VECTOR

2
Vector in R
a. Scalars and Vectors
Scalar
A scalar is a purely numerical quantity (with or without
a unit ) in which no direction is involved.
e.g. Rp 100,00 or 10 cm 2
b. Vector
Definition
A vector quantity has both magnitude (size) and direction.
e.g. a velocity of 10 km/ h in the north-east direction.
Vector in R2 means two dimensional space or plane.
Here, we can make a Cartesian coordinate system xoy to
determine the coordinate of a point.
B( (x2,y2)
v

A (x1,y1)

Now consider the point A ( x1, y1) and B ( x2, y2 ) above.

If we make a directed line segment, from A to B then we make the
vector AB
The point A is called the initial point and the point B is called the
terminal point. uuur
uuuv
Besides AB the symbol vector AB we may name by a small letter
such as: v or v.
 x2 − x1 
The components of vector AB, we write:   or
 y2 − y1 
( x2 - x1 y2 – y1)

A vector can be represented in magnitude and direction by a

directed line segment with a length proportional to the magnitude
and an arrow showing the direction.
e.g. B

a
10 km/h ( NE direction )
A uuur
The notation AB or AB is used to indicate the endpoints and the
direction (from A to B). r
The vector can also be denoted by uthe
uur
single letter a or
uuur
a can also
be used. The magnitude of vector AB is written as | AB | and that of
vector a as | a |

The vector AB can be written in column from using its horizontal

uuur  x
and vertical components x and y. Thus AB =  
 y
Modulus Vectors:
uuur uuur
The magnitude vector AB = ( x y ) is | AB | = x 2 + y 2
Two vectors are equal:
Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction.
uuur uuur uuur
uuur
i. e. AB = PQ if and only if | AB | = | PQ | and AB // PQ.
B Q

A P

The zero vectors:

The zero vector hasr
no magnitude and no direction, and it
is written as 0 or 0
The negative vector
 r r uuu
r uuur
The negative vector of a is - a or BA = − AB

B B

a -a

A A
The position vector
A vector OP starting from the origin O to the point
P ( x,y) is called the position vector of P.
uuur  x 
i.e. OP =   P ( x, y)
y 

O
Worked example 1.

BASIC OPERATIONS

a. Multiplying a vector by a scalar

1. If a vector a is multiplied by a positive number k, the
resulting vector, ka, has the same direction as a but it
has k times the magnitude of a.
2. If a vector a is multiplied by a negative
number – k ( k>0), then the resulting vector, - ka has a
direction opposite to that of a and it has k times the
magnitude of a.
 kx 
3. In column form, if a = ( x y) then ka=  
 ky 
b. Addition and Subtraction of vectors

1.Triangle rule
 uuur uuur uuur
C
AB + BC = AC

A B
2. Parallelogram
uuu
r uuur
rule
If
uuu
OA = a and OB = b, then
r uuur uuur uuuu r
OA + OB = (OA + OB) where OP is diagonal of parallelogram
OAPB
B P

b
a+b

O a A

3. Column Vectors
 x1   x2   x1   x2 
If a =   and b =   then a + b =   +  
 y1   y2   y1   y2 
 x1 + x2 
= y +y 
 1 2
Note: a + b = b + a
B b-a A
uuu
r r uuur r uuur uuu
r uuu
r
b
4. If OA = a and OB = b so AB = OB − OA a
=b–a O
uuu
r uuu
r uuur
BA = OA − OB
=a–b
 x1   x2   x1 − x2 
5. If a =   and b =   then a – b =  
 y1   y2   y1 − y2 
Worked Example 3.
 −3   2
1. Given a =   and b=  
5 1
a. Find the vector 2a + 3b =…
b. Find | 2a + 3b | = …
 −3   2
2. Given a =   and b=  
5 1
a. Find the vector 6b – a =…
b. Find | 6b – a | = …

Unit Vector
a
If a is a vector, then |a|
is unit vector from vector a. On
the other word, the unit vector is a vector has modulus
one unit length.
A

B
O
a
OB = |a|

Vector in R3
 uuur
P( x,y,z) The vector OP can be
expresed by
p = xi + yj + zk
( i,j,k in unit vector )

 x
 
In column vector P =  y
z
 

Note: Modulus vector p is | p | = x2 + y2 + z2

1 0
   
Unit vector in x axes is i = 0 in y- axes is j = 1 and in
0 0
   
0
 
z-axes is k =0
1
 
Example

1.Given point P( 3,2,4 ). The position vector of point P is:

p = 3i + 2j + 4k
  3
 
In column vector of point P is:  2
 4
 
Operations Vector in R3
Example
Given vector p = 2i + 3j + 4k
q = 4i + 2j + 5k
Find vector: 1. p + q =
2. p – q =
3. 2p + 5q =
4. | p + q | =
Solution
1. p + q = (2 + 4) i + (3 + 2) j + (4 + 5 ) k
= 6 i + 5j + 9k

2. p – q = ( 2 – 4) i + (3 – 2 ) j + (4 - 5) k
=-2i+j–k
3. 2p + 5q = 2(2i + 3j + 4k ) + 5( 4i + 2j + 5k )
= 4i + 6j + 8k + 20i + 10j + 25 k
= 24i + 16j + 33k
4. | p + q | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
= 62 + 52 + 92
= 36 + 25 + 81
= 142
The role of comparison
If point P is lie at line AB by the compare AP : PB = m : n
If position vector point A and B is a and b , so the position vector
p can be express by
mb + na
p= m+n
A m
a p P n

b B
example

1. Given point A ( 2,3,4) and point B ( 9, - 11, 18 ).

Find coordinate point P, if point P
divided line AB in side with compare 5 : 2.
Solution
AP : PB = 5 : 2
5 PB = 2 AP by using the position vector we get
5( b – p) = 2 ( p – a )
5b – 5p = 2p – 2a
2a + 5b = 2p + 5p
2a + 5b = 7p
 2  9 
   
2  3  +5  −11 = 7p
 4  18 
   
 4   45 
   
 6  +  −55  = 7p
 8   90 
   
 49 
 
 −49  = 7p
 98 
 
 7
 
P=  −7 
 14 
 

2. Given the vertex of triangle ABC is A ( 6,-9,-3), B ( 2,3,0) and

C ( 3,5,2). T is the cutting point of median from B to side AC.
 Find the coordinate of point T.

A “ T “ C

3.In the triangle ABC, E is the midpoint of BC and M is the

centered
uuur
(medium upoint)
uur
of that triangle.
If u = AB and v = AC , then the direction of line segment ME
can be expressed in terms of u and v as…
uuur
C u= AB =uubur - a
v = AC = c - a
m = 1/3( a+ b + c )
CE = EB
E e–c=b-e
M 2e = b + c e=½(b+c)
so ME = e - m
=…………
A B = 1/6( u + v )

Magnitude of | a + b | or | a – b |

Magnitude of | a + b|

a
α a+b

b
|a+b|= | a |2 + | b |2 +2 | a || b | cos α a
Magnitude of | b – a | α b

-a b-a

|b–a|= | a |2 + | b |2 −2 | a || b | cos α

Example
1. Given vector p = i + 2j + 4k and q = 5i + 4j. The vectors p and
q form an angle α = 60o
Find | p + q | = …
Solution
| p | = 12 + 22 + 42
= 21
| q | = 52 + 42 + 02
= 41
| p + q | = | p |2 + | q |2 +2 | p || q | cos α
= 21 + 41 + 21. 41 cos 60o
= 62 + 461
2. Given vector a = 4i + 3j and vector b = 3i + 2j + 3 k. The
vectors a and b form an angle 60o.
Find the magnitude of | a – b | = …..
Solution
|a|=5
|b|=4
| a – b | = | a |2 + | b |2 −2 | a || b | cos α
=…….

The scalar Product

If the vector a and b form an angle α than the scalar product or dot
product between the two vectors we have write by
form : a . b = | a || b | cos α
 b
α
a

Example

Given | a | = 5 and | b | = 6 and vector a and b form angle 60o

Find the value of a . b = …
Solution
a . b = | a || b | cos α
= 5 . 6 cos 60o
= 30 ( ½ )
= 15
The characteristic of scalar product
1. Two parallel vector
If a and b is two vector with same direction
so a . b = | a || b | cosine 0o
= | a || b | . 1
= | a || b |
2. Two perpendicular vector
If a and b is two perpendicular vector so
a . b = | a || b | cos 90o
= | a || b | 0
=0
3. Two reciprocal vector
If a and b is two reciprocal vector or reciprocal
direction so
a . b = | a || b | cos α
a . b = | a || b | cos 180o
a . b = | a || b | (- 1)
=-|a||b|
 4. Commutative role a . b = b . a
5. Distributive role a . ( b + c ) = a . b + a . c

The scalar product two vector in linier combination term.

If vector a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k

So a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

Example
1 5
   
1. Given vectors a =  2 and b =  4  .Find the scalar product of
 4 0
   
a . b =…
Solution:
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
= 1.5 + 2.4 + 4.0
=5+8+0
= 13
2. Given that | a | = 3, | b | = 4 and angle between vectors
a and b is θ = 60o.
Find the value of a . b = ….
Solution:
a . b = | a | | b | cos θ
= 3 . 4 cos 60o
= 12 . ½
=6
Now recall the formulae: a . b = | a | |b| cos θ
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3

| a + b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 | a | | b | cos θ
| a – b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 – 2 | a | | b | cos θ
_________________________________________ -
| a + b |2 - | a – b |2 = 4 | a | | b | cos θ = 4 a . b

| a + b |2 − | a − b |2
So a.b=
4

Exercise
1. Given | a | = 8, | b | = 7 and vectors a and b is formed angle
45o.
Find the value of a . b = …
Solution
1
|a||b| Cos 450 = 8 . 7 . 2
2 = 28 2

2. Given a = 2i + 5j + k and b = i – 2j – k
Find the value of:
a. (a . b )=…
b. b . a =…
c. a . a = …
d. b . b = …
uuu
r
3. Given A( 1, 0, - 1 ), B ( - 2, - u1, uur
3 ) and C( 1, 1, 1 ). If BA is
expressed by vector a and BC is expressed by vector b,
calculate the value of a . b = …
= 19
4. Given A(uu1, 1, 2 ) and B( 1, 2,uuur3 ).uuuIf
ur uuur r
point C is lie at line AB
in order | AC |=| OB | . Calculate OA . AC .
5. Given that a + b = i – j + 4k and | a – b | = 14
Find the product of a . b = …..

Angle between two vectors

By reviewing a . b = | a || b | cos θ , so the cosine of angle between
a.b
vectors a and b can be written as : cos θ =
| a || b |
aa

θ
θθ
b

Example
1  3
   
1. Given vector a =  2 and vector b =  4 . Find the value of angle
 2 0
   
between two vector a and b.
Solution
| a | = 12 + 22 + 22 = 3
| b | = 32 + 42 + 02 = 5

a.b
Cos θ = | a || b |
1.3 + 2.4 + 2.0
= 3.5
11
= 15
Cos θ = cos 42,9o
θ = 42,9o
3. Given point A(4, 2, -1) and B( 2, -2, 4 ). If O is the original
 point on Cartesian plain, find the value of cosine angle AOB.

Solution
| OA| = 42 + 22 + (−1)2 = 21 | OB | = 22 + (−2)2 + 42 = 24
(4)(2) + (2)(−2) + (−1)(4)
Cos θ = 21. 24
0
= 21. 24

Cos θ = 0
Cos θ = cos 90o
Hence θ = 90o
Exercises
1. Find the value of cosine from the angle between vectors
a = 3i + 7j – 5k and b = i + j - 6k
2. Find the value of m if a = mi – 2j + k perpendicular to
b = 2mi + mj – 4k

PROJECTION ORTOGONAL
Consider the following figure uuu
r uuur
If AC ⊥ OB, then OC is called projection
uuu
r ur
of OA on OB
A If OA = a,
uuur r uuur r
O α C B OB = b , and OC = c then we get
r r
a •b
Cos α = r uu r
| a || b |

PROJECTION VECTORS
From figure above we get the value of | OC | = | OA| cos α
So we get | OC | = | OAr| cos α
r
a •b
= | OA | r uu r
| a || b |
r r
a •b
| c | = | a| r uu r
| a || b |
 r r
a•b
|c| = r
|b|
uuur
Vector projection a on b ( vector OC ) is a vector using the unit
vector of b. r r
uuur uuur a ⋅b uuur
If the magnitude of vector OC is express by OC = uu
|b|
r so we get OC

= | OC | x unit vector
r r
of b. r r
uuur a•b 1 r a•b r
Hence c = OC = r • r b or c = r b
|b| |b| | b |2
example
1. Given the vectors a = 2i – 6j – 3k and b = 4i + 2j – 4k, find
the length of projection of vector a on b.
Solution
 2  4
r r    
a • b =  −6  •  2  = 8 – 12 + 12 = 8
 −3   −4 
   
r
| b |= 42 + 22 + (−4)2 =6
r r
a•b
Hence the magnitude of c = |c| = r
|b|
8
= 6
4
= 3

2. Given the vectors a = 2i – 6j – 3k and b = 4i + 2j – 4k, find

the projection vector a on b.
Solution :
If the vector
r r
projection a on b is c, so we get:
a•b r
c = | br |2 b
8
= 62 b
2
= 9 ( 4i + 2j – 4k )
8 4 8
= 9i+ 9 j− 9k
Exercises
 2  3
1. Given c is the projection a on b. If a =   and b =  , find
1  4
the vector c =….
2. Given a = 2i + 2j + 3k and b = - i + j – k.
a. Find the length of projection of vector a on vector b
b. Find the length of projection of vector b on vector a
c. Find the length of projection of vector a + b on
vector a – b
14
key: 26
1  3
   
3. Given vectors a =  2 and b =  4 . Find the vector
 2 0
   
Projection of vector a on vector b.
 33
25 
 44 
key =  25 
0
 
4.Given vector a with magnitude 10 is formed angle 45o to
vector b = (1,2). Find the vector a.
key(3,1)or (-1,3)
5. Given point P(1 ½ ,2 ½ ,1), Q(1,0,0) and R( 2,5,a) is lie on one
straight line place. Find the value of a! key: a = 2
6. Given vector z is projection vector x = (- 3 ,3,1) on vector
y = ( 3 ,2,3). Find vector z =
key : ( 83 3, 86 , 98 )
 3  2
   
7.Given vector a =  −2  and vector b =  y. If the length of
1  2
   
projected a on b are ½ magnitude of b, find the value of y=…
solution: |b| = 4 + y 2 + 4 = y 2 + 8 |a| = 9 + 4 + 1 = 14
a•b 6 − 2y + 2
The length of projection a on b = =
|b| y2 + 8
−2 y + 8 1
= ( y 2 + 8)
y +8
2 2
 y2 + 4y – 8 = 0
y1 = -2 + 2 3 and y2 = = -2 - 2 3
8. Given vector x by the length 5 is formed acute angle
on vector y = ( 3,4 ). If vector x is projected on vector y with
length 2, find the vector x.
(2,1) atau (2/5,11/5) uuur uuur
9. Given A(4,7,0), B(6,10,-6) and C (1,9,0). If AB = u and AC = v,
calculate the value of angle between vector u and v.
90o
10.Given vector a = -i + j and vector b = i -2j + 2k. Calculate
the value of cosine angle between two vectors a and b.
− 12 2
11. Given A(2,- 1,1), B(-1,1,1) and C(x,y,z). Find vector c if c ⊥ a
and c ⊥ b.
(0,0,0)
12.Given straight line g passes trough point A(2,4,-2)
and B(4,1,-1). Straight line h passes tough point C(7,0,2)
and D(8,2,-1). Calculate the value of angle between two
line g and h.
120o
13. Given vector a = 2i – j + 3k is formed angle 60o on vector
b = i + 3j –xk. Find the value of x.
14. Given vectors a = (1,-1,1), b = (1,2,1) and c = (0,4,x).
Find the value of x if a • (b + c ) = a • a
15. Given vector u = pi + j + qk, v = i – 3j + k and w = 3i -5j – k.
If u ⊥ v and u ⊥ w, find the value of p and q.

NOTES:
THE NEXT WEEK WE HAVE TEST BY TOPIC
“ VECTORS”