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Abdurrahman 1

ABSTRACT

Water represents the source of cheap energy and relative easy to got, where on water saved

potential energy and kinetic energy. Energy had by water can be exploited and used in the

form of mechanical energy and also electrics energy. Exploiting of water energy offtenly has

done by using water wheel or water turbine on a waterfall or river. Backgrounded by the

crisis of energy electrics that happened then all existing water resource must used optimally.

Power Station of Hydro Mini Energy (PLTM) represent one form of energy very alternative

possible to be developed in nations with source of widespread water, for example Indonesia.

Scheme of turbine for this PLTM is to determine turbine type matching with available stream

capacities and head in the form of high fall water, Heff = 61m and stream capacities, Q =

3.18 m3 / s.
Abdurrahman 2

Introduction

Water represents the source of cheap energy and relative easy to got, where on water

saved potential energy in falling water and kinetic energy in flowing water. Water power

(Hydropower) is obtained energy of water emitting from flowing water. Energy that had in

water can be exploited and used in the form of mechanical energy and also electrics energy.

Exploiting of water energy offtenly has done by using water wheel or water turbine on a

waterfall or river.

Turbine is an activator machine, where fluid energy utilized direct to turn around

turbine wheel. Turbine wheel located in turbine house and turbine wheel turn around energy

to shaft that moving electrics generator. In natural fluid turbine having process of expansion,

which process that degradation the pressure, and emit the stream to be continue. the working

fluid can be form of water, steam, or gas. The turbine called as according to its fluid type.

Thereby, steam turbine, gas turbine, and water turbine means turbine with steam, gas, and

water as working fluid.

Water turbine developed 19th century and used widely for industrial energy for the

network of electrics. Nowdays it is commonly used for the generator of electrics. Turbine

nowadays exploited widely and represents the source of renweable energy.


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Water Turbine is turbine with water media. Water turbine conversi the potential

energy of water become shaft rotation mekanik energy. In general turbine is mechanic tools

which consist of shaft and convex blade. Stationery blade is not rotating following the rotate

of the shaft, and functioned to instruct fluid flow. While rotary blade (runner), controling the

direction and speed of fluid flow so that arise the force that turning around shaft. Water itself

considered as incompressible flow which means, a fluid that virtually its density does’nt

change if pressure changed. Usage of water turbine mostly for the activator of generator like

Hydro Power Plant (PLTA)

Indonesia represent state owning water resource which good abundance in the form of

waterfall, river, sea and lake. One kind of exploiting it is, as generating of electrics energy.

Backgrounded by the crisis of energy electrics that happened at the moment then all existing

water must benefited optimally. For That Power Station Of Hydro Micro Energy ( PLTM) is

one of power station of water power becoming choice where PLTM exploit water energy that

not require huge capacity of flowing water.

At PLTM water energy turned into energy moves the shaft that used to turn around

generator so that yield electrics energy. Appliance used to alter water energy become energy

move shaft is water turbine. The selection of the water turbine which will be used is based on

the capacity and head available. For PLTM is usually used a Franch turbine because requiring

capacities and head which got data in the form of height fall water (head), and available water

capacities. This is the exact reason why the researcher chooses the title of “Scheme of French

Turbine for the Mini Hydro Power Plant (PLTM)” as his research report title.
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Method

Power that produced by turbine

From capacities of water (Q) and is high of water fall (H), it can be obtained the

power that produced by turbine

P = ρ . g . Q . H . ηT

Fig 2.1 Graph about the effect of rated power to effeciency

(Source: Wibowo P. Turbin Air. Graha Ilmu)

Determination of turbine efficiency depended on used of turbine type, where the

scheme taken of rated power on maximal condition that is full power or 100%.

Bernoulli”s equation

Bernoulli”s equation which a commonly to use for calculation related to

pressure, and speed of elevation. At one particular stream in pipe, taken by the

difference height equal to z, between high of upper water and the high of under
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water, having pressure equal to P and speed equal to V, than researcher can know

the equation of energy that happened.

Fig 2.2 Form of energy at flawing water

(Source: White, F.M., Fluids Mechanics.Erlangga)

The equation got from degradation of the following equation :

ΔQ=0
Assumption : ΔU =0

Beginning Equation that used is equation of eternity of energy :

ΔQ−Δw= ΔU +Δ Ek + Δ Ep

then the work variable (w) kinetic energy (Ek) dan potensial energy (Ep) can be replaced by :

1
−v ( P2 −P1 ) = m ( V 22 −V 21 )+mg ( z2 −z 1 )
2
m 1
− ( P2 −P 1 ) = m (V 22−V 21 )+mg ( z 2 −z 1 )
ρ 2
By simply the equation, we can get the beganning equation of Bernoulli”s equation .

2 2
P1 −P2 V 2 −V 1
= +( z 2 −z 1 )
ρg 2g

Bernoulli”s equation commonly write in form of:


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2 2
p1 V 1 P2 V 2
+ + z 1= + +z
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g 2

Basic to determine the spesification of turbine

In determining the spesification of turbine, there was few input data :

o Head (Heff) = 61 m

o Water Capacity (Q) = 1,59 m3/s

o Turbine type = Turbin Francis

o Turbine Rotation (n) = 1500 rpm

Selection type of turbine

Selection turbine type can be determined pursuant to specific speed. The specific

speed was an important unit in designing water turbine.

Spesific speed can obtained by the equation below :

nx √ Q
nq = n ×√Q
H 0 .75 n q= H 0.75

where :

nq = specific speed (rpm)

n = Turbine Rotation (rpm)

Q = Water Capacity (m3)

Heff = Head efektif (m)

1500 rpmx √ 1 .59 m3 /s


nq = 1000rpm × √ 2.25 m 3
61 0. 75 m n= =92.57 rpm
= 86.65 rpm q 410.75 m

Based on calculation of specific speed hence adapted for the tables of turbine type

pursuant to specific speed of turbine, then turbine type the planned is Fanch turbine with low

rotation, which specific speed range from 80 - 120 rpm


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Tabel 2.1 type of turbine based on specific rotation

nq (rpm) Jenis Turbin


4 – 35 Pelton Turbine with 1 nosel

17 – 50 Pelton Turbine with 2 nosel

24 – 70 Pelton Turbine with 4 nosel

80 – 120 Franch Turbine with low speed

120 – 220 Franch Turbine with normal speed

220 – 350 Franch Turbine with high speed

350 – 430 Franch Turbine with ekspres speed

300 – 1000 Propeller Turbine dan Kaplan Turbine

If seen pursuant of height of head is 61 m and specific rotation is 86.65 rpm, then turbine type

able to wear is Franch Turbine.

Fig 2.3 Type of turbine in some condition

(Source: F Dietzel. Turbin, Pompa dan Kompresor.Erlangga)


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Determation Power Turbine

Power turbine can be obtained from level of water capacities Q, high of water fall H

and turbine efficiency of T, that is by using equation :

P=ρ xgxHxQx ηT

3 2 3
P=998 kg/m x 9 . 81 m/s x 1. 59 m / sx61 mx 0 . 89
=845,116.371W
=845 . 116kW P= ρ× H × Q× ηT

Dimana :

P = Turbine power (kW)

ρ = Water density (kg/m3)

g = Gravitasion force (m/s2)

Q = Water capacities (m3/s)

Heff = Head (m)

kg m m3
ηT = Turbine Efisiensi P=998 3 × 9,81 2 ×2,25 ×41 m× 0,89
m s s

P=803.814,674 W ¿ 803,814 kW

Then power that produced by by turbine [is] equal to 845.116 kW.


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Result

Result of designing calculation

From determination and calculation which have been done, then researcher got the

result of calculation of the following turbine device:

Turbine Spesification

o Turbine type = Franch Turbine (low speed)

o Turbine power = 845.116 kW

o Turbine speed = 1500 rpm

o Turbine spesific speed (nq) = 86.65 rpm

o Turbine Head = 61 m

o Capacity flow = 1.59 m3/s

Determination of turbine type got from height value of fall water (H) = 61 m, stream

capacities (Q) = 1.59 m3/s and turbine rotation (n) = 1500 rpm. From the value researcher got

specific speed value of turbine (nq) = 86.65 rpm, with the selected specific speed value

researcher decide to use franch turbines low rotation. Ideal power that produced by turbine

pursuant to stream capacities and head is 850 kW, but pursuant to scheme where turbine

efficiencies is T = 0,89. The power that will bo obtained equal to 845.116 kW. So the actual

power turbine is bigger than ideal power turbine


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Discusion

Turbine type that matches with available stream capacities and head is Franch Turbine

with low rotation. From the method, researcher receive Ideal power that produced by turbine

pursuant to stream capacities and head is 850 kW. From the resuit, Franch Turbine form

power that equal to 845.116 kW. So the actual power turbine is bigger than ideal power

turbine. This Franch Turbine is used for Hydro Mini Power Station. This resesarch is still

using standard mechanism. To get result of better device and more accurate then suggested

designing part of penstock base and clutch.

Bibliography

Dietzel, Fritz, Turbin, Pompa dan Kompresor, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, 1990.

Paryatmo, Wibowo, Turbin Air, Graha Ilmu, Jakarta, 2007.

Weissberg, Robert and Suzanne Buker. Writing Up Research. Prentice hall regents, englewood

cliffis, 1990.

White, F.M., Fluids Mechanics, terjemahan Like Wilarjo “ Mekanika Zalir “, Penerbit

Erlangga, Jakarta, 1986.

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