K Peter's Method for Upheaval Buckling

Analysis
1 - Pipeline Input data for bend angle =311 Deg
D := 219mm
Pipeline Outside diameter = D
t := 12.7mm
Pipeline wall thickness = t
d := D − 2t
Pipeline intwernal Diameter = d
d = 0.194 m
E := 207000MPa
Modules of Elasticity = E
P := 13.85MPa
Internal Pressure = P
T2 := 110
Maximum Design Temperature(Degtrees Celsius)=T2
T1 := 28
Installation Temperature(Degtrees Celsius)=T1
SMYS := 415MPa
Specific Minimum Yield Stress=SMYS
t1 := 0.3mm
FBE Thickness = t1
kg
ρfbe := 1500
FBE Density = ρfbe 3
m

t2 := 0.2mm
Adhesive Thickness = t2 kg
ρad := 900
3
Adhesive Density = ρad m

t3 := 2mm
Polypropylene Thickness = t3
kg
ρpp := 990
Polypropylene Density = ρpp 3
m

kg
ρs := 7850
Steel Density = ρs 3
m
kg
ρcont := 119
3
Content Density=ρcont m

γ := 0.3
Poissons Ratio=γ
α := 0.0000117
Thermal Expansion Coefficient = α
f := 0.4
Uplift Coefficient = f
HI := 2m
Pipeline Burial Depth to top including 1m for berm = HI kg
ρbc := 1600
3
Backfill Dry Soil Density over Active Length (compacted) = ρbc m
Pipeline Calculation Aσ := π⋅ ⎢
(
⎡ D2 − d 2 ⎤
⎥
)
⎣ 4 ⎦
Pipe cross section Area = Aσ −3 2
Aσ = 8.231 × 10 m
2
π⋅ d
Ap :=
4
Pipe Internal Area = Ap 2
Ap = 0.029 m
(
⎡ D4 − d4 ⎤
I := π⋅ ⎢ ⎥
)
Moment Of Inertia = I ⎣ 64 ⎦
−5 4
I = 4.395 × 10 m

EI := E⋅ I
Flexural Regidity = EI 3
6 m ⋅ kg
EI = 9.099 × 10
2
s
OD := D + 2t1 + 2t2 + 2t3
Outside Diameter Over all Coating = OD
OD = 0.224 m
ρfbe⋅ ⎡⎣( D + 2t1) − D ⎤⎦
2 2
Wfbe := π
4
FBE Weight = Wfbe Wfbe = 0.31
kg
m
⎡⎣( D + 2t1 + 2t2) 2 − ( D + 2t1) 2⎤⎦
Wad := π⋅ ρad⋅
4
Adhesive Weight Wad
kg
Wad = 0.124
m

Wpp := ⎛⎜ ⋅
22 ρpp ⎞ ⎡ 2
⎟ ⋅ ⎣OD − ( OD − 2⋅ t3) ⎤⎦
2

Polypropylene Weight = Wpp ⎝ 7 4 ⎠

kg
Wpp = 1.381
m
Ws := Aσ⋅ ρs
Steel Weight Per unet Length = Ws Ws = 64.613
kg
m

Wte := Ws + Wfbe + Wad + Wpp

Total Weight Empty = Wte
kg
Wte = 66.429
m
Wto := Wte + ⎛⎜ π d
2 ρcont ⎞
⎟
Total Weight Operating = Wto ⎝ 4 ⎠
kg
Wto = 69.932
m

Pipeline Compressive Restraining Force (Frestre)

Sa := 0.9⋅ SMYS
Maximum Allowable Stress = Sa 8
Sa = 3.735 × 10 Pa
 D
Sh := P⋅
2t 8
Tensile Hoop Stress = Sh Sh = 1.194 × 10 Pa
SL := E⋅ α⋅ ( T2 − T1 ) − ( γ⋅ Sh)
Compressive longitudinal Stress = SL 8
SL = 1.628 × 10 Pa

Frestr := α⋅ E⋅ Aσ⋅ ( T2 − T1 ) + ( 1 − 2 ⋅ γ) ⋅ P⋅ Ap
Compressive Restraining Force = Frestr 6
Frestr = 1.798 × 10 N

Calculation of Buckling Length

2 EI
λ := 4π
Buckling length = λ Frestr

λ = 14.135 m

Calculation of Ultimate Soil Resistance

R1 := g ⋅ ⎡⎢HI⋅ D⋅ ρbc⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 + f ⋅
HI ⎞ ⎤
⎟ + Wto⎥
Ultimate Soil Resistance = R1 ⎣ ⎝ D⎠ ⎦
4 kg
R1 = 3.266 × 10
2
s

Calculation of allowable / Remaining Stress σall := Sa − Sh − SL

7
Allowable Bending Stress = σall σall = 9.131 × 10 Pa

Calculation Allowable bending Angle

Guess: ηguess := 0.01

Given
⎛ 1 − π⋅ ηguess⋅ cos( π ηguess) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin( π⋅ ηguess ) ⎠
= σall⋅
Frestr
2 D⋅ E⋅ R1

η := Find( ηguess )

η = 0.254
 ⎛ 1 − π⋅ η⋅ cos( π⋅ η) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin( π⋅ η) ⎠
= 0.111
2 R1
ABAR := η⋅ λ⋅
Allowable Bend Angle in Radian = ABAR Frestr
ABAR = 0.065
180
Allowable Bend Angle in degree = ABAD ABAD := ABAR⋅
π
ABAD = 3.737

Calculation Allowable Depth for Bend angle 3.1

Degree
Proposed Bend anglee in degree = BAPD1 BAPD1 := 3.1

π
Proposed Bend Angle in radian = BAPR BAPR := BAPD1⋅
180
BAPR = 0.054

Guess: η2guess := 0.01

Given
⎛ 1 − π⋅ η2guess ⋅ cos( π η2guess ) ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin( π⋅ η2guess ) ⎠
= σall⋅
λ
2η2guess D⋅ E⋅ BAPR

η2 := Find( η2guess )

η2 = 0.3
BAPR
Rreq := Frestr⋅
η2 ⋅ λ

4 kg
Rreq = 2.291 × 10
2
s

D ⎡⎡ ⎛ Rreq − Wto⎞ ⋅ ⎛ f ⎞ + 1⎤ − 1⎤
Hreq1 := ⋅ ⎢⎢⎜ ⎟⎜
⎠ ⎝ ρbc⋅ D2 ⎟⎠ 4⎥⎦ 2⎥⎦
⎣⎣ ⎝
f g

Hreq1 = 1.628 m

The Height required for Angle 3.1 = Ha

Berm height = Bh Bh := 1m

Ha := Hreq1 − Bh

Ha = 0.628 m