TENSES

1. Simple Present Tense

2. Simple Past Tense
3. Present Continuous Tense
4. Past Continuous Tense
5. Present Future Tense (2nd form = replace “will” or “shall” with “going to”)
6. Past Future Tense
7. Present Perfect Tense
8. Past Perfect Tense

Put the following into the 8 sentences:

1. Tom (have) breakfast.
2. We (do) our homework well.
3. The children (play) in the garden.
4. The ship (sink) into the sea.
5. I (wear) a sweater.
6. She (eat) like a horse.
7. You (feed) the animals in the zoo.
8. My father (work) in a bank.

ING-form:
putputting
cutcutting
swimswimming
spinspinning
stopstopping
shutshutting
sitsitting
runrunning
digdigging
beatbeating
feedfeeding
readreading
spreadspreading
bitebiting
rideriding

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 Examples:
 Does he work? (work must be followed by does because work is a verb)
Apakah dia bekerja?
 Does your sister get a pen?
Apakah saudarimu mempunyai pen?

 Is he fit? (fit is followed by is because fit is an adjective)

Apakah dia bugar?
 Is her sister intelligent?
Apakah kakaknya pintar?

THE NEGATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND QUESTIONS

1. Simple Present Tense (do... & does …)
he
}
she does
it

Examples:
 He writes a letter.
He doesn’t write a letter.
Does he write a letter?
What does he write?
 They write a letter.
They don’t write a letter.
Do they write a letter?
What do they write?

2. Simple Past Tense (did)

 He wrote a letter.
He didn’t write a letter.
Did he write a letter?
What did he write?

3. Present Continuous Tense (to be)

 He is writing a letter.
He isn’t writing a letter.
Is he writing a letter?
What is he writing?

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4. Past Continuous Tense
 He was writing a letter.
He wasn’t writing a letter.
Was he writing a letter?
What was he writing?

5. Present Future Tense

 He will write a letter.
He won’t write a letter.
Will he write a letter?
What will he write?

6. Past Future Tense

 He would write a letter.
He wouldn’t write a letter.
Would he write a letter?
What would he write?

7. Present Perfect Tense

 He has written a letter.
He hasn’t written a letter.
Has he written a letter?
What has he written?

8. Past Perfect Tense

 He had written a letter.
He hadn’t written a letter.
Had he written a letter?
What had he written?

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 Rules & Examples of Simple Progressive
&
Simple Present Tense

Present Progressive Tense

Examples:
 I am working, you are working etc.
 Am I working? Etc.
 I am not working. Etc.
 “Are you free now?” “Sorry, I’m studying.”
 Look – Helen’s wearing a lovely dress.
 The light is coming from a strange machine.
 “What are you eating?” “A cheese sandwich.”
 The world’s climate is getting warmer.
 I’m not working next Saturday.

Rules:
We use the Present Progressive to talk about:
1. Things that are happening now, these days.
2. Things that are changing.
3. Plans for future.

Simple Present Tense

Examples:
 I work, he / she works. Etc.
 Do I / you work? Does she / he work? Etc.
 I / you do not work. He / she does not work. Etc.
 I always study from five to seven o’clock.
 Helen often wears red.
 Light and heat come from the sun.
 They eat fish in the wet season.
 The weather usually gets warmer in April.
 I never work on Saturdays.

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 Rules:
We use the simple present tense to talk about:
1. Things that are always true.
2. Things that happen often, usually, always, never etc.

Passive Voice
Basic form : to be + V3

To be : is, am, are, was, were, being, been

1. Present Tense : is, am, are + V3

2. Past Tense : was, were + V3
3. Present Continuous Tense : is, am, are + being + V3
4. Past Continuous Tense : was, were + V3
5. Present Future Tense : will, shall + be + V3
6. Past Future Tense : would, should + be + V3
7. Present Perfect Tense : has, have + been + V3
8. Past Perfect Tense : had + been + V3

1. He writes a letter
- A letter is written by him.
2. He wrote a letter.
- A letter was written by him.
3. He is writing a letter.
- A letter is being written by him.
4. He was writing a letter.
- A letter was being written by him.
5. He will write a letter.
- A letter will be written by him.
6. He would write a letter.
- A letter would be written by him.
7. He has written a letter.
- A letter has been written by him.
8. He had written a letter.
- A letter had been written by him.

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 Sentences with:

1. Can / could
2. May / might
3. Must / had to
4. Be going to
5. Ought to
6. Used to

Followed by “be + V3”

1. He can write a letter.

- A letter can be written by him.
2. He must write a letter.
- A letter must be written by him.
3. He is going to write a letter.
- A letter is being written by him.

 This quarrel will be forgotten in a few years.

 This quarrel is going to be forgotten in a few years.
 This quarrel could be forgotten.

 The queen was given a warm welcome (by people)by can be dropped

Question in passive:
 Who founded Pontianak?
Whom was Pontianak founded by?

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 A True Story
1. One day I was walking along the street when I see an accident. 
2. One day I was walking along the street when I was see an accident. 
3. One day I was walking along the street when I saw an accident. 
4. I can not believed my eye; the car flew into the river. 
5. I couldn’t believe my eye; the car flew into the river. 
6. I ran to saw the car. I thought I must helped the man out of the car. 
7. I ran to see the car. I thought I must help the man out of the car. 
8. But it was too late. The man has died. 
9. But it was too late. The man had died. 

Prepositions (of time)

 On Sunday
 In August
 In 2007
 In winter
 At eight o’clock
 In the mornin
 At night
This
}
 That without any prepositions
Next
 On the 17th of August
 Day = on
 Date = on
 Year & month = in
 Time = at (ex. At 2 o’clock)
 Times of day (ex. Morning) = in the
 Night = at

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 Agreement
I. So (positive statements)
Examples:

A: I can swim.
B: So can I.

A: I am happy.
B: So am I

A: I like English.
B: So do I.

II. Neither (Negative Statements)

Examples:

A: I can’t fly.
B: Neither can I.

A: I didn’t come yesterday.

B: Neither did I.

A: I don’t like math.

B: Neither do I.

Reported / indirect speech

There are 3 kinds:

 Statements
 Command
 Questions
1. Statement
 “I am hungry,” he said
He said that he was hungry

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 “I like meatball,” he said
He said that he liked meatball
 “I’ll marry you,” he said
He said that he would marry me
 “He has taken a bath,” he said to you
He told you that he had taken a bath
 “I went to the theatre yesterday,” he said to her
He told her that he had gone to the theatre the day before

There are some changes in reported speech:

I. Tenses
o Present tensepast tense
o Present continuouspast continuous
o Present futurepast future
o Present perfectpast perfect
o Past tensepast perfect
II. Time
o Todaythat day
o Nowthen
o Tomorrowthe next day / the following day / the day after
o Yesterdaythe previous day / the day before
o Last weekthe week before
III. Verbs
o Gocome
o Comego
IV. Place
o Herethere
o Therehere
V. Modals
o Can (go)could (go)
o Must(go)must (go) / had to (go)
o May (go)might (go)
2. Command
 “Go out, Aulia,” she said
She told Aulia to go out
 “Eat it up, please,”he said
He asked me to eat it up

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 “Don’t shout, Venny,” mother said
Mother told Venny not to shout

3. Questions
a) Yes / no questions
o “Are you Septi?” she said
She asked me if I was Septi
o “Are you studying, Anton?” she said
She asked Anton if he was studying
o “Do you understand?” he said
He asked me if I understood
o “Will you visit the museum?” he said
He asked me if I would visit the museum
o “Did you go to Cendana?” he said
He asked me whether I had gone to Cendana

b) Questions with question words

o “Where do you live?” she said
She asked me where I lived
o “What do you want” she said
She asked me what I wanted
o “How do you go to school?” she said
She asked me how I went to school
o “Who are you?” she said
She asked me who I was
o “What are you doing?” she said
She asked me what I was doing
o “When will you come back?” he said
He asked me when I would come back
o “What did you see?” he said
He asked me what I had seen

Present Perfect Tense

Has/have +V3

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 (For, since, already, just…)

o Have you ever been to London?

o Have you ever seen a ghost?
o How long have you known Septi?
o How long have you had those glasses?
o How long have you been here?

Present perfect tenseused when there’s no time adverb

Simple past tenseused when there’s time adverb

o I’ve lived here FOR three years

o She has known you FOR all her life
o They have not eaten FOR a week
o She has gone to the USA SINCE Monday
o I have already told you about it
o They have just left
o She has just got up

Simple Past Tense

- When I was a child, I never ate cheese.
We use Simple Past Tense because it’s no longer related to our life now
- When you were small, did you ever travel abroad?

- We use Simple Past Tense when:

o There’s the words IN and YEARS
o Talk about dead person

5 sentences with Simple Past Tense with IN and YEARS

- I crashed my sister’s car in 2006

- I lost my cellular phone in 2007
- I first went to school in 1998
- I first went to Singapore in 1997
- I first rode a car in 2006

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 Simple Past Tense with dead person as the subject

- Did Soeharto lead Indonesia for a long period?

- Did Thomas Alfa Edison recently pass away?
- Did R.A. Kartini go to school?
- Did Mozart play violin?
- Did Beethoven come from Indonesia?

Conditional If
There are 3 types of conditional sentences:

Type 1: (present tense + present future)

1) If she comes, I will go

2) If he (not understand) she (explain) it again

- If he doesn’t understand, she will explain it again
3) If he (be) sick, he (lie) in bed
- If he is sick, he will lie in bed
4) You (get) a prize if you (win) the contest.
- You will get a prize if you win the contest
5) You (not succeed) unless you work hard
- You will not succeed unless you work hard

Type 2: (past tense + past future)

1) If she CAME, I WOULD go!

2) If they (know) it, they (tell) us

- If they knew it, they would tell us
3) If he (be) here, he (know) what to do
- If he WERE here, he would know what to do
4) If I (be) you, I (shout)
- If I were you, I would shout
5) You (fail), if you (cheat)
- You would fail, if you cheated
6) What you (do), if I (shout)?
- What would you do, if I shouted?

Type 3: (past perfect + past future)

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 1) If she HAD COME, I WOULD HAVE GONE
2) If he had known, he would have told us
3) You would have passed the exam, if you had studied hard
4) I would have caught the bus if I hadn’t been late

The Gerund
The gerund is a verbal noun; it tells you where to use ING form in a sentence

A. Gerund as part of subject

E.g.:
- MAKING mistakes is the process of learning
- WAITING is boring
- SWIMMING is a healthy exercise
- PLAYING GAMES is interesting
B. Gerund after the preposition
E.g.:
- After TAKING some pieces of cake, he left
- He is interested in TAKING pictures
- Thank you FOR helping
- Sorry FOR being late
- You are good AT playing games
C. After certain verb / as the object
E.g.:
- They STOPPED smoking STOPPED = CERTAIN VERB
- We always PRACTICE speaking English
- I DISLIKE cooking
- Would you MIND helping me?
- You must AVOID taking drugs
- They can’t HELP shouting

Certain Verbs:

 Admit

 Avoid  Deny  Dread

 Appreciate  Dislike  Delay
 Consider  Detest  Enjoy

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 Escape  Postpone  Can’t stand
 Excuse  Pardon  Can’t resist
 Forgive  Risk  It’s no good
 Fancy  Stop  It’s no use
 Finish  Understand  It’s worth
 Imagine  Object to
 Keep  Look forward to
 Loathe  Take to
 Mind  Be used to
 Miss  Be accustomed to
 Mention  Can’t bear
 Practice  Can’t help

4. In noun compounds
e.g.:
 Swimming pool  pool for swimming
 Ice skating rink
 Writing book
 Waiting room
 Smoking area
 Reading comprehension
 Fitting room
 Feeding time
5. Notices of prohibitions
e.g.:
 No smoking
 No swimming
 No feeding
 No fishing
 No listening

Gerund is a noun so it can be proceeded by possessive pronouns

1. (He, come) is not expected

- His coming is not expected
2. They don’t object to (our, come) late
- They don’t object to our coming late

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 3. I don’t understand (Karina, want) to join the army
- I don’t understand Karina’s wanting to join the army

Present Perfect Continuous

(HAS/HAVE BEEN + INGFORM)

How long have you been waiting for me?

How long have you been learning English?

Have you been waiting long?

I’ve been standing here for half an hour

A: You look tired

B: I’ve been jogging

A: Your hands are dirty

B: I’ve been repairing my motorcycle

Too and Enough

- The coffee is too hot. You can’t drink it
The coffee is too hot to drink
- He is very sick. He can’t go to school
He is too sick to go to school
- He is very tall. He can reach the kite
He is tall enough to reach the kite
- The coffee is cool. You can drink it
The coffee is cool enough (for you) to drink

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 So… that… & Such… that…
Karina is so kind that everybody likes her. Kind= adjective

The student did so well that the teacher gave him a prize Well=adverb

Winsen is such a naughty boy that nobody likes him. Naughty boy=noun

It was such a cold weather that everybody stayed at home.

Gerund
Some verbs which can be followed by either the Gerund or to + infinitive

1. Prefer, love, hate, like

2. Continue, start, begin
3. Regret, allow, suggest
4. Forget, remember, stop, try
5. Need, want, require

The Future
- We use am/are/is going to when we can already see the future in the
present- when future are beginning to happen, or are already planned

E.g.:

-Alice is going to have a baby

-It’s going to rain

-We’re going to buy a new car soon

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 o We use will when we predict future actions by thinking, hoping, or
calculating

E.g.:

-Alice’s baby will have blue eyes, and it will probably have fair hair

-she hopes it will be a girl

Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitives are after:

- Modals (can, could, many, might, must)

- Will, would, shall, should
- Had better / would rather

These verbs are followed by bare infinitive

 See I saw him go in

 Feel she felt the house shake
 Hear he heard somebody shout
 Let let me go
 Make you made him cry
 Help I help her do it
 Have she had him do it

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 Present Participle
Verbs which are followed by present participle:

 See  Catch
 Feel  Find
 Hear  smell
 Notice
 Watch
 Listen to
 Look at
 Leave
 Keep

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Example:

1.) I saw Monica crossing the road

2.) She heard somebody crying
3.) She noticed something moving in the bush
4.) Don’t leave the children playing alone outside
5.) Sorry to have kept you waiting
6.) She caught us cheating
7.) She found a man hiding in the attic

Present Participle for Joining Sentences

a. Present participle + that
- Realizing that she had lost her way, the little girl began to cry
- Seeing the bus was very crowded, we didn’t get on it
- The businessmen hurried back to the office, remembering that he had left
the safe unlocked
- He dressed hurriedly for school, not knowing it was a public holiday
b. Two actions happen in one time
- She stood there admiring the picture
- We sat under the tree reading
- She left the room shaking her head
- I ran into the house screaming
- Etc.

c. The ingform means because

- Feeling very nervous, he walked up and down the length of the room
- Wanting to get home before the rain started, she asked me for a lift
d. The ingform means when
- Strolling along the river bank, we saw a bag floating
- Waiting for the bus he saw the accident
e. The ingform means after
- Having left a few words, the old man passed away
- Having taken off his shoes, the man stepped in

Participle as Adjectives
1. Present participle
2. Past participle

1. Present participle (Ex. Boring)

- Yesterday was a boring day
- History is a boring lesson
- Your story is boring
- Mr. Bean is a boring person
2. Past participle (Ex. Bored)
- You made me bored
- I am bored
- I’m getting bored of waiting
- The bored boy fell asleep

Tiring:
- It’s such a tiring week
- Being a teacher is a tiring job
- Such a tiring day

Tired:
- I feel tired
- Hansel is getting tired of doing homework

Participle for Replacing Relative Clauses

- The woman who teaches English is my auntie
The woman teaching English is my auntie
- The boy who worked at the stall lived a hard life
The boy working at the stall lived a hard life
- We bought a table which is made of glass
We bought a table made of glass
- The picture which was painted by John is sold at high price
The picture painted by John is sold at high price

1. The thing that bought by Elissa was a diamond

 - The thing that was bought by Elissa was a diamond
- The thing bought by Ellissa was a diamond
2. We must buy things made in Indonesia
- We must buy things that are made in Indonesia
3. The house which is being built is for the orphants
- The house being built is for the orphants

Modal with Perfect Infinitive

Modals:

- Can, could have

- Can’t, couldn’t have
- May, might have
- May not, might not have
- Must have
- Should, shouldn’t have
- Was, were to have
- Needn’t have

The Subjunctive
1.) I wish I knewI’m sorry I don’t knowsayang aku tidak tahu
2.) I wish I could
3.) I wish I had studied
4.) If only we had a car
5.) He walks as if he were blind
6.) He talks as if he had done all the works
7.) A: do you mind if I smoke?
B: I’d rather you didn’t
8.) A: can I get a job, Christ?
B: well, I’d rather you stayed at home and looked after the children
9.) It’s time you went to bed
 It’s time to go to bed

The Causative Use of Have / Got

1.) I have my hair cut
2.) I have my hair done
3.) Where did you have your hair cut?
4.) Where did you have your hair done?
5.) You must have your teeth checked every 6 months
6.) We are having our house renovated
7.) Our car broke down. We should have it repaired

Part of Speech
No
Noun <n> Verb <v> Adjective <adj.> Adverb <adv.>
.
Long Long
1. Length Lengthen
Lengthy Lengthily
2. Beauty Beautify Beautiful Beautifully
Sweet
3. Sweeten Sweet Sweetly
Sweetness
Differ
4. Difference Different Differently
Differentiate
Developed
5. Development Develop ---
Developing
6. Strength Strengthen Strong Strongly
Critic
7. Criticize Critical Critically
Criticism
8. Safety Save Safe Safely

9. Emptiness Empty Empty Emptily

Believable Believably
10. Belief Believe
Unbelievable Unbelievably
Sleep
11. Sleep Sleepy Sleepily
Sleeper
Pleased
Pleasingly
12. Pleasure Please Pleasing
Pleasantly
Pleasant
Frightened
13. Fright Frighten Frightening* Frighteningly
Frightful*
14. Ability Enable Able Ably

15. Anger Anger Angry Angrily

Imaginable Imaginably
16. Imagination Imagine
Imaginative Imaginatively
Deep
17. Depth Deepen Deep
Deeply
18. Width Widen Wide Widely
Acting Acting
19. Act Actively
Action Active
Die Dying
20. Die Deadly
Death Dead
21. Accuracy --- Accurate Accurately
Foundation*
22. Found --- ---
Founder*
Married
23. Marriage Marry Marriageably
Marriageable
24. Happiness --- Happy Happily

25. Doubt Doubt Doubtful Doubtfully

26. Danger Endanger Dangerous Dangerously

27. Success Succeed Successful Successfully

28. Space Space Spacious Spaciously

29. Comfort Comfort Comfortable Comfortably

30. Electricity Electrify Electric Electrically

13. *Frightening : for condition *Frightful

: for appearance

22.*Foundation : yayasan *Founder : pendiri