.' ,,11 U.

)-7"

g

!"I~ !"I~..,

!,,1~..9fo.o

mg

).lg

mgIL meq/L

L mL

J~'

mm

m

em

dS mS ).lS

<.)';"2' "2' ''':..1 <.) ';"2' "211 ¢

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du

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AAS CEC SAR

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jJl L:.:;..,. ':!' L ;, . L II I.L ~ II

t?..) <J""' . ~ ~

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~..l~1 !,,~..l~1 ~ ~I~I _I~ ·UL·.<'II.t....l.]l:J1

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~~I~..lWI ~_;JI.u~1 ~1~I~pHs'4-..)..l J..l4J-.J1 !,,~..l~ ~Jl,..J1 ~I (J~ ~..l.:>...9) jl.>_yl:,

155

Non-SI 1'l..t.O.:..Jl c>I.I.::o.jj SI .,rj.lJI 1'l..t.O.:..Jl c>I.I.::o.jJ-::~J.oI.¥.2 ~I
l.1j-W1 c>I.I.::o.jJ-::~ l.1j-W1 2.1j-W1 c>I.I.::o.jJ-::~
2 .Ij-WI c>I.I':::"j~l SI c>I.I.::o.j non-SI c>I.I.::o.j ~12 .Ij-WI
:-:''':-' ....... 1 l.1j-W1 c>I.I':::"j
:-:''':-' ....... 1
JjbJl
1.609 mi ,J:,-" (103m) km ,ji-o# 0.621
0.914 yd '~~_;l: m ,ji-o 1.094
0.304 ft 'i'"..-..i m ,ji-o 3.28
1.0 micron ,.:.u~ (1O.6m»).IlIl ,.:.u~ 1.0
25.4 in ';"""...1:' (10·3m) mm ,~ 3.94 x 10.2
0.1 A'i'",",~1 (1O.9m) nm ,ji-o..,.,L 10
a...:..L.....o...JI
0.405 Acre ,,)..-..i ha ,_;t:;Sj, 2.47
4.05 x 10.3 Acre ,,)..-..i (103m)2 km2 't7.!"" ji-o# 247
2.590 mi-' 'C:7Y' J:,-" (103m)2 km2 't7.!"" ji-o# 0.386
4.05 x 103 Acre ,,)..-..i m2 'C:7.!"" ji-o 2.47 x 104
9.29 x 10.2 ft2 '~.!""i'"..-..i m2 'C:7.!"" ji-o 10.76
645 in2,~.!"";,...,....I:' (10·3m2) mm- 'C:7.!""~ 1.55 x 10.3
~I
102.8 Acre-inch ';"""...I:'""",)..-..i m3 ,~ji-o 9.73 x 10.3
2.83 x 10.2 ft3,~i'"..-..i m ' ,~ji-o 35.3
1.64 x 10.5 in3,~;,...,....I:' m ' ,~ji-o 6.10 x 104
28.3 ft3,~i'"..-..i (1O.3m3) L ,~ 3.53 x 10.2
3.78 gallon ,~ (1O.3m3) L ,~ 0.265
2.96 x 10.2 oz ,(J;I......)u .... _,1 (1O.3m3) L ,~ 33.78
0.473 pt ,(J;I......).::.:"W (1O.3m3) L ,~ 2.11
a.L:>..l1
454 Ib ,J.l._; (10.3 kg) g 'i'"I.J"- 2.20 x 103
28.4 oz (avdp) 'u .... _,1 (10.3 kg) g 'i'"I.J"- 3.52 x 10.2
0.454 Ib ,J.l._; kg'i'"I.J"-# 2.205
100 q '(IS~)Jt:;:,:;:; kg'i'"I.J"-# 0.01
907 ton ,(2000 Ib) ,.:_,.l. kg'i'"I.J"-# 1.10 x 10.3
0.907 ton ,(U.S.) ,.:_,.l. (tonne) ,Mg 'i'"I.J"-~ 1.102
0.907 ton ,(U.S.) ,.:_,.l. (tonne) .t ,.:_,.l. 1.102 156

2~1u.-~
J-....JI s iUi.J1
1.12 Ib acre! ,,)..w.., J.l..) Kg ha-l ,).:;S:~JI-:'i"I.J"-# 0.893
9.35 gallon acre! ,,)..w..,~ L ha-l ,.)I.:i4lI..;~ 0.107
1.12 x 10-3 Ib acre! ,,)..w.., J.l..) t ha-l ,.)I.:i4lI..;.:.,.l. 893
1.12 x 10-3 Ib acre! ,.:.,I..w.., J.l..) Mg ha-l ,).:;S:~JI..;i"I.J"-~ 893
2.24 ton acre-l ,.:.,I..w.., (2000 Ib).:.,.l. Mg ha-l ,).:;S:~JI-:'i"I.J"-~ 0.446
~I
0.101 ~__,.,.JI (106pa) M Pa ,Jt.s:....1..; ~ 9.90
0.1 bar ,.)1..; (106pa) M Pa ,Jt.s:....1..; ~ 10
1.00 gern-3'~~i"I.J"- Mgern3'~~i"I.J"-~ 1.00
47.9 Ib ft-2 ,~ i"..w.., J.l..) Pa ,Jt.s:....1..; 2.09 x 10-2
6.90 x 103 Ib in-2,~ ;"""__"JI..;J.l..) Pa ,Jt.s:....1..; 1.45 x 10-4 1.00(OC +273) 5/9("F - 32

';)~I a~.)~ °C,~

of ,.;;:.=I+~

K,~

(K-273) 1.00 (9/5)OC +32

0.1 104

~I J~I '~L:>~I ,ECa~~1 ~UJI

mmho cm! ,~/j~ S m-1 ,~JS..lu~

G,u"""l.<_ T,~....:;

10 104

102.8 101.9 0.227 0.123

1.03 x 10-2 12.33

~L...l1 U""l::i c> 1.1.::0. j acre-in ,.;;:.I.....,.~.:.,I.!-i ft-s! ,~~/~ i"-"

gal min! ,~..Jl; !U.S. d .. fo acre-ft'i".>i--.:.,I.!-i acre-ft'i".>i--.:.,I.!-i acre-ft'i".>i--.:.,I.!-i

m-3 ,~ji.o m-h! ,<"'O_I.....JI/~ ji.o m-h! ,<"'O_I.....JI/~ ji.o ha-m ,ji.o- ).:is:.<\ ha-m ,ji.o- ).:;Sj, ha-em ,~ .)1.:&\

9.73 x 10-3 9.81 x 10-3 4.40 8.11 97.28

8.1 x 10-2

1

j:S_,:;.J1 meq 100g-1 'i"1.J"-100 JS..l ...... ~

10 1

% ,~ ;.,....:J ppm,~ey:-

cmol kg! 'i"I.J"-#JS..lJ~ (.;;:.L--,=)u~L:i..II <.........JI)

g kg! 'i"I.J"-#/i"I.J"mg kg! 'i"I.J"-#/i"I#

1

0.1 1

0.437 0.830 0.715 0.602

c>L:UJ1 ~ ~.i..o.ll .......=L:WI J-::~ PP5,~__,.;.JI~

KP'i"--':"""t:;__"JI~ CaO'i"~I.S..lI~ MgO'i"y~l~

P ,.)__,i....__,ilI K 'i"--':"""t:;__"J Ca,i"~ Mg,i"Y~

2.29 1.20 1.39 1.66

157

Tekalign et al. (1991) :.)~I

~~~I ~Ulll ,:?.)~I uj_JJ1 ,,:?.)~I rJ.)1 ,~.)I . 3 ~I
•• _,JI rJi~1 j.o~1 ~I •• _,JI rl~1 j.o~1 ~I
u.; u.;
r:f.;~1 r:f.;jJl r:f .;jJl r:f.;~1
72.59 32 Ge Germanium t~L..? 227 89 Ac Actinium ~
t ""
196.967 79 Au Gold.,..AJ 26.9815 13 Al Aluminium t~1
178.49 72 Hf Hafnium t~t..., 234 95 Am Americium t~'y1
4.0026 2 He Heliumt~ 121. 75 51 Sb Antimony ':".J'~'~:;.:.1
164.93 67 Ho Holmium t~.J-"> 39.948 18 Ar Argon.:.,.¥-)
1.0079 1 H Hydrogen ~...9_)~ 74.9216 33 As Aresnic " " "
~_)_)
114.82 49 In Indium t.J:!.d 210 85 At Asatine .:.,.;;t:; ... ..1
126.904 53 I iodine sj, 137.34 56 Ba Barium t.J:!)'"
192.2 77 Ir Iridium t.J:!-':!) 249 97 Bk Berkeliom t~..?'
55.847 26 Fe Iron -':!.>.::.. 9.0122 4 Be Beryllium t~...;±'
83.8 36 Kr Krypton .:.,~J. 208.98 83 BI Bismuth '::'...9-":;"
138.91 57 La Lanthanum "t.:;:,y 10.81 5 B Boron.:.,...9.JY
t.J-'
257 103 Lr Lawrencium t~~ 79.909 35 Br Bromine t...9..?'
207.19 82 Pb Lead u-"'L..",)I 112.4 48 Cd Cadmium t...!::-"'>t.s:
6.94 3 Li Lithium t~ 40.08 20 Ca Calsium t~t.s:
174.97 71 Lu Lutetium t~_,J 251 98 Cf Californium t~~t.s:
24.312 12 Mg Magnesium ... 12.011 6 C Carbon.:.,yJ.
t.J:!.Y"-"
54.938 25 Mn Manganese jzai, 140.12 58 Ce Cerium t.J:!.~
258 101 Md Mendelevium t~'>~ 132.905 55 Cs Cesium t.J:!~
200.59 80 Hg Mercury J,W._) 35.453 17 CI Chlorine _,_,JS;
95.94 42 Mo Molybdenum t"':'~...9-" 51.996 24 Cr Chromium t...9J.
144.24 60 Nd Neodymium t...!::-"'>~ 58.9332 27 Co Cobalt.::..l4fi
20.183 10 Ne Neon.:.,~ 63.54 29 Cu Copp er u-"L:.....JI
237 93 Np Neptunium " .. " 247 96 Cm Curi tun t.J:!_,fi
t.J-1-'.J--'7-'
58.71 28 Ni Nickel J-4> 162.5 66 Dy Dysprosium t~...9~
92.906 41 Nb Niobium t~~ 254 99 Es Einsteinium t~1
14.0067 7 N Nitrogen '::'...9._)':i1 167.26 68 Er Erb i tun t>::')
254 102 No Nobelium t.JA."':' 151.96 63 Eu Europium t>::'...9_).J:!
190.2 76 Os Osmium t~) 25 100 Fm Fermium t...!::-"_)
15.9994 8 0 Oxygen~ 18.9984 9 F Fluorine jji,
106.4 46 Pd Palladium t.J:!'>)l,. 233 87 Fr Francium t~_)
30.9738 15 P Phosphorus ~_J.i 157.25 64 Gd Gadolinium t>~.;~U.::..
195.09 78 Pt Platinum " ")I.... 69.72 31 Ga Galliumt~L
~ .
158 3~IU--t~
.. _,JI rJi~1 .).o~1 ~I .. _,JI rJi~1 .).o~1 ~I
U~ U~
r:f~jJl r:f~jJl r:f~jJl r:f~jJl
32.064 16 S Sulfur~_,.,..s; 239 94 Pu Plutonium t"';'y_,.!,.
180.948 73 Ta Tantalum t _,ll..:;.;.:; 209 84 Po Pol on i tun t"';' _,l >.'
99 43 Tc Technetium ~ 30.102 19 K Potassium t~l~>.'
t "
127.6 52 Te Tellurium t.J:!..;_,l.:; 140.907 59 Pr Praseodymium t~~I..?'
158.925 65 Tb Terbium t~;; 145 61 Pm Promethium tbs..?'
204.37 81 TI Thallium t~~ 231 91 Pa Protactinium ~
t "" s..?'
232.028 90 Th Thoriumt.J:!~ 226 88 Ra Radium t.J:!.>I_)
168.934 69 Tm Thuliumt~_':; 222 86 Rn Radon us.>l_)
118.69 50 Sn Tin...%!~ 186.2 75 Re Rhenium t~_)
47.9 22 Ti Titanium "t.:;..:; 102.905 45 Rh Rhodium t.J:!'>s_)
t~ "
183.85 74 W Tungsten~ 85.47 37 Rb Rubidium t.J:!~s_)
238.03 92 U Uranium t"';'l_).J:! 101.07 44 Ru Ruthenium t~s_)
50.9412 23 V Vanadium t.J:!.>l~l..i 150.35 62 Sm Samarium t.J:!_)L.L. .. ,
131.3 54 Xe Xenonu~..; 44.956 21 Sc Scandium t.J:!~~
173.04 70 Yb Ytterbium t~~1 78.96 34 Se Selenium t~
88.906 39 Y Yttrium t.J-'yl 28.086 14 Si Siliconu~
65.37 30 Zn Zinc do"; 107.87 47 Ag Silver~
91.22 40 Zr Zirconium t"';'.f!....%!..; 22.9898 11 Na Sodium t.J:!'>...!-'-'"
87.62 38 Sr Strontium t..,;;.:.s .. ; ... .,1
Tekalign et al. (1991) :~..I.-....JI 159

(';-' I WI 0-> J~) !"I~- ~J7-II 0~L~1 J~10"'~J..:>.I.)~

(';-' I WI 0-> J~) !"I~- ~J7-II 0~L~1 J~10'" !"I~ _#J..:>.I.) ~

';-' I WI 0'" ':F"1_>i.l1~ts:...,J1 0j__gJ1 J~10"'~J..:>.I.)~

100 x,;-,IWI..::..L.I~..lJL (J_.,),;-,~WI ~~

w/v,%

100 x,;-,IWI ~ Vol % orv/v%

(J_.,)J~I ~~

100 x,;-,IWI0» wt % or w/w %

(J_.,) J~I 0j.) ~

~1~!"I~),;-,IWI0->!"IA'" ppm

J~10",(!"I~#)

!"I~.)~) ,;-,1 WI 0'" !"I~.)~ ppb

J~I 0-> (!"I~)A ~I ~

M

Molar, _)~

M

F

Formal, .p

N

Nonna1,~

~I ~ 0jJJ ~Jl.<.-II ~I Weight per volume percent

~ ~Jl.<.-II ~I

Volume percent

, .. 1' .t.., .c. ~ 'I .t...........:J1 c)-J-Y-' ~~ ,

Weight percent

Parts per million

.) ltWl: <.'"7'Parts per billion

160

Tekalign et al. (1991) :.)~I

!,,1~..9~ 1000000 = !"I~ 1000 = !"I~ 1 (~L..u/ ~) !"I~/ !,,1~..9~ = ~I..: <:.r;-

Ig = 1000 mg = 1,000,000 ug ppm = ).lg/g (solid per liquid)

!"I~ 0.0000001 = !"IA..,O.OOI = !,,1~..9~ 1 (~L..u/~) »/ »..9~ = ~I..: <:.r;-

1 ug = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 g ppm = ).lL/L (solid per liquid)

.j.,. 1000 =» 1 ,)..1.&.11..: Jb..) 1 = 2 x ~I..: <:.r;-

1 L = 1000 mL ppm x 2= l lbs/A

~~, 0.001 = .j.,. 1 % = 10-4 x ' .. 1. 'lo<'

~ ~ . .J-7-

1 mL = 0.001 L ppm x 10-4 =%

(~L..u/~).j.,./ !,,1~..9~ = 0~1..: <:.r;- .j.,.100/ !"I~ 1 = %1

ppm = ug/ml, (solid per liquid) %1 = 1 gmI100 m1

(~L..u/~....,) »/!"Ifo., = 0~1..: <:.r;- 0~..J1..: <:.r:- 10000 = %1

ppm = mgIL (solid per liquid) %1 = 10,000 ppm

161

J_jh.4J1 ~ ~~~I~I~I ~1.4..:.~1
1 '~I .l£.1 jiJl jl
~.)
(~) a.tt.J.SJ1 '4#1 ~I JS..l ~I~ J..uLJQ.jJ1
~~I .. _JJ1I ~ N~.foJ1
u.) .
58 1.05 99.0 1042.0 17.45 ~.:.JI~
67 0.90 28.3 255.0 (NH3) 15.0 r-~J-""'JI ..::..L L.
81 1.19 38.0 451.6 12.4 <WI.;J~~
35 1.16 50.0 577.5 28.8 .;J.QJI~
62 1.42 72.0 1024.0 16.2 ..::...)j':ll~
23 1.69 85.0 1436.0 44.0 ~~I~
86 1.66 70.0 1165.0 11.6 ~~I~~~
53 1.53 50.0 762.7 19.0 r-~..l~I..::..LL.
28 1.84 96.0 1742.0 35.5 w->fil~
Nl J_,.b......:_, .. ..\.=>.I,",__,.:;,J~ 1
Tekalign et al. (1991) :.)~I 162

J.j~ .lJ1 Indications

a.J~.d ._jjpl Associated Conditions

~.>JI pH Soil pH

.)1 Mg.)1 Ca~ ~u"'J..:_;;J1 ~lL;

~ . ~

4J ~~ u1 '-:-'~.) ,~ ~s:

.u-uJs:.l1

.~. G~~" .

<.FJ..> ~ r:-- ~ ~ ~

~_;;...JI U..,.) . .t.s:..:....J1 AP+~.) CEC

.P~~~.)..I":>"

5.5 U..o J]1

1#1->"", '-:-'~.) u-uJs:.l1 U..o .i..tJL:... J..:_;;JI .~~

6.5~5.5

.~b....,J1 ~ t:;:,)' ';\3...,J1 r,S..I..o..l1 U.., %100 ';1.)..:>.. J..:_;;1J .i..tl..l4J.l1 <h......J1

'r,?JLWI ~I ~..)..1

7.5~6.5

8.4~7.5

.

J..:j> ~l ~fo .;:..,L; ~ ~ &j> ,~WJ ~ ~~ ~.))Q

. ~..I~ JJ:; ~t.s:..,l .<~ J..:_;;JI ,,4..0 '-:'~.) .~~I ~..IWI J~I.) ..).)~I

.Hach Company, USA (1992) :.)~I

163