaTisa da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
arsebobis miuxedavad, antikur xanasa da adre Sua saukuneebSic II s-is Suaxanebi
erTaderTi periodia, roca WaneTi (makron-henioxTa samefo) da Woroxis xeoba (speri,
tao) erT saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad gaerTianda. pontos qeds gadmoRma Wanuri
diasporis arseboba henioxebis eqspansiis mastimulirebeli garemoeba iqneboda, Tumca
– ara gadamwyveti. es gaerTianeba ufro gareSe Zalis inspirirebis Sedegi iyo –
rogorc aRvniSneT, romis imperia im konkretul pirobebSi dainteresebuli iyo
armeniisa da kapadokiisken mimavali gzebis usafrTxoebiTa da Tavisi sazRvrebidan
iberiis gandevniT. am amocanis gadaWra ki yvelaze ukeT henioxebis mefes
xelewifeboda.

15
rodesac skviTinebis Camosaxlebaze vlaparakobT, viTvaliswinebT Semdeg garemoebas: (1) es
qveyana amaze uwin speri//sasperis saxeliT moixsenieboda da amave saxelwodebiT SemorCa
dRemde; (2) skviTinebi saxlobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. es Cans
qsenofontis cnobidan, rom skviTinebs SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle makronebi esazRvrebodnen,
mdinaris gaswvriv (Anab., IV.8.1-2). amasve mowmobs straboniseuli (XII.3.18) “skidisis mTa” da
skidisis mTis kalTaze mosaxle heptakometebi (SkviTinebi//skviTinebi); (3) Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom “didi, mdidari da xalxmravali” polisi, gvimniasi, daearsebinaT skvi-
Tinebs, romelTa hegemoni sparsul oqros dareikebs berZen jariskacTa beWdebs amjobinebs
(Anab., IV.7.27). skviTinebis qveynis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ix. [37. 42-42, 130-132].
16
armenoxalibebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. [21. 302; 14. 73-74]. metad metyveli toponimiT,
xaldoZori, e.i. xalibebis xevi, somxurma saistorio mwerlobam Semoinaxa mogoneba
baiburTis mxareSi xalibebis//Wanebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb [34. 63].
17
am process intensiuri xasiaTi unda mieRo mas Semdeg, rac arSakiduli dasavleT armenia
romis provinciad gadaiqca. axal administracias, Cans, ar Seswevda unari, win aRdgomoda
mTiel tomTa Camosaxlebas. sainteresoa, rom am periodSi Wanebis marbieli laSqrobebi
kapadokias, kilikiasa da siriasac ki aRwevda (Malala, Chron., XIII – [24. III]). didi somxeTis or
nawilad gayofamde samefos dacva Wanebisagan speris mflobel bagrationebs evalebodaT
[Ag. $98 – [24. I].
 Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac bizantielTa gavleniT WaneTSi socialur-ekonomikur
da iuridiul urTierTobaTa da politikuri batonobis sul sxva formebi gav-
rcelda, dRis wesrigSi kvlav dadga Woroxis xeobisa da WaneTis gaerTianebis
sakiTxi. amis Sesaxeb rui gonsales de klavixos dRiuridan vigebT.
espaneli elCis Canawerebidan irkveva, rom `araqielis ... qveynis mosaxleoba
ukmayofili iyo Tavisi batoniT... wavidnen isini ispiris mTavarTan da uTxres, rom
TavianT batonad scnobdnen im pirobiT, Tu maTi damcveli iqneboda~. speris mTavari
siamovnebiT dasTanxmda maT Txovnas: `man Tavis magier gamogzavna muslimani,
romelsac unda emarTa es qveyana erT qristianTan erTad~ (klavixo, gv. 37 – [38]).
araqielis qveyana, savaraudod, mdinareebis fazarisa da furtuna-sus xeobebs [3.
337; Sdr. 38. 42] anu makron-henioxTa samefos centralur raionebs moicavda. gamodis,
rom, iseve rogorc gvianantikur xanaSi, gvian Sua saukuneebSic Woroxis mxare (speri)
da WaneTis erTi nawili kvlav gaerTianebula. iniciativa axlac WaneTis mosaxleobas
ekuTvnoda, Tumca procesi, amjerad, speris (Woroxis xeobis) hegemoniiT warimarTa.
ekonomikuri upiratesobac speris mTavris mxareze yofila. klavixos
daxasiaTebiT, `es mxare, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTiania, sakvebiT mdidaria~ (klavixo,
gv. 37), maSin roca araqielis qveyanaSi `puri cotaa~ (klavixo, gv. 38). espanel
di plomats arc is gamoparvia, rom sasicocxlod aucilebeli resursebis simwirisa
da vasaluri morCilebis miuxedavad araqielis qveyanasa da spers Soris,
praqtikulad, mouwesrigebeli iyo komunikaciebi – regularuli ekonomikuri da
politikuri urTierTobebisaTvis saWiro umTavresi saSualeba. ugzooba qedis orive
mxares imdenad TvalSisacemi yofila, rom klavixom Tavis dRiurSi sagangebo
Canaweric ki gaakeTa: `meore dRes ... isini (e.i. speridan gasuli espanelebi elCebi –
g.W.) avidnen Zalian maRal mTaze. aRmarTi grZeldeboda oTx ligaze da imdenad
oRroCoRro iyo, rom pirutyvi da adamianebi didi gaWirvebiT midiodnen~. kidev ufro
rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen espanelebi pontos mTebis gadaRma: `es mxare
uaRresad mTagoriania. ramdenime imdenad cudi gadasasvlelia, rom cxovelebi verc
ki dadian, xolo zogierT adgilas erTi kldidan meoreze xidad gadebulia xis
mori. amitom adamianebs uxdebodaT yvelaferi TavianT zurgiT gadaetanaT~ (klavixo,
gv. 38).
aseT pirobebSi speris mTavari araqielis qveyanaSi Tavis siuzerenul
xelisuflebas cixeebis saSualebiT ganaxorcielebda.
gasul saukuneSi savele dazvervebis Sedegad fazar-furtuna-sus xeobebSi
ramdenime mniSvnelovan cixe-simagres miakvlies: aTinadan 7 km-is daSorebiT, sofel
lamRosTan (dRev. iujehisari) SemorCenilia safortifikacio nagebobis naSTebi,
romelsac XX s-is dasawyisSi adgilobrivi lazuri mosaxleoba jixas eZaxda, dRes
ki jihar (kise) kalesi qvia [22. 557-558; 3. 339]. is erT-erTi adgilobrivi mTavris rezi-
dencia unda yofiliyo: jihar-kalesi batonobs md. fazaris (Zv. Zagatisi) misaqcielze
da warmoadgens moxerxebul punqts furtuna-suze (Zv. pritanisi) gadasasvlelad [3.
56, 339-340]. pritanisze ori cixe iyo aRmarTuli, romelic zRvidan sperisken mimaval
gzebs darajobda. erTi maTgani, dRes rom zil kales uwodeben, mdinaris qvemo
welze mdebareobda, zRvis donidan 750 metris simaRleze. is xeobis SedarebiT
ganier, dasasaxleblad da savargulebad gamosadegar monakveTze batonobda. cixis
mebatonis TvalsawierSi, faqtiurad, mTeli qvemo weli eqceoda da aq gamavali gzac
mis kontrols eqvemdebareboda. meore cixe, varoS kale, mdinaris saTaveebTan
mdebareobda, mTis wverze, zRvis donidan 1800 m-is simaRleze. cixis garSemo
ganfenilia saTibebi da sazafxulo saZovrebi; SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani nasoflaris
nakvalevic. cixidan ramdenime saaTSi miisvleba im uReltexilebamde, saidanac gzebi
Woroxis xeobaSi gadadis. am zeda cixidan moCans qvemo cixeca da zRvis sanapiroc.
cixeebi erTmaneTTan fiqliT mokirwyluli gziT yofila dakavSirebuli [3. 341-342].
WaneTis xeobebSi cixis socialuri da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba rom
warmovidginoT, amisTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom tradiciuli saialaRo mesaqonleobis
pirobebSi adgilobriv mosaxleobas saqonlis sezonur gadasarekad da saZovrebze
sabalaxed gasaSvebad erTmaneTSi garkveuli SeTanxmeba esaWiroeboda. ekonomikuri
geografia erTi xeobis mosaxleobas erTmaneTTan akavSirebda da imavdroulad
aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis mezoblebisgan hyofda [35. 12]. amgvar ekonomikur
erTobad Camoyalibebuli xevis xevisuflebad cixeTa mepatroneni gamodiodnen.
fiqroben, rom swored varoSad saxeldebuli cixisuflis TaosnobiT unda
misvlodnen araqielis qveynis feodalebi speris mTavars [3. 342]. faqtiurad, maT
zurgi aqcies trapizonis imperators da saqarTvelos mefis vasals eymnen.18
gadamwyveti, aq, geografiuli faqtori iyo.
axlac, iseve rogorc mravali saukunis win, WaneTisa da Woroxis xeobis
gaerTianeba dRemokle aRmoCnda.19 saamisod metad mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobas
fizikuri- da ekonom-geografiuli Taviseburebebi qmnida: Woroxis xeobaca da
WaneTic, sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, `mTas~ warmoadgenda, xolo erTmaneTisgan maT
maRali lazistanis qedi hyofda, rasac zed WaneTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ugzoobac
erTvoda. garda amisa, ekonomikurad WaneTis mosaxleoba zRvisken iyo pirSeqceuli,
maSin roca speris mxare, iseve rogorc Woroxis xeoba, – materikisken. Wanebs (makron-
henioxebs), politikuri mowinaveobis miuxedavad II s-Si, ar gaaCndaT ekonomikuri
safuZveli, rom didi xniT daeWiraT Woroxis xeoba. magram arc speris mTavars hqon-
da imisi SesaZlebloba, rom WaneTis erT monakveTze mainc personaluri
xelisufleba ufro myari, teritoriuli xelisuflebiT Seecvala. Tundac nomina-
luri xelisuflebis gansaxorcieleblad speris mTavars komunikaciebis mowesrigeba,
mTavar gamosasvlelebTan cixe-simagreebis ageba da maTi saSualebiT gzebisa da
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis gakontroleba esaWiroeboda (Sdr.
Proc., Aed., III.6). faqtiuri ZalauflebisaTvis ki yvelafer amasTan erTad mas
damoukidebeli xevisufalnic unda daemorCilebina (rogorc Turqebi moiqcnen XIX s-
is dasawyisSi – [39; 35. 12-25]). saamiso resursebi speris mTavars ar gaaCnda.
es paralelebi imisTvis dagvWirda, rom ufro gasagebi gamxdariyo, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT SeiZleboda (an ar SeiZleboda) ganviTarebuliyo istoriul-ge-
ografiuli procesebi gvianantikur xanaSi.
Zveli geografiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari j. tomsoni werda:
ptolemaiosica da sxvebic uxeS Secdomebs uSvebdnen kargad cnobili qveynebis aRwe-
risasac ki; magram gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs maTi cnobebi im mxareebze,
romlebic manamde an sruliad ucnobi iyo an naklebad cnobili rCeboda romisTvis
[15. 328]. „geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo“ istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis yuradRebis
miRma darCenil ambebsac mogviTxrobs.

18
klavixo araorazrovnad aRniSnavs, rom speri saqarTvelos sazRvrebSia (gv. 38).
19
XV s-is 70-ian wlebSi am qveynis mTavaria vinme arami, romelic uzun-hasans emorCileba.
aTinas amasobaSi Turqebi arin dapatronebulni [3. 337].
 (ruka gamoxata m. sulxaniSvilma)

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38. rui gonsales de klavixos cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, espanuridan
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