In biological systems,regulation of enzyme

activities occur at different stages in one or

more of the following ways to achieve
cellular economy.
Allosteric Regulation.
Regulation of enzymes by covalent
modifications.
Induction and supression of enzyme
synthesis.
ALLOSTERIC REGULATION.
 Enzymes containing other sites beside the
active site are known as allosteric enzymes.
Composed of multiple subunits.
Regulate the committed step early in the
pathway.
These are regulated by molecules called
effectors(modifiers).
Negative effectors inhibit the enzyme activity.
Possitive effectors increase the enzyme
activity.
Can effect the Vmax, Km or both.
Homotropic effectors:When substrate itself
act as an effector.
Function as possitive effectors.
Heterotropic effectors: Effector is different
from the substrate.
Feed back inhibition
Glycolytic enzyme phosphofrucokinase is
allosterically inhibited by citrate.
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A B C D E
 REGULATION OF ENZYME BY COVALENT
MODIFIOCATION.
Addition or removal of phoshate groups from
specific serine,threonine,or tyrosine residues of
the enzyme.
Phosphorylation by protein kinases and
dephosphorylation by phosphoprotein
phosphatases.
 EXAMPLE: Phosphorylation of Glycogen
phosphorylase increases the enzyme activity
Phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase
decreases the enzyme activity.
 INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF
ENZYME SYNTHESIS.
Cells can also regulate the amount of
enzyme present usually by altering the rate
of enzyme synthesis.
Rate of synthesis and degradation
determine the enzyme quantity.
INDUCTION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS.
In Bacteria Lactose Induction of β
Galactosidase

In Animals Enzymes of urea cycle

HMG Co A reductase in
cholesterol synthesis
REPRESSION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS
In Bacteria Glucose Repression of β
galactosidase
In Animals .
HMG CoA reductase:Induction or
stimulation of synthesis=Fed state or insulin
effect.
Repression of synthesis=Fasting or starvation
Hormone sensitive lipoprotein lipase:
Induction or
stimulation=Adrenaline,cortisol,fasting and
stress.
Repression=Insulin,fed state
PROENZYMES
Inactive enzymes intially secreated as large
molecules,active sites not exposed.
Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin
Required for the control of the catalytic
activity of enzymes so that catalytic activities
only occurs when required.
Pancreatic enzymes if all the time active=auto
digesion of the pancrease
Blood clot enzymes only active when blood
clot is formed.