The whole country was saddened when Oswald assassinated Kennedy.

    When is the subordinating conjunction introducing this adverbial clause which modifies was saddened.  Oswald is
the subject of the clause.  Assassinated is the action verb which transfers its action to the direct object, which is
Kennedy, all of which makes this clause transitive active or pattern #1.
Little Joe was punished because the window was broken.

    Because is the subordinating conjunction introducing this adverbial clause.  Window is the subject.  Was is the
helping verb, and broken is the action verb which transfers its action back to the subject making this clause transitive
passive or pattern #2.

Since the boy was disruptive, he was expelled from school.

    Since is the subordinating conjunction introducing this adverbial clause which modifies was in the main clause. 
Window is the subject of the clause.  Was is the helping verb, and disruptive is the predicate adjective making the
clause intransitive linking or pattern #4.
    Note that the natural order of an adverbial clause is after the main clause.  However, an adverbial clause is okay at
the beginning of a sentence.  If it comes at the beginning, however, a comma is used to separate it from the main
clause.

After he took lessons, George could swim well.

George could swim well after he took lessons.

Because he couldn’t swim, Billy drowned.

Billy drowned because he couldn’t swim.

Although he isn’t interested in food, Fred works as a cook.

Fred works as a cook although he isn’t interested in food.

If you want to write well, you must practice.

You must practice if you want to write well.

Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.

Time
When?
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause
Why? (What caused this?)
I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose
Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)
She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession
Why is this unexpected?
Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition
Under what conditions?
If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.