CONSTRUCTION
BLOCKS
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha JINDAL
DIVISHA Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10
BEM / 471 S.P.A., New Delhi DELHI
SPA, NEW
CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING MATERIALS
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
TRADITIONAL WALLING SYSTEMS
BURNT CLAY BRICKS
CONVENTIONAL WALLING SYSTEMS
BRICK 9” X 4.5” X 3”
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONTENTS:
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
INTRODUCTION:
The construction sector alone counts for nearly 50% towards the
country’s economics as well as energy consumption..
Buildings
Transportation
Industries
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
NEED: The developing nations are today
following the advanced nations’ policy
of achieving economic growth through
macro-industrial production.
Developing Large-scale production and
Nations’ GDP consumption necessitates large
distances for transportation of raw
material and end product, high
marketing costs and other add-ons.
Source: www.anangpur.org
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BUILDING ENVELOPE
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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE:
BUILDING
ENVELOPE
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
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FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE:
BASIC FUNCTION : To control physical environmental factors such as heat, light and sound in
order to ensure comfort conditions inside, with minimum energy consumption.
SECONDARY FUNCTION: Climatic factors such as protection from harmful effects of Sun;
provide natural ventilation and daylight; add to the aesthetic value; protection from fire, dust and
pollution; structural and security purposes.
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
MISUSE OF BUILDING MATERIALS:
Misuse of building materials is probably the largest single factor that contributes to environmental
degradation. In the last century, the largest amount of development in the construction industry
has been that of surfacing materials. Universal application of brick and RCC was clearly not the
answer and it is to protect RCC that several surfacing materials have been developed, which also
provide color and texture.
Unfortunately, apart from high technology surfacing materials that have emerged over the
years, the basic performance criterion required of a walling material remains unexamined. The
entire development has revolved around stronger walls to give more resilient surfaces whereas
logically the decisions should have been based around resilient surfaces with lean back up materials
for the body of the wall.
The strength requirement of a walling material rated at 150 Kgs/sq cm in itself is a fallacy. The soil
bearing capacity is usually 2 to 3 Kg/sq cm and the load on a wall is less than 1 Kg/sq cm per floor.
The high compressive strength of a walling block is the direct consequence of its surface
requirements.
i t The
Th ideal
id l block
bl k would
ld therefore
th f require
i a resilient
ili t non-erodible
dibl surface
f with
ith a lean
l
backup body material. Another important criterion should be the feasibility of manufacture at the
site, with minimal capital.
Source: www.anangpur.org
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
Source: www.anangpur.org
NEED OF NEW BUILDING MATERIALS:
The scarcity, frequent non-availability, constantly rising costs of building materials and the
declining quality of housing and building construction are causing concern to Central & State
Governments. It is now widely recognized that the cost of housing can be reduced and speed and
quality of construction stepped up through the use of emerging innovative building materials and
g
technologies. Despite
p a number of innovative cost-effective building
g materials,, components
p and
construction techniques developed through research the housing and building agencies have not
adopted them in their construction practices.
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTION:
Walling materials constitute approximately 30% of construction and the largest mass of a
building.
Walling
Elements
•They
They account for the maximum capital resource in the structure.
structure
•They have the largest surface area and account for maximum recurring maintenance costs.
•Failure of the walls is the single largest factor responsible for the collapse of structures
in case of calamities such as earthquakes.
•Maximum thermal exchange in a building takes place through walls.
Appropriate technologies are those that respond to the local environment, resource and
economic needs.
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
TRADITIONAL
WALLING SYSTEMS
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BRICK:
INTERNATIONAL HISTORY OF BRICK
¾Bricks dated 10000 years old were found in the Middle East.
¾ Israelites made bricks for their Egyptian rulers with earth and straw
¾ Examples of the civilizations who used mud brick are the ancient Egyptians and the Indus Valley
Civilization, where it was used exclusively. In particular, it is evident from the ruins
of Buhen, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
¾ The first sun
sun-dried
dried bricks were made in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq),
Iraq) in the ancient city of Ur in
about 4000 BC
¾ The Romans made use of fired bricks, and the Roman legions, which operated mobile kilns,
introduced bricks to many parts of the empire
¾ Early traces of bricks were found in a ruin site in Xi'an, China in 2009 dated back about 3800
years ago. Before this discovery, it is widely believed that bricks appeared about 3000 years ago in
y y; these bricks were made by
the Western Zhou dynasty; y a fired p
process.
¾ In the 12th century, bricks from Northern Italy were re-introduced to Northern Germany
¾ The buildings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain were largely constructed of brick and timber
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BRICK:
Roman Constantine
Basilica in Trier,
Germany, built in the 4th
century with fired bricks
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TRADITIONAL INDIAN BRICKS:
M h l Brick,
Mughal B i k Lakhori
L kh i Brick
B i k , Nanakshahi
N k h hi Brick
B i k etc.
t
¾ These were small thin bricks, tested by time, highly weather
resistant, frost resistant, durable and sturdy bricks, very well
suited for all thin brick applications.
applications
¾ These bricks were patted by hand. Therefore, these were
uneven, irregular, multihued, and imparted an aesthetic aspect to
the building structure.
structure
¾ The size of these bricks varies but is approx. 6”x3.5”x1.25” and
individual weight is around 650gms.
¾ These bricks of yesteryear were of excellent quality in terms of
strength and surface requirements. This was because the clay of
the region formed the raw material for the brick.
y, clay
¾ To ensure non-erodability, y was burnt adequately.
q y
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONVENTIONAL
WALLING SYSTEMS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BURNT CLAY BRICKS:
Bricks are one of the oldest types of building blocks. They are an ideal building material because
they are relatively cheap to make, very durable and require little maintenance. Bricks may be
made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete or shaped from quarried stone. Clay is
the most common material; with modern clay bricks formed by soft mud method are the most
common, as it is the most economical and readily available. It starts with raw clay, preferably in a
mix with 25-30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the
desired consistency; then it is pressed and fired ( burnt) at 900-1000° C to achieve strength.
“ There is a basic error in standardizing the size of the conventional brick at 3” x 4.5” x 9” for the
entire country. The physical aspect of clay and its content varies from region to region. Large scale
production of conventional bricks needs High Draft Kilns, which further leads to consumption of
coke that aggravates the fragile ecological balance. In attempting to standardize this building
element, we are actually trying to standardize the quality of clay that the earth yields.“
Source: www.anangpur.org
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BURNT CLAY BRICKS:
Physical Appearance: Brownish red color but reddishness depends upon the iron oxide content
of the soil.
Dimensions: 230mm x 115mm x 75mm ( 9” x 4.5” x 3”)
Application & installation: Bricks are laid with a thin-set mortar. The material is easy to
finish, too. Exterior walls can be painted, plastered, or finished with claddings. Interior surfaces
can be plastered, sheet rocked, tiled, painted, or simply left exposed.
Maintenance: An unfinished exterior wall needs maintenance because of efflorescence deposits.
Quality & Durability: Burnt clay bricks are quite durable in natural weathering conditions.
They are heat resistant up to 10000C.The acid resistance of bricks is determined by boiling a
sample in a mixture of HNO3 and HCL, where the loss in weight should not be more than 2
percent. It has 2 hrs. fire rating. It is non-toxic.
Energy Efficiency: In case of rat-trap bond or cavity walls, acts as energy efficient.
Embodied energy:- 4.50 MJ/Kg
Drawbacks: Unfinished exterior walls are exposed to physical damages such as efflorescence.
Initial cost: Rs. 2.60/- as per DSR, 2007
Life Span: 60 years
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
NEW
WALLING SYSTEMS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
INTRODUCTION
Construction Blocks – as alternative walling elements
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
INTRODUCTION
Concrete block technology offers a speedier,
speedier cost effective,
effective environmentally sound
alternative to conventional walling materials. It is based on the principle of densification of a lean
concrete mix to make a regular shaped, uniform, high performance masonry unit. Concrete Block
Technology can be easily adapted to suit special needs of users by modifying design parameters
such as mix proportion, water/cement ratio and type of production system. It is an effective means
of utilizing wastes generated by stone crushers, quarrying and stone processing units. The
technology has high potential in areas where raw materials are easily available.
available
UNIQUE FEATURES:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BASIC TYPOLOGY:
The variety of construction blocks is extensive, from dense through to lightweight, offering a range of
load bearing strength and sound & thermal insulation properties.
Construction blocks are defined as solid , hollow or cellular as shown.
S lid concrete
Solid t blocks
bl k H ll
Hollow concrete
t blocks
bl k C ll l concrete
Cellular t blocks
bl k
A variety of interlocking blocks have been developed during the past years, differing in material
composition, shape and size, depending on the required strengths and uses.
V i
Various t
type off interlocking
i t l ki bl k
blocks
Interlocking blocks are produced in special moulds, in which compaction can be done by hand or
mechanically, depending on the type of block, material used, required quality and available
resources. The blocks can be made directly at the building site, or on a larger scale in a
production yard.
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INTERLOCKING HOLLOW
CORE BLOCKS
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1. INTERLOCKING HOLLOW CORE BLOCKS BY ANANGPUR BUILDING
CENTRE
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS
Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
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BENEFITS:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BENEFITS:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BENEFITS:
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
BENEFITS:
Using
g the p
plasticity
y of concrete,, the simple
p molding
g p
process delivers an Interlocking
g Block with
tremendous resilience against horizontal thrusts and the resultant tension.
The diagonal bond has been developed to resist lateral thrusts during an earthquake. These thrusts
g y to the foundation with each p
are transferred diagonally perpendicular
p wall acting
g as a buttress for the
other. This bond also allows better load distribution while building on unpredictable soils such as
black cotton soil, which have a tendency to swell and shrink.
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CASE STUDIES:
Diagonal
g interlocking
g blocks have been used for earthquake
q resistant housing
g in Gujarat,
j , India
20 ft. high freestanding walls recently withstood an earthquake measuring up to 5.8 on the R. scale.
Architect’s
A hi ’
Residence,
Anangpur,
Faridabad
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CASE STUDIES:
Pushkarna
Residence,
Chandigarh
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CASE STUDIES:
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMPARISON CHART:
Energy is listed for per cu.m. of 230mm. Brick wall and 1 cu.m. of 200 mm. interlocking block wall
S No
S.No. Description Quantity Energy KwH/ Energy
unit consumed (KwH)
A Brick Wall
3 Cement Plaster
Total 825.88
B Interlocking
g Concrete Block Wall
Total 523.23
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VARIOUS INVENTIONS
BY BMTPC
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1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
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1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi
1. SOLID/ HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
Tentative Project Costs
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2. CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS
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2. CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS
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2. CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS
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2. CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS
Tentative Project Cost
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Divisha Jindal M.B.E.M. – ‘I’ 2009-10 S.P.A., New Delhi