Transformation of Substances

N.T.S.E.

Transformation of Substances

• Transformation takes place due to Chemical Reaction

• Chemical Reaction may lead to: -

 Change of Color – Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

 Evolution of Gas – Zn + dil H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

 Formation of Precipitate – AgNO3 +NaCl AgCl+NaNO3

 Evolution of Heat – Burning of Coal

• Impurities in a substance decrease its melting point as they

interfere with the normal structure of the compound.

• Borax is the white powder that is added in Gold (Au) to decrease

its melting point.

• Impurities increase the boiling point of a substance.

• Type of Chemical Reactions

Combination Reaction (A+B C)

• H2 + O2 H2O

• C2 + O2 CO2

Light

• H2 + Cl HCl

A.M.Creation e-mail – aayush.mudgal@gmail.com

 Transformation of Substances
N.T.S.E.

• Decomposition Reaction (A B + C)

• By Heat ( Na2CO3 NaCO3 + H2O + CO2)

• By Electricity ( H2O H2 + O2)

• By Light ( AgCl Ag + Cl2)

• By Enzymes (C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2)

• Displacement Reaction

• CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu

• CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu

Activity Series – K > Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > …….

K + NaCl – No reaction

• Precipitation Reactions

For all aqueous solutions

o All salts of Na and K are soluble.

o All carbonates (CO3-2 ) and phosphates (PO4-3 )

are insoluble except of Na and K.

o All Sulphates (SO4-2) are soluble except for

BaSr (Stenocium)

A.M.Creation e-mail – aayush.mudgal@gmail.com

 Transformation of Substances
N.T.S.E.

o All chlorides (Cl-1) are soluble except of Ag and

Hg.

o All NO3-1 are soluble

o All Acetates are soluble.

• OXIDATION / REDUCTION

 Oxidation – Oxidation is the loss of electrons i.e.

addition of O2 or Removal of H2.

 Reduction – Reduction is the gain of electrons i.e.

Removal of O2 or Addition of H2.

• REDOX REACTIONS

 A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction

occurs is called redox reaction.

Example

o Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

• NEUTRALIZATION REACTION (Acid + Base Salt)

 NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

 Ca(OH)2 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O

A.M.Creation e-mail – aayush.mudgal@gmail.com