Review of Microprocessor

BENM 3223 Control Unit

MICROCONTROLLER TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:
Microcomputer System & Peripheral
Arithmetic Logic
Design Unit
Registers

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Review of Microprocessor Review of Microprocessor

• ALU
– Performs all arithmetic (adding, subtracting, ets)
and logic operating (ANDing, ORing) of the data
which enters the microprocessor
• Control Unit
– Manages the sequence and timing of events
carried out within the microprocessor
• Registers
– Holds values of internal operation, such as the
address of the instruction being executed and the
data being processed
– i.e Accumulator, Program Counter Register, Status
Register

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 Review of Microprocessor Review of Microprocessor
• Microprocessor alone is incapable of doing
anything. Additional components are required Address bus
to make use of microcomputer
• Along with microprocessor, a working system W
R/W
I/O
needs input/output interface, memory banks, 8085 Memory
EPROM

R
and other peripherals.
• Also being mentioned as microcomputer Data bus

system.

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Review of Mircoprocessor Microcontrollers

• CPU
– System core where all data is manipulated and
controlled
All the components of the microcomputer
• Memory system combined together onto one
– RAM and ROM integrated chip.
• Input/Output (I/O)
– Communications to outside world

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 Comparison between Mirocomputer & Comparison between Mirocomputer &
Microcontroller Microcontroller
• Advantages
Single IC
– It is cheaper to purchase a microcontroller than all
of the components required for a microcomputer
MPU
– Reduced number of components makes
Memory I/O
production easier and reliable
Peripheral Devices
- A/D Converter
- Timer
- Serial I/O

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Comparison between Mirocomputer &

Microcontroller
Quick Q
• Disadvantages 1. Which of the following is not a part of
– Microcontrollers are less flexible than microprocessor?
microcomputers as individual components cannot
be replaced
a. Input/output
– Microcomputers can be easily upgraded with
b. ALU
higher specification devices
c. Register
d. Control Unit

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 Quick Q Quick Q
2. Which of the following is not one of the 3. Firmware is stored in which type of
buses in a microcomputer? memory?

a. Address a. ROM
b. Data b. RAM
c. Memory c. Write-only memory
d. Control d. Read/write memory

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Microcontrollers and Embedded

Overview
• Microcontrollers - a key impact technology
for the 21st century
• Microcontrollers.com: “In the aggregate,
PC microprocessors are responsible for
less than 1% of all processors sold.
Embedded processors outsell PC
processors by more than 99%.”
Controllers
• Controls some process or aspect of the
environment: Microcontrollers Vs. DSPs
• DSPs optimized for math [multiplies]
• Embedded controller may not be a
microcontroller but is used for special purpose
control application
• Typical applications: temperature control,
smart instrument, GPS, digital lock, cell
phone, etc. .
 Examples Speed comparison
• Personal information products: Cell phone, pager,
watch, pocket recorder, calculator
• Laptop components: mouse, keyboard, modem,
fax card, sound card, battery charger
• Home appliances: door lock, alarm clock,
thermostat, air conditioner, tv remote, hair dryer,
VCR, small refrigerator, exercise equipment,
washer/dryer, microwave oven
• Toys; video games, cars, dolls, etc.

From: Mark Palmer, AN520 A Comparison of 8 bit

Microcontrollers, Microchip AN, 1995.
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Microcontrollers Microcontrollers Characteristics

• Processing power: 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit • Embedded computers have to be very low
• Microcontrollers.com: “The highest rate of new cost, simple and reliable.
product success is in the 8-bit microcontroller
• They can not use any moving parts (disk
market. The lowest rate of success is in the 64- and
32-bit microcontroller markets.”
drives) because:
• Specific features: communications, keyboard 1.These are power hungry
handling, signal processing, video processing 2.They are bulky
3.They are expensive

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 Features Families
• Program in Read Only Memory – ROM • Zilog Z8 series
• Limited RAM storage – for variables only • Intel 8051 series
• Built in I/O devices • Arm 32 bit microcontrollers
• Use very little power • MicroChip – PIC microcontrollers

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Zilog Intel 8051

• This company did more than any other to
spread use of microprocessors in the 1970s
and early 80s with their Z80 micro.
• This was the mainstay of early personal
computers.
• This was one of the first microcontrollers to
integrate ROM, RAM and I/O on one chip.
• Made by many other companies still, Amtel,
Texas instruments etc.

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 ARM Processor PIC Microcontrollers
• One of the first RISC processors
• 32 Bit architecture
• Low transistor count compared to
conventional processors
• Very low power consumption
• Used in digital Phones and PDAs.
• At the top end of the micro-controller
performance spectrum.
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PIC Microcontrollers PIC Family : Cores

• Stands for Peripheral Interface PICs come with 1 of 4 CPU ‘cores’:
Controller/Programmable Intelligent • 12bit cores with 33 instructions:
Computer (PIC) • 12C50x, 16C5x
• 14bit cores with 35 instructions:
• PIC Family Devices • 12C67x,16Cxxx
– PIC16C5X • 16bit cores with 58 instructions:
– PIC16CXXX • 17C4x,17C7xx
– PIC17CXXX • ‘Enhanced’ 16bit cores with 77 instructions:
• 18Cxxx
– A whole lot more!!!

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 PIC Microcontroller PIC Microcontroller
Harvard Architecture
• PIC16F877A Program memory and Data memory are separated
memories and they are accessed from separated
buses.

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Harvard Architecture Von-Neumann Architecture

• Used mostly in RISC CPUs
• Separate program bus and data bus: can be different
widths!
• For example, PICs use:
– Data memory (RAM): a small number of
registers
– Program memory (ROM): 12bit, 14bit or
16bit wide (in EPROM, FLASH, or ROM)
• Used in: 80X86 (PCs), 8051, 68HC11, etc.)
• Only one bus between CPU and memory
• RAM and program memory share the same
bus and the same memory, and so must have
8bit
the same bit width
• Bottleneck: Getting instructions interferes
with accessing RAM

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 PIC Microcontroller
• Instruction Set
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
Large quantity of every detailed commands
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Contains small number of key instructions
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CISC
Traditionally, CPUs are “CISC”
• Used in: 80X86, 8051, 68HC11, etc.
• Many instructions (usually > 100)
• Several addressing modes
• Usually takes more than 1 internal clock cycle
(Tcyc) to execute
• Example:
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RISC
• PIC is a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computer) design
• Only thirty seven instructions to remember
• Its code is efficient, allowing the PIC to run
with typically less program memory than its
larger competitors.
• It is low cost, high clock speed
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Selecting Microcontroller
• Choose the right one for your application
– it helps to know what’s out there
– consider cost, performance, package
options, integrated peripherals, software
support & development environment
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 Selecting Microcontroller Summary
• Choose one with good software development support • Microprocessors and embedded controllers
– good compiler and debugger availability
– evaluation boards
are a ubiquitous part of life today
– in-circuit emulators for those with deep pockets • These devices come in a wide variety of
– RTOS availability configurations and designs
• Beware of availability
– make sure you can actually purchase the • Headhunters report that EEs familiar with µC,
microcontroller before designing it in µP design are in the highest possible demand
* many micros are either phased out or just starting production,
so supply is limited

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Next Lecture
• PIC16F877A Hardware description
• PIC software development
• Programming structures

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