Operating System Short Questions and Answers

System
Khanal
Compiled by: Suresh
2010
Operating
There has always been lack of good preparation materials for

Computer Science Studies. Though the efforts of a man can never
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PS Exam
Syuchatar – 1, Kalanki
Kathmandu
Nepal.
Operating Systems
Short Questions and Answers
Contents
1. What are the basic functions of an operating system?
2. Why paging is used?
3. What resources are used when a thread created? How do they differ from
those when a process is created?
4. What is virtual memory?
5. What is Throughput, Turnaround time, waiting time and Response time?
6. What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event
to occur?
7. What is the important aspect of a real-time system or Mission Critical
Systems?
8. What are the types of Real Time System?
9. What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems?
10. What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once
it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem?
11. What are multi tasking, multi programming and multi threading?
12. What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
13. What is fragmentation? Different types of fragmentation?
14. What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?
15. What is Dispatcher?
16. What is CPU Scheduler?
17. What is Context Switch?
18. What is cache memory?
19. What is a Safe State and what is its use in deadlock avoidance?
20. What is a Real-Time System?
21. What is MUTEX?
22. What is the difference between a ‘thread’ and a ‘process’?
23. What is Semaphore?
24. What is Marshalling?
25. Define and Explain COM?
26. What is INODE?
27. What are the different process states?
28. What is marshalling?
29. What is Mutex Object?
30. What is semaphore?
31. Explain Memory Partitioning, Paging, Segmentation.
32. What is the Condition for deadlock occurrence?
33. What are the Methods for Handling Deadlocks?
34. What is a Safe State and its? use in deadlock avoidance?
35. What is the usage of Deadlock Detection-Algorithm?
36. What are the different Dynamic Storage-Allocation methods?
37. What is fragmentation? Different types of fragmentation?
38. Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by
the operating system when a page fault occurs?
39. What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once
it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem?
40. Describe different job scheduling in operating systems.
41. What is a Real-Time System?
42. What is the main component of operating system
43. Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the
functions executed by them.
Operating Systems
What are the basic functions of an operating
system?
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various application programs for various uses. Operating system acts as
resource allocator and manager. Since there are many possibly conflicting
requests for resources, the operating system must decide which requests are
allocated resources to operating the computer system efficiently and fairly.
Also, operating system is control program which controls the user programs to
prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned
with the operation and control of I/O devices.
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Why paging is used?
Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the
logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process
to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.

What resources are used when a thread
created? How do they differ from those
when a process is created?
When a thread is created the threads does not require any new resources to
execute the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which
they belong to. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to
have several different threads of activity all within the same address space.
Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always
requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory
then the inter process communication is expensive when compared to the
communication between the threads.

What is virtual memory?
Virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears to have
more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-sharing, the physical
memory and storage parts of the memory one disk when they are not actively
being used.

What is Throughput, Turnaround time,
waiting time and Response time?
Throughput: Number of processes that complete their execution per time unit.
Turnaround Time: Amount of time to execute a particular process.
Waiting Time: Amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue.
Response Time: amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted
until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment).

What is the state of the processor, when a
process is waiting for some event to occur?
Waiting state

What is the important aspect of a real-time
system or Mission Critical Systems?
A real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process
must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example
is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet
airplane. Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as
controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, and some display systems.

What are the types of Real Time System?
Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.
Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM), Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not
supported by general-purpose operating systems.
Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in

applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system
features.

What is the difference between Hard and
Soft real-time systems?
A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This
goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the
stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request
made of it.
A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other
tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems
kernel delays need to be bounded

What is the cause of thrashing? How does
the system detect thrashing? Once it detects
thrashing, what can the system do to
eliminate this problem?
Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages
required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault.
The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as
compared to the level of multiprogramming.
It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.

What are multi tasking, multi programming
and multi threading?
Multi programming: Multiprogramming is the technique of running several
programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a computer to do several things
at the same time. Multiprogramming creates logical parallelism. The concept
of multiprogramming is that the operating system keeps several jobs in
memory simultaneously. The operating system selects a job from the job pool
and starts executing a job, when that job needs to wait for any i/o operations
the CPU is switched to another job. So the main idea here is that the CPU is
never idle.

Multi tasking: Multitasking is the logical extension of multi-programming .The
concept of multitasking is quite similar to multiprogramming but difference is
that the switching between jobs occurs so frequently that the users can
interact with each program while it is running. This concept is also known as
time-sharing systems. A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling
and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of time-
shared system.
Multi threading: An application typically is implemented as a separate process

with several threads of control. In some situations a single application may be
required to perform several similar tasks for example a web server accepts
client requests for web pages, images, sound, and so forth. A busy web server
may have several of clients concurrently accessing it. If the web server ran as a

traditional single-threaded process, it would be able to service only one client
at a time. The amount of time that a client might have to wait for its request to
be serviced could be enormous. So it is efficient to have one process that
contains multiple threads to serve the same purpose. This approach would
multithread the web-server process, the server would create a separate thread
that would listen for client requests when a request was made rather than
creating another process it would create another thread to service the request.
To get the advantages like responsiveness, Resource sharing economy and
utilization of multiprocessor architectures multithreading concept can be used.

What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
Hard disk is the secondary storage device, which holds the data in bulk, and it
holds the data on the magnetic medium of the disk. Hard disks have a hard
platter that holds the magnetic medium, the magnetic medium can be easily
erased and rewritten, and a typical desktop machine will have hard disks with a
capacity of between 10 and a few gigabytes. Data is stored onto the disk in the
form of files.

What is fragmentation? Different types of
fragmentation?
Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of
the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request.
External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic

memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left
over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation
occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory
space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous.

Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of
allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of
allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested
memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being
used

What is DRAM? In which form does it store
data?
DRAM is not the best, but it’s cheap, does the job, and is available almost
everywhere you look. DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a
transistor. The capacitor tends to lose data unless it’s recharged every couple
of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of
DRAM compared to speedier RAM types.

What is Dispatcher?
Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the
short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context, Switching to user
mode, Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that
program, dispatch latency:- time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process
and start another running.

What is CPU Scheduler?
Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and
allocates the CPU to one of them. CPU scheduling decisions may take place
when a process:
1. Switches from running to waiting state.

2. Switches from running to ready state.
3. Switches from waiting to ready.
4. Terminates.
Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive. All other scheduling is

preemptive.

What is Context Switch?
Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old
process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as
a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system
does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to
machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers which
must be copied, the existence of special instructions (such as a single
instruction to load or store all registers).

What is cache memory?
Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer
microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the
microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds
the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the
more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.

What is a Safe State and what is its use in
deadlock avoidance?
Safe State:
When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if

immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state. System is in safe state if
there exists a safe sequence of all processes.
Deadlock Avoidance:
Ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state.

What is a Real-Time System?
A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a
certain time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that
can run real time processes successfully.

What is MUTEX?
Mutex is a program object that allows multiple program threads to share the
same resource, such as file access, but not simultaneously. When a program is
started a mutex is created with a unique name. After this stage, any thread
that needs the resource must lock the mutex from other threads while it is
using the resource. The mutex is set to unlock when the data is no longer
needed or the routine is finished.

What is the difference between a ‘thread’
and a ‘process’?
A process is a collection of virtual memory space, code, data, and system
resources. A thread is code that is to be serially executed within a process. A
processor executes threads, not processes, so each application has at least one
process, and a process always has at least one thread of execution, known as
the primary thread. A process can have multiple threads in addition to the
primary thread. Prior to the introduction of multiple threads of execution,
applications were all designed to run on a single thread of execution.

When a thread begins to execute, it continues until it is killed or until it is
interrupted by a thread with higher priority (by a user action or the kernel’s
thread scheduler). Each thread can run separate sections of code, or multiple
threads can execute the same section of code. Threads executing the same
block of code maintain separate stacks. Each thread in a process shares that
process’s global variables and resources.

What is Semaphore?
Semaphore is the locking Mechanism used inside resource managers and
resource dispensers.
What is Marshalling?
The process of packaging and sending interface method parameters across
thread or process boundaries is marshalling.

Define and Explain COM?
COM stands for Component Object Model which is a specification (Standards).
COM has two aspects
a: COM specifications provide a definition for what object is
b: COM provides services or blue prints for creation of object and

communication between client and server.
COM is loaded when the first object of the component is created.

What is INODE?
INODE are the data structures that contain information about the files which
are created when UNIX file systems are created. Each file has an inode & is
identified by an inode number (i-number) in the file system where it resides.
Inode provides important information on files such as group ownership, access
mode (read, write, execute permissions).

What are the different process states?
A process may be in anyone of the following states
1. NEW
2. READY
3. WAIT
4. RUNNING
5. TERMINATE
Note: TERMINATE is not a state, if the process “TERMINATE” it still exists

What is marshalling?
Marshalling is the process of gathering data and transforming it into a standard
format before it is transmitted over a network so that the data can transcend
network boundaries. In order for an object to be moved around a network, it
must be converted into a data stream that corresponds with the packet
structure of the network transfer protocol. This conversion is known as data
marshalling. Data pieces are collected in a message buffer before they are
marshaled. When the data is transmitted, the receiving computer converts the
marshaled data back into an object.

What is Mutex Object?
A mutex object is a synchronization object whose state is set to signaled when
it is not owned by any thread, and non-signaled when it is owned. For example,
to prevent two threads from writing to shared memory at the same time, each
thread waits for ownership of a mutex object before executing the code that
accesses the memory. After writing to the shared memory, the thread releases
the mutex object.

What is semaphore?
A semaphore object is a synchronization object that maintains a count
between zero and a specified maximum value. The count is decremented each
time a thread completes a wait for the semaphore object and incremented
each time a thread releases the semaphore. When the count reaches zero, no
more threads can successfully wait for the semaphore object state to become
signaled. The state of a semaphore is set to ‘signaled’ when its count is greater
than zero and ‘non-signaled’ when its count is zero. The semaphore object is
useful in controlling a shared resource that can support a limited number of
users. It acts as a gate that limits the number of threads sharing the resource
to a specified maximum number.

Explain Memory Partitioning, Paging,
Segmentation.
Memory partitioning is the way to distribute the Kernel and User Space Area
in Memory.
Paging is actually a minimum memory, which can be swap in and swap out
from Memory.
In modern Server operating systems, we can use Multiple Page Size Support.
That actually helps to tune OS performance, depending on type of applications.

Segmentation is actually a way to keep similar objects in one place. For
example: you can have your stack stuffs in one place (Stack Segment), Binary
code in another place (text segment), and data in another place (Data and BSS
segment).
Linux doesn’t have segment architecture. AIX has Segment architecture.

What is the Condition for deadlock
occurrence?
Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously.
Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource.
Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire
additional resources held by other processes.
No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process

holding it, after that process has completed its task.

Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, P2, P3} of waiting processes such that
P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that
is held by P2, P2 is waiting for a resource that is held by P3, and P3 is waiting
for a resource that is held by P0.

What are the Methods for Handling
Deadlocks?
 Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.
 Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover.
 Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the
system; used by most operating systems

What is a Safe State and its? use in deadlock
avoidance?
When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if
immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state
System is in safe state if there exist a safe sequence of all processes.
Sequence <P1, P2? Pn> is safe if for each Pi, the resources that Pi can still
request can be satisfied by currently available resources + resources held by all
the Pj, with j<I.

If Pi resource needs are not immediately available, then Pi can wait until all Pj
have finished.
When Pj is finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute, return allocated

resources, and terminate.
When Pi terminates, Pi+1 can obtain its needed resources, and so on.
->Deadlock Avoidance ?ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state.

What is the usage of Deadlock Detection-
Algorithm?
 When, and how often, to invoke depends on:
 How often a deadlock is likely to occur?
 How many processes will need to be rolled back?
 If detection algorithm is invoked arbitrarily, there may be many cycles in

the resource graph and so we would not be able to tell which of the
many deadlocked processes, caused the deadlock.

What are the different Dynamic Storage-
Allocation methods?
How to satisfy a request of size n from a list of free holes?
First-fit: Allocate the first hole that is big enough.
Best-fit: Allocate the smallest hole that is big enough; must search entire list,
unless ordered by size. It produces the smallest leftover hole.
Worst-fit: Allocate the largest hole; must also search entire list. Produces the
largest left over hole. First-fit and best-fit are better than worst-fit in terms of
speed and storage utilization.

What is fragmentation? Different types of
fragmentation?
Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of
the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request.
External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic

memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left
over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation
occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory
space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous

Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of
allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of
allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested
memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being
used Reduce external fragmentation by compaction
 Shuffle memory contents to place all free memory together in one large
block.
 Compaction is possible only if relocation is dynamic, and is done at

execution time.

Under what circumstances do page faults
occur? Describe the actions taken by the
operating system when a page fault occurs?
A page fault occurs when an access to a page that has not been brought into
main memory takes place. The operating system verifies the memory access,
aborting the program if it is invalid. If it is valid, a free frame is located and I/O
is requested to read the needed page into the free frame. Upon completion of
I/O, the process table and page table are updated and the instruction is
restarted. When a process is executed with only few pages in memory and
when an instruction is encountered which refers to any instruction or data in
some other page, which is not present in the main memory, a page fault
occurs.

What is the cause of thrashing? How does
the system detect thrashing? Once it detects
thrashing, what can the system do to
eliminate this problem?
Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages
required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can
detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the
level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing the level of
multiprogramming.

Describe different job scheduling in
operating systems.
Scheduling is the activity of the deciding when process will receive the
resources they request.
FCFS: FCSFS stands for First Come First Served. In FCFS the job that has been
waiting the longest is served next.
Round Robin Scheduling: Round Robin scheduling is a scheduling method

where each process gets a small quantity of time to run and then it is
preempted and the next process gets to run. This is called time-sharing and
gives the effect of all the processes running at the same time

Shortest Job First: The Shortest job First scheduling algorithm is a
nonpreemptive scheduling algorithm that chooses the job that will execute the
shortest amount of time.
Priority Scheduling: Priority scheduling is a scheduling method where at all

times the highest priority process is assigned the resource.
What is a Real-Time System?

A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a
certain time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that
can run real time processes successfully

A real time operating system is one in which the process has to respond within
specified time limits.
Depending on this the real time operating system is of two types:
1) Hard Real-Time: in this system has to respond within the specified time
limits in case if it fails to respond within that time then the process is
considered to be fail. e.g Robot Systems
2) Soft Real-Time: in this if system fails to respond within the specified time
limits then the process is not considered to be failed rather it gets some more
time from the system to get complete.

What is the main component of operating
system
Main component of operating system are kernel and shell.
Shell is a interface between application program and kernel. Whenever

application program wants some work to be done, it contacts kernel and
kernel in turn perform work with the help of device drivers. Thus we can say
kernel is an interface between hardware and shell.
Kernel uses device drivers to control microcontroller card of peripheral device

and in turn work is being accomplished.

Application Program -> [shells ->kernel ->device driver -> controller card ->
physical hardware]
Explain briefly about, processor, assembler,

compiler, loader, linker and the functions
executed by them.
Processor: A processor is the part a computer system that executes
instructions .It is also called a CPU.
Assembler: An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions

and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use

to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler
language and others use the term assembly language.
Compiler: A compiler is a special program that processes statements written

in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language
or "code" that a computer's processor uses.
Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as

Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor. The file that is created contains
what are called the source statements. The programmer then runs the
appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains
the source statements.

Loader: In a computer operating system, a loader is a component that locates
a given program (which can be an application or, in some cases, part of the
operating system itself) in offline storage (such as a hard disk), loads it into
main storage (in a personal computer, it's called random access memory), and
gives that program control
of the computer.
Linker: Linker performs the linking of libraries with the object code to make
the object code into an executable machine code.

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Operating System Short Questions and Answers

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Operating System Short Questions and Answers

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There has always been lack of good preparation materials for

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Turnaround Time: Amount of time to execute a particular process.

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Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in

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It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.

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Multi threading: An application typically is implemented as a separate process

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External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic

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1. Switches from running to waiting state.

Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive. All other scheduling is

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When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if

Ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state.

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a: COM specifications provide a definition for what object is

b: COM provides services or blue prints for creation of object and

COM is loaded when the first object of the component is created.

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Note: TERMINATE is not a state, if the process “TERMINATE” it still exists

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Linux doesn’t have segment architecture. AIX has Segment architecture.

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Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource.

No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process

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 Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover.

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System is in safe state if there exist a safe sequence of all processes.

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When Pj is finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute, return allocated

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 How often a deadlock is likely to occur?

 How many processes will need to be rolled back?