Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber & Arfken

Physics 451, 452, 725: Mathematical Methods
Russell Bloomer1
University of Virginia
Note: There is no guarantee that these are correct, and they should not be copied
1
email: rbloomer@virginia.edu
Contents
1 451: Problem Set 2 1

1.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.1 Problem 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Problem 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Problem 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Problem 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Problem5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


4.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
i
6.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A Special Functions 29
ii
Chapter 1
451: Problem Set 2
1.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.6
Prove :
(A × B) · (A × B) = (AB)2 − (A · B)2
We know A × B from Eq. 1.36c and 1.381 :
A × B = (Ay Bz − Az By )x̂ + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ŷ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )ẑ
We also know A · B from Eq. 1.241 :
A · B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
This same equation can be used to find the magnitude of each of the vectors.
We will now examine the left side of this equation.
(A × B) · (A × B) = (Ay Bz − Az By )2 + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )2 + (Ax By − Ay Bx )2
(A × B) · (A × B)
= A2y B2z + Az B2y − 2Ay Bz Az By + A2z B2x +

(1.1)
Ax B2z − 2Az Bx Ax Bz + A2x B2y + Ay B2x − 2Ax By Ay Bx
Now that the left side has been examined, we can look at the right side of the equation.
(AB)2 = A2 B2
= A2x B2x + A2x B2y + A2x B2z + A2y B2x + A2y B2y +
A2y B2z + A2z B2x + A2z B2y + A2z B2z (1.2)

2
(A · B)
= A2x B2x + A2y B2y + A2z B2z + 2Ax Bx Ay By + 2Ax Bx Az Bz + 2Ay By Az Bz (1.3)
Now we combine Eq.2 − Eq.3 yields
A2x B2y + A2x B2z + A2y B2x + A2y B2z +

A2z B2x + A2z B2y− 2Ax Bx Ay By − 2Ax Bx Az Bz − 2Ay By Az Bz (1.4)
Eq.1 = Eq.4 X
1 Arfken and Weber
1 Arfken and Weber
1
Show that if a, b, c and d are in one plane, then (a × b) × (c × d) = 0.

The cross product of a and b will be one of three cases, which are perpendicular up, down and 0. The same is true
for the vectors c and d. We can define vectors e = a × b and f = c × d. Since e and f are either up, down or 0, they
are either 0◦ or 180◦ to each other. By Eq. 1.44 2 , the cross product is 0, due to a sine function. In the case of 0,
the cross product is 0, because the 0 vector has no magnitude. X
Find the magnetic induction B given the following information :
F = q(v × B)
F
v = x̂, = 2ẑ − 4ŷ
q
F
v = ŷ, = 4x̂ − ẑ
q
F
v = ẑ, = ŷ − 2x̂
q
The induction can be found using two cross products from the given information.

x̂ ŷ ẑ

1
0 0 = 2ẑ − 4ŷ
Bx By Bz
From this matrix, we find By = 2 and Bz = 4.

Now we use the next relationship to find the last term.

x̂ ŷ ẑ

0 1 0 = 4x̂ − ẑ

Bx By Bz
From this matrix, we find Bx = 1.

Combining these three yields B :
B = x̂ + 2ŷ + 4ẑ X
Show that :
a × (b × c) + b × (c × a) + c × (a × b) = 0
From the text, we know that :
a × (b × c) = b(a · c) − c(a · b)
We can infer the other two relationship will be the same. Make these substitutions, we find:
b(a · c) − c(a · b) + c(b · a) − a(b · c) + a(c · b) − b(c · a)

Because the dot product is associative:
b(a · c) − c(a · b) + c(a · b) − a(b · c) + a(b · c) − b(a · c) = 0 X

2 Arfken and Weber
2
For a vector A, which can be decomposed into a radial component Ar and tangential component At show that :
(a) Ar = r̂(A · r̂)
We know from the definition of the vector that Ar = A · r̂ and that the radial magnitude multiplied by the radial
unit vector will yield the radial vector.
Ar = (Ar )r̂ X
(b) At = −r̂ × (r̂ × A)

r̂ t̂ n̂
r̂ × A = 1 0 0 = At n̂ (1.5)
Ar At 0

r̂ t̂ n̂
r̂ × At n̂ = 1 0 0 = At t̂ = At X (1.6)
0 0 At
Show that if (A), B and C are coplanar, then
A·B×C=0
We know from the text that A · B × C = Ax By Cz − Ax Bz Cy + Ay Bz Cx − Ay Bx Cz + Az By Cx − Az Bx Cy . If the vectors
are coplanar then one of the components can be set to 0 under a transportation. If one of the components is 0 and
all the terms have one of each of the components, then the triple value is 0. Thus it is a necessary condition.
Lets assume A · B × C = 0, now show that it is coplanar.
One way to write the dot product is with a cosine, and one way to write the cross product is with a sine. Since we
know that it equals 0, then either sine or cosine or both terms are 0. If the cosine term is 0, then the cross product
is perpendicular to A, which would place it in the same plane as B and C. Thus they are coplanar. Now if the sine
term is 0, then (B) and C form a line. A third vector would then form a plane with that line. Thus it is sufficient
for this condition.
A·B×C=0 X
Show that :
(A × B) · (C × D) = (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)
First we will expand the left side.
(A × B) · (C × D)
= ((Ay Bz − Az By )x̂ + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ŷ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )ẑ)
·((Cy Dz − Cz Dy )x̂ + (Cz Dx − Cx Dz )ŷ + (Cx Dy − Cy Dx )ẑ)
= (Ay Bz − Az By )(Cy Dz − Cz Dy ) + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )(Cz Dx − Cx Dz ) + (Ax By − Ay Bx )(Cx Dy − Cy Dx )
= Ay Bz Cy Dz − Ay Bz Cz Dy − Az By Cy Dz + Az By Cz Dy + Az Bx Cz Dx − Az Bx Cx Dz − Ax Bz Cz Dx
+Ax Bz Cx Dz + Ax By Cx Dy − Ax By Cy Dx − Ay Bx Cx Dy + Ay Bx Cy Dx
3
= (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz )(Bx Dx + By Dy + Bz Dz ) − (Ax Dx + Ay Dy + Az Dz )(Bx Cx + By Cy + Bz Cz )
= (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)
This is exactly the same as the right side of the equation. X
4
Chapter 2
451: Problem Set 5
2.1 Problem 1.
Show that :
Tij = Aij + Sij + cδij Tkk
Where Aij = −Aji,antisymmetric, and Sij = Sji ,symmetric, and Tkk ,trace.
We can represent the antisymmetric and symmetric parts with two matrices.

0 A12 A13

Aij = −A12 0 A23
(2.1)
−A13 −A23 0

0 S12 S13
Sij = S12 0 S23 (2.2)
S13 S23 0
Now combining any ij-term, one finds that as long as i 6= j then Tij = Aij + Sij . Now we have to find for when i = j.
So the last term must vanish when i¬j, we know that the Kronecker delta function has this behavior. This yields :
Tij = Aij + Sij + δij

Well this is not all of the value, because the delta function only has a value of one. There must be some constant to
yield the proper result. The scalar value must have the property :
n
X
cδij = Tkk
i,j=1
Now combine this last term to the previous value.
Tij = Aij + Sij + cδij Tkk

1
So what is important to note is that on any average n-dimensional term c = n
, but for an exact value there is a need
for an indency.
2.2 Problem 2.
a.
Show for the epsilon tensor that :
εijk εilm = δjl δkm − δjm δkl

The definition for the Levi-Civita Symbol given in Arfken
εijk = ei · ej × ek (2.3)
5
for a nonzero value textbf ej × ek must be in the ei direction. Because of this then
εijk εilm = (ei · ej × ek ) (ei · el × em )

= (ej × ek ) · (el × em )
From Arfken (pg 33)

(A × B) · (C × D) = (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)
We apply this property to find
(ej × ek ) · (el × em ) = (ej · el ) (ek · em ) − (ej · em ) (ek · el )
From definition Kronecker delta, eu · ev = δuv with this then
(ej · el ) (ek · em ) − (ej · em ) (ek · el ) = δjl δkm − δjm δkl
b.
Evaluate : εijk εijl
Using part a.
εijk εijl = δjj δkl − δjl δjk
Using inspection the last term is one when j=k=l, then the first term is also one therefore it is 0. Now sum over all
of the terms.
3
X 3
X 3
X
δjj δkl − δjl δjk = 2δkl = 6
j=1 k=l6=j=1 k=l=1
2.3 Problem 3.
Prove that
∂Ai ∂Aj
Ai;j − Aj;i = −
∂xj ∂xi
By the definition of a covariant derivative
∂Ai
Ai;j = − Ak Γkij (2.4)
∂xj
With switching of the indencies
∂Aj
Aj;i = − Ak Γkji
∂xi
From Arfken, we know that Γkji = Γkij .
∂Ai ∂Aj
Ai;j − Aj;i = − Ak Γkij − + Ak Γkji
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − + Ak Γkji − Ak Γkij
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − + Ak Γkji − Ak Γkji
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − +0
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= −
∂xj ∂xi
2.4 Problem 4.
Not required to do.
6
2.5 Problem5.
From the transformation properties of gij and the definition of the Christoffel Symbol Γijk obtain the transformation
law for Γijk given in class.
From Arfken (pg 154)
∂gjk ∂gij

1 ks ∂gik
Γsij = g + − (2.5)
2 ∂xj ∂xi ∂xk
so then
∂g0ik ∂g0jk ∂g0ij

1 0ks
Γ0s
ij = g + −
2 ∂x0j ∂x0i ∂x0k
We also know that
0 ∂xi ∂xj
gkl = gij (2.6)
∂x0k ∂x0l
∂x ∂x0l ij
0k
g 0kl = g (2.7)
∂xi ∂xj
let us examine on of part of the metric transformation and then we can use this to apply to the other parts.
∂xp ∂xm

∂ 0 ∂
g ij = g pm
∂x0k ∂x0k ∂x0i ∂x0j
∂gpm ∂xl ∂xp ∂xm ∂ 2 xp ∂xm ∂ 2 xp ∂xm
= 0k 0i 0j
+ gpm 0k 0i 0j
+ gpm 0k 0j
l
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x0i
The other two parts of the metric transformation are just permutations of the pervious one. So
∂xl ∂xp ∂xm ∂gml ∂ 2 xp ∂xm

∂ 0 ∂ 0 ∂ 0 ∂gpl ∂gpm
0i
g kj + 0j
g ki − 0k
g ik = 0k 0i 0j
+ − + 2gpm 0i 0j
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂xp ∂xm ∂xl ∂x ∂x ∂x0k
With the definition of the Christoffel Symbol we find that
∂x∂s ∂xl ∂xm p ∂x0s ∂ 2 xp

Γ0s
ij = 0i 0j
Γlm + (2.8)
p
x ∂x ∂x ∂xp ∂x0i ∂x0j
7
8
Chapter 3
451: Problem Set 6
a.
For

a b
a + ib ↔
−b a
Show that addition (i) and multiplication (ii) are valid

(i)
Let us define another matrix

c d
c + id ↔
−d c
Now add the two complex numbers and convert to matrix form.

a+c b+d
a + ib + c + id = (a + c) + i(b + d) ↔
−b − d b+c
Now add the two matrices directly.

a b c d a+c b+d
+ =
−b a −d c −b − d b+c
This does hold for addition. X
(ii)
First for a real scalar

aα bα
α(a + ib) = aα + ibα ↔
−bα aα
Now the scalar directly to the matrix

a b aα bα
α =
−b a −bα aα
Next for two matrices.

a b c d ac − bd ad + bc
=
−b a −d c −bc − ad −bd + ac
For two complex numbers multiplied

ac − bd ad + bc
(a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + i(ad + cb) ↔
−ad − bc ac − bd
The product for two matrices. X
9
b.
Find the matrix for (a + ib)−1
−1
a b
(a + ib)−1 ↔
−b a
From equation 3.50 in Arfken.
(−1) Cji
aij = (3.1)
|A|
So

a −b
Cji =
b a
|A| = a2 + b2
a −b
(a + ib)−1 = a2 +b2
b
a2 +b2
a X
a2 +b2 a2 +b2
If A is an n × n matrix, show that

det(−A) = (−1)n detA
Let us look at the case of when the matrix is multiplied by a real scalar,α
αA = α1n A
detαA = det(α1n )detA
The determinate of a diagonal matrix is just the multiplication of the diagonal terms. In this case all the diagonal
terms have a value of α.
n
Y
det(α1n ) = αi = αn
i=1
Now substitute this term into the previous equation.
detαA = det(α1n )detA = αn detA
Then set α = −1
det(−A) = (−1)n detAX
a.
Show that the square of the following matrix is 0
b2

ab
A=
−a2 −ab
Then A2
b2 b2 a2 b2 − a2 b2 ab3 − ab3

ab ab
= =0
−a2 −ab −a2 −ab −a3 b + a3 b −a2 b2 + a2 b2
b.
10
Show a numerical case for if C=A+B, in general det C 6= det A+det B
Let

3 1
A=
−9 −3

2 1
B=
−4 −2
Then

5 2
C=
−13 −5
Now for the determinants
detA = 0
detB = 0
detC = 1
Therefore, det C 6= det A+det B X
a.
Show that [Mx , My ] = iMz and so on.

Lets start with defining all the products of two M-matrices
 1
0 − 12
    
0 1 0 0 −i 0 2
1  1
Mx My = √ 1 0 1 √  i 0 −i  = i  0 0 0  (3.2)
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0 1
0 − 1
2 2
 1
− 2 0 − 12
    
0 −i 0 0 1 0
1 1
My Mx = √  i 0 −i  √  1 0 1  = i 0 0 0  (3.3)
2 0 i 0 2 0 1 0 1
0 1
2 2
    
0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0
1
Mx Mz = √  1 0 1  1 0 1  = i  − √i2 0 √i2  (3.4)
2 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 0
i
0 − √2 0
     
1 0 0 0 1 0
Mz Mx =  0 0 0  √1  1 0 1  = i 0 0 0  (3.5)
0 0 −1 2 0 1 0 0 √i
0
2
    
0 −i 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 
My Mz = √ i 0 −i   0 0 0  = i  √12 0 − √12  (3.6)
2 0 i 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0
1
0 0
     
1 0 0 0 −i 0 √
1 2
Mz My =  0 0 0 √  i 0 −i  = i  0 0 0  (3.7)
0 0 −1 2 0 i 0 0 − √12 0
11
Now for the commutation relations
 
1 0 0
[Mx , My ] = Mx My − My Mx = i  0 0 0  = iMz (3.8)
0 0 −1
 
−1 0 0
[My , Mx ] = My Mx − Mx My = i  0 0 0  = −iMz (3.9)
0 0 1
 
0 − √i2 0
[Mz , Mx ] = Mz Mx − Mz Mx = i  √i2 0 − √i2  = iMy (3.10)

i
0 √
2
0
 
0 √i 0
2
[Mx , Mz ] = Mx Mz − Mz Mx = i  − √i2 0 √i = −iMy (3.11)
 
2 
i
0 − √2 0
 1

0 √
2
0
[My , Mz ] = My Mz − Mz My = i  √12 0 √1 = iMx (3.12)
 
2 
1
0 √
2
0
 
0 − √12 0
[Mz , My ] = Mz My − My Mz = i  − √12 0 − √12 
 = −iMx (3.13)

1
0 − 2 √ 0
This is equivalent as
[Mi , Mj ] = iεijk Mk X
b.
Show that
M2 ≡ M2x + M2y + M2z = 213
Examining term
     
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1  1 1
M2x = √ 1 0 1 √  1 0 1 =  0 2 0  (3.14)
2 2 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
     
0 −i 0 0 −i 0 1 0 −1
1 1 1
M2y = √  i 0 −i  √  i 0 −i  =  0 2 0  (3.15)
2 2 2
0 i 0 0 i 0 −1 0 1
    
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
M2z =  0 0 0  0 0 0 = 0 0 0  (3.16)
0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 1
Now combine these terms
     
1 0 1 1 0 −1 1 0 0
1 1
0 2 0 +  0 2 0 + 0 0 0 =
2 2
1 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1
   
2 0 0 1 0 0
 0 2 0  = 2  0 1 0  = 213 X
0 0 2 0 0 1
c.
Show that
M2 , Mi = 0

(3.17)
Mz , L+ = L+

(3.18)
+ −
L , L = 2Mz (3.19)
12
where
L+ ≡ Mx + iMy
L− ≡ Mx − iMy
Let’s begin with M2 , Mi = 0. We know that M2 = 213 , so

M2 , Mi = 2 [13 , Mi ]

= 2 (13 Mi − Mi 13 )
= 2 (Mi − Mi )
= 2 (0)
= 0X
Now we have to find L+

   
0 1 0 0 −i 0
1 i 
L+ ≡ Mx + iMy = √  1 0 1 + √ i 0 −i 
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0
   
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 
= √  1 0 1 + √ −1 0 1 
2 0 1 0 2 0 −1 0
 
0 2 0
1
= √  0 0 2 
2 0 0 0
Now Mz , L+ = L+

Mz , L+ = Mz L+ − L+ , Mz

      
1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0
1 1
= 0 0 0  √  0 0 2 − √  0 0 2  0 0 0 
0 0 −1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 −1
   
0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1
= √  0 0 0  − √  0 0 −2 
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
 
0 2 0
1
= √  0 0 2 
2 0 0 0
= L+ X
Lastly for L+ , L− = 2Mz . We first need L−

   
0 1 0 0 −i 0
− 1  i 
L ≡ Mx − iMy = √ 1 0 1 − √ i 0 −i 
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0
   
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 
= √  1 0 1 − √ −1 0 1 
2 0 1 0 2 0 −1 0
 
0 0 0
1
= √  2 0 0 
2 0 2 0
13
Now for L+ , L− = 2Mz

+ −
L , L = L+ L− − L− L+
       
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
1  1 1 1
= √ 0 0 2  √  2 0 0 − √  2 0 0 √  0 0 2 
2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
   
4 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
=  0 4 0 −  0 4 0 
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 4
 
1 0 0
= 2 0 0 0 
0 0 −1
= 2Mz X
If A and B are diagonal, show that A and B commute.

For two matrices to commute [A, B] = AB − BA = 0
If A and B are diagonal then they are must be of same dimension n
We can define
Xn
A= aij δij (3.20)
i,j=1
n
X
B= bij δij (3.21)
i,j=1
Let C = AB and D = BA
n
X n X
X n
C= cij = aik bkj δik δkj
i,j i,j=1 k=1
n
X n X
X n
D= dij = bik akj δik δkj
i,j i,j=1 k=1
We can reduce this, because of the double δs

n
X n
X
cij = aii bjj δij
i,j i,j=1
n
X n
X
dij = bii ajj δij
i,j i,j=1
n
X n
X
cij δij = aii bii
i,j i=1
n
X n
X
dij δij = bii aii
i,j i=1
So C and D are both diagonal matrices, also. Because each term of A and B are scalars, then aii bii = bii aii .
Therefore
Xn n
X n
X n
X
C= cij δij = aii bii = bii aii = dij δij = D
i,j i=1 i=1 i,j
C = AB = D = BA
Therefore
[A, B] = AB − BA = 0X
14
Show that
detA−1 = (detA)−1
Let’s begin with the hint that we are given to use the product theorem of section 3.2 in Arfken, which is
det(AB) = detAdetB
so let A = A and B = A−1 , then
detAA−1 = detAdetA−1
det(13 ) = detAdetA−1
By the definition of determinate det(13 ) = 1, and that the determinate is a scalar value.
det(13 ) = detAdetA−1
1 = detAdetA−1
−1
(detA) = detA−1 X
Find the inverse of

 
3 2 1
A= 2 2 1  (3.22)
1 1 4
We begin with
 
3 2 1 1 0 0

 2 2 1 0

1 0 
1 1 4 0 0 1

Now reorder the rows by inspection.

 
1 1 4 0 0 1

 3 2 1 1

0 0 
2 2 1 0 1 0

Now cancel all but the diagonal terms.

   
1 1 4 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 0 1

 3 2 1 1 0 0 → 0 −1 −11 1 0 −3

2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 −7 0 1 −2

   
1 1 4 0 0 1 1 0 −7 1 0 −2

 0 1 11 −1 0 3 → 0 1 11 −1 0

3 
0 0 −7 0 1 −2 0 0 −7 0 1 −2

   
1 0 −7 1 0 −2 1 0 0 1 −1 0

 0 1 11 −1 0 3 → 0 1 0 −1 11 − 17

7
0 0 1 0 − 71 2
0 0 1 0 − 17 2

7 7
So
 
1 −1 0
A−1 =  −1 11
7
− 17  (3.23)
0 − 17 2
7
15
Now let’s check that this is indeed the inverse.
    
3 2 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0
−1 11 1 
AA =  2 2 1   −1 7
−7 = 0 1 0 
1 1 4 0 − 17 2
7
0 0 1
    
1 −1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0
AA−1 =  −1 11 7
− 1
7
 2 2 1  =  0 1 0 
1 2
0 −7 7
1 1 4 0 0 1
So this is indeed the inverse. X
16
Chapter 4
725: Problem Set 4
4.1 Problem 1
zn
Use only known functions (and series) to improve the convergence of ∞ n−1
P
n=1 (−1) n
so that the final series con-
verges absolutely at z = ±1. Where is the singularity and what happens to it?
zn
P∞
This summation is equivalent to ln (1 + z) = n=1 (−1)n−1 n
. If both sides is multiplied by (1 + a1 z) to find
∞
X zn
(1 + a1 z) ln (1 + z) = (1 + a1 z) (−1)n−1
n=1
n
∞ ∞
X n−1 zn X z n+1
= (−1) + a1 (−1)n−1
n=1
n n=1
n
Now making everything to the same power
(1 + a1 z) ln (1 + z) =
∞ ∞
X zn X zn
z+ (−1)n−1 + a1 (−1)n−1
n=2
n n=2
n−1
∞
zn

X 1 a1
=z+ (−1)n−1 −
n=2
n n−1 n
∞
X n (1 − a1 ) − 1
=z+ (−1)n−1 zn
n=2
n(n − 1)
Now set a1 = 1. So check when z = −1
∞
X −1
(z = −1) + (−1)n−1 (z = −1)n =
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
−1+ (−1)n−1 (−1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
= −1 + (−1)2n−1
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X 1
= −1 + (−1)2n−2
n=2
n(n − 1)
Shifting the summation from n = 2 to n = 1, also (−1)2n−2 = 1

∞
(z = −1)n

X −1
(z = −1) + (−1)n−1
n=2
n(n − 1) n
∞
X 1
= −1 + = −1 + 1 = 0
n=1
n(n + 1)
17
The summation is known to be 1.1 This means the series converges absolutely at z = −1. Now for z = 1
∞
X −1
(z = 1) + (−1)n−1 (z = 1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
=1+ (−1)n−1 (1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
Now the absolute value of the summation, because if this converges absolutely, so does the actual summation.
∞
X 1
1+
n=2
n(n − 1)
Shifting the summation from n = 2 to n = 1

∞ ∞
X 1 X 1
1+ =1+
n=2
n(n − 1) n=1
n(n + 1)
As earlier the summation is absolutely convergent. Therefore the function is absolutely convergent at z = 1. In the
original summation there was a singularity at z = −1. This is removed by multiplying by a function, which at −1
equals 0. This suppresses the singularity. X
4.2 Problem 2
What is the threshold energy necessary to produce a ∆ at 1232 MeV in electron scattering according to e+p → e0 +∆?
The energy squared in the center of mass frame for the system is
s = (me + mp )2
The threshold energy is the energy of the electron, which in four space
pe (pp + pe ) pe · pp + pe · pe
Ee = √ = √
s s
Because of the small size of electrons mass pe · pe = m2e ≈ 0. Also, pe · pp = 1

(me0 + m∆ )2 − m2e + m2p . Again,

2
all m2e and m2e0 terms are set to 0. The energy becomes
m2∆ + 2m∆ me0 − m2p

Ee ≈ √
2 s
m2∆ + 2m∆ me0 − m2p
=
2 (m∆ + me0 )
Now inserting the values for the masses
12322 + 2(.511)(1232) − 938.32

Ee ≈ = 340.1MeV X
2(.511 + 938.3)
4.3 Problem 3
2 2 2
Let A = ∂∂xf2 , B = ∂x∂y
∂ f
, and C = ∂∂yf2 . We have a saddle point if B 2 − AC > 0. For f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) apply
the Cauchy-Riemann conditions and show that u and v do not have both a maximum or minimum in a finite region
on the complex plane.
For u(x, y)
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

A= , B= , C=
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
1 Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists 5th Ed. pg 316
18
Then B 2 − AC > 0 becomes
2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

− >0
∂x∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
Applying the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions2
∂2u ∂2v ∂2u

2
→− →− 2
∂y ∂x∂y ∂x
Then B 2 − AC > 0 simplifies to

2 2
∂2u ∂2u

+ >0
∂x∂y ∂x2
This is always greater than 0, because u is a real value function. Therefore there are no maximum nor minimum for u.
For v(x, y)
∂2v ∂2v ∂2v

A= , B= , C=
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Then B 2 − AC > 0 becomes

2
∂2v ∂2v ∂2v

− >0
∂x∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
Applying the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
∂2v ∂2u ∂2v

2
→− →− 2
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Then B 2 − AC > 0 simplifies to

2 2
∂2v ∂2v

+ >0
∂x∂y ∂y 2
This is always greater than 0, because v is a real value function, because the imaginary term comes from the i in
front of v. Therefore there are no maximum nor minimum for v. X
4.4 Problem 4
Find the analytic function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

a
For u = x3 − 3xy
From the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions

∂u ∂v
= 3x2 − 3y 2 =
∂x ∂y
From this, integrate with respect to y to find v
Z Z
3x2 − 3y 2 ∂y → v = 3x2 y − y 3 + c0

∂v =
where c0 is a constant of integration. So
w(x, y) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) + ic0

= x3 − 3xy 2 + 3ix2 y − iy 3 + c
2 Arfken and Weber. Mathematical Methods for Physicists 5th Ed. pg 400
19
where c = ic0 . Now in the form of f (z), where z is the form z = x + iy
w(x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2 + 3ix2 y − iy 3 + c

= (x + iy) x2 + 2ixy − y 2 + c

= (x + iy) (x + iy)2 + c → f (z) = z 3 + c X
b
For v = e−y sin x
Beginning with the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions

∂v ∂u
= −e−y sin x =
∂y ∂x
Integrating this with respect to x to find u
Z Z
∂u = −ey sin x∂x → u = e−y cos x + k
where k is a constant of integration. So
w(x, y) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

= e−y cos x + ie−y sin x + k
Now in the form of f (z)
w(x, y) = e−y cos x + ie−y sin x + k

= e−y (cos x + i sin x) + k
= e−y eix + k → ei(x+iy) + k → f (z) = eiz + k X
20
Chapter 5
725: Problem Set 5
5.1 Problem 1
Starting with the Euler integral, analytically continue the Gamma function into the left-hand complex plane and
determine its poles with their residues.
The Euler integral is

Z ∞
Γ(z) = e−t tz−1 dt (5.1)
0
To extend into the the left hand side of the complex plane. Consider
Z ∞
Γ(z + 1) = e−t tz dt
0
Z ∞
∞
= −et t−z 0 + e−t ztz−1 dt = zΓ(z)
0
So consider z = −z
Z ∞
Γ(−z + 1) = e−t t−z dt
0
∞
Z ∞
= −et t−z 0 + e−t (−z)t−z−1 dt
0
= −zΓ(−z)
This can be continued indefinitely to the left. The poles can be found know that a 0 has to be in the denominator.
This occurs for z = 0, −1, −2, . . .. The value at these poles can be found from equation 6.47
I
n! f (z)dz
f (n) (zo ) = (5.2)
2πi (z − zo )n+1
For the Gamma function from the Euler integral form, f (z) = e−t . The value of f (n) (0) = ±1 depending if n is even
n
or odd. This becomes f (n) (0) = (−1)n . Therefore the residues are (−1)
n!
5.2 Problem 2
What kind of analytic functions are sin z, 1/ sin z and what are their singularities?
Let sin z = sin(x + iy). This can be expanded to
sin(x + iy) = sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy

= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
21
1
At large values for y, the function approaches ∞, so the behavior at large z must be examined. So replace z = w
, in
the summation representation
∞ ∞
X (−1)n z 2n+1 X (−1)n
sin z = =
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)!w2n+1
So as z → ∞, w → 0 means there are “poles” at z = ∞. The problem is that the largest “poles” has power of ∞.
This means that sin z has an essential singularity at z = ∞ X
Now for sin1 z . This function has poles at z = ±nπ, where n is an integer. The pole expansion can be found using
the method form equation 7.15.
∞
X
bn (z − an )−1 + a−1

f (z) = f (0) + n (5.3)
n=1
For this f (z), the above expansion must include all negative n. For f (z), bn = 1/ cos z|zO . This means bn = ±1.
When n is even b2n = 1 and -1 for odd.
1 1
= +
sin z z
∞
X 1 1 1 1
(−1)n + + +
n=1
z − nπ nπ z + nπ −nπ
∞
1 X 1 1
= + (−1)n +
z n=1 z − nπ z + nπ
This reduces to
∞
1 1 X 1 1
= + (−1)n +
sin z z n=1 z − nπ z + nπ
∞
1 X 2z
= + (−1)n 2 X
z n=1 z 2 − (nπ)
5.3 Problem 3
P∞ 1
Evaluate the series n=−∞ n2 +2−2 at least approximately and exactly if possible.
An approximation of the sum is with an integral.

∞ Z ∞
X 1 dx
≈
n=−∞
n2 + 2−2 −∞ x2 + 2−2
This integral can be evaluated in the complex plane on the semi circle of the upper plane.
Z ∞ I
dx dz
2 + 2−2
=
−∞ x (z + 1/2i) (z − 1/2i)
The only pole in the upper plane is zo = 1/2i. The integral becomes
I
dz X
= 2πi f (z)z
(z + 1/2i) (z − 1/2i) o

1
= 2πi = 2π
1/2i + 1/2i
This value is a good approximation of the real value, which is 2π coth π/2. The approximation is within 10% of the
actual. X
22
5.4 Problem 4
Evaluate the integrals

Z ∞ Z ∞
dx dx
, (5.4)
0 1 + 2x2 + x4 0 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3
For the first integral, the function is an even function it can be extended to the negative axis. So
Z ∞
1 ∞
Z
dx dx
=
0 1 + 2x2 + x4 2 −∞ 1 + 2x2 + x4
So then map it in complex plane to find
Z ∞
1 dz
2 −∞ 1 + 2z 2 + z 4
Now factor into its roots
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 dz 1 dz
=
2 −∞ 1 + 2z 2 + z 4 2 −∞ (z − i)2 (z + i)2
There are roots of second power. Applying equation 6.461 for z = i, because the contour is only of the upper plane.
" #
1 ∞
Z
dz 2πi −2
=
2 −∞ (z − i)2 (z + i)2 2 (zo + i)3 zo =i

1 π
= πi = X
4i 4
For the second integral, the use of natural logarithm as discussed in lecture will be applied. The integral can be
written as
Z ∞
dx
0 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3
Z ∞
dx
= √ √
0 1+i
(x + 1) x + 2 3 x + 1−i2 3
From lecture
I Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
f (z) ln zdz = − f (x)dx ln xdx + f (x)dx ln (x + 2πi)dx = 2πi f (x)dx
0 0 0
Or in terms of the real integral

Z ∞ I
1 X
f (x)dx = f (z) ln zdz = − Res f (z)z ln zi
0 2πi i
where zi are the poles. The poles are first order, so

Z ∞
dx
√ √
1+i 3
0 (x + 1) x + 2 x + 1−i2 3
Z ∞
1 ln zdz
= √ √
2πi 0 (z + 1) z + 1+i 3 z + 1−i2 3
2
X
= Res f (z)z ln zi
i
√ √
ln (−1) ln −1−i 3
ln−1+i 3
= √ √ + √ 2 √ √ + √ √
2
√
−1−i 3 −1−i 3 −1+i 3 −1+i 3
−1 + 1+i2 3 −1 + 1−i2 3 2
+1 2
+ 1−i 3
2 2
+ 1+i 3
2 2
+1
√ √ √
π 3 π 3 iπ π 3 iπ
=− + + + −
9 9 3 9 3
√
π 3
= X
9
1 Arfken and Weber 5th
23
24
Chapter 6
725: Problem Set 6
6.1 Problem 1
Solve the ODE (1 + x2 )y 0 + (1 − x)2 y(x) = xe−x with initial condition y(0) = 0
First solve the homogenous equation

(1 + x2 )y 0 + (1 − x)2 y(x) = 0
Writing y 0 = dy
dx
. Placing all the y’s on one side and the x’s the other
(1 − x)2 (1 − x)2
Z Z
dy dy
=− dx → = − dx
y 1 + x2 y 1 + x2
− ln C1 + ln y = −x + ln 1 + x2 → y = C1 (1 + x2 )e−x
So the homogenous solution is
yh = C1 (1 + x2 )e−x (6.1)
−x −x
Now solve for the particular solution with the guess y = Axe + Be
(1 + x2 )y 0 + (1 − x)2 y = xe−x → (1 + x2 )×
(−Ax + A − B) e−x + (1 − x)2 (Ax + B) e−x = xe−x
Since e−x appears in every term it can be cancelled. Now group everything in terms of powers of x
−Ax3 + Ax3 = 0 → Nothing is learned
(A − B)x2 − 2Ax2 + Bx2 = 0 → A = 0
−Ax + Ax − 2Bx = x → B = −1/2
A − B + B = 0 → Nothing is learned
So the particular solution is
1
yp = − e−x (6.2)
2
Finally solve for the boundary condition
y(0) = 0 → yh (0) + yp (0) = 0
1 1
y = C1 (1 + x )e − e−x → C1 (1 + 02 )e−0 − e−0 = 0
2 −x
2 2
1 1
C1 − = 0 → C1 =
2 2
Then the solution is
1 1 1
y= (1 + x2 )e−x − e−x → y = x2 e−x X
2 2 2
25
6.2 Problem 2
Solve the ODE y 00 − 65 y 0 + 9

25
y(x) = 0 with initial conditions y(1) = 0, y 0 (1) = 2.
Let’s guess that the solution has the form y = erx , so the differential equation becomes
5 rx 9 rx
r2 erx − re + e =0
6 25
5 9
r2 − r + =0
6 25
Solving for r
r
5 25 9
r= ± −
12 144 25
5 i √
= ± 671
12 60
So the solution as the form
5 i
√ 5 i
√
y = C1 e( 12 + 60 671)x
+ C2 e( 12 − 60 671)x
For ease of calculation

5 i √ 5 i √
ω1 = + 671, ω2 = − 671
12 60 12 60
Now solve for the boundary conditions.
y(1) = 0 → C1 eω1 + C2 eω2 = 0 → C2 = −C1 eω1 −ω2
Now the second condition
y 0 (1) = 2 → C1 ω1 eω1 + C2 ω2 eω2 = 2

C1 ω1 eω1 − C1 eω1 −ω2 ω2 eω2 = 2
C1 ω1 eω1 − ω2 eω1 −ω2 +ω2 = 2

2e−ω1
C1 =
ω1 − ω2
Therefore
−2e−ω2
C2 = −C1 eω1 −ω2 → C2 =
ω1 − ω2
The final solution is then
2e−ω1 ω1 x 2eω2 ω2 x
y= e − e
ω1 − ω2 ω1 − ω2
√ √
( 5 − i 671 + 5 + i 671 x
− 12
−60ie 60 12 60
y= √
671
√ √
5 + i 671 + 5 − i 671 x
− 12
60ie 60 12 60
+ √ X
671
6.3 Problem 3
Solve (x2 − 2x + 1)y 00 − 4(x − 1)y 0 − 14y(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 8 for the general solution. Then adjust it to the initial
condition y(0) = 9/20, y 0 (0) = 11/10
This differential equation can be written as
(x − 1)2 y 00 − 4(x − 1)y 0 − 14y = (x − 1)3 − 7
26
Define z ≡ (x − 1), then differential becomes
z 2 y 00 − 4zy 0 − 14y = z 3 − 7
The homogenous equation is just Euler differential equation with y = z p
z p (p(p − 1) − 4p − 14) = 0 → p2 − 5p − 14 = 0
The solution for p is p = 7, −2. So the homogenous solution is then
yh = C1 z 7 + C2 z −2 (6.3)
The particular solution is of the form
y = Az 3 + Bz 2 + Cz + D
Now, because the second derivative is multiplied by z 2 and the first derivative is multiplied by z, all terms but the
constant and z 3 are zero, ie B = C = 0. So
6Az 3 − 12Az 3 − 14Az 3 − 14D = z 3 − 7

−1 1
A= ,D =
20 2
Therefore the particular solution is
−1 3 1
yp = z + (6.4)
20 2
Finally for the constants with the boundary conditions y(−1) = 9/20 and y 0 (−1) = 11/10. For y(−1) = 9/20
−C1 + C2 + 1/20 + 1/2 = 9/20 → C2 = C1 − 1/10

0
Now, y (−1) = 11/10
7C1 + 2 (C1 − 1/10) − 3/20 = 11/10 → C1 = 29/180
Then
C2 = 29/180 − 1/10 → C2 = 11/180
The solution becomes when z = x − 1 is substituted back in

29 11 1 1
y= (x − 1)7 + (x − 1)−2 − (x − 1)3 + X (6.5)
180 180 20 2
6.4 Problem 4
Determine the general solution of the ODE xy 00 = y(x)y 0 that depends on two integration constants. Find another
solution that cannot be obtained from the general solution. Explain.
The right hand side can be written as

d 1 2
yy 0 = y
dx 2
Integrating both sides
Z Z Z
d 1 2 1 2
xy 00 = y → xy 00 = y + C10
dx 2 2
The left hand side can be done by partial integration with u = x, du = dx, v = y 0 and dv = y 00 , so
Z Z
xy 00 = xy 0 − y 0 dx = xy 0 − y + C100
27
Combining the two constants in to one, then
1 2 dy dx
xy 0 − y = y + C1 → 1 2 =
2 2
y + y + C1 x
Integrating both sides

Z Z
dy dx
1 2 =
2
y + y + C1 x
√

1 + y
2 tan−1 √ −1 + 2C1 = ln x + C2
−1 + 2C1
Solving for y

1+y
tan−1 √
p
= −1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2 )
−1 + 2C1
1+y hp i
√ = tan −1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2 )
−1 + 2C1
√ hp i
y = −1 + −1 + 2C1 tan −1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2 )
The solution that depends on two constant is

√ hp i
y = −1 + −1 + 2C1 tan −1/2 + C1 (ln x + C2 ) (6.6)
The third solution that cannot be obtained form the general solution is y = constant. This solution cause the
differential equation to become trivial, because y 0 = 0. Therefore, y 00 = 0. This is a solution because 0 times any
number is 0. X
28
Appendix A
Special Functions
Hi
29
Index
Cauchy-Riemann Conditions, 18, 19
30

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Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber & Arfken

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Physics 451, 452, 725: Mathematical Methods

1 451: Problem Set 2 1

2 451: Problem Set 5 5

3 451: Problem Set 6 9

4 725: Problem Set 4 17

5 725: Problem Set 5 21

1.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.6

We know A × B from Eq. 1.36c and 1.381 :

A × B = (Ay Bz − Az By )x̂ + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ŷ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )ẑ

We also know A · B from Eq. 1.241 :

(A × B) · (A × B) = (Ay Bz − Az By )2 + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )2 + (Ax By − Ay Bx )2

= A2y B2z + Az B2y − 2Ay Bz Az By + A2z B2x +

A2y B2z + A2z B2x + A2z B2y + A2z B2z (1.2)

A2x B2y + A2x B2z + A2y B2x + A2y B2z +

Show that if a, b, c and d are in one plane, then (a × b) × (c × d) = 0.

1.3 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.16

Find the magnetic induction B given the following information :

From this matrix, we find By = 2 and Bz = 4.

From this matrix, we find Bx = 1.

1.4 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.5.7

b(a · c) − c(a · b) + c(b · a) − a(b · c) + a(c · b) − b(c · a)

b(a · c) − c(a · b) + c(a · b) − a(b · c) + a(b · c) − b(a · c) = 0 X

(b) At = −r̂ × (r̂ × A)

1.6 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.5.9

Show that if (A), B and C are coplanar, then

1.7 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.5.12

= (Ay Bz − Az By )(Cy Dz − Cz Dy ) + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )(Cz Dx − Cx Dz ) + (Ax By − Ay Bx )(Cx Dy − Cy Dx )

Tij = Aij + Sij + δij

Now combine this last term to the previous value.

Tij = Aij + Sij + cδij Tkk

εijk εilm = δjl δkm − δjm δkl

εijk εilm = (ei · ej × ek ) (ei · el × em )

From Arfken (pg 33)

(ej × ek ) · (el × em ) = (ej · el ) (ek · em ) − (ej · em ) (ek · el )

From definition Kronecker delta, eu · ev = δuv with this then

(ej · el ) (ek · em ) − (ej · em ) (ek · el ) = δjl δkm − δjm δkl

From Arfken, we know that Γkji = Γkij .

Not required to do.

We also know that

∂xl ∂xp ∂xm ∂gml ∂ 2 xp ∂xm

With the definition of the Christoffel Symbol we find that

∂x∂s ∂xl ∂xm p ∂x0s ∂ 2 xp

3.1 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.4

Show that addition (i) and multiplication (ii) are valid

From equation 3.50 in Arfken.

3.2 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.5

If A is an n × n matrix, show that

Now substitute this term into the previous equation.

detαA = det(α1n )detA = αn detA

3.3 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.6

Show that the square of the following matrix is 0

Now for the determinants

Therefore, det C 6= det A+det B X

3.4 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.15

Show that [Mx , My ] = iMz and so on.

Let’s begin with M2 , Mi = 0. We know that M2 = 213 , so

Now we have to find L+

Lastly for L+ , L− = 2Mz . We first need L−

3.5 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.24

If A and B are diagonal, show that A and B commute.

We can reduce this, because of the double δs

so let A = A and B = A−1 , then

3.7 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.36