jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZdÆsra'o
  A Pilgrim's Guide to The Buddha's India
 
 
Middle Land Middle Way
 
  by S. Dhammika
 
 
 
 

t&Sifauvmo
vkrÁdeD *,m? rd*'g? ukodem&mrnf/ "rRmp&d,/ B.A (Philo) M.A. (Buddhism)
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  2009 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 
 
 
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12/ emvE´m 215-223
Middle Land Middle Way
Munfh½IzG,f 223-229
emvE´m0ef;usif 229-231 By S. Dhammika

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Preface to Burmese Edition

When I visited India in the 1980's I was distressed to discover

that it was difficult to get any information about the places
were the Buddha had lived. The little information that was
available it was either wrong or to academic to be useful to
the devote pilgrim. It was for this reason that I wrote Middle
Land Middle Way. Since it was first published in 1992 the
book has become very popular with Buddhist pilgrims both
east sand west and has been translated into several different
languages. I am happy that it will now be available to
Burmese pilgrims. Burmese have been going to India to see
the places where the Buddha lived and taught for more than
a thousand years but only today is it possible for the ordinary
person to do so, and thus an accurate, reliable and detailed
guide book is necessary. I hope my book helps deepen the
faith and understanding of those who use it. Venerable S
Dhammika of Australia.

With Metta,
Ven Dhammka.
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Gemstones of the Good Dhamma, Navel of the Earth
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Land Middle Way – A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India trnf&Sd
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aumif;NyD; bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfonf Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfwpfckpD\ acwf
tqufquf crf;em;awmufycJhykH aemufcHordkif;qdkif&m A[kokw
udk tawmftwef em;vnfoGm;rnfomru udk,fydkif tawG;
tjrifopfrsm;udkvnf; {uef&&Sdrnf jzpfonf/
pmjyKyk*¾Kdvfonf Ak'¨0ifae&mawmftoD;oD;\ jrwfAk'¨ vuf
xufawmfu orkdif;0ifjzpf&yfrsm;udk acwftjrifjzihf uRrf;usif ydkif
EdkifpGm okawoejyKwifjyxm;ojzihf rSDckdtm;xm;avmufNyD; em;
vnfvG,faom tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ usrf;udk;
rsm; txl;ojzihf ax&0g'ygVdawmf t|uxmrS xkwfEkwfudk;um;
azmfjyrIrsm; ckdifvkHNyD; t"dyÜm,faumuf,lykH qef;opfonf/ Ak'0¨ if
ae&mawmfESihf ywfoufonhf tcsuftvufudk usrf;*efrS qGJ,l
qufpyfjy&mü xl;jcm;rIrsm;&Sdonf/
þpmtkyfü vufawGY ordkif;½IaxmihfESihf a&S;a[mif;okaw
oe tjrifrsm;jzihf a&;om;wifjyrIudk OD;pm;ay;xm;aomaMumihf
tcsKdUazmfjycsuftenf;i,frSm o'¨gw&m;tajccHjzihf a&;om;azmfjy
onhf jrefrmynm&SifBuD;rsm;\tawG;tjrifESihf rqdkpavmufuGm[
csufrsm; awGU&onf/ bmomjyefqdk&mü tao;pdwfwpfvkH;rusef
jyefqdkrIudk ESpfoufNyD; tqdkyguGm[csuftenf;i,frSm tjiif;ryGm;
bmomjyefol\pum;wpfcGef; P
avmuf[k ,lqjcif;wdkYaMumihf csefvSyfxm;jcif; rjyKyg/ Oyrm –
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ &Snfvsm;vSonhf aemufqkH;c&D; a'opm&DESihf
ywfoufí þusrf;u ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aemufqkH;y&dedAÁmef
pHvGefawmfrrlrD (arG;&yfajr) uydv0w¬KodkY aemufqkH;tBudrf <u
a&mufvdkonhf &nf½G,fcsufjzihf ,if;c&D;&Snfudk <ucsDcJhzG,f&Sd
aMumif;} qdkxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif r[mAk'¨usrf; (twGJ 5? pm –
49)ürl ]1) r[mok'óeokwåefudk a[mMum;awmfrlvdkjcif; 2)
okb'´y&dAkdZfudk acscRwfvdkjcif; 3) "mwfawmfrsm;udk rQwpGm a0iS
ay;Edkifonhf a'gPykPÖm;&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumihf ukodem½kHodkY <ucsDawmf
rljcif;jzpfaMumif;} jyqdkonf/ trSefaomf ordkif;okawoD wpf
a,muftzdkY ,if;odkY rSef;qEdkifcGifh &Sdonf[k ,lqygonf/
,if;odkYaom azmfjycsuftenf;i,fudk pmzwfoltaejzihf ESpf
oufvQif,lNyD; rESpfoufygu y,f½kHomjzpfí þbmomjyefüum;
rl&if;usrf;ü yg&Sdonfudk rjzKwfy,fbJ rl&if;usrf; twdkif;om
xnfhoGif; jyefqkdxm;ygonf/ bmomjyefqdk&mü jyifqifjznhfpGuf
cGifhr&Sd[k ,kHMunfonhftwdkif; wwfpGrf;orQ BudK;yrf;ygonf/
þusrf;pmudk a&;om;jyKpkol tufpf"r®duonf MopaMw;vs
EkdifiHwGif 1951-ckESpfwGif c&pf,efbmom 0ifrdom;pkrS arG;zGm;
cJhonf/ touf 18-ESpft½G,fü Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD; touf
24-ESpfwGif tdE´d,EdkifiH om0w¬dNrdKUü omraPjyKonf/ ¤if;aemuf
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY <ua&mufNyD; udkvrfbdkNrdKU? auvPd,wuú
odkvfü Ak'¨bmomudk avhvmNyD; M.A. bGJU&onf/ oD&dvuFmEdkifiH
wGif qufvufaexkdif&if; Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefyY Gm;a&; tm;ay;
aqmif½GufcJhonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;ü Ak'¨bmomtaMumif;ESihf ta&SU
wdkif; bmomw&m;rsm; taMumif;udk a[majymydkYcscJhonf/ xdkYjyif
MopaMw;vsESihf tm&SEdkifiHwpfvTm;&Sd a&'D,kdESihf ½kyfjrifoHMum; Xme
rsm;rSvnf; Ak'¨bmomtaMumif; a[majymonf/
 4 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:xGef;cJhonhfae&m jzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨onf rZÑdr
a'owGif zGm;jrifawmfrlí tdE´d,\ oJzkef xlxyfaom vrf;rsm;
wGif c&D;a'opm&D <ucsDawmfrlvsuf tdEd´,\ ajcmufaoGUopf
awmrsm;ü w&m;bm0em tm;xkwfNyD; NrdKUBuD;NrdKUi,f aus;½Gmwpf
cGif w&m;a'oeawmfrsm; a[mMum;awmfrl&if; tcsdefukefvGef
awmfrlcJhonf/ rZÑdra'oum; Ak'¨0g'\ ta&;ygonhf ueOD;&mpk
ESpfrsm;twGif; Ak'¨0g'udk (pnfyifjyefYyGm;atmif) jyKpk ysKd;axmifay;cJh
onf/ aemufqkH;wGif (Ak'¨0g'onf) tdE´d,EdkifiH wpfvTm;odkY ysHUESYH
oGm;NyD; aemifwGif tdE´d, e,fpyfudk ausmfvGefvsuf tm&Swdkuf\
a0;vHvSaom e,fajrtpdwftydkif;rsm;odkYwdkif ysHUESHYoGm;jcif;jzpfaomf
vnf; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'\ trde,fajrtjzpf rZÑdra'o
udk xm0pOf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifvsuf &SdMuonf/
rZÑdra'o\ e,fajrtus,ft0ef;udk a&S;a[mif;Ak'¨bmom
usrf;*ef (ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum) rsm;ü tvGefwduspGm zGifh
qdkazmfjyxm;onf/ 0de,yd#u (0d 3? 287) wGif rZÑdra'oonf
ta&SUbufü *Z*Fv½GmBuD;? ta&SUawmifbufwGif omv0wDjrpf?
taemufajrmufbufwGif owuEéduNrdKU? taemufbufwGif xle
ykPÖm;½Gmxd us,fjyefYNyD; ajrmufbufe,fpyfa'orsm;udk OoD&'¨Z
awmifukef;rsm;jzihf ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfxm;aMumif; jyqdkonf/
tqdkyge,fajr trSwftom;rsm;teuf trsm;pkudk ,aeYacwfü
rxkwfazmfEdkifMuawmhay/ odkY&mwGif a&S;acwf rZÑdra'o[lonf
udk tMurf;jzihf acwfopf AD[mjynfe,f? Owmy&ma'h&SfESihf eDayg
EdkifiH\ wm&mtd (Tarai) a'orsm;ESihf wlnDaMumif; jyqdkMuonf/
EdkifiHa&;t&qdkaomf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf odawmfrlcJhonfh tdE´d,
EdkifiHudk wdkif;BuD; q,fhajcmufwdkif;wdkYjzihf cGJjcm;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkY
teuf trsm;pkwGif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhzl; odkYr[kwf
jrwfAk'¨\ &Snfvsm;NyD; atmifjrifaom b0oufwrf;umvtwGif;
rZÑdra'o
awmifzufa'oum; rZÑdra'o[k xif&Sm;\/ &moDOwk t
yltat;rQwojzihf eif;cJESif;rIefrsm;r&Sd/ vltrsm;onf csrf;
om<u,f0NyD; a&mifh&JvG,fMu\/ vlcGef odkYr[kwf tmPm
ydkifwdkY\ wif;Muyf pnf;wm;rIjzihf aESmihf,Sufjcif; rcHMu&
acs/ bk&ihfajrudk xGef,ufpdkufysKd;olrsm;onfom ajrcGefay;
&NyD; olwdkYonf rdrdESpfouf&m t&yfa'oodkY vGwfvyfpGm
oGm;vm aexdkifEdkifMu\/ bk&ifonf ao'PfrcsrSwfbJ tkyf
csKyf\/ jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkYusL;vGefaom jypfrI
tavsmuf ayghaygh odkYr[kwf av;av; jypf'PfcsrSwfonf/
tqihfjrifhopömazmuf vkyfMuHolrsm;tm;yif nmbuf
vufrQudkom jzwfap\/ rif;cpm;rsm; tapmihftMuyfrsm;
ESihf ta>ct&Hrsm;tm;vkH;onf (aexkdifp&m) taqmufttkH
rsm;ESihf yifpifvpmrsm; &&SdMu\/ þEdkifiH&Sd vltrsm;onf
olwpfyg;toufudk owfjzwf ñSOf;qJjcif;r&SdMu/ ao&nf
ao&uf raomufMu/ MuufoGefeD odkYr[kwf MuufoGefjzL
rpm;Mu/ þEdkifiHwGif 0uf? Muufrsm;udk rarG;jrLMu/ ouf&Sd
owå0grsm;udk a&mif;0,fjcif;r&Sd/ aps;wGif 0ufowform;
odkYr[kwf t&ufa&mif;orm;r&Sd/ ukefa&mif;ukef0,fjyK&m
wGif c½kcGHrsm;udk aiGaMu;tjzpf tokH;jyKMu\/
Zmwfedrfhol? wHigonfrsm;ESihf rkqdk;rsm;om tom;
a&mif;Mu\/ jrwfAk'¨y&deAd ÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf bk&ifrif;
2 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rsm;? &yfrd&yfzrsm;ESihf Ak'¨bmom0if 'um'umrrsm;onf &
[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf ausmif;wdkufrsm; wnfaqmuf
NyD; aexkdifp&mausmif;aqmifrsm;? O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;? uRJEGm;
v,fajrrsm;ESihf ,if; (&[ef;awmfrsm;\) v,fajrudk xGef
,ufpdkufysKd;&ef tdrfaxmifOD;pD;ol trsKd;om;rsm;udkyg vª'gef;
axmufyHhxm;Mu\/
oHwGif xGif;xkxm;aom ypönf;ykdifqdkifcGifh pmcsKyf pm
wrf;rsm;onf bk&iftqufquf qif;oufcJhNyD; ,if;udk
rnfolrQ rzsufqD; (rcsKd;azmuf)0HhMuaomaMumihf ,if; pm
csKyf pmwrf;rsm;onf touf0ifqJ jzpf\/ bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; ckwif anmifapmif;? acgif;tkH;ponf?
tpm;tpm? azsmf&nfESihf ouFef;rsm;jzihf &[ef;oHCmawmf
rsm; vdkavao;r&Sd&atmif vª'gef;axmufyHhxm;Mu\/ t&yf
a'owkdif;wGif þenf;ESifESif jrifawGU&\/ &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf rdrdb0udk udk,fusifhoDv aqmufwnf usihfokH;&ef?
yd#uwfusrf;pmudk ½GwftHoifMum;&ef? w&m;bm0emrsm;
tm;xkwf&ef `rIyfESHxm;Muonf/
zm[D,ef (Fa Hien)?
w½kwf&[ef;awmf? at'D 399
ed'gef;
tmeE´m? ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;ESihf jynfhpkHolrsm;tm; pdwftm;
xufoefrIudk jzpfay:aprnhf ae&mXme av;rsKd;&Sday\/ tb,f
av;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrlum; wxm*wac:wGif igbk&m;&Sif zGm;jrif
awmfrlonhfae&m? þum; yxrae&mwnf;/ wxm*wac:wGif
igbk&m;&Sif aAm"dÓmPfudk &awmfrlcJhonhfae&m? þum; 'kwd,
ae&mwnf;/ wxm*wac:wGif igbk&m;&Sif "r®pMumw&m; a[m
Mum;awmfrlcJhonhfae&m? þum; wwd,ae&mwnf;/ wxm*w
ac:wGif igbk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmef pH0ifawmfrlcJhonhfae&m? þum;
pwkw¬ae&mwnf;/ o'¨gw&m;ESihfjynhfpkHonhf &[ef;? &[ef;rdef;r?
Oygoum? Oygodumrrsm;onf þ(azmfjyNyD;) ae&mXmersm;odkY
oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmfoifhay\/ Munfvifaom pdwfxm;jzihf þ
oHa0Zed, Xmersm;odkY bk&m;zl;vSnhfvnfpOf uG,fvGefol rnfol
rqdkonf cE¨mudk,fysufí aovGefNyD;aemufü ewfjynfavmu
wGif jyefvnfarG;zGm;ayvdrfhrnf ('D 2? 116)/
rsufarSmufacwfwGif tdE´d,[kac:qdkaomEdkifiHudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmESihf Ak'¨
jrwfpGm\ acwfNydKifyk*¾Kdvfrsm;u oajyyifuRef; (ZrÁK'Dy) [kac:a0:
Muonf/ rdrdzGm;jrifawmfrlcJhonhf e,fajrEdkifiHESihfpyfí >rufMum;
&mü jrwfAk'¨u ]ESpfvdkzG,f ajrjyefYvGifjyifrsm;ESihf a&uefrsm; t
enf;i,fom&SdNyD; euf½Idif;Murf;axmfaomae&mrsm;? ul;jzwfí r&
Edkifaomjrpfrsm;? odyfonf;xlxyfonhf csKHEG,fydwfaygif;rsm;? ql;csKH
rsm;ESihf (vlol) raygufa&mufEdkifaom awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;rSm
rl ydkrdkrsm;jym;\ (tH 1? 36) }[lí rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/
&moDOwkajcmufaoGUNyD; ywf0ef;usif Murf;wrf;aomfvnf;
tdE´d,um; tD*spf? w½kwfESihf rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;a'owdkYuJhodkY
yif vlY,Ofaus;rI pwifzGHUNzKd;cJhonhf a'oBuD; wpfckjzpfonf/ **Fg
jrpf0Srf;a'o odkYr[kwf rZÑdra'o[kac:onhf þa'oum; tdE´d,
,Ofaus;rI\ tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom tawG;tjrifrsm;ESihf qef;opf
8 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
uvsmPDausmufpm (jrefrmEdkifiH? yJcl;NrdKU) ü ur®|mef;w&m; yGm;
rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzihf rdrd&&SdcJhaom (tbdÓmPf) wefcdk;aMumihf Ak'¨
*,modkY rSefrSef <ua&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf; &,lEdkifcJhaom q,fhokH;
&mpkacwfu jrefrm&[ef;awmf wpfyg;taMumif; azmfjyonf -
],if;odkY (psmeftbdÓmPf) ESihf jynfhpkHjcif;ü þ&[ef;awmfonf
eHeufwdkif; r*"EdkifiHodYk <ua&mufNyD; O½ka0vm (t&yf)&Sd aAm"d
&ifjyifudk wHjrufvSnf;vsuf ok"r®yk& (jrefrmEdkifiH atmufydkif;yJcl;)
NrdKUodkY jyef<uí qGrf;cHvSnhfvnf\/ wpfeHeufwGif þt&Sifjrwf
aAm"d&ifjyifudk wHjrufvSnf;aepOf (,cifu) O½ka0vmü aexdkif
cJhzl;Muonhf ukefonf wpfpkonf ok"r®yk&NrdKUrS r*"NrdKUodkY tvm
vrf;c&D;wGif þrax&fudk jrifawGUMuojzihf tjyefwGif ¤if;wdkY jrif
awGUcJh&onfudk ok"r®yk&NrdKUol NrdKUom;wdkYtm; ajymjyMuonf}/
odkY&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiHrSvma&mufMuonhf bk&m;zl;trsm;pkrSm
&cdki½f dk;rudkjzwfausmfvsuf urf;½kd;wef;wpfavQmuf ajcvsifc&D;
ESifí b*Fvm;e,fxJodkY 0ifMuonf/ odkYr[kwf jrLaiGUxx l yfNyD;
yifv,f"m;jy aygrsm;vSonhf okE´m&befpf (Sundarbans) jrpf
aMumif;twkdif; avSjzihfoGm;NyD;aemuf **FgjrpfnmodkY ½GufvTifh (qef
wuf) Muonf/
(rZÑdra'oodkY bk&m;zl;) c&D;xGufcGmcJhMuol trsm;pkrSm arG;
&yfajrodkY vkH;0rjyefMuawmhbJ tcsKdUrSmrl rZÑdra'oodkYa&mufatmif
yif rpDrHEdkifcJhMuacs/ w½kwf&[ef;awmf csefrif; (Chang Min) onf
,if;odkYaom yk*¾KdvfrsKd;jzpfonf ]xkdt&Sif\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrmS
rZÑdra'oodkY a&muf&Sd&efjzpfonf/ xdk&nf½G,fcsufjzihf &[ef;awmf
csefrif;onf ukefypönf;tjynfh wifaqmifxm;onhf ukefoabFm
wpfpif;jzihf vdkufygcJhonf/ oabFmonf qdyfurf;rS cGmNyD;aemuf
a'owpfckvkH;udk a0SY&rf;vsuf yifv,fjyifudk tvGefMurf;wrf;
vIyf&Sm;apaom ½kwfw&uf wdkufcwfonhf wdkufzkef; (typphoon)
ed'gef; 5
c&D;a'opm&D vSnfhvnfawmfrlcJhzl;onf/ ,if;wdkYteuf ta&;
tygqkH;rSm r*"EdkifiHawmfjzpfonf/ (xkdtcsdefu) bk&ifAdrÁdom&tkyf
csKyfcJhNyD;? aemufydkif; jrwfAk'¨\ (b0oufwrf;) aemufqkH; ESpf
umvrsm;twGif;ürl tZmwowåKbk&if (AdrÁdom&\om;)u tkyf
csKyfcJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf rsm;
rMumrDwGif r*"EdkifiH\NrdKUawmfudk &mZN*dK[frS yg#vdykwå (,aeY
acwf ywåem;)odkY a½TUajymif;cJhNyD; r*"EdkifiHonf EdkifiHawmf csJUxGifrI
tpDtrHudk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ bDpDokH;&mpkwGif r*"onf
tdE´d,\ (e,fajr) tm;vkH;eD;yg;? ygupöwefESihf tmz*efepöwef
EdkifiHrsm;txd atmifjrifcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
r*"EdkifiHawmf\ t"duNydKifzufrSm taemufajrmuf,Gef;,Gef;
&Sd om0w¬dNrdKUawmfwnf&dS&m aumovEdkifiHjzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨ ouf
awmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu þESpfEkdifiHonf tBudrfBudrf ppfruf jzpfyGm;cJh
Muonf/ aumovonf jrwfAk'¨\ arG;&yfajr ousjynfolYEdkifiH
udkyif pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,fxm;onf/ jrwfAk'¨onf b0oufwrf;
aemufqkH;ykdif;tcsdef ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fywfvkH; aumovEdkifiHwGif
ukefvGefawmfrlonf/ bk&ifyaoe'D aumovonf Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf\ tMunfnKdqkH;aom wynfhy&dowfwGif yg0ifonf/
r*"EdkifiHawmf\ ajrmufbufwGif vlrsKd;pk rsm;pGm pkaygif;zGUJ
pnf;xm;onhf 0ZÆDEdkifiH&Sdonf/ ,if;vlrsKd;pk rsm;pGmteuf ta&;
tygqkH;rSm vdpä0Drsm;ESihf 0da'[rsm; jzpfMuonf/ Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
vufxufawmftcgu vdpä0Drsm;onf tmPmt&SdqkH;vlrsKd;pk jzpf
NyD; ¤if;wdkY\NrdKUawmf a0omvDonf vufawGUtm;jzihf vlrsKd;pkrsKd;pkH
(aexkdifonhf) NrdKUawmfjzpfvmonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ b0aESmif;
ydkif;umvrsm;wGif r*"bk&ifonf 0ZÆDEdkifiHudk usL;ausmf wdkufckduf
&ef tpDtrHrsm; csrSwfaeNyDjzpfonf/
6 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf tcgtm;avsmfpGm umodEdkifiHodkY (vnf;)
<ua&mufawmfrlcJhonf/ Ak'¨vufxufawmfu rZÑdra'o trsm;
pkudk pdk;rdk;xm;cJhonhf umodwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;t& t&Sdeft0g
crf;em;awmufyrI avsmhenf;oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;
Mur®m tm;avsmhaevihfupm; umodEkdifiH\NrdKUawmf Am&mPoD
onf ,aeYwdkif xdka'o\ ,Ofaus;rIESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcsuftcsm
ae&mtjzpf qufvufí wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
awmxGufawmfrrlrD Ak'¨avmif;vsmrif;om; (od'¨w¬)onf Am&mP
oDNrdKUrS xGufonhf tarT;tBudKif(eHYom)ESifh ydk;om;a½Tcsnfxdk;t0wf
txnfrsm;udkom tokH;jyKcJhonf/ NrdKUawmf Am&mPoDonf xdk
xGufukef ESpfckaMumihf xif&Sm;ausmfapmvSonf/ umodEdkifi\ H ywåem;NrdKUodkYta&muf qefwuf&onf/ xdkrSwpfqihf ajcvsifc&D;
taemufbuf vSrf;vSrf;ESihf aumovwdkif;\ awmifbufwGif
0Howdkif;&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu twef
Mumonftxd bk&ifOa'e tkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHjzpfcJhonf/ 0Howdkif;
\NrKdUawmf aumorÁDonf ,rkefemjrpfurf;wGifwnf&SdNyD; ,if;NrdKUoYdk
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf tBudrfrsm;pGm <ua&mufawmfrlcJhonf/
Ak'¨0g'DwdkY txGwftjrwfxm;&m e,fajrjzpfjcif;ü rZÑdra'o
onf &mpkESpf wpfavQmufvkH; jrwfAk'¨\ b0ESihfywfoufonhf ae
&mawmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmfjcif;twGuf taESmihft,Sufrsm;pGmudk ausmf
vTm;&efESihf toufudk(yif) pGefYvTwf&ef bk&m;zl; taygif;tm; pdwf
"mwfcGeftm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm tdE´, d a'
oaygif;pkH? w½kwf? udk&D;,m;? qkrMwm? jrefrmESihf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH
rsm;rS vma&mufcJhMuonf/ (wpfcsdefu) qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif yg0if
cJhonhf umZmupöwef[k ,ckac:a0:onhf t&yfrSyif tenf;qkH;
bk&m;zl;c&D;onf wpfOD;&SdcJhaMumif; odMu&onf/ wpfcsdefu ,if;
umZmupöwefa'oonf Ak'¨0g'xGef;um;cJhaomae&m jzpfonf/
w½kwf odkYr[kwf udk&D;,m;rS vm&onfh bk&m;zl;c&D;onf
ed'gef; 7
wpfOD;tzdkY xdwfvefYzG,f aumif;vSonhf wmuvmruef (Takla-
makan)oJuEÅm&udk jzwfoef;NyD;aemuf urÇmay:wGif tjrihfrm;qkH;
aom awmifwef;a'o tcsKdUudkvnf; ausmfjzwf&onf/ tjcm;
wpfvrf;rSm bk&m;zl;rsm;onf oabFmpD;í yifv,fxJwGif v
aygif;rsm;pGm tcsdefukefcHNyD; avrkefwdkif;rsm;? yifv,f"m;jyrsm;ESihf
emrusef;jzpfjcif; ponfudk &ifqdkifvsuf c&D;ESifcJhMu&onf/ oD&d
vuFmESihf *smAm;ac: qkrMwma'orS bk&m;zl;rsm;onf wr&m
vdywd (Tamralipati) ,ck taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,f cg&*yl&
(Kharagpur) NrdKUteD; wr®vu k (Tamluk) qdyfurf;NrdKUodkY a&muf&Sd
&ef b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; oabFmpD;NyD;rS **Fgjrpfnmtwdkif;
quf&onf/ eDaygESihfwdAufrS vma&mufMuonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;
tzdkYrl c&D;ra0;uGmvSaomfvnf; &moDOwkrSm tBuD;rm;qkH;
taESmihft,Suf jzpfonf/ at;jronhf avaumif;avoefY &Sd&m
¤if;wdkY\ trdajr awmifukef;a'orS rZÑdra'o\ yltdkufNyD; jrLrIef
xlxyf&m ywf0ef;usifodkY qif;ouf&jcif;rSm xdkbk&m;zl; c&D;oGm;
rsm;tzdkY rusef;rrmjzpfjcif; odkYr[kwf aoqkH;jcif;[kyif t"dyÜm,f
oufa&mufaponf/
a&S;acwf ,dk;',m;EdkifiHrS rZÑdra'oodkY oGm;a&mufcJhonhf
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfwpfa,muf\ wpfckwnf; aomrSwfwrf;(vnf;)
&Sdonf/ trnfemr rod&aom tqdkyg (,dk;',m;) &[ef;awmf
onf ,kd;',m;EdkifiHajrmufydkif; zGef;*f(Fong)ESihf vef;yef; (Lumpun)
NrdKUrsm;udkjzwfí ajcvsifc&D;jzihf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufNyD;
¤if;rSwpfqihf tdE´d,odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf1/ ausmfMum;vSonhf
1
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)onf jrefrmEdkifiH txufydkif;ESihf tmoHa'owdkYudk jzwfvsuf ajcvsifc&D;jzihf tdE´d,
In
odkY bk&m;zl; oGm;a&mufcJhonf (pma&;ol)/
12 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu wynhfom0ursm;tm; vkrÁdeD? Ak'¨*,m?
rd*'g0kefESihf ukodem½kH ([laom oHa0Zed,) Xmersm;odkY b0wpf
oufwmwGif tenf;qkH; wpfBudrf oGm;a&muf&ef rdefYMum;awmfrl
onhfrSm þ(azmfjyNyD;)taMumif;aMumihf jzpfEdkifonf/ &mpkESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm Mumanmif;onftxd (Ak'¨0if)ae&mawmfrsm;taejzihf
bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tcsuftcsm a'orsm;jzpfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
Ak'¨0g'xGef;um;vmjcif;ESihf bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;a&mufrI wdk;wuf rsm;
jym; xif&Sm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumihf Ak'¨0ifae&mawmftrsm;pkonf (tzl;
tajrmf) oGm;a&muf&mXmersm; jzpfvmMuonf/ at'D 2-&mpkcefYu
zGJUqdkcJhaom taomu0'ge (Asokavadāna)uAsmwGif ,if;odkYaom
bk&m;zl;ae&mawmf okH;q,hfESpfXmetaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
odkY&mwGif 19-&mpkaESmif;ydkif; tcsdefrSpí Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk jyefvnf&SmazGawGU&SdcJhNyD; jyefvnfxdefodrf;cJh
ojzihf bk&m;zl;rsm; wjznf;jznf; jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmMuonf/
,aeYacwfwGif bk&m;zl; trsm;tjym; vma&mufMuNyD; Ak'¨bmom
EdkifiHrsm;rSyk*¾Kdvfrsm; vma&muf zl;ajrmfEdkifMuouJhodkY Oa&my?
tar&duESihf MopaMw;vsEdkifiHrsm;rS bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; vma&muf
zl;jrifEdkifMuonf/
acwfopfumvwGif rZÑdra'oodkY bk&m;zl;c&D;rsm;rSm a&S;
tcguxuf ydkrdkvG,fulaomfvnf; tusKd;w&m;rSmrl BuD;us,fNrJ
omwnf;/ Mumyef;wdkYrnfonf pdkpGwf&moDa&tdkifrsm;ESihf ½THñTef
xlxyfonhf aus;vufa& uefrsm;wGif yGifhvef;Muonhftwdkif;
okwåefw&m;awmfrsm;ü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf rMumcP OyrmjyKokH;pGJcJh
aom (,if;)Mumyef;rsm;udk Munfh½I&jcif;onf pdwfESvkH;udk tvGef
w&m EId;qGay;Ekdifaom tawGUtBuKHwpf&yf jzpfEdkifonf/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf vufxufawmftcgu &aoh&[ef;rsm;uJhodkYyif vlol
pnfum;&m vrf;rrsm;ay:ü qGrf;cHvSnhfvnfaeMuaom y&dAdkZf
ed'gef; 9
rkefwdkif;aMumihf a&SUodkY qufvuf roGm;Edkifawmhacs/ wpfem&D
twGif; oabFmpwif epfjrKyfonf/ 0½kef;okef;um; txdwf
wvefY BuD;pGmjzpfvsuf oabFmay:&Sd oabFmom;rsm;ESihf ukefonf
rsm;onf twlygvmonfh avSi,fay:wGif ae&m&&Sda&;twGuf
vk,ufMuonf/ oabFmrmvdefrª;rSm Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfojzihf avS
i,fay:a&mufoGm;aomtcg ¤if;u &[ef;awmf csefrif;tm; rdrdwYdk
ESihf vdkufygcJh&ef yifhac:onf/ odkYaomf &[ef;awmfu ]]ighae&mrSm
tjcm;wpfa,muf ac:oGm;yg/ igroGm;awmhbl;}}[k jyefMum;onf/
&[ef;awmfonf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;twGuf avSi,fay:odkY rqif;bJ
aeoGm;cJhonf}/ &[ef;awmf csefrif;onf oabFmjrKyfaomtcg "r®
usrf;pm ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,f&if; wnfNidrfpGm xdkifaeavonf/
rZÑdra'oodkY ta&mufoGm;&ef pDrHMuaomfvnf; bk&m;zl;
rsm;onf &moDOwkqdk;½Gm;jcif;? rMumcPjzpfay:onfh EdkifiHa&; y#d
yu©ESihf &Snfvsm;NyD; vlolrJhvrf;rsm;ESihf BuKHawGU&jcif; ponhf xl;
axGrsm;jym;aom tcuftcJrsm;udk &ifqdkifcJhMu&onf/ Ak'¨*,modkY
a&mufNyD;aemuf &uftenf;i,f tMumrSmyif uG,fvGefoGm;&Sm
onhf udk&D;,m; &[ef;awmf ½Itefudk (Hsuan K'o) taMumif;udk
vnf; zwf½I&onf/ tjcm;bk&m;zl;wpfa,mufjzpfonfh w½kwf
&[ef;awmf ,dusif (I Tsing)rSmrl rarQmfvihfbJ olckd;"m;jyrsm;ESihf
BuKHawGU&vsuf toufab;rS oDoDuav; vGwfajrmufNyD; (¤if;
\jzpf&yfrSm) ajymjyp&m ykHjyifwpfckozG,fusef&pfonf/ cdk;om;"m;
jyrsm;u rdrdtoufudk Ncdrf;ajcmufaepOfrSmyif ,dusifonf rdrd\
bk&m;zl;c&D; NyD;qkH;EdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhonfudkomvQif pdk;&drfcJhonf ]xdk
(toufab;ESihf &ifqdkifBuKH&onhf) tcsdefu uREkfyfonf ightzdYk
urÇmavmuudk aemufqkH; EIwfquf&rnhftcsdef trSefwu,f
eD;uyfaeNyD; jrifhjrwfaom (Ak'¨0if)ae&mawmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmfvdkonhf
ighqE´ rjynhf0Edkifawmhygwum;[lí (om) awG;rdcJhonf}/
10 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o ed'gef; 11
owådajymifajrmufMuonhf tcsKdUaom yk*¾Kdvfausmfrsm;rSmum;
rZÑdra'oodkY c&D;ESpfacguf odkYr[kwf okH;acgufyif oGm;a&muf&ef
BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ w½kwf&[ef;awmf [l,ifcsD (Huien-Chi)onf
c&pfESpf 628-wGif w½kwftaemufzsm;ESihf tmz*efepöwefEdkifiHrsm;
udk ausmfjzwfí tdE´d,odkY oGm;a&mufNyD; Ak'¨*,mwGif av;ESpfESihf
emvE´mwGif okH;ESpf toD;oD; oDwif;okH;cJhonf/ aemufqkH;wGif
wdAufrSwpfqihf w½kwfjynfodkY jyefcJhonf/ q,fh&SpfESpf Mumaom
tcg aemufxyfwpfzef (rZÑdra'oodkY) oGm;a&mufcJhjyefonf/ odYk
aomf trdEdkifiHodkY jyef&efBudK;pm;aomtcg wdAufESihf tdE´d,
ajrmufydkif;wGif (jzpfyGm;aeaom) EdkifiHa&;y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh jyefr
a&mufEkdifcJhawmhay/ odkYjzpfí [l,ifcsDonf trdEdkifiHESihf tvGef
a0;uGmaomfvnf; rdrdESvkH;om;ESihf tvGefeD;pyfvsuf&Sdaom rZÑdr
a'owGif b0ed*kH; tqkH;owf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/
trSefpifppf (Ak'¨*,modkY) bk&m;zl;c&D; atmifjrifpGm NyD;ajrmuf
vsuf ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm tdrfjyefEdkifcJhMuaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm
trsm;oligxuf ydkrdkjyif;jyxufoefaom o'¨gw&m;aMumihf jzpf
onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf <uvSrf;awmfrlcJhonhf ae&mawmfrsm;wGif
¤if;(bk&m;zl;)wdkY udk,fwkdif avQmufvSrf;cJh&onhf tawGUtBuKHonf
b0wpfoufwmywfvkH; ¤if;wdkYESihftwlwnf&Sdaernfh ESpfoufrIudk
ay;pGrf;Edkifonf/ rZÑdra'o bk&m;zl;c&D;onftenf;pkom ¤if;wdkY
c&D;pOftaMumif; rSwfwrf;rsm; (a&;om;)xm;cJhMuonf/ odkYwap
rysufrpD;usef&Sdaeaom (tqdkyg)rSwfwrf;rsm;um; jyifyA[d'¨ ½kyf
ydkif;qdkif&m taESmihft,Sufrsm;tay: o'¨gMunfndKrI\ atmifyGJ
oufaorsm; jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;zl;c&D; oGm;a&muf&ef onf;cHrI?
owå?d o'¨gw&m;ESihf tcuftcJrsm;udk Munf½TifpGm &ifqdkifEdkifrIwdkY
vdktyfonf/ trdEdkifiHodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmMuaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
onf xdkt&nftaoG;rsm;udk tm;ukd;cJhMuaMumif; awGU&onf/
16 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
taomu\ jyKjyifajymif;vJrItm;vkH;teuf umvt&SnfMum
qkH; tusKd;oufrI&SdcJhonfrSm Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&; BudK;
yrf;rIrsm;jzpfonf/ taomuonf NrdKUawmfyg#vdykwf(ywåem;)wGif
wwd,oH*g,emwifyGJ usif;ycJhNyD; oHCmawmfrsm; pnf;vkH; nD
ñGwfa&;twGuf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ tawGUtBuKH&ihfusufawmfrl
Muonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tdE´d,EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef;vkH;ESihf qD;
&D;,m;? tD*spfESihf rufqD'dkeD,m;a'orsm;odkYwdkif (omoemjyK) ap
vTwfcJhonf/ ,if;EdkifiH&yfjcm; omoemjyKtzGJUrsm;teuf tatmif
jrifqkH;rSm oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY <ua&mufcJhaom taomu\om;
awmf t&Sifr[dE´acgif;aqmifonhf (omoemjyK) tzGJUjzpfonf/
tpOftvmt& taomuonf jrwfAk'¨\"mwfawmfrsm;udk
Xmyem (xnhfoGif;)í wnfxm;cJhonhf apwDawmf&Spfqlteuf
ckepfqludk zGifhvSpfNyD; tykHaygif; 84000 (&Spfaomif;av;axmif)
ykHvsuf ,if;wdkYudk (wpfykHpD) Xmyemí apwDawmfaygif; 84000
wnfxm;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ apwDawmfaygif; 84000 ta&
twGuf[lonf rsm;vGef;vSonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; tdE´d,EdkifiHtESHY
tjym;wGif (awGU&onfh) ajrmufjrm;pGmaom apwDawmfrsm;udk
rlvblwtm;jzihf arm&d,acwftwGif;u wnfaqmufcJhonfrSm
oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ ausmufpmrsm;teuf wpfckwGif taom
urif;BuD;onf taysmfc&D;oGm;onhf bk&if\ykHrSef0goemudk pGefY
vTwfNyD; ¤if;tpm; bk&m;zl;c&D;rsm; odkYr[kwf ¤if;\tac:ta0:
t& ]"r®c&D;}rsm; vSnfhvnfcJhonf/ bDpD 260- wGif taomu
onf Ak'¨*,modkY bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJhNyD; aemufxyf q,f
ESpftMumwGif vkrÁdeDodkY (bk&m;zl;) oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
acwfopfbk&m;zl;rsm;onf rZÑdra'o? trSefaomf tdE´d,EdkifiH
tESHY&Sd rif;BuD;pdkufxlcJhonhf ausmufpmwdkifBuD;rsm;uyif rif;BuD;
\ t&Sdeft0g MoZmBuD;rm;rIudk (,aeYwkdif) awGUjrifEdkifqJ jzpfonf/
ed'gef; 13
rsm;udk awGUjrif&jcif;onfvnf; vl\pdwfydkif;b0 NyD;jynhfpkHrI t
wGuf xm0pOf &SmazGaerItay: jyif;jypGm owday;EdI;aqmfrI wpf
&yf jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
pma&;ol (MopaMwvsEdkifiHom; tufpf"r®du)onf wpfcg
aomf rif;om;od'¨w¬uJhodkYyif touft½G,faMumihf axmihfrSefus
auG;ñGwfaeNyDjzpfonhf qif;&Jom; tzdk;tdkwpfa,muf? vrf;ab;
wGif a&m*gonf olawmif;pm;wpfa,muf? romtokbtcrf;
tem;wpfckESihf vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaeol y&dAkdZfwpfa,mufwdkYudk
em&Dydkif;rQtwGif; trSwfrxif BuKHawGUcJh&zl;ygonf/ þuJhodkYaom
tawGUtBuKHrsKd;onf "r®udk em;vnf&ef opfvGifxif&Sm;onhf t
wdkif;twmwpfcktxd tm;jznhfay;Edkifygonf/ þrQruao;? Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwf oDwif;okH;NyD; w&m;"r®a[mawmfrlcJhonhf ae&mrsm;
wGif ur®|mef;½IrSwfí vª'gef;ylaZmfrIrsm; jyKvkyf&jcif;onf rnf
onhf bk&m;zl;oGm;&mXmwGifrqdk awGU&NrJvu©Pm wpf&yfjzpfaom
vltrsm; ysm,mcwfjcif;? toHAvHESihf a&mif;jcif; 0,fjcif;rsm;&Sd
aomfjim;vnf; aocsm(aumif;rSef)onhf pdwfydkif;b0 vufawGU t
awGUtBuKHwpf&yfudk cHpm;&Edkifonf/ þpdwfydkif; tawGUtMuKHonf
tdrfjyefa&mufNyD;aemuf tcsdefrsm;pGm Mumonhfwdkif bk&m;zl;c&D;
onf\ o'¨gw&m;ESihf usihfBuHtm;xkwfrIudk vef;qef;apEdkifonf/
rZÑdra'oc&D;pOfudk tjynfht0 em;vnfEdkif&ef acwfopf
bk&m;zl;rsm;onf xdkjrihfjrwfonfhae&mXme toD;oD;\ bmom
a&;? ordkif;ESihf a&S;a[mif;okawoeqdkif&m aemufcHtcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tawG;tjrif &Sdxm;&ef vdktyfonf/
xdkAk'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;\ ordkif;pOftrsm;pkudk a&S;acwfu xdkXme
rsm;odkY bk&m;zl;c&D; <ua&mufcJhMuaom bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm;
a&;rSwfxm;cJhonhf rSwfwrf;rsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ þpmtkyfwGif
,if;bk&m;zl; rSwfwrf;rsm;xJrS tcsKdUudk rMumcP &nfñTef;jyqdk
14 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rnfjzpfojzihf xdkbk&m;zl;yk*Kdvfrsm;\ b0taMumif;udk odxm;
oihfygonf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif bk&m;zl;yk*Kdvf wpfa,muf oGm;
a&mufvdkonhf txdrf;trSwfae&m trsKd;tpm;ESihfa&m Ak'tEkynm
\ uGJjym;onhf ESpfumvtydkif;tjcm; ykHoPmef ([ef)rsm;ESihfyg
oufqdkifonhf todynm A[kokwrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;zl;c&D;
onf\ em;vnfrIudk <u,f0apayvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;zl;c&D; onfBuD;rsm;
taomurif;BuD;
bDpD 483-ckESp2f ? Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrrlrDuyif
&Sifawmfjrwf\ toufxif&Sm;&SdpOftwGif; ta&;wBuD; (txif
t&Sm;)jzpfysufcJhaom ae&mrsm;odkY vltrsm; oGm;a&mufcJhMuNyD;jzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwdkYod&onfh bk&m;zl;c&D; oGm;a&mufcJhol
yk*Kdvfwpfa,mufESihf ywfoufonhf ordkif;wGif yxrOD;qkH;aom
rSwfwrf;um; tdEd,{u&mZf r[mtaomurif;w&m; odkYr[kwf
¤if;udk,fwdkif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd &nfñTef;cJhonhftwdkif; (qdk&rl) ewf
2
ynm&SiftcsdKUu jrwfAk'udk bDpD 563-wGif zGm;jrifonf[k,lqMuNyD; tcsKdUurl bDpD
623-[k ,lqonf/ jrefrmESpf 1362-onf (ou&mZfNzdKudef; {u{ut|a'G; xyf
aygif; ) a&mufqJ omomemESpf 2544-jzpfonf/ ,if;rS a&mufqJ at'D 2001 udk
Ekwfaomf bDpD 543 usefonf/ ,if;onf Ak'y&dedAmefpHonhfESpf (yxroH*g,emwif
onhfESpf) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf jrwfAk'zGm;ESpfudk jrefrmwdkYu (oufawmf 80 xyf
aygif;í) bDpD 623-[k vufcHonf/ bDpD 543 ESihf a&mufqJ at'Dudk aygif;í&aom
ckESpfonf NAdwdoQacwfrwkdifrD oD&dvuFmEdkifiHokH; aumZmou&mZfvnf; jzpfonf/
r[m0Housrf;udk t*Fvdyfbmjyefol ygVdynm&Sif 0DvsH*kdif*g (Wilhelm Geiger) onf
urmhordkif;? tdEd,ordkif;? ausmufpmrsm;ESihf ñSdEIdif;NyD; bDpD 623 rS ESpf aygif; 60-
EkwfypfcJhojzihf Ak'zGm;jrifawmfrlaomESpf t,ltqESpfrsKd; uGJjym;oGm;onf/
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 15
wdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol a'0geHyd,'óDrif;BuD;\ taMumif;jzpf
onf/ bDpD 270- xD;eef;&NyD;aomtcg bk&iftaomuonf
arm&d,rif;quf\ wwd,ajrmuf {u&mZfjzpfvmvsuf tmz*ef
epwefrS b*Fvm;a'h&Sftxd us,fajymvSonhf tifyg,mBuD;udk
qufcHNyD; tdEd,awmifzsm; tusqkH;a'oESihf ,aeYacwf Mo&dó
jynfe,f (xdkdtcsdefu uvd*Fwdkif;)wdkYrS wpfyg; tdEd,EdkifiHwpf0ef;
vkH;udk rdrdvufatmufcH jyKcJhonf/ ppfyGJrsm; wpfckNyD;wpfck qifETJ
jcif;onf bdodufrcHrD jzpfcJhNyD; xdktcsdeftwGif; ¤if;\nDawmf
aemifawmf trsm;tjym;udk uGyfrsufypfcJhonf/
&SpfESpfMumNyD;aemuf taomuonf uvd*FEdkifiHtm; e,fcsJU
ppfyGJudk pwifvkyfaqmifonf/ xdkppfyGJtwGif; ¤if; (bk&iftaom
uudk,fwdkif)\ pum;t& ](vlaygif;)wpfodef;cGJ jynfESif'PfcH&\/
wpfodef; uGyfrsufjcif; cH&\/ tjcm; taMumif;rsm;aMumihf(vnf;)
rsm;pGm aoaMuysufpD;Mu\} ([kod&onf)/ rdrd vkyfaqmifcJhonf
ESihf ywfouf oabmayguf em;vnfjcif;onf taomutm;
wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHtay: txl;ojzifh Ak'0g'
tay: euf Idif;pGm oufa&mufaponhf ESvkH;om;twGif; ajymif;
vJrI wpf&yfudk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ bk&iftaomuonf Ak'om
oemudk udkif;½Idif;olwpfa,mufjzpfvmNyD; rdrd\tifyg,mudk Ak'0g'
tajccH udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ESihftnD tkyfcsKyf&ef tpGrf;ukef BudK;
yrf;cJhonf/ taomuonf wdk;csJUonhf EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udk pGeYf
vTwfNyD; pDrHcefYcGJrIESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; pepfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ
ypfvdkufonf/ bmom0g' trsKd;rsKd;wdkYtMum; oihfjrwfpGm twl
wuG aexkdifrIudk wdk;`rSifh&ef tjyKoabmaqmifonhf ajcvSrf;rsm;
&,lcJhonf/ aq;buf0if opfyifrsm; r&Edkifonhfae&m a'orsm;
,if;(aq;buf0ifopfyif)rsm;udk pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfapcJhonf/ om;
½dkif; wd&pmefrsm;tm; umuG,fapmifhMuyfrIay;cJhonf/
20 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wGif uRef;i,fwpfckay:odkY a&mufoGm;NyD; oabFmudk jyefvnfjyK
jyifNyD;aemuf c&D;qufcJhMuonf/ zm[D,efonf *smAm;uRef;wGif
ig;vcefY aexkdif&ojzihf xdkuRef; Ak'bmom0if tenf;i,f&Sdaomf
vnf; [dEL0g'onf vltrsm;\ t"du bmomw&m; jzpfaMumif;
awGU&onf/ tjcm;oabFmom; ESpf&mceYfESihftwl &ufaygif;ig;q,f
pm pm;eyf&dumrsm; o,faqmifvsuf tjcm;oabFm wpfpif;udk
pD;NyD; jyefawmfjyefc&D;udk pwifcJhjyefonf/
wpfvcefY oabFmc&D;ESifNyD;aemuf oabFmonf avrkew f dkif;
rsm;ESihf BuKH&jyefonf/ ¤if;wdkYtcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf
oabFmay:&Sd yk*Kdvfrsm;u þodkYqdkonf ]igwdkY uJhodkY uHqdk;rdk;
arSmifusNyD; tE&m,fESihf BuKH&jcif;rSm oabFmay:wGif vdkufygvm
onfh &[ef;aMumihfjzpfonf/ þ&[ef;udk igwdkY yxrqkH; qdkuf
a&mufonhf uRef;ay:wGif xm;ypfcJhMupdkY/ wpfa,mufudktaMumif;
jyKí igwdkYtm;vkH;\ toufrqkH; IH;oihf}/ þodkYaqG;aEG; wdkifyif
MupOf &[ef;awmfzm[D,efESihf cifrif&if;ESD;NyD;jzpfonhf Ak'bmom
Oygoum wpfa,mufu odkYqdkonf ]tu,fí cifAsm;wdkY
þ&[ef;awmfudk xm;ypfcJhMurnfqdkvQif ighudkvnf; xm;ypfcJhyg/
'grSr[kwf ighudk owfypfvQif ydkaumif;vdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rl t
u,fí þ&[ef;udk uRef;wpfuRef;ay:rSm xm;ypfcJhvQif w½kwf
jynfudka&mufaomtcg uREkfyfonf bk&if{u&mZfxH oGm;NyD; cif
Asm;wdkY\ vkyfaqmifrIudk taMumif;Mum;&ayvdrhfrnf/ {u&mZf
onf Ak'omoemudk vGefpGm,kHMunfNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; rsm;
pGm csD;a`rSmufawmfrlonf}/
þNcdrf;ajcmufrIonf oabFmom;rsm;udk Nidrfoufapaomf
vnf; &[ef;awmf zm[D,eftzdkYrl usefao;aom c&D;pOfESihf
ywfouf oJxdwf&ifzdk BuKHcJh&rnfrSm aocsmvSayonf/ at'D
414-ckESpf? w½kwfjynfodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg &[ef;awmf zm[D
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 17
,if;ausmufpmwdkifBuD;rsm;tm; taomurif;BuD;\ okH;q,fh&Spf
ESpfMum pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfpOf umvtwGif; xkwfjyefcJhonhf trdefY jyef
wrf;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef? Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm;pGmudk rSwfom;
xm;&efESihf if;\NrdKUawmf ywem;rS vkrdeDokdY bk&m;zl;vrf; wpf
0uf\c&D;pOfudk azmfjy&ef tokH;jyKcJhonf/ ,if;ausmufpmwdkif
rsm;onf ,ckacwfwGif a&S;a[mif;tdEd,vlrsKd;rsm;\ tEkynm?
'óeESihf twwfynmxl;cRefrIwdkYtwGuf EIwfr>rufonhf ouf
aorsm;tjzpf &yfwnfvsuf&SdMuonf/
,if;ausmufpmwdkifrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm usKd;ysufukefMuNyDjzpf
aomfvnf; t&SnfqkH;rSm 15 rDwmjrifhNyD; if;wdkYtm;vkH;onf &mpk
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumanmif;onhfwdkif 0daoovuPmrsm;udk azmf
aqmifMuqJjzpfonftxd xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pHcsdefjrihf awmufajymif
acsmrGwfrIudk jyovsuf&SdMuonf/ ausmufpmwdkifwdkif;udk yef;yg
onhf acgif;ykdif;ykH? wpfcgwpf&H EGm;vm;OobykH? wpfcgwpf&H &J&ifh
onfh jcaoFhykHrsm;jzihf txGwfwyfxm;NyD; ¤if;wdkYteuf tcsKdUrSm
tdEd,tEkynm\ *E0ifajrmuf vuf&mrsm;tjzpf trsm;uus,f
jyefYpGm todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;ausmufpmtm;vkH;udk Am&m
PoDNrdKU awmifbuf&Sd csLem& (Chunar)t&yf&Sd ausmufusif;wGif
jyKvkyfNyD; ,if;rSwpfqifh pdkufxlrnhfae&mXmeodkYta&muf wpfcg
wpf&HwGif uDvdkrDwm &maygif;rsm;pGmuGma0;onhf ae&modkYwkdif
qGJ,lcJh&onf/
w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef (Fa Hien)
aemufydkif;acwfwGif (rZ dra'o Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm;odkY) bk&m;zl;
yk*Kdvfrsm; tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf a&muf&Sdvmatmif vIHUaqmfay;onhf
yxrqkH; (yk*Kdvf)rSm w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,efjzpfonf/ Ak'0g'
qdkif&musrf;*efrsm;\ ppfrSefaomrlyGm;rsm;&&Sd&efESihf BuD;us,fonfh
c&D;oGm; pGefYpm;rIwGifyg0ifaom c&D;pOfwpf&yfudk pwifcJhMuonf/
18 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rdrd\ bmompum;rSwpfyg; tjcm;bmompum;udk rajymwwf
½kHomru &dumrsm;vnf; rvkHavmufbJ tdEd,[lonf taemuf
bufwpfae&mwGif &Sdonf[laom 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;todjzihf &[ef;
awmfzm[D,efESihf tazmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ o'g(,kHMunfrI) rSwpf
yg;tjcm;aom vrf;ñTef odkYr[kwf axmufyHhrnhft&m wpfpw kH pfck
rQr&SdcJhacs/ Murf;wrf;cufxefvSonhf wmuvmruef (Taklama-
kan) oJuEm&udk jzwfoef;&m wpfckwnf;aom vrf;ñTefrSm
uHenf;&Smol (,cif) c&D;oGm;rsm;\ t kd;ajcmufrsm;omwnf;/
bk&m;zl;&[ef;awmfrsm;onf (oJuEm&teD;&Sd) tdkatppfNrKd U
awmf ckdwef (Khotan)udk jzwfoef;NyD; [dELuk&Sf (Hindu Kush)
awmifwef;rsm;udk ausmfvTm;&onf/ aemufqkH;wGif yuf&Sf0g
(Peshawar) a'otwGif;odkY qdkufa&mufoGm;Muonf/ yuf&Sf0gwGif
uedoQu(Kaniskha)bk&if wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhNyD; a&S;acwf urm
ay:wGif tjrihfqkH; taqmufttkHwpfckjzpfzG,f&Sdonfh apwDawmf
jrwfBuD;tm; wtHhwMo zl;ajrmfMu&onf/ bk&m;zl; &[ef;awmf
rsm; rZ dra'oodkY a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif tazmf&[ef;awmfESpfyg;
ysHvGefawmfrloGm;MuNyD; zm[D,efESihf ¤if;\rdwfaqG wmtdkcsif (Ta-
oChing)wdkY ESpfOD;rQom c&D;quf&ef usef&SdMuawmhonf/ þ&[ef;
awmfESpfyg;onf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; bk&m;ausmif;rsm;
ESifh rZ dra'owpfcGif&Sd Ak'&SifawmfjrwfESihf ywfoufonfh ae&m
a'orsm;odkY oGm;a&mufMuonf/ ywem;wGif ouwusrf;pm
rsm;ESihf ouwbmompum;rsm;udk oif,l&if; 0de,usrf;pmudk
ul;,lvsuf okH;ESpfMumoGm;Muonf/
c&D;quf&ef tcsdefusa&mufaomtcg wmtdkcsifu zm[D,ef
tm; "rudkem;vnfNyD; aumif;pGmusifhMuH tm;xkwf&m (þ)rZ dr
a'owGif usef&pfvdkaMumif; ajymqdkonf/ odkYjzpfí zm[D,efonf
wpfOD;wnf; 0rf;enf;pGm c&D;qufcJhonf/ zm[D,efonf wr&m
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 19
vdywd (qdyfurf;NrKdU)wGif ygVdawmfrsm;ul;,l&if; aemufxyf ESpf
ESpfMumoGm;onf/ ¤if;aemuf (tdEd,) ta&SUbufurf;ajcrS oD&d
vuFmodkY ukefoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJhonf/ zm[D,efonf oD&d
vuFmEdkifiH tdEd,rSmuJhodkYyif Ak'omemawmf xGef;um;aeonf
udk awGU&NyD; xdktcsdefu w kwfEdkifiHwGifr&Sdao;aom 'DCedum,f?
oH,kwedum,fESihf tjcm;ygVdawmfrlrsm;udk &&Sdavonf/
wpfaeYo &[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf ausmif;wdkufwpfckodYk
vnfywfpOf bk&m;ceftwGif; w½kwfjynfvkyf ,yfawmifwpfckudk
vª'gef;aeonhf bk&m;&Sdcdk;0wfjyKol wpfa,mufudk awGU&onf/
&[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf ,cktcgwGif trdw½kwfEkdifiHrS ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm a0;uGmaecJhNyD;jzpfojzihf ½kwfw&ufrdrdcspfjrwfEdk;onhf trd
ajrudk owd&jcif;onf ESvkH;om;twGif; vTrf;rdk;oGm;NyD; rsufvkH;
tdrfwGif rsuf&nfrsm; jynhfvQHoGm;onf/ trdajrodkY jyefcsdefwef
ayNyD/ rMumjrifhrDyif &[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf oabFmom;ESpf&m
ESihftwl *smAm;uRef;odkY xGufcGmrnhfoabFmESihf vdkufygcJhonf/
oabFmonf qdyfurf;rSxGufcGm ESpf&ufMumNyD;aemuf avrkef
wkdif;rdNyD; tufuGJoGm;onf/ c&D;oGm;rsm;onf oabFmepfroGm;
ap&ef aqmuf Gufonhftaejzihf ukefpnfrsm;udk a&xJodkYypfcsMu
onf/ &[ef;awmfzm[D,efonfvnf; oabFmom;rsm;u rdrdESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm pkaqmif;ul;,lcJh&onhf tzdk;wefusrf;*efrsm;udk pGefY
ypfzdkYrajymEdkifap&ef arQmfvihfcsufjzihf rdrdudk,fykdif ypnf;rsm;udk
yifv,fxJodkY ypffcsvdkufonf/
&[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf þrQc&D;a&mufcJhNyD; tcuftcJ
rsm;pGmudk MuHhMuHhcHvsuf tE&m,faygif;rsm;pGmaMumifh touf&Sif
usef&pfNyD;onhfaemufwGif rdrd\toufrqkH; IH;ap&ef t0avmud
awoGm& (bk&m;avmif;)xHü tEl;tñGwf awmif;yefavonf/
avrkefwdkif;onf q,fhokH;&ufwkdifwdkif wdkufcwfvsuf aemufqkH;
24 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqefonf oJuEÅm&udk jzwfNyD;aemuf ,ck
acwf ½k&Sm;? Amrd,ef (Bamiyan)? uAl;? yuf&S0ga'orsm;wGif &Sd
onhf wmh&Sfuihf (Tashkent)? qrmuef (Samarkan) ESihf ,ckacwf
tmz*efepöwef EdkifiHxJwGif&Sdonhf vm[kd&D (Lahore) a'orsm;udk
jzwfausmfcJhonf/ [l,ifqefonf xdka'orsm;tm;vkH;wGif Ak'¨om
oemawmf xGef;um;aeonfESihf BuKH&onf/ r,kHMunfEdkiaf vmuf
aom tcuftcJrsm;ESihf tEÅ&m,frsm;udk ausmfvTm;NyD;aemuf [l
,ifqefonf aemufqkH; rZösdra'oodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;onf/
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqeftzdkY Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf
vSnhfvnfpOfrSmyif tEÅ&m,fESihf BuKHawGU&ao;onf/
tcgwpfyg; t,k'¨,NrdKUudk oGm;a&mufNyD;aemuf jrpftaMu
t&yfodkY (tqif;wGif) &[ef;awmf[l,ifqef pD;eif;vkdufygonfh
avSudk "m;jyrsm; vk,ufwdkufcdkufonf/ "m;jyrsm;onf avSudk
urf;pyfodkY BudK;jzihfqGJ,lNyD; xdwfvefYaMumuf GHUaeMuonhf c&D;
oGm;rsm;xJrS tzdk;wefypnf;rsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazGMuonf/ "m;jy
rsm;onf [dE´LewforD; 'l&f*g (Durga)udk ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfMu
ojzihf [l,ifqef\ wifhw,fvSyonhf tom;ta&udk awGUjrif
Mujcif; ¤if;wdkYonf [l,ifqefudk (owfjzwf ) ewforD;tm;
,ZfylaZmfoifh\[k qkH;jzwfMuonf/ "m;jyrsm;\ MuH G,fcsufudk
xdwfvefYaeonhf [l,ifqef odoGm;aomtcg aMumuf GHU GHUjzihf
þodkYqdkvdkuf\ ]tu,fí tokH;rusbJ tnpftaMu;awG jynfh
aeonhf ighcEmudk,fonf armifwdkY&nf½G,fonfh ,ZfylaZmfrI
twGuf trSefwu,f oihfawmfonfqdkvQif ig\þcEmudk,fudk
rwGefYwdkyg/ odkY&mwGif a0;uGmvSaoma'orS þt&yfodkY vmjcif;
twGuf igh&nf G,fcsufrmS r[maAm"d (apwDawmftwGif;&Sd) qif;
wkawmfESihf *dZösuk#fawmif (ay:&Sd) qif;wkawmfudk zl;ajrmf&ef? yd#
uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESihf Ak'¨"rudk &,l&efjzpfNyD; igh&nf½G,fcsuf rjynfh
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 21
,efonf jynfywGif 14-ESpf Mumanmif;cJJhNyDjzpfonf/ zm[D,ef
onf rdr\ d *E0ifajrmuf c&D;pOfrSwfwrf;udka&;cJhNyD; usef&Sdao;
aom ¤if;\ b0oufwrf;udk ¤if;ESihftwl o,f,lvmcJhonhf
usrf;*efrsm;udk bmomjyefqdk&if; ukefvGefaponf/ aemufqkH;
touf&Spfq,ft G,f &[ef;awmf zm[D,ef uG,fvGefonf/
&[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf owdajymifajrmufaom c&D;oGm;
&[ef;awmf wpfyg;jzpfonfomru ¤if;\ ½dk;om;rSefuefrI? t
ajymtqdktjypfuif;rIESihf &wemokH;yg;tm; tav;teuf,kHMunfrI
wdkYaMumihf zm[D,efudk oduRrf;oltm;vkH;u cspfjrwfEdk;Muonf/
zm[D,ef oDwif;okH;awmfrl&m ausmif;wdkuf&Sd oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;
tm; zm[D,ef (ajymjy)xm;onhf pdwfxJwGif pGJxifzG,f(jzpf&yf)
rsm;udk oDwif;okH;azmff &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u atmufyg pum;vkH;
rsm;jzihf jyefajymif; azmfjyxm;cJhonf
]uREkfyfwdkY &[ef;awmfzm[D,eftm; BudKqdkcJhonfrSm ou
&mZf 416-ckESpf? ,if (Tsin) rif;qufrS ,D&SD (Yihsi) (bk&if)\
wpfq,hfajcmufESpfajrmuf aEG&moDOykofapmihfokH;rI tNyD;wGif jzpf
onf/ &[ef;awmfzm[D,ef uREkfyfwdkYESihftwl w&m;"r a[mMum;
vsufaexdkifpOf uREkfyfwdkYu zm[D,ef\ c&D;pOftaMumif;udk xyf
cgxyfcg ar;jrefMuonf/ zm[D,efonf trSeftwdkif;ajymqdkNyD;
[efraqmifol azmfa½Gol wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ odYk
jzpf uREkfyfwdkYu &[ef;awmfzm[D,eftm; ¤if;,cifu tusOf;
csKyfrQ ajymjyxm;onhf (c&D;pOf)ESihfywfouf ydkrdktao;pdwf
ajymjy&ef wdkufwGef;Muonf/ odkYjzihf zm[D,efonf wpfzefxyf
¤if;\taMumif;udk tprStqkH;wdkif jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/ zm[D
,efu ]]uREkfyfawGUBuKHcJh&onfht&m tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;
Munhfvdkufonhftcg uREkfyf\ESvkH;om; vIyf&Sm;vmNyD; acR;'D;'D;us
\/ uREfkyfonf xdktE&m,ftm;vkH;udk rdrd\udk,fusKd;twGuf MuH
22 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
½G,fcsufaMumihf ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonf r[kwfacs/ rajymif;vJaom
&nf½G,fcsuf&SdNyD; ½dk;om;oljzpfjcif;? wpfckwnf;aom pdwfxm; &Sd
jcif;wdkYaMumihfom (ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhjcif;) jzpfonf/ xdkaMumif;w&m;
aMumihfyif aoaMuysufpD;&ef aocsmoavmufjzpfNyD; touf&Sif
usef&pfjcif;twGuf (tykH)wpfaomif;wGif wpfckwnf;aom (vGwf
ajrmufrI) tcGifhtvrf;om&Sdonhf c&D;udk pwifcJhjcif; jzpfonf}}
[k rdefYqdkonf/
]ol (&[ef;awmfzm[D,ef) ajymjycsufaMumifh uREkfyfwdkY pdwf
vIyf&Sm;&yg\/ þuJhodkYaom yk*Kdvfum; ,cifua&m,ckyg &SmrS
&Sm;jzpfyg\/ BuD;jrwfaom (Ak')0g'onf ta&SUbufodkY c&D;ESifcJhpOf
uwnf;u udk,fusKd;rzufbJ "rudk&SmazGjcif;wGif zm[D,efESifh
wlol wpfOD;wpfavrQ r&Sdzl;ygacs/ zm[D,ef\ pHerlemjzihf uREkfyf
wdkYonf dk;om;onhfESvkH;om;&Sdoltm; t&mcyfodrf;jzpfEdkifaMumif;
ESihf tu,fí cdkifNrJaom qkH;jzwfcsuf&SdvQif t&mcyfodrf; NyD;
ajrmuf atmifjrifEdkifaMumif; od&ygonf/ odkYtwGuf zm[D,ef
onf tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm; wefzdk;xm;onfudk pGefYvTwfNyD; tjcm;yk*Kdvf
rsm; pGefYvTwfonfudk wefzdk;xm;aomaMumihf atmifjrifcJhonf[k
qdkvQif rrSefaybl;vm;}/
w½kwf&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef (Huien Tsiang)
&[efawmfzm[D,ef\ pHerlaMumihf pdwftm;xufoefoGm;NyD;
tdEd,odkY oGm;a&mufcJhol tjcm;aombk&m;zl; wpfa,mufrSm
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefjzpfonf/ &[ef;
awmf[l,ifqefonf at'D 604-ckESpfwGif bmomw&m;udkif; Idif;
onhf rdom;pkwpfckü arG;zGm;cJhNyD; i,fpOfuyif omoemhabmifodkY
0if a&mufcGifh&cJhonf/ toufESpfq,f rwdkifrDtwGif; [l,ifqef
onf ¤if;\us,fjyefYaom ynmÓmPfudk taMumif;jyKí ausmfMum;
rI&&SdcJhonf/ touf 26-ESpfwGif tdEd,odkYoGm;a&mufNyD; Ak'pmay
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 23
usrf;*efrsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef? tdEd,ynm&Sifrsm;xHrS "rudk oif,l
avhvm&efESihf Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmf&ef qkH;
jzwfcJhonf/ [l,ifqefonf bk&ifhw&m;½kH;wGif w½kwfjynfrS
xGufcGmcGifhavQmufvTm wifvdkufonf/ ,if;avQmufvTm jiif;y,fcH
&aomtcg wdwfwqdwf xGufcGm&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqefonf w kwfjynftaemufzsm; e,f
pyfa'oodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg if;\ pD;awmfjrif;aoqkH;oGm;
onf/ [l,ifqefESihf twlvdkufygvmMuonfh &[ef;awmfESpfyg;
onf (a&SUqufrnfh) c&D;pOfESihfywfouf oHo,pum; tav;
teuf >rufqdkvmMuNyD; jyefvSnfh&efajymMum;Muonf/ xdka'oudk
tkyfcsKyfol (NrdKUpm;)u a&SUwGif&Sdonhf e,fajrtaMumif; ajymjy
aomtcg [l,ifqef\ pdwfESvkH;wdkY xdcdkuf&onf/ tazmf&[ef;
awmf ESpfyg;rSmrl [l,ifqeftm; xm;ypfcJhMuojzihf [l,ifqef
onf bmqufvkyf&rnfudk pOfpm;&if; uGmacsm (Kwachow)
NrdKUwGif wpfvvkH;vkH; aomifwifaeonf/ xdkpOf bk&if{u&mZfxHrS
NrdKUpm;xHodkY &[ef;awmfwpfyg; w kwfjynfrSxGufajy;&ef BudK;pm;
aeaMumif;ESihf tu,f awGUvQif xdk&[ef;awmftm; zrf;xm;NyD;
jyefvnfydkYay;&ef trdefYpmcRef a&mufvmonf/ xdktcgNrdKUpm;u
&[ef;awmf[l,ifqeftm; trdeYfpmcRefwGifygol [kwfrSefygovm;
[kar;avQmufonf/ [l,ifqefu [kwfrSefaMumif; ajzMum;aom
tcg Ak'omoemudk euf Idif;pGmudk;uG,fol NrdKUpm;onf rsufvTm
csxm;onhf &[ef;awmftm; ]t&Sifjrwfonf þuJhodkY aomtpD
trHtwGuf trSefwu,f pGrf;aqmifEdkifol jzpfaomaMumihf wynfh
awmfonf t&SifjrwftwGuf þtrdefYpmcRefudk zsufqD;vdkufyg
rnf} [kavQmufxm;NyD; &[ef;awmf\a&SUarSmufrSmyif trdefYpmcRef
udk qkwfypfvdkufonf/ ]uJ t&Sifbk&m;? jrefjrefom <uawmfrlyg
bk&m;}[k NrdKUpm;u avQmufxm;onf/
28 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wdAuf&[ef; awmft&Sif"r®omrd (Dharmasvamin)
wdAuf&[ef;awmf t&Sif"romrdonf at'D 13-&mpkwGif (tdEd,)
Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm; zsufqD;jcif;rcH&rD tdEd,odkY aemufqkH;
a&muf&SdcJhonfh bk&m;zl;yk*KdvfjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ wdAufAk'bmom0if
rsm;onf bk&m;zl;&efESihfynmoif,l&ef rZ dra'oodkY &mpkESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm(ywfvkH;) oGm;a&mufaecJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif t&Sif
"romrdwpfyg;wnf;om rdrdc&D;pOfESihfywfouf rSwfwrf;usef
&pfonf/ xdkc&D;pOftao;pdwfudk t&Sif"romrdu rdrd\twKywd
udka&;ol Oygoum csKd;pf'g&f (Chos-dar) tm; ajymjycJhonf/
t&Sif"romrdonf Ak'pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk oif,louJhodkY
aq;ynm? yef;ykynm? Adokumynmrsm;udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;
onf/ t&Sif"romrd\ twKywdudka&;olu t&Sif"romrd tod
ynmoif,lrIudk jrwfEdk;vdkpdwfrSm touf 17-ESpfESihf 45-ESpf
twGif; t&Sifjrwfonf azmifwdef? rifESihf rdrdvufudk ruGJuGm
ap&ef awmif;qkqdkxm;onftxdyif BuD;rm;vSaMumif; qdkxm;
onf/ t&Sif"romrd pmayavhvm&ef rxGufcGmrD eDaygEdkifiH&Sd
o,rLapwDawmf Ak'*,modkY bk&m;zl;ra&mufrcsif; trdEdkifiHodkY
rjyef&efvnf; t"d|mefjyKcJhonf/ &SpfESpfMum ynmoifMum;rI NyD;
qkH;aomtcg tdEd,EdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufrnfh &nf G,fcsufudk oD
wif;okH;azmfrsm;tm; azmfjyvkdufonf/ oDwif;okH;azmf&[ef;rsm;
u ,if;odkYaomc&D;udk oGm;jcif;rSm toufudkpGefY vdkufjcif;yif
jzpfaMumif;ajymjyvsuf "romrdtm; (roGm;&ef) azsmif;zsMuonf/
odkY&mwGif ¤if;\q&m (rax&f)u ]tdEd,udk oGm;aomfvnf; oihf
rSm tE&m,f&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ wdkYom;tz (wynfhESihfq&m) {uef
rkcs jyefvnf awGUqkHMu&vdrfhOD;rnf}[k tm;ay;pum;qdkonf/
odkYjzihf at'D 1234-ckESpf? touf 37-ESpf t G,fwGif t&Sif
"romrd rZdra'oodkY xGufcGmcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif rZ dra'oBuD;
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 25
pkHao;aomaMumihf ighaus;Zl;&Sif armifwdkYtaejzifh ighudkowfvQif
armifwdkYqD Murmqdk; a&mufvmrnfudk igpkd;&drfay\}/
"m;jyrsm;onf &[ef;awmf [l,ifqef\ ajympum;rsm;udk
* krpdkufonhftjyif tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;\ toem;cHawmif;yefjcif;
udkvnf; em;raxmifojzihf ,ZfylaZmfrI (rjyK&ef) "m;jyrsm;tm;
r[efYwm;EdkifMuacs/ &[ef;awmf[l,ifqefonf rdrd (b0)\
aemufqkH;tcsdeftwGuf pdwfudk wnfNidrfpGm xm;vdkufcsdefwGif
½kwfw&uf avjyif;wdkufcwfvmNyD; teD;tem;&Sd opfyiftcsdKU vJ
usvsuf ajrrIefrsm;(xatmif) a0SY,rf;ypfvdkufonf/ þjzpf&yfudk
t,lonf; olcdk;"m;jyrsm;u raumif;qdk;½Gm; wpf&yf[k,lqNyD;
[l,ifqefESihf c&D;onfrsm;tm; vTwfay;vdkufonf/ ([l,ifqef
tygt0if) c&D;onfrsm;onf vGefpGm pdwfoufom&m&oGm;MuNyD;
c&D;quf&ef tcGifhomoGm;Muonf/
aemufqkH; [l,ifqefonf emvEm (wuodkvf)odkY qdkuf
a&mufoGm;NyD; pmayoif,ljcif;? oifMum; ydkYcsay;jcif;jzihf ig;ESpf
Mum (at'D 635-640) aexdkifonf/ emvEmwGif aexdkifpOf
twGif; Ak'*,mESihf tjcm;aom tdEd,a'orsm;odkY tcgtm;avsmf
pGm oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ [l,ifqef\ eufeJaom todynmonf
[l,ifqeftm; pmoifom;rsm;ESifh q&morm;rsm;\ av;pm;rIudk
wdk;jrifhaponf/ aemufqkH; [l,ifqefu rdrd\ w kwfjynfodkY
jyef&ef &nf G,fcsufudk aMunmvdkufaomtcg (ausmif;om;rsm;
a&m q&mrsm;yg) [l,ifqeftm; oGm;cGifhrjyKvdkbJ &SdMuonf/ xdk
owif;udk Mum;&onhf &[efawmfrsm;tm;vkH; [l,ifqefxH pk½kH;
a&muf&SdvmMuNyD; (emvEmwGif) qufvufoDwif;okH;&ef awmif;
yefMuonf/ [l,ifqeftm; azsmif;zs&ef rpGrf;EkdifMuojzihf &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf [l,ifqefudk if;\q&mjzpfol oDvb`'rax&fxH
ac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/ q&mrax&fu tb,f taMumif;aMumihf
26 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
cGJcGmvdkoenf;[k ar;jref;onfwGif [l,ifqefu EIwfvQm aumif;
aumif;jzihf odkYpdwf0ifpm;zG,f ajzMum;avQmufxm;onf ]þ
EdkifiHonfum; &SifawmfAk' zGm;jrifawmfrl onhfae&mjzpfygonf/
odkYjzpf (&SifawmfAk')e,fajrtm; cspfcifESpfoufonfomjzpfyg
onf/ (wynhfawmf) [l,ifqef EdkifiHodkYvma&mufjcif;\ wpfck
wnf;aom &nf G,fcsufrSm rdrd(w kwf)vlrsKd;rsm;\ aumif;usKd;
csrf;omtwGuf jrifhjrwfaom opm"rudk oif,l&efjzpfygonf/
wynfhawmf ([l,ifqef) t&yfodkY a&mufuwnf;u (q&m
jzpfol) t&Sifbk&m;onf a,m*gpm&blrdoQw&usrf;udk &Sif;jy&ef
ESihf oHo,&Sdonhf pmydkd'frsm;udk pkHprf;avhvm&ef ([laom)
wynfhawmf\udpudk csD;a`rSmufNyD;jzpfonhfjyif *dkPf;*PtoD;oD;
rS oifMum;csufrsm;udkvnf; Mum;emNyD;jzpfygonf/ wynfhawmf\
pdwfonf tvGefaysmf TifNyD; ae&modkY wynfhawmf\ vma&muf
jcif;rSm tvGefYtvGeftusKd;&SdygaMumif; wynhfawmf tav;teuf
avQmufxm;ygonfbk&m;/ ,cktcgwGif wynffhawmfonf (trdEdkif
iHodkY) jyefoGm;NyD; (q&mt&SifxHrS) wynfhawmf oif,lxm;onf
rsm;udk tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm;tm;vnf; bmomjyefqdk&Sif;jy&ef qE&Sdyg
onf/ ,if; (wynfhawmf\oifMum;csuf)wdkYudk Mum;emNyD; em;
vnf oabmaygufjcif;jzihf if;wdkYvnf; wynfhawmfuJhodkYyif t
&Sifbk&m;tay: aus;Zl;wifapvdkonhf qE&Sdygonf/ taMumif;
aMumihf wynfhawmfjyefoGm;jcif;udpudk aESmihfaES;&efa&m ae&m
rSm qufvuf aexkdif&efyg tvdkr&SdbJjzpfaeygonf/
oDvb`'rax&fonf avQmufxm;csuftay: tvGef o
abmusoGm;NyD; oGm;&rnfh c&D;&SnftwGuf [l,ifqeftm; ulnD
jyifqifay;Mu&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ [l
,ifqefonf tdEd,odkY Murf;wrf;pGm wpfudk,fwnf; a&muf&Sdvm
NyD; ,cktcg rl wefzdk; rjzwfEdkifonhf pmtkyfrsm;? "mwfawmfrsm;
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 27
ESihf Ak'qif;wkawmfrsm;tjynfhjzihf vmvrf;twdkif;jyef&ef qifay:oYdk
wufvdkufNyD; rdwfaqGrsm; csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKolrsm;ESihftwl pwifc&D;
xGufcGmonf/ tjyefc&D;wGif [l,ifqef\pD;awmfqif aoqkH;oGm;
jcif;? tdEKjrpfudkjzwful;pOf pmtkyfrsm;tm;vkH; qkH; IH;vkeD;yg; BuK&H
onhf rawmfwqjzpfrIrSwpfyg; xl;jcm;onhf tjzpftysufr&Sdacs/
w½kwfEdkifiHe,fpyfodkY qdkufa&mufaomtcg [l,ifqefonf
rdrda&muf&SdvmaMumif;odap&ef bk&ihfw&m; kH;odkY owif;ay;ydkYol
wpfa,muftm; BudKwifapvTwfvdkufonf/ [l,ifqef vdk,ef;
(Loyang)NrdKUodkY a&mufaomtcg [l,ifqef NrdKUxJodkY0ifa&mufvm
onfudk Munfh I&ef vltkyfBuD;pk H;k a&muf&Sdvmonf/ bk&if{u
&mZfu rdrd\cGihfjyKcsufr&bJ wdkif;jynfrSxGufcGmoGm;jcif;twGuf
El;nhHaysmhaysmif;pGm jypfwifa0zefonf/ ¤if;aemuf ,cifu tjcm;
rnfonhf &[ef;awmftm; {nhfcHjcif;rsKd;ESihfrwlatmif jyKpkcsD;a`rSmuf
awmfrlonf/ [l,ifqefonf wpfq,fhig;ESpfwdkifwkdif wdkif;jynfrS
xGufcGmcJhNyD; jrif;aumifa& ESpfq,fjzihf o,f,lcJhonhf pmtkyf
aygif; 657-tkyfESihftwl jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhNyD; [l,ifqefwGif
udk,fwkdifBuKHawGUcJh&onhf tawGUtBuKHrsm;? &&SdcJhonhf pGefYpm;rIrsm;
ESihf ywfoufonhf ajymjyp&m thHMozG,fjzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
bk&ifawmif;yefrIaMumihf [l,ifqefonf rdrd\ (tdEd,)bk&m;zl;
c&D;pOf rSwfwrf;pmtkyf wpftkyf a&;cJhonf/ ,if;pmtkyfum; ,
aeYwkdif at'Dckepf&mpktwGif; tm&Swkduftv,fykdif;ESihf tdEd,
taMumif; ta&;tBuD;qkH;aom tcsuftvufrsm; &Sdaeao;onf
txd tvGeftao;pdwf (azmfjyxm;)NyD; tcsuftvufrSefrsm;ESihf
jynhfESufaeonhf rSwfwrf;pmtkyfBuD;jzpfonf/
[l,ifqefonf rdrdtdEd,rS,laqmifcJhonfh usrf;pmpkpkaygif;
tkyfa& 20-rQudk bmomjyefvsuf ol\ usefb0tpdwftydkif;udk
ukefvGefapNyD; at'D 664-wGif Nidrf;csrfpGm uG,fvGefonf/
32 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
uefeif[rfonf 1814-ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;NyD; tdEd,odkY 'kwd,Adkvf
rª;BuD;tqifhjzifh a&mufvmonf/ uefeif[rfonf ae&mXme t
awmfrsm;rsm;wGif wuf<upGmtrIxrf;cJhNyD; aemiftcg pDpOfñTef
Mum;ol? ajrwdkif;(t&m&Sd)? tif*sifeD,mtjzpf xif&Sm;cJhonf/
(tdEd,odkY) a&muf rMumrD olonf tdEd,\ twdwfumv
udk pdwf0ifpm;rI wdk;yGm;vmonf/ ¤if;\ &Snfvsm;aom tdEd,
ajrmufydkif; vGifjyifc&D;pOfrsm;twGif; uefeif[rfonf axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom bk&m;ausmif;rsm;? cHwyfa[mif;rsm;ESihf tjcm;a&S;
a[mif; trSwfw&ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfcGifhukd vkH;0
tvGwfrcHcJhay/ (xkdbk&m;ausmif;ponf\) wnfae&mrsm;udk rSwf
om;cJhonf/ xkdacwfu a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmonf arG;
uif;prQomjzpfí &wemodkuf vkdufvH&SmazGjcif;? tkwf*lrsm;udk
vk,ufjcif; ([laomtajctae)rS ajcwpfvSrf; vSrf;umprQom
jzpfaomfvnf; uefeif[rf\ t"du&nf G,fcsufrSm tdEd,vlrsKd;
rsm; udk,fwdkif vkH;0 rodMuao;bJ taemufwdkif;om;rsm;vnf;
0dk;wdk;0g;wm;rQomodao;aom tdEd,a&S;a[mif;orkdif;udk aumif;
pGm em;vnf&ef ppfrSefonhfqE&SdykH&onf/
xdktcsdefu a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmonf tE&m,f&SdEdkifNyD;
pdwfwxifhxifhjzihf vdkufvH&SmazG&onhf t&mvnf;jzpfonf/ vrf;
rsm;onf Murf;wrf; odkYr[kwf r&Sdao;/ iSufzsm;a&m*gonf awGU
&NrJ tE&m,fjzpfonf/ vk,ufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;vnf; ae&mra½G;
rMum cPBuKH&\/ uefeif[rf oGm;a&mufonhf ae&mrsm;wGif
a'ocHrsm;u rulnDMu½kHru ¤if;wdkYu xdka'otwGif;&Sd tysuf
tpD;rsm;taMumif; [dk[dk'D'D r[kwfrrSef vdrfnm ajymqdkMuonf/
tqdk;qkH;rSm ykPÖm; w&m;a[mq&m ([dE´Lbkef;BuD;) rsm;jzpfMu
onf/ ¤if;wdkYu tcsdefMumMum pGefYypfxm;onhf rnfonhftysuf
tpD; odkYr[kwf qif;wkawmfudkrqdk uefeif[rftaejzihf pdwf0if
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 29
wpfckvkH; 0 kef;okef;um;jzpfaeonf/ taemufzufrS usL;ausmf0if
a&mufol rlqvifrsm;onf wnf&SdqJtkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufqD;ypf
vdkufMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\acgif;aqmifjzihf tpm;rxdk;&ao;aom tcsdef
jzpfonf/ olcdk;*kdPf;rsm;ESihf vk,ufzsufqD;&ef tmomirf;irf;
wufaeMuaom wdkufcdkufa&;orm; rlqvifppfom;tkyfpkrsm;
onf vrf;rsm; vloluif;rJhapNyD; NrdKUi,fNrdKUBuD;rsm;udkyif tEÅ&m,f
jyKaeMuonf/ t&Sif"romrdonf ukefonfokH;&m vltkyfESihftwl
vdkufygcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf wpfq,fhajcmufa,mufrSm t&Sif"r
omrduJhodkYyif Ak'*,modkY OD;wnfMuonf/ aemufqkH;wGif t&Sif
"romrdonf oGm;vdkonhfc&D; vrf;qkH;(Ak'*,m)odkY qdkufa&muf
oGm;cJhaomfvnf; wdkufcdkufvk,ufvmrnfh tEÅ&m,fudk a&SmifvTJ
&ef xGufajy;íomae&awmhonf/ tEÅ&m,f uif;a0;oGm;aom
tcg t&Sif"romrd jyefvmNyD; ur|mef;xkdifjcif;? bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;? Ak'
0ifae&mawmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmfjcif;wkYd(tjyif) ouwbmompum;
ajymwwfojzihf bk&m;zl;&[ef;tzGJUtm; bmomjyefay;oltjzpf
aqmif½Gufjcif;jzihf okH;ESpfwm ukefvGefoGm;onf/
Ak'*,mwGif aexdkifNyD;aemuf t&Sif"romrdonf &mZN*dK[fESihf
emvEmwdkYodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ emvEmwGif touf 90-t G,&f Sd
emvEmwuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD; ynm&Sif &m[kvod&Db`'rax&f
xH ynmoif,lonf/ odkY&mwGif emvEm\ at;csrf;wnfNidrf
aom pmayoifMum;&m ywf0ef;usifonf rMumrD emusif½dkif;yspGm
NydKuGJ ysufpD;oGm;cJhonf/ rlqvif usL;ausmfolrsm;onf emvE´m
ta&SUbuf wpfaeYwmc&D;ü wnf&Sdaom Mo'EÅyl&Dwuúodkvfudk
zsufqD;ypfMuNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;wuodkvfudk ¤if;wkdY\ tajcukyf
ppfpcef;tjzpf tokH;csxm;onf/ &m[kvod&Db`'\ wynfhwpfyg;
onf usL;ausmfolrsm;\vufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&aomfvnf; &ef
olwdkY rMumrD emvEmudk pD;eif;wdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOfaeMuaMumif;
30 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
vQKdU0Sufowif;udk q&mjzpfol &m[kvod&db`'xHodkY wdwfwqdwf
ydkYay;EdkifcJhonf/ wynhftm;vkH;onf q&mrax&ftm; xGufajy;
&ef awmif;yefMuonf/ rax&fBuD;u jiif;qdkojzihf pmoifom;
&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYbmom a&Smifwdrf; xGufajy;oGm;Mu
onf/ xdkq&mrax&ftdkESihf "romrdwdkYESpfyg;om usefcJhMuonf/
]q&mrax&fu þodkYqdk\ ]]armifwdAuf? igESifhae&pf&if
oifrdkuf&m rusaybl;vm;/ a'ocHawGESihf wynfhawGtm;vkH;
xGufajy;ukefMuNyD/ xGufrajy;vQif oifvnf;yJ towfcH&ay
vdrfhrnf}}/ ,if;odkY q&mrax&fBuD;u jypfwifa0zefonf/ "r
omrdu ]]towfcH&rnfjzpfayr,fh wynhfawmfxGufrajy;awmhyg
bk&m;}}[k ajzMum;onf/ q&mrax&fonf ESpfoufoGm;NyD;
]]oif[m oihf&JU t"d|mefcsufudk rzsufbJaeoy/ oifh&JU 0efxkyf
0efydk;um; BuD;av;vSay\/ tcktoifu ighudkcsDrNyD; ,lrnfqdk
vQif oif xGufajy;rvm;}} ([k qdkjyefonf)/ ]]tu,fí q&m
t&Sif oGm;&if wynfhawmfwdkYESpfyg;vkH; xGufajy;Edkifwmaygh}}/
þodkYjzihf "romrdonf q&mrax&ftm; yckH;ay:xrf; GufNyD;
ajy;avonf/ ausmufwdkifwpfckudk ywfvSnfhNyD;aomtcg q&m
rax&fu ]]wdkY (&efolYvufrS) vGwfygNyD/ oMum;xkyfuav;?
qefenf;enf;ESihf wdkYtcspfawmfpmtkyfawGudk xkwfMupdkY/ wdkY a0;
a0;roGm;EdkifMuawmhbl;/ wdkY (ESpfa,muf) tE&m,fuif;Edkifrnhf
enf;udk igodygw,f}}[k qdkvdkufonf}/
olwdkY (q&mwynfh) onf rlqvifppfom;rsm; emvEmudk
vk,uf &SmazGaeMupOf yifrausmif;wdkufBuD;rS cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif&Sd
aom bk&m;ausmif;i,f wpfcktwGif; a&Smifykef;aeMuonf/ xdYk
aemuf ,if;&[ef;awmfESpfyg;onf (emvEm) ausmif;wkdufodkY
jyefvmEdkifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdeftxd zsufqD;vk,ufjcif;rS
vGwfajrmufaeao;aom tjcm; bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;ESihf ausmif;wkduf
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 31
rsm;uJhodkY qkH;cef;rwdkifrD tcdkuftwHhrQom jzpfacsonf/ opm
"rrD;tdrfonf tdEd,EdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif; wpfaxmihfig;&mcefY xGef;
vif;awmufyvsuf "ra&mifjcnfudk jzmvufcJhNyD;aemuf Nidrf;awmh
rnfqJqJ (tcsdef) jzpfacsonf/
"romrdonf pmayavhvmoifMum;rI NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD; aemuf
qkH; wdAufodkYjyef&ef jyifqifonf/ touft G,f BuD;&ifhNyD;
csdeJYaeNyDjzpfaom &m[kvoD&db`'rax&fu rsuf0ef;wGif rsuf
&nfjynfhvsuf wynfhtm; ]oif[m aumif;jrwfwJh &[ef;wpfyg;
ayyJ/ wdAufudkjyefoGm;ygav/ igrlum; touft G,f tkdrif;NyD/
wdAufonf a0;uGmvS\/ wdkYwpfawG 'Db0rSm wpfzefjyefawGUEdkif
Muawmhrnfr[kwf/ okc0wD (bkH)rSm jyefvnfqkHpnf;Mur,f} [k
rdefYqdkonf/ "romrdonf wdAufodkY tE&m,fuif;pGm jyefa&mufcJh
onf/ odkY&mwGif emrusef;jzpfeojzihf ywem;wGif vtwefMum
aomifwifaecJhao;onf/ "romrdonf touf 67-ESpf? at'D
1263-ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf/ rZ dra'owGif tcsdeftenf;
i,fom aexdkifcGifh &&SdcJhaomfvnf; "romrd\ twKywdonf
tvGef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vS\/ taMumif;rl ,if;twKywd
(rSwfwrf;)onf uREkfyfwdkYtm; tdEd, Ak'0g' 0rf;enf;aMuuGJzG,f
qkH;cef;wkdifoGm;ykHESihf ywfoufí &Sm;yg;vSonhf rsufjrifoufao
rSwfom;csufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/
qmtvufpE´muefeif[rf (Sir Alexander Cunningham)
olYb0udk uREkfyfwdkYavhvmrnfh tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,mufum;
bk&m;zl;wpfa,muftjzpf rZ dra'oodkY vma&mufcJhonfr[kwf
aomfvnf; acwfopfbk&m;zl;rsm;taejzihf Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm;ü
awGUjrif&aom t&mtrsm;pkonf yk*Kdvf\BudK;yrf;rIaMumihf jzpf
ojzifh þyk*Kdvfudk csefvSyfxm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ qm tvufpE´m
36 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wkudk;uG,fonfh bmomw&m;jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;xuf ydkrdkí
udk,fykdiftvS udk,fydkif qGJaqmifrIrsm;&Sdonhf acwfrDNyD; udk,fusifh
pm&dwa&;&m 'óewpfckjzpfaMumif; em;vnf&ef taxmuftul
jyKcJhonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;xHrS rdrdbmomw&m;taMumif;
odumusapaom azmfjycsufrsm;udkomvQif Mum;&avh&SdcJhMuaom
ta&SUwdkif;&Sd Ak'bmom0ifrsm;onf xdkuAsmudk ESpfoufMuNyD; tm
Edk;vftm; owdcJ vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpf rSwf,lMuonf/
tmEkd;vfonf Ak'*,mESihf rd*'g0kefodkY oGm;a&mufvnfywf
vkdonfrSm MumcJhNyDjzpfojzihf oD&dvuFm? ,dk;',m;? jrefrmESihf
*syefwdkYodkY (vma&muf) vnfywf&ef zdwfMum;pm trsm;tjym;
&&Sdaomtcg ta&SUEdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf&efESihf wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
MumjrihfpGmuwnf;u pdwfxJwGif udef;0yfaecJhaom rdrdqEudk NyD;
jynfhpkHap&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ (Ak'*,modkY) qdkufa&mufí r[m
aAm"dapwDawmf\ pBuFefvrf;wGif &yfvdkufrdpOf tmEdk;vfonf ap
wDawmf\ taemufbufodkY oGm;NyD; r[maAm"dyifatmufwGif Nidrf
oufpGm&yfrdvsuf rdrdtaejzifh aAm"dyifrS aAm"d½Guftenf;i,f &
,lEdkifygvm;[k [dELbkef;BuD;wpfa,muftm; ar;jref;aomtcg
¤if;([dE´Lbkef;BuD;)u ]vkdcsifoavmufom ,loGm;yg q'f? igwYdk
tzdkY (þopf½Guf) bmrS tokH;rusygbl; q'f}[k qdkonf/
,if;aemuf tmEdk;vfonf rd*'g0kefodkY oGm;onf/ aemifwGif
xdk(rd*'g0kef) ae&mawmfESifh ywfouf tmEdk;vfu ]þae&m
xuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwfaom ae&mwpfckudk tjcm;rnfonhfae&mwGifrS
rawGUEdkifyg} [kqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf c&D;qufcJhNyD; oD&dvuFmodkY
qdkufa&mufaomtcg oD&dvuFm Ak'bmom0ifrsm;\ tkwfatmf
aomif;eif; BudKqdkrIudk cH&onf/ tmEdk;vfonf xdktcsdefu usrf;
*eftwwfuRrf;qkH;ESihf oD&dvuFmwGif vsifjrefpGm t&Sdef&aeNyDjzpf
aom Ak'bmomjyefvnfEdk;Mum;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI acgif;aqmif rax&f
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 33
pm;rItenf;i,f jyvkdufonfESihf (,if;tysuftpD;ponfudk) jrifh
jrwfaom ae&mjzpfaMumif; ajymqdkNyD; xdkae&mudk ykHMurf;qGJcGifh odkY
r[kwf wdkif;wmcGifhrjyKrD aiGaMu;awmif;Muonf/
,if;odkY tcuftcJrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; uefeif[rfonf a&S;
a[mif;pmay ta&;tom;rsm;pGmtm; t"dym,f azmfenf;udk em;
vnfcJhonf/ olonf ae&mXmersm;pGmudk rSwfxm; odkYr[kwf oGm;
a&mufMunhf IcJhonf/ xdkae&mXme trsm;pkudk NcKHikHavhvm&if; if;
onf tdEd,\ a&S;a[mifajrykH'*Fg;wHqdyfavhvmrIESihf tdEd,yef;yk
avhvmrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf rSefuefxl;jcm;onfh todynm
A[kwudk wdk;wufatmif pGrf;EdkifcJhonf/ odkYjzihf 1861-ckESpf a&S;
a[mif;okawoeavhvma&;tzGJU zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef qkH;jzwf
aomtcg ppfwyfrS tem;,lNyD;pjzpfol uefeif[rfonf ,if;
tzGJU\ yxrqkH;aom ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyftjzpf tvdktavsmuf
a G;cs,fNyD; jzpfoGm;onf/ xdktcsdefrSp 1885-ckESpfwGif t*Fvef
odkY jyefonftxd uefeif[rfonf if;\b0udk tdEd,\ twdwf
ordkif;azmfxkwfa&;ESihf xdefodrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf `rIyfESHcJhonf/
Ak'bmom IaxmihfrSqdk&aomf uefeif[rf\ ta&;ygrIonf
jrwfAk'\b0ESihfywfoufaom wnf&SdqJ ae&ma'orsm;taMumif;
tay: if;\wpfudk,fa& pdwf0ifpm;rIaMumifhjzpfonf/ uefeif
[rfonf i,fpOfu tjcm; rsm;pGmaom 0dwdk&d, acwfom;rsm;uJh
odkYyif atAefa*svdu,fvf c&pf,efwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ olonf
rdrd\ rlv,kHMunfrIudk jrefjreftpm;xdk;vmonfESihftrQ tdEd,\
wdkif;&ifbmomw&m;rsm;rSm ydkrdkaumif;rGefonf[k ,kHMunfoGm;cJh
onf/ if;\ apmapmydkif; a&;om;csufrsm;wGif if;taejzihf a&S;
a[mif;okawoeynmtay: pdwf0ifpm;rIonf c&pf,efbmom
xGef;um;a&;udk taxmuftuljyKrnfh tokH;0ifonhf vufeuf
aumif;wpfckjzpfrnf[k xifjrifaMumif;yif azmfjycJhonf/ Ak'0g'
34 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
taMumif; aumif;pGmodcGifh&aomtcg wjznf;jznf; Ak'0g'\ b0
tjrifESihf tdEd,,Ofaus;rItm; axmufulxm;jcif;tay: euf Idif;
pGm av;pm;rI wdk;yGm;vmonf/ if;\ us,fajymaom tawGU
tBuKH? tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm;\ okawoejyKcsufrsm;? w kwfbk&m;zl;
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrdjcif;? ajrmuf
jrm;vSonhf rSef;qEdkifrIrsm;udk tokH;csvsuf uefeif[rfonf
om0wd? aumorD? ukodem kHESihf &mZN*dK[f&Sd rsm;pGmaomae&mXme
rsm;udk trSeftwdkif; xkwfazmf odkYr[kwf rSefuefaMumif; ouf
aojycJhonf/ uefeif[rfonf ,if; (azmfjyNyD;) a'orsm;udka&m
r"k&m? rd*'g0kefESihf Ak'*,m ae&mawmfrsm;udkyg azmfxkwfcJhonf/
uefeif[rfonf r[maAm"dapwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; ydkrdkxl;
jcm;onhf ESpfoufrI&SdykH&onf/ odkYjzpf a&S;a[mif;okawoe
avhvma&;tzGJUodkY wifjycJhonhf if;\ yxrqkH;aom vIyf&Sm;rI
onf Ak'*,mapwDawmfy&d0kPfudk wl;azmfNyD; yef;ykvuf&mrsm;
ESihf ausmufpmrsm;udk xdefodrf;&eftwGuf pwifvkyfaqmif&rnhf
ajcvSrf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Edkif&ef apwDawmfjrwfBuD;odkY oGm;a&muf
a&;jzpfonf/ if;\ tMuHjyKcsuft& AkdvfcsKyf rD;'f (General Mead)
onf 1863-wGif apwDawmfudk wl;azmfcJhonf/ odkYaomf rD;'fonf
if;\awGU&Sdcsufqdkif&m rSwfwrf;udk vkH;0ykHESdyfjzefYcsdjcif; rjyKcJhay/
uefeif[rfonf Ak'*,modkY 1871-ESihf 1875- Ak'bmom r[m
aAm"dapwDawmfjrwfBuD;} wGif if;tygt0if tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm;\
okawoejyKcsufrsm;? &SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESihf apwDawmfjrwf\ ykH
oPmefrsm;tm;vkH;udk pkaygif;azmfjyxm;onf/
qmtuf'GiftmEdk;vf (Sir Edwin Arnold)
1809-ckESpfwGif AsL;cgeef (Buchanan) rS pwif t*Fvdyfc&D;onf
rsm;onf NydKuGJysufpD;aeaom txdrf;trSwf ae&mrsm;udk Munfh½I
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 35
&efESihf a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm; &,l&ef arQmfvifhcsufjzihf tcgtm;
avsmfpGm Ak'*,m? rd*'g0kefa'orsm;odkY vma&mufcJhMuonf/ pGefY
y,fcHxm;&onhf vlolrJhaom (Ak'0if) ae&mrsm; a&S;a[mif;
ypnf;rsm;udk tvG,fwul&&SdEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif 1885-ckESpfü
Ak'*,modkY vma&mufcJhonfh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wpfa,mufum; ae&m
a'oudk Munfh I&ef odkYr[kwf urmvSnhfc&D;onftaejzifh vm
a&mufjcif;r[kwfbJ bk&m;zl;taejzihf a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/
xdkyk*Kdvfum; tmquf'GiftmEdk;vfjzpf\/ tmEdk;vfonf 1857-ck
ESpf (tdEd,EdkifiH) yleD(Pune) NrdKU? 'ufuef(Deccan)aumvdyfausmif;
tkyfBuD;&mxl; ceYftyfcH&aom tcsdef uAsmq&m wpfa,muf
tjzpf ausmfMum;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ¤if;\vGwfvyfaom oabmxm;
ESihf ouwbmom todynmaMumifh rMumrD tdEd,bmomw&m;
rsm; txl;ojzihf Ak'bmomudk pdwf0ifpm;rI wdk;yGm;vmonf/
1861-ckESpf? t*FvefodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg tmEdk;vfonf
aemiftcg ¤if;t,f'Dwmjzpfvmrnfh a';vD;w,fvD*&yf owif;
pmwGif txl;aqmif;yg;a&;oltjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD; Ak'0g'udk
qufvuf avhvmonf/ rnfonhfusrf;pmrsm;udk zwf½Ionf[k
wduspGm rod&aomfvnf; (xkdtcsdefu Ak'bmomESihf ywfouf
onfh rDSjirf;jyKpmtkyfrsm; tenf;tusOf;om&SdNyD; Ak'bmomusrf;
*ef t*Fvdyfbmomjyefrsm;vnf; enf;yg;ao;\) 1879-ckESpfwGif
tmEdk;vfonf Ak'b0jzpfawmfpOfESifh Ak'\oifMum;csufrsm;udk t
bjzpftysufrSeftwdkif; u½kPm&oajrmufpGm o½kyfazmf (a&;zGJU)
xm;aom ]tm&Stvif;a&mif (The Light of Asia)} trnf&Sd
ausmfMum;vSonfh uAsm(&Snf)udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkufonf/ þ
uAsmonf tvGefta&;ygonfh atmifjrifrI wpf&yfjzpfoGm;NyD;
NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm;tm; c&pf,efomoemjyKyk*Kdvfrsm;\ rSwfwrf;
rsm;wGif azmfjyonhf Ak'bmom[lonf pdwfysufzG,ftqdk;jrif ½kyf
40 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jrwfr[mudk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ rif;om;
od'¨w¬ aAm"dyifatmufrSm aAm"dÓmPfudk &&SdcJhonhf þae&mum;
urÇmay:wGif rnfonhfae&mESihfrQrwlatmif jrifhjrwfvSay\/ þzd
tm;onf uREkfyf\pdwftm½kHodkY ½kwfw&uf 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg
uREkfyfonf bkef;awmfBuD; udkZeftm; uREkfyfESifhtwl yg0ifvufwGJ
Edkifrnfvm;[k ar;rdonf/ udkZefu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm oabm
wlonf/ þxufydkonfrSm udkZefvnf; uREfkyfESihfxyfwlyif cHpm;
aerdaMumif; ajymjyonf/ Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmftcsKdU wm0ef,l
apmifha&Smuf&ef a&mufvmonftxd uREkfyfwdkYESpfa,muf þae
&mjrwf aexdkifMu&ef tav;teuf uwdjyKvdkufMuonf}/
r[maAm"dapwDonf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdcdk;ylaZmf&mXme
tjzpf rvIyf&Sm;bJ &SdaecJhNyD;jzpfonf/ 16 &mpkukefavmuf a&muf
aomtcg ajcovkH;tdrfwdkif [dE´Lbkef;BuD;tcsdkU þae&modkY a&muf
vmNyD; teD;tem;ü tajccs aexdkifMuonf/ (aemiftcg) r[efY[k
xif&Sm;vmonhf ¤if;wkdYudk qufcHolrsm;onf pGefYypfcH apwDysuf
udk ¤if;wdkYydkiftjzpf xifrSwfvmMuonf/ (tdrf&mraxmifonhf)
&aoh&[ef;[kqdkaomfvnf; acwfopfr[efYum; csrf;omNyD; tm
Pmxefjyif;ol ajrydkif&Sifjzpfonf/ yxrwGif r[efYonf "rygv
&Sdaejcif;udk rjiif;qdkay/ r[efYu "rygvtm; teD;tem;&Sd em;ae
aqmif(Z&yf) wpfaqmif\aomhudk ay;xm;ojzihf aumif;pGm ae
xdkif&onf/ "rygvonf oD&dvuFm? jrefrmESihftdEd,EdkifiH&Sd "rrdwf
aqGrsm;ESihf Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY r[maAm"dyif\ tajc
taeudkazmfjyNyD; apwDawmfBuD;tm; oifhwifhpGm xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smuf&ef tultnDawmif;cHonhfpmrsm; tvsiftjref a&;ydkYonf/
odkYwap rdrdrSm&Sdonhf aiGaMu;tenf;i,fvnf; jywfawmuf
awmhrnf/ rdrd\tultnDawmif;cHrItay: wkHYjyefrIrsm;rSm(vnf;)
aES;auG;vSonf/ "rygvtaejzifh rdrd\uwdudk pGefYvTwf&awmh
rnfudkyif pdk;½GHUvmrdonf/ "rygvonf rdrd\ þarSmifrdkuf cufcJ
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 37
jzpfol a'vd*gr oD&dokr*Fvrax&fESihf awGUqkHaomtcg tmEdk;vf
u r[maAm"dapwDawmfjrwfBuD;\ 0rf;enf;zG,f tajctaeudk
azmfjyvsuf apwDawmfESihf ywfoufNyD; wpfckckaqmif½GufEdkif&ef
wdkufwGef;onf/ tmEdk;vf\ tMuHjyKcsufudk tvGefpdwftm; xuf
oefpGm BuKdqdkojzihf tmEdk;vfu t*FvefESihftdEd,&Sd NAdwdoQtmPm
ydkifrsm;ESihf awGUqkHajymqdkrnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;onf/ NAdwdoQ
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrI wnf&SdqJjzpfojzihf þudprSm tmEdk;vftzdkY vG,f
ulpGm aqmif GufEdkifaomt&mjzpfonf/
tmEdk;vfonf r[maAm"dapwDawmftm; Ak'bmom0ifrsm;
jyefvnf xdef;odrfa&;twGuf aumif;jrwfaom tawG;tMu&H &Sd
vsuf xdktMuHudk taumiftxnf ay:vmapNyD;aemuf xdkudp
tNyD;a&mufonfxd tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm;u (qufvufí) pGrf;pGrf;wrH
aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ odkYwap xdktcsdefuwnf;uyif tmEdk;vf
onf oD&dvuFmtkyfcsKyfa&;rª;? tdEd,EdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0efcsKyf
jzpfol AkdvfcsKyf uefeif[rf (uefeif[rfonf þtMuHtpnfudk
vkH;0>cif;csufr&Sd pmemaxmufxm;cJhonf)ESihf tdEd,bk&ifcHwdkYudk
yif udk,fwdkifawGUqkH odkYr[kwf pma&;cJhNyD; 1893-ckESpfwGif a'vD;
w,fvD*&yfowif;pm r[maAm"dapwDawmftm; Ak'bmom0if
wdkY (jyefvnf) xdef;odrf;a&;ESihfywfouf ta&;aumif;aumif;
ESihf u kPmoufzG,f aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f a&;om;cJhonf/
1904-ckESpf tuf'GiftmEdk;vf uG,fvGefaomtcg ESpfq,fh
wpfESpfrwdkifrDu tmEdk;vf&&SdcJhonhf tMuHtpnfudk (vltrsm;rod
odkYr[kwf) oabmraygufEdkifao;bJ &SdMuonf/ trSefaomf aemuf
xyf ESpfig;q,feD;yg;rQ Mumonftxdyif em;rvnfEdkifao;bJ &Sd
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif acwfopf Ak'bmom0ifbk&m;zl;rsm;tzdkY r[m
aAm"dapwDawmfwGif bk&m;&Sdcdk;0wfjyKaomtcg odkYr[kwf apwD
awmfudk 0ef;&Hxm;onfh at;csrf;qdwfNidrf NcH0if;twGif; vSnfh
38 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
vnfoGm;vmaomtcg þtaemufwdkif;om; a&S;OD;Ak'bmom0if
wpfOD;tay: aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfaMumif; owd&oifhygonf/
tem*g&du"r®ygv (Anagarika Dharmapala)
tuf'GiftmEdk;vf yxrqkH; arG;zGm;ay;vdkufaom tawG;tMuHudk
(taumiftxnfazmf) aqmif½GufcJholum; tem*g&du"rygv jzpf
onf/ 1846-ckESpfwGif <u,f0csrf;omNyD; bmomw&m;udk tav;
teuf ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;onhf rdom;pkrSarG;zGm;cJhol "rygvonf
toufi,f½G,fcsdefwGif 1870-ckESpfrsm;rSpí oD&dvuFm wpfEdkifiH
vkH; vIyfvIyf G GjzpfapcJhaom Ak'omoemawmf jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;
vIyf&Sm;rI\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ "rygvonf rdrd\
xl;jcm;onhf tiftm;ESihf pGrf;&nfwdkYudk Ak'omomemawmf &mpkESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm rvIyfr&Sm;jzpfaejcif;rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnD
axmufyHhrIwGif `rIyfESHvdkaMumif; odcJhaomfvnf; (,if;udpESihf ywf
ouf ) rdrdtaejzifh rnfodkYaqmif Guf&rnfudk twdtusoabm
aygufcJhonfrSm Ak'*,modkY bk&m;zl;c&D; oGm;a&mufNyD;rSjzpfonf/
1891-ckESpfwGif "rygvonf rd*'g0kefodkY oGm;a&mufaom
tcg rdrdawGUjrif&onhf (tajctae)aMumihf acsmufcsm;rdNyD; pdwf
xdcdkufoGm;onf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf yxrqkH; w&m;a'oem a[m
Mum;awmfrlonhf ae&mawmfjrwfudk a'ocH Gmom;wdkYu EGm;acs;?
0ufacs;rsm; pkykH&ef tokH;jyKaeMuonf/ wpfcsdefu BuD;us,f crf;
em;cJhonhf ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESihf apwDawmf
jrwfrsm;\ tysuftpD; t<uif;tusefrsm;tm; taqmufttkH
aqmufvkyf&m aps;aygaygtkwfcsyfrsm; &&Sd&ef NzdKcsjcif;rSvGJ
rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ pdwfr0ifpm;Muacs/
&uftenf;i,f MumNyD;aemuf Zefe0g&Dv 22-&ufaeYwGif
"rygvESihf ¤if;\rdwfaqG *syef&[ef;awmf udkZef (Kozan)wdkYonf
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 39
Ak'*,modkYa&muf&SdMuonf/ r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk ESpftenf;
i,ftvGefu jyefvnf jyKjyifxm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; apwDawmftm;
* kwpdkuf xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufrnfholr&Sdacs/ apwDawmfteD;
ywf0ef;usif opfyifrsm;aygufa&mufaeNyD; npfywfaeonf/ 0Zd
&moe3 ae&mawmfwGif "rygv &Sdcdk;ylaZmfvdkuaf omtcg ESvkH;om;
wGif tav;teuf MunfnKd,kHMunfrIrS aygufzGm;vmonhf pdwf
"mwftiftm; jrifh<urIwpf&yf ay:aygufcJhonf/ jzpfysufcJhykHudk
¤if;\rSwfwrf;pmtkyf þodkYazmfjyxm;onf ](*,mNrdKUrS) ajcmuf
rdkif armif;NyD;aemuf uREkfyfwdkYonf ajrjrwfae&modkY qdkufa&muf
cJhMuonf/ wpfrdkiftwGif; uREkfyfwdkYbk&m;&Sif\ qif;wkawmftusKd;
tysufrsm; [dkae&monfae&m BuJjyefYaeonfudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/
r[efY([dELbkef;BuD;)\ ausmif;odkYt0if qif0if\ [dkbuf'Dbuf
ur|mef; IrSwfae[efESihf w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlae[ef
uREkfyfwdkY Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ qif;wkawmfrsm;&Sdonf/ (r[maAm"d)
apwDawmfjrwfBuD;um; jrifhrm;crf;em;vSygbd/ ty&mZdwyv†if
awmfay:wGif xdkifaeawmfrlonfh jrwfAk' (qif;wkawmf)ESifh ywf
0ef;usifwpfcGifvkH;udk ysHUESHUvTrf;rdk;aeonhf BuD;jrwfaom wnfNidrf
rIwdkYum; MunfndKol Oygoum (wpfa,muf)\ ESvkH;om;udk 0rf;
enf;rsuf&nf vnfapyg\/ tdk? ESpfoufzG,f aumif;pG/
]0Zd&moeyv†ifawmfudk uREkfyf\ezl;jyif xdvkdufrdonfESihf
uREkfyf\ ESvkH;om;xJodkY ½kwfw&uf wGef;tm;wpf&yf 0ifa&muf
vmonf/ xdkwGef;tm;onf uREkfyftm; þae&mwGifae þajr
3
tcsKdUu r[m,me (Ak'bmom0if)wdkYonf Ak'*,mr[maAm"dr@Kdif&Sd ty&mZdw
yv†ifawmfudk ]0Zd&moe}[k ac:a0:aMumif; jyqdkonf/ odkY&mwGif ]ty&mZdwyv†uF
0a& 0Zd&moae edodEumvawm y|m, (O'ge-|? 29/ om&w-#D 3? 133) ESifh
]0Zd&moeH 0d, tpvyv†u (oH-#D 2? 282)wdkYt& xdktqdk rrSefbJ rl&if;ax&0g'
usrf;rsm; vnf; ]0Zd&moe} tokH;&SdaMumif; rSwf,l&ygrnf (bmomjyefol)/
44 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
awmfrlMuyg/ cifrif &if;ESD;pGm (rdwfrysufbJ) "mwfawmfrsm;udk
&SpfykHykHyg/ onfaemuf ae&mtESHYwGif apwDawmfrsm; (wnfí)
xnhfoGif; XmyemMuyg/ ow0gtm;vkH; þapwDawmfrsm;udk zl;
jrifNyD; o'gw&m;wdk; yGm;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf 'D 2? 136)}/
¤if;aemuf a'gPykPm;onf Ak'\"mwfawmfrsm;udk buf
rvdkufbJ (rQrQww) &SpfykHykHonf/ a'gPonf ¤if;\tusKd; aqmif
usOf;rItaejzihf "mwfawmfxnhfonhftdk;udk &&Sdavonf/ þodYk
aqmif½GufNyD;aemuf ydyv0e(Pipphalavana)t&yfrS arm&d,vlrsKd;
tzGJUwpfzGJU a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf "mwfawmftm;vkH; cGJa0NyD;
jzpfí ¤if;wdkYtm; rD;ylaZmfonhfae&mrS jymrsm;udk ay;vkdufonf/
yxrOD;qkH;aom ,if;Ak'apwDawmfrsm;onf xdyfydkif;wGif
opfom;xD;awmfyg&Sdonfh ajrykH dk; dk;rQom jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ xD;
awmfrSm bk&ifrif;ESihfqdkifaom a&S;acwftdEd,txdrf;trSwfjzpf
onf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdaumif;zcif bk&ifrdom;pkrS (zGm;jrif
cJhol) jzpfaMumif; owd&oifhonf/
azmfjyyg a&SUajy;ykHpHrsm;rS wpfqifh apwDonf oym,fvSyNyD;
tao;pdwf taqmufttkH ykHpHrsm;tjzpfodkY wdk;wufajymif;vJ
vmNyD; oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&Sif\oauFw (ykHoP²mef) tjzpf
awGU&Sdvm&onf/ (Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm;&Sd) apwDawmfrsm;udk av;
rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ 1) om&D&du = jrwfAk' odkYr[kwf jrwfAk'\¨
t&d,mjzpfNyD;ol wynfhom0u wpfyg;yg;\ "mwfawmf arGawmf
rsm;udk Xmyem(xnhfoGif;) xm;onhf apwD? 2) y&dabm* = jrwf
Ak'\ tokH;taqmifypnf;rsm; yg0ifonhf apwD? 3) Oa'odu
(O'´dóu) = Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu ta&;
BuD; xif&Sm;onhf jzpf&yfrsm;udk txdrf;trSwfjyKNyD; wnfxm;
onhf txdrf;trSwfapwDESihf 4) aemufqkH; wpfrsKd;rSm ukodkvf&
&ef &nf½G,fNyD; wnfxm;onhf t"d|mefapwD (Votive Stupas) [l
bk&m;zl;c&D;onfBuD;rsm; 41
aom tcsdefumvtwGif; apwDawmf ur|mef; IrSwf&if; ckdifrm
onfh pdwfydkif;awGUBuKHod&SdrI wpf&yf&&SdcJhonf ]xdkn 12-em&D
avmufwGif uREkfyfwpfoufwm yxrqkH;tBudrf em;vnfrI
tm;vkH;udk ausmfvGefonhf Nidrf;csrf;rIwpf&yfudk uREfkyf awGUBuKH
cHpm;rdonf/ at;Nidrf;vdkufavjcif;}/
"rygv\ b0&nfrSef;csufonf ,cktcg vkH;0OókH yDjyifvm
acsNyD/ Ak'0g'wpfckvkH;uJhodkYyif r[maAm"d apwDawmfjrwfonf
vnf; ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;aeonhf t&mrsm;xuf ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;onfh twdwfumv\ "mwfarGawmfwpfck jzpfvmonf/
rdrd ("rygv)onf Ak'0g'udka&m r[maAm"dapwDawmfudkyg jyef
vnf xdef;odrf;NyD; &Sifoefatmif aqmif u G f&vdrfhrnf/ "rygv
onf rdrdtaejzifh apwDawmfteD;rSxGufcGmNyD; (apwDawmftm;)
vlxkpdwf0ifpm;atmif aqmif½Guf&efESihf Ak'bmomEdkifiHrsm;\
axmufcHrI&&Sd&ef BudK;pm;rSomvQif þ(jyefvnfjyKjyif&efESihf &Sif
oefatmif aqmif½Gufjcif;) udpudk jyKvkyfEdkifrnf[k qkH;jzwfonf/
"rygvonf r[maAm"dapwDawmf jyefvnfxdef;odrf;a&; pnf;½kH;
vIHYaqmf&efESihf yl;aygif;aqmif Guf&ef r[maAm"dtoif;ESihf ,if;
toif;\ wdk;wufa&;aqmif½GufrItaMumif;udk Ak'bmomavmu
tm; owif;ay;&ef yxrqkH;aom EdkifiHwumAk'bmompmapmif
wpfckjzpfonhf r[maAm"d*sme,fudkvnf; wnfaxmifvkdufonf/
"rygvonf oD&dvuFm? jrefrmEdkifiHrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfNyD; jynf
olYtpnf;ta0;rsm; a[majymonf/ oD&dvuFmrS tdEd,odkY
bk&m;zl;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;onf/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif tem*g&du"rygv\b0onf ykHMurf;
azmfjy&ef cufcJavmufatmifyif jzpfysuf BuKHqkH&rI xl;jcm;vS
onf/ "rygvonf 1893-ckESpf csDum*dk (tar&du)wGif usif;y
onhf bmomaygif;pkHygvDrefü rdefYcGef; ajymMum; (taemufwdkif;
42 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Ak'0g'taMumif; yxrqkH;tBudrf a[majym&jcif;jzpf)onf/
oD&dvuFmwGif Ak'bmomowif;pm trsm;tjym; wnfaxmifcJh
onf/ r[m,meESihf ax&0g'wdkYtMum; &mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGm
twGif; yxrqkH;xdawGUrItwGuf xdyfwef;u (yg0if)aqmif½GufcJh
oljzpfonf/ pmoifausmif;rsm;? aq;ay;cef;rsm;ESihf oufarG;0rf;
ausmif; avhusifha&;wuodkvfrsm; wnfaxmifvsuf rd*'g0kefudk
jyefvnf jyKjyifrGrf;rHNyD;aemuf Ak'0g'\tcsuftcsm ae&mwpfck
tjzpfodkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmatmif zefwD;cJhonf/
"rygv\ BudK;yrf;rIrsm;aMumifh Ak'bmom0ifrsm;onf r[m
aAm"dapwDawmfwGif wpfzefjyefvnfí &Sdckd; 0wfjyKvmEdkifMuonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkY w&m;0if0wfjyKqkawmif;cGifhudk 1940-ckESpftxd
r&&Sdao;aomfvnf; xdktcGifhta&;udk pwifvIyf&Sm;cJholrSm tem
*g&du "rygvjzpfonf/ 1933-ckESpf? rd*'g0kefü ruG,fvGefrDu
av;wGif ]&SifawmfAk'¨&JU w&m;"rudk jyefYyGm;atmif vkyfzdkY ESpfq,fh
ig;Budrfru (vlYb0rSm) jyefvnf arG;zGm;vdkygw,f}[k qdkcJhonf/
yef;csDESihfyef; yk
apwD
Ak'bmomqdkif&m txdrf;trSwf ae&mawmfrsm;\ txif&Sm;qkH;
aom vuPmrSm apwDrsm;jzpfonf/ apwD erlemrsm;udk rZ dr
a'o&Sd Ak'0ifae&mawmfrsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;wGif awGU&onf/ apwD
(Stupa) [laom a0g[m& onf tpktykH[k t"dym,f&onfh pwk
(Stup)rS qif;oufvmonf/ ,if;(apwD)\ taqmufttkHykHpH
onf tajccHtm;jzihf txl;ta&;BuD; yk*Kdvfrsm;\jymudk xnhfoGif;
(Xmyem)xm;onhf ajrykHomjzpfonf/ t&SiftmeEu jrwfAk'tm;
apwDwnfxdkufonhf yk*Kdvfrsm;udk ar;avQmufaomtcg Ak'&Sif
yef;csDESihfyef;yk 43
awmfjrwfu ]apwDwnf xdkufol av;rsKd;&Sday\/ ,if;wdkYrSm
aAm"dÓmPfudk &&SdNyD;jzpfonfh wxm*wac:wGif igbk&m;&Sif?
yapuAk'g? jrwfAk'\ (t&d,mjzpfNyD;aom) wynhfom0u? pMum
0aw;rif;wdkYjzpf\/ xdkav;a,mufwdkYudk tb,faMumifh apwD
wnfxkdufoenf;[lrl wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf þum; jrwfpGmbk
&m;&Sif? (þum;) yapuAk'g t&Sifjrwfrsm;? (þum;) t&d,m
om0ursm;? ( um;) pMum0aw;rif;\ apwDawmfjrwfjzpf\[k
qifjcifrdygu pdwfESvkH; Nidrf;csrf;NyD; pkwdjywfa<u aovGefNyD;onf
aemufü jrifhjrwf omvGefaom ewfjynfavmuodkY a&muf&\/
þtaMumif;aMumihf xdk(yk*Kdvf) av;rsdK;wdkYonf apwDwnfxdkuf
jcif;jzpf\}[k >ruf[ awmfrlonf ('D 2? 117)/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu qufvufí ]xdkMunfvifaom pdwfxm;
jzihf yef;udkjzpfap? eHYomudkjzpfap? eHYomrIefYudjk zpfap apwDawmf
tm;vª'gef;vQif ,if;(tvª)onf &SnfjrifhpGmaom umvywfvkH;
aumif;usKd; csrf;omtwGuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf ('D 2? 117)}[kvnf;
rdefYawmfrl\/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf ukodem½kHü aemufqkH; y&dedAmef
pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf jrwfAk'\ aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;? rsm;jym;vS
onhf &Sifbk&ifrsm;ESihf vlrsKd;pktzGJUrsm; (ukodem½kHodkY) a&muf&Sdvm
Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;u (Ak'\)"mwfawmfa0pkudk &ykdifcGi&fh Sd
aMumif; awmif;qdkMuonf/ &SpftkyfpktwGif; oabmrwlrIrsm;
BuD;rm; jrifhwufvmonf/ xdktcsdefwGif (,if;wdkY\ q&mjzpfzl;ol)
a'gPykPm;u þodkYqdkonf
]t&Sifrif;jrwfwdkY? uREkfyf\tMuHjyKcsufudk em;axmifawmfrl
Muyg/ &SifawmfAk'\ w&m;"rrsm;onf onf;cHjcif;ESihf ywfoufyg
\/ Ak'¨onf tomvGefqkH;aom a,musfm;jrwfyk*¾Kdvf jzpfí "mwf
awmfrsm;cGJa0rIaMumifh qlyltjiif;yGm;rI jzpfay:vmjcif;rSm roifh
avsmfacs/ vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;jcif;jzifh tm;vkH;nDñGwf
48 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
vGef;onhf om,maom ywf0ef;usifrsm;udk awGU&SdEdkifMuonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf xdkywf0ef;usifrsKd;ü
þuJhodkYaom yef;NcHrsm;rSmyif awGU&avh&Sdonhf tjcm;aom y&dAdkZf
rsm;ESihfvnf; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cGifh&&SdMuonf/
0de,yd#utqdkt& &mZN*dK[fNrdKUrS ol<u,fwpfa,mufonf
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ wnfNidrfonhfoGifjyifudk MunfnKdojzihf &[ef;
awmfrsm;tm; ausmif;i,frsm; aqmufvkyfvª'gef;NyD;aemufü (,if;
ausmif;rsm;)onf (t&Sifbk&m;wdkYtm;) tyfpyfygovm;[k ar;
avQmufaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]&[ef;wdkY? 0d[m& = av;
bufrdk;ausmif;? t¹a,m* = ESpfzufrdk;ausmif;? ygom' = jym
om'f? [r®d, = wdkufuwkH;? *k[m = vdkPf*l[laom aexdkifp&m
ausmif;ig;rsKd;udk igbk&m;cGifhjyK\ (0d 4? 290)}[lí rdefYawmfrlonf/
*lrSwpfyg; azmfjyygausmif;ig;rsKd;\ uGJjym;rIrSm r&Sif;vif;acs5/
odkYaomf ,if;ig;rsKd;vkH;udk ajrBuD;? opfom;ESihf oufi,fwdkYjzihf
wnfaqmufzG,f&SdNyD; t"dutm;jzihf t½G,fyrmPESihf ykHoP²mef
tm;jzihfom uGJjym;zG,f&Sdonf/ AdrÁdom&rif;u Ak'¨tm; arGUavsmf
zG,fyef;jcHwpfck vª'gef;NyD;aemuf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;uvnf; twk
vdkufí vª'gef;vmMuNyD; ydkrdkwnfNrJcdkifcHhaom taqmufttkHrsm;
aqmufvkyfvmMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; tajc
wus aexdkifvmMuonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm MuHhowå0grsm;uJhoYdk
wpfudk,fwpfum, vSnhfvnfoGm;vmjcif; (okwåed–35 *gxm)rS
5
0d[ma&mwd t¹a,m*g'drkwåaum t0aoom0gaom/ t¹a,ma*gwd okyPÖ
0uFa*[H/ ygoma'gwd 'DCygoma'g/ [r®,EÅd Oy&dbm*wav ywd|dwul#m*ga&m
ygoma'ga,0 (0d-| 4? 57)/ t¹a,m*? ygom'? [r®d,? *k[mrSwpfyg; usefaexkdif
p&mtm;vkH;udk 0d[m&? t¹a,m*[lonf wpfbufrdk;? ygom'[lonf ESpfbufrdk;?
[r®d,[lonf wdkufuwkH;[k jrefrm ynm&Sifrsm; jyefqdkMu\/ odkY&mwGif
ausmif;ykHpHtm;vkH; ay:vGif\[kum; rqdkEdkifacs (bmommjyefol)/
yef;csDESihfyef;yk 45
íjzpfonf4/ t"d|mefapwDrsm;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom Ak'¨0if
ae&mi,frsm;? Ak'¨usrf;pmrlrsm;? odkYr[kwf xif&Sm;onhf w&m;
awmfrsm;\ tusOf;csKyf ("r®y&d,m,f) Oyrm ]a, "r®m a[wkyÜ
b0g? awoH a[wk wxm*awm tm[? awoÍö a,m
eda&ma"m? {0H 0g'D r[moraPm = taMumif;rSjzpfay:vmaom
w&m;? xdkw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;udk wxm*wa[mawmfrl
\/ xdktaMumif;wdkY\ jywfpJcsKyfNidrf;&m w&m;udkvnf; (a[mawmf
rl\)/ &[ef;jrwf(Ak'¨)onf þuJhodkYaom t,l0g'&Sdawmfrl\} p
onfudk a&;xGif;xm;onhf ajrnufjym;rsm;udk xnhfoGif; Xmyem
avh&SdMuonf/ &maygif;rsm;pGmaom t"d|mefapwDrsm;udk r[m
aAm"dapwDawmf? ukodem½kH&Sd y&dedAÁmeapwDawmfESihf emvE´m&Sd
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ywfvnfwGif tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf awGU&onf/
apwDudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf tpdwftydkif;ig;ckjzihf zGJUpnf;wnf
aqmufavh&SdMuonf/ pnfykH(ar"d)? ,if;(pnfykH)u cHaqmifxm;
onhf trdk;ckH;(tE´)? tE´\xdyfwGif aowåmykHwpfck odkYr[kwf
yvufazmif;jrifh ([r®du) vnf;&Sdonf/ þ[r®du\tv,frS xD;
½dk;(,&Swd) wufvmNyD; ,if;xD;½dk;wGif xD;½Guf(qwåm0vD) wpfck
odkYr[kwf trsm;tjym; aqmif;rdk;xm;onf/ tdE´d,tjyifbufwGif
xD;½dk;ESihfxD;½Gufrsm;onf aemufqkH;ü tcReftxGwftjzpfodkYajymif;
vJoGm;onf/ ,if;ykHpHudk oD&dvuFm? ,dk;',m;ESifh wdAufapwD
rsm;? odkYr[kwf azmif;&pfrsm;txyfxyfESihf auG;aumuf wHpuf
Nrdwfrsm;yg&Sdonhf w½kwfESihf*syefapwDrsm;\ ykHoP²mefjzpfvmonf/
4
þü o&D&apwD? O'´dóapwD? y&dabm*apwD ("r®y'-| 2? 161) odkYr[kwf y&dabm
* apwD? "mwkapwD? "r®apwD (om&w¬-#D 1? 172) [kazmfjyaom apwDokH;rsKd;ESihf
rwlaMumif; rSwf,loihfygonf/ tyg'ge-| 1? 352 wGif om&D&duapwD wpfrsKd;udk
vnf; awGU&onf/ (bmomjyefol)/
46 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef; 47
NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;
Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;ü awGU&onfh tjcm;AdokumykHpH wpfrsK;d rSm
apwDawmfrsm;udk um&Hxm;avh&Sdonhf NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef; (a0'd
u) jzpfonf/ NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;rsm;udk opfyifrsm;? ausmufpm
wdkifrsm;ESifh apwDawmfrsm;uJhokdYaom t½dktaojyKjcif; cH&onhf ae
&mrsm;udk um&Hxm;&ef tokH;jyKcJhNyD; rlvu opfom;jzihf jyKvkyf
cJhMuonf/ Mum&SnfcHypönf;udk tvdk&SdMuaomtcg tqdkygopfom;
vuf&ef;rsm;udk ausmufom;jzihf ykHwljyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ NcHpnf;½dk;
vuf&ef;wGif tay:rwfausmufwkdif (xrÇ)rsm;? avsmufwef;
(okqd)ESihf xdyfydkif;tem;oyfwef; (O&SdedoQm)wdkY yg0ifMuonf/
a&S;tusqkH; Ak'¨tEkynmvuf&mwpfrsKd;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf
t0ifae&mwGif&SdNyD; pGJNidzG,fwHcg;rkcfOD; (awm&P)yg&Sdonfh apwD
awmfNcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;rsm;\ a'gifvkduf ausmufwkdifrsm;wGif yg&Sd
aom yef;ykxGif; vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ txl;jcm;qkH; tajymif
ajrmufqkH; NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;erlemrsm;rSm qefcsD (t&yf)&Sd crf;em;
pGm xGif;xkxm;aom vuf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rZÑdra'oü ,aeY
wdkifawGUEdkifao;onhf wpfckwnf;aom vuf&ef;(wdkif)ESihf rkcfOD;rSm
Ak'¨*,mwGif&Sdonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdifuJhodkYyif a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf awmrsm;? opfyif&if; odkYr[kwf trdk;tumr&Sdaom ae
&mrsm;wGif aexkdifvsuf c&D;vSnhfvnf oGm;vmaexkdifMuonf/
xdk&[ef;awmfrsm; ESpfoufusufpm;onhf ae&mtcsKdUrSm NrdKUBuD;NrdKU
i,frsm;\ tjyifususae&mrsm;ü csrf;omonhf NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;
xdef; odrf;xm;aom ESpfoufzG,fyef;NcH (tm&mr)rsm;jzpfMuonf/
þuJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf (qGrf;cHvSnhf
vnf&efvdktyfaom) Xmae(tajccsaexdkifol)rsm;ESifh ra0;vGef;reD;
52 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 49
EdkYESifha& a&maESmbdouJhodkY tcsif;csif; arwåmrsufvkH;jzihf Munfh
½IMuvsuf &if;ESD;jcif;? nDñGwfjcif;wdkYjzihf twlwuG aexkdifjcif;
(r 3? 156)odkY wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf/
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;twGuf txif&Sm;qkH; tokH;jyKonhf
a0g[m&ESpfckrSm &if;jrpftm;jzihf oHCm(tzGJUtpnf;)u ydkifqdkif
aom NcH0if;[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf ]oHCm&mr}ESihf tjcm;wpfckrSm
]0d[m&}jzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif oDwif;okH;aexkdif t
okH;jyKonfh ausmif;aqmifudkrl *E¨uk#d(eHYomwdkufcef;)[k &nfñTef;
azmfjyNyD; aESmif;acwf&mpkESpfrsm;wGif *E¨uk#d[laomtrnfudk rnf
onhf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wnfaqmufrIwGifrqdk yifrbk&m;cef;
tm; *E¨uk#dtjzpf owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ 0de,yd#uü ausmif;
rsm;ESihfywfoufí azmfjyxm;csufrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkYtm; tqdkyg
a&S;OD;yxr (&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;) oihfawmfonhf ausmif;wdkuf
rsm; rnfodkYrnfykH&Sdonfqdkaom tawG;tjrifudk &&Sdaponf/
xdkausmif;rsm;ü ausmif;0if;twGif; t0if*dwfaqmif (Oy|me
omvm)? (&[ef;awmf)wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;okH;&m wdkuf,ifcef;
i,frsm; (y&da0P)? odkavSmifcef; (uyÜd,uk#d)? rD;zdkaqmif (rD;
wif;ukyf = t*¾domvm)? tdrfom (0pöuk#d)rsm;&SdEdkifNyD; aomufokH;
a&twGuf a&wGif; wpfckvnf; yg&SdEdkifonf/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
(oDwif;okH;&m) tcef;i,fwGif rif;wkyfyg wHcg;wpfck? tumt&H
vuf&ef;jzpfap? bm;wef;jzpfap yg&Sdonhf jywif;aygufwpfckESihf
&SOfhrsm;? vif;EdkYrsm; r0ifEdkifap&ef vdkufumrsm;yg&Sdonf/ tcef;xJ
wGif tdyf&m? ukvm;xdkif? Murf;cif;aumfaZm? axG;cHESihf ypönf;
rsm;csdwfqGJxm;&ef csdwfwpfckvnf;&Sdonf/ emvE´m&Sd tcsKdUaom
(oHCmae) tcef;rsm;ü eH&HwGif pmtkyfrsm;? rD;tdrfrsm;udkxnhf
xm;Edkifonhf uvdkifaygufrsm;&Sdonf/ at'Dyxr&mpk ESpfavmuf
wGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;udk aemufxyf ESpfaygif;axmifcsDNyD;
50 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
MumEdkifonhfykHpHjzihf wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ wpfyg;wnf;ae tceff;
i,frsm;udk wpfzufpGef;wGif t0ifaqmifESihf tjcm;wpfzufpGef;wGif
bk&m;cef;yg&dSonhf av;axmifh odkYr[kwf pwk*HykH NcH0if;ywfvnfü
wnfaqmufMuonf/
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
ueOD; ESpfaygif;ig;&meD;yg;rQ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; ray:aygufao;
ay/ tEkynm&Sifonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf rsufarSmufxif&Sm; &Sdjcif;
udk ñTefjyvdkaomtcg xkdifolrJhckwifanmifapmif;? odkYr[kwf yv†if?
opfyif? apwD? ajcawmf&mtpkHuJhodkYaom txdrf;trSwfrsm;udk
tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨*,mwGif ,if;odkYaom ajcawmf&myg'rsm;
ESihf 0dkif;0ef;onfh ausmufwkH;BuD; okH;ck&Sdonf/ bk&m;zl;rsm; ,aeY
wkdif zl;ajrmf ylaZmfMuqJjzpfonf/ yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
(Ak'¨½ly)rsm;udk *&dwdkY MoZmoufa&mufcH&zG,f&Sdonhf ukoe
(Kusana) rif;qufacwftwGif; xkvkyfvmMuonf/ aemufxyf
ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifumvausmfonftxd tdE´d,tEkynm&Sifrsm;
onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ u½kPmESihf ynmawmfudk ausmufESihf
aMu;wdkYjzihf ykHazmf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;onf
ajymifajrmufpGm atmifjrifcJhMuonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/
Ak'¨qif;wkrsm;onf ykHrSeftm;jzihf MumyGifhyv†if (y'rmoe)ay:
ü xkdif odkYr[kwf &yfNyD; wpfcgwpf&H avsmif;awmfrlonf/ avsmif;
awmfrl[efrSm jrwfAk'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlonfudk wifpm;onf/
*kwåacwfvuf&mrsm;uJhodkYaom &yfawmfrlqif;wkrsm;rSm rsm;aom
tm;jzihf oufaomifhoufom taetxm; ]okH;rsKd;auG;} (Bwdb*F)
rkj'mrsm;jzpfMuNyD; yv†acwf vuf&mrsm;rSmrl wpfpkHwpffck aom
taMumif;aMumifh rwfrwfwnfwnf ykHoP²mefrsm; jzpfMuonf/
ukvm;xkdif odkYr[kwf yv†ifay:wGif xkdifawmfrl qif;wkrsm; rSm
rsm;aomtm;jzihf Ak'¨a*gwr(\ykHawmfrsm;) r[kwfbJ aemifyGifhrnfh
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf 51
Ak'¨avmif;vsm arawå,s bk&m;avmif;ykHjzpfonf/ Ak'¨qif;wk
trsm;pkrSm OD;acgif;awmfxdyüf rD;tdrfykHwpfck (OPSDo)? rsufckH;ESpfck
tMum; odkYr[kwf ezl;ay:wGif trSwftom; (OPÖm) wpfckESifh
wpfcgwpf&H vuf0g;ESihf ajcz0g;jyifay:ü puf0kdif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ xdk
trSwf tom;rsm;rSm r[myk&dovu©Pm 32-yg;xJu tcsKdUjzpf
NyD; bk&m;&Siftm;vkH;wdkY\ cE¨mudk,fü yg&Sdonf[kqdak om r*Fvm&Sd
onhf trSwftom;rsm; jzpfMuonf ('D 3? 116)/ em;½Gufzsm;rSm
tNrJwrf;&Snfvsm;aeNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf awmrxGufrD tcsdef
u trSef&SdcJhaom BuD;rm;onhfem;½Gufrsm;aMumifh (Ak'¨jzpfNyD;aemuf
wGif) þodkY em;½Guf&Snfrsm; &Sdvmovm;[k pOf;pm;zG,fjzpfonf/
Ak'¨\ouFef; (pD0&)udk ykHrSeftm;jzihf ykHpHESpfrsKd;jzihf azmfjyavh
&SdMuonf/ yckH;wpfzufvSpfazmfxm;onhf[ef odkYr[kwf ouFef;
udk tay:ydkif;udk,fcE¨mtm;vkH; zkH;xm;onhf[efwdkY jzpfonf/ 'kwd
,enf;jzihf o½kyfazmfonhftcg ouFef;\tqkH;pGef;udk b,fvuf
awmfjzihfudkifxm;NyD; oif;ydkif(tEÅ&0gou)udk ajcrsufpdywfvnf
wGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/ *kwåacwf&yfawmfrlykHrsm;wGif tay:½kHouFef;
onf cE¨mudk,fwGif wGJavmif;usaeavh&SdNyD; oif;ydkifudk ywfxm;
onhf cg;ywfudkawGUjrifEdkifonf/
a&S;OD; Ak'¨qif;wkrsm;wGif rPd(OD;acgif;)awmf aemufbufü
a&mifvQHpuf0ef;(ybmr@v) yg&SdNyD; *kwåEiS yhf v†acwfvuf&mrsm;
ürl cE¨mwpfudk,fvkH;\ aemufzufü &Snfarsmonhf a&mifvQHpuf
0ef;ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tqdkyga&mifvQHpuf0ef;ü Ak'¨oufawmf
xif&Sm;&SdpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk o½kyfazmfxm;onf/
qif;wkawmfrsm;\ vufawmfrsm;udk rkj'mykHpHrsm;pGmjzihf xm;
avh&Sdonf/ vufESpfzufpvkH; &ifcGifay:xm;onfrSm psmeformywf
0ifpm;aeonhf[ef (psmerkj'm)? vufESpfzufvkH; &ifbwfa&SUwGif
a`rSmufxm;onfrSm w&m;pMumudk vnfap[ef ("r®puúy0wåe
 56 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
*kwåacwf
at'D 320-aemufydkif; &mpkESpf 300-cefY &SnfMumcJhaom *kwå
acwfonf tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI\ a½Tacwfjzpfonf/ *kwåbk&if
trsm;pkonf [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨0g'onf
xdk([dE´Lbk&ifrsm;)\ tiftm;aumif;onhf tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfxGef;ae
aom ywf0ef;usifwGif Nidrf;csrf;NyD; tqihfjrifhpGm xGef;vif;cJhonf/
t,fvdk&m? t*sEÅmwdüYk &Sdaom tvSyqkH;aom *lbk&m;ausmif;
trsm;tjym;ESihf yef;csDyef;ykrsm;rSm þ*kwåacwf aESmif;ykdif;acwf
vuf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/
þacwfftwGif; emvE´mwGif 25-rDwmjrifhonhf owåK(jzihjf yK
vkyfaomAk'¨) qif;wkwpfql wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; [l,ifqefu
azmfjyonf/ plvwef*efZ (Sultanganj)t&yfrS oyÜm,fvSonhf Ak'¨
aMu;qif;wkawmf (,ckbmrif*efjywdkuf? t*Fvef)onf *kwåacwf
jyKvkyfonhf owåKbD;i,frsm;\ pGrf;&nfESihfywfoufaom tawG;
tjrifrsm;udk &&Sdaponf/ xdkenf;wlpGm rd*'g0kefrS toyÜm,fqkH;
aom ausmufom; yef;ykvuf&mrsm;onfvnf; þ(*kwå)acwf
vuf&mrsm; jzpfMuonf/ *kwåacwfukeftxd tdE´d,ajrmufzsm;
a'otrsm;pkonf tm&Stv,fydkif;rS [ef(Hun)vlrsKd;wdkY\ usL;
ausmfrIrsm;aMumifh tBuD;tus,fysufpD;cJhonf/ rZÑdra'o&Sd Ak'¨0if
ae&mawmf trsm;tjym;onf þacwfumvtwGif;ü ysufpD;cJh
aMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;u azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/
yv’acwfESihf aoeacwfrsm;
at'D 8-&mpkrSonf 13-&mpk taemufzufrS rlqvifusL;ausmf
olrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcsdeftxd b*Fvm;e,fESihf rZÑdra'o\
ta&SUzsm;ydkif;udk yv†ESihf aemifwGif aoerif;qufrsm; tkyfcsKyfcJh
onf/ yv†bk&ifrsm;tm;vkH; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ þrif;
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; 53
rkj'm)? vuf0g;udk tjyifbufodkY a½TUqkdif;xm;vsuf vufwpfzuf
udk a`rSmufxm;onfrSm aMumuf½GHUrIuif;onfudk azmfjyonhf[ef
(tb,rkj'm)jzpfNyD; vuf0g;udk tjyifbufodkY a½TUqdkif;xm;vsuf
vufudk atmufodkYcsxm;onhf[efrSm qkawmfay;onhf[ef (0&
'gerkj'm)jzpfonf/ ajrBuD;udk (vufjzihf) xdxm;onfh[ef (blrd
zórkj'm)wGif vufawmfwpfzuf &ifcGifwGif&SdNyD; tjcm;wpfzuf
udk 'l;ay:wifvsuf vufacsmif;rsm;jzihf ajrBuD;udk xdxm;onf/
vvdw0dw¬m&usrf;t& aAm"dÓmPfudk&NyD;aemuf rMumrD jrwf
Ak'¨onf ajrBuD;udk (vufacsmif;jzihf)xdNyD; rdrd\ jrwfaom atmif
jrifrItwGuf oufaojy&ef ajrBuD;udk wdkifwnfchaJ Mumif; od&
onf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ab;wGif Oygomumrsm;
\ ½kyfwki,frsm; yg&Sdonf/ Oygoumrsm;onf &Sdcdk;ylaZmfaeonhf
[ef (tÍÆvDrkj'm)jzihf vuf0g; (ESpfck)yl;vsuf &ifbwfay:wGif
a`rSmufcsDxm;Muonf/
acwftydkif;tjcm;rsm;
tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif; 1700 eD;yg;xGef;um;cJhNyD; tdE´d,wdkduf
i,f\ e,fpGefe,fzsm; a'orsm;odkYwkdif ysHUESHYoGm;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨0g'
onf tdE´d,tEkynm\ a'oqdkif&mESifh rif;qufrsm;qdkif&m trsKd;
tpm;rsm;pGmwdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ rZÑdra'owGif xl;jcm;ajymif
ajrmufcJhaom Ak'¨0g'tEkokckrynm\ acwfumvtydkif;tjcm; udk
tusOf;csKyfrQ azmfjyvkdygonf/
arm&d,acwf
yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨tEkynmerlemrsm;udk arm&d,acwf (bDpD 323-
187)tjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/ taomurif;BuD; wwd,ajrmuf
jzpfaom arm&d,rif;qufjzihf (rSwí f ) arm&,acwf[k trnf
ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ þacwffvuf&mrsm;rSm tenf;i,frQom rysuf
54 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rpD; usef&pfaomfvnf; usef&Sdaeonfh tenf;i,f (aomvuf&m
rsm;)wGif ykHoP²mefESihf vuf&majrmufrIrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wlnDrI
&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;odkY wlnD&jcif;rSm arm&d,bk&if {u
&mZfonf A[dkcsKyfudkifrIrsm;NyD; rysufrpD;usefaeonhf tqdkygvuf
&mtrsm;pkudk EdkifiHawmfu OD;pD;aqmif½GufcJhzG,f&SdNyD; EdkifiHawmfydkif
tvkyfqdkifrsm;üyif xkvkyfcJhzG,f&dSonf/
ywåem;ESihf tjcm;a'otrsm;tjym;ü awGU&Sd&onhf a&S;
a[mif;ajreDtkwfcGuf tenf;i,frSwpfyg; arm&d,acwf tEkynm
trsm;pkonf obm0tm;jzihf csLem&f (Chunar) t&yfrSxGufonhf
oJausmufjzihfjyKvkyfNyD; tqihfjrifh ajymifvufnufanmpGm tacsm
udkifxm;onhf ausmufpmwdkifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ taomurif;\
ausmufpmwkdifrsm;ESihf ausmufpmwdkifacgif;rsm;? ukrm&[m& (Ku-
marahar)t&yf&Sd BuD;rm;aom ausmufwdkifjzihf aqmufvkyfxm;
onhf cef;raqmiftysuftpD;rsm;? Ak'¨*,m&Sd 0Zd&moeESihf 'g'&*ged
(Dadargani) t&yfrS apm&d (Cauri) o,faqmifol (½kyfwk)
tm;vkH;onf xdkvu©PmokH;&yfudk azmfjyMuonf/
ok*Facwf
aemufqkH; arm&d,rif;udk bDpD 185-cefYwGif ¤if;\AkdvfcsKyf jzpfol
ykoQrdMwok*F vkyfMuHowfjzwfNyD; ok*Frif;qufudk aMunmonf/
,if; ok*Frif;qufonf tdE´d,ajrmufzsm;ESihf tv,fydkif;a'o
tajrmuftjrm;udk bDpD 75-txd tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ ok*Frif;rsm;
onf jA[®P0g'udk ESpfoufMuaomfvnf; xdkacwfonf Ak'¨0g'
rsm;pGmxGef;um;cJhaom acwfvnf;jzpfonf/
ok*FacwfrS ta&;tygqkH;tEkynmvuf&mrSm rZÑdra'o\
taemufawmifpGef; bm&[kw(Bharhut)a'o&Sd {&mrapwDBuD;rS
NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;jzpfonf/ apwDawmfBuD;wpfckvkH; vkH;0 aysmuf
uG,foGm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;tpdwftykdif;rsm;ESihf
ok*Facwf 55
rkcfOD;udkrl umvuwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jywdkufwGif pkpnf;(jyo)xm;
onf/ NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;wef;rsm;udk vSypGmxGif;xkxm;NyD; Ak'¨
oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk o½kyfazmf&ef yxr
qkH;aom BudK;yrf;rItcsKdU yg0ifonf/ bm&[kwausmufvuf&ef;
uJhodkY rsm;jym;vSypGm xGif;xkxm;onfomru wpfacwfwnf;
vnf;jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf ausmufvuf&ef;rSm r[maAm"dapwDudk
um&HcJhonhf a&S;tusqkH; ausmufvuf&ef;tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/
ukoe(ukoQef)acwf
bDpD 135-cefYwGif w½kwfEdkifiH uefqk (Kansu)a'oü tajcpdkufcJh
onhf ukoe(ukoQef)[k xif&Sm;vmonhf vlrsKd;wpfpkonf tdE´d,
taemufajrmufzsm;odkY a&muf&SdvmMuvsuf aemufqkH; b*Fvm;
a'h&Sftxd us,fjyefYcJhaom {u&mZfEdkifiHwpfckudk wnfaxmifcJhNyD;
at'DokH;&mpktxd MumjrifhcJhonf/ ukoerif;rsm;teuf txif&Sm;
qkH;jzpfonfh yxruedoQuonf Ak'¨0g'ESihf Ak'¨0g'pmaytEkynm
udk pdwftm;xufoefol acgif;aqmif jzpfonf/ þbk&ifonf
uuf&SfrD;,m;ü pwkw¬oH*g,em wifcJhjcif;aMumihf xif&Sm;onf/
ukoewdkY\ awmifzsm;NrdKUawmfrSm r"k&mjzpfNyD; ukoeacwf
twGif; r"k&mNrdKU\ uRrf;usifaom vufrIynm&Sifrsm;onf ajymif
ajrmufonhf yef;ykvuf&mtrsmtjym; xkvkyfcJhMuonf/ r"k&mNrKd U
vkyf tEkynmvuf&m erlemrsm;udk rZÑdra'owpfcGifvkH;&Sd (Ak'¨0if)
ae&mawmfrsm;ü awGU&SdEkdifonf/ yxrOD;qkH;aom Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfrsm;udk þ(ukoe)acwfwGif xkvkyfcJhMuonf/ ukoeacwf
vuf&m trsm;pkudk vSyonhftpuftajymuf ygyef;Eka&mif qdBud
(Sikri)oJausmufjzihf xkvkyfonf/ þausmufrsKd;jzifh xkvkyfaom
qif;wkawmfrsm;onf yuwdvl\ tom;ta&ESihf oGifjyifykH[ef
rsKd;&&dSonf/ ukoeacwfudk a'vD? r"k&m? tvm[mbwf? vyfc
aemif;? rd*'g0kefESihf umvuwåm;jywdkufrsm;wGif awGU&SdEdkifonf/
 60 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
(ae)jcif;Mumif; ,if;(pDrHudef;)onf [efaqmifr*Fvmwpfyg; ([ef
jyvkyf&yf wpfcktjzpf)om &Sdaeonf/ ywf0ef;usif &Sif;vif;onhf
rdk;wGif;umvwGif bk&m;zl;onf vkrÁdeDrSaeí qD;ESif;rsm; xlxyf
aeonhf a'v*d&dESihf tEéyl&PawmifxGwfrsm;\ crf;em;vSonhf
½IarQmfcif;udk Munf½IEdkifonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
taomuausmufpmwdkif
vkrÁdeD&Sd a&S;tusqkH;ESihf ta&;tBuD;qkH; txdrf;trSwfae&mrSm
taomurif;BuD; pdkufxlcJhonhf ausmufpmwdkif jzpfonf/ þ
ausmufpmwdkifonf rdk;BudK;ypfcHxm;&ojzihf vkH;ywfatmufbuf
odkY tufuGJ&m&Sdonf/ wpfcsdefu ausmufpmwdkifxdyfydkif;ü jrif;½kyf
oP²mefjzihf tkyfrdk;xm;aMumif; &[ef;awmf[l,ifqefuqdkonf/
,aeYausmufpmwdkif atmufajcwGif&Sdaeonhf tysuftpD;ausmuf
wkH;onf ([l,ifqefajymjyonhf) ausmufpmwdkifxdyf\ tydkif;tp
rsm;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ ausmufpmwdkifü a&;xGif;xm;onhf pmom;
(t"dyÜm,f) rSm þodkYjzpfonf –
]tbdodufcHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;ESpfq,ftMumwGif ewfwdkYcspf
jrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf þae&modkY a&muf&SdcJhNyD;
&Sdcdk;ylaZmfcJhonf/ taMumif;rl þae&mwGif ousrif;rsKd; ynm&Sd
BuD; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif zGm;jrifawmfrlcJhaomaMumihf jzpf\/ yd,'óD
rif;BuD;onf ausmuf½yk fwpfckESihf ausmufpmwdkifwpfck pdkufxlap
\/ þae&mwGif jrwfAk'¨ zGm;jrifawmfrlcJhaomaMumifh vkrÁdeD½Gmtm;
tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhjyKNyD; xGufukef\ &SpfzdkYwpfzdkYudkom ay;aqmif
&efvkd\}/ ausmufpmwdkif xdyfzsm;teD;wGif ]OKHrPdy'ar[kH} [l
aom rEÅ&*gxmudk wdAuftu©&mjzihf a&;wGif;xm;onf/
ukoe(ukoQef)acwf 57
rsm;vufxufü bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ESihf bk&m;ausmif;rsm; csrf;
om<u,f0NyD; t&Sdeft0g BuD;rm;onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf pdrf;euf
a&mifausmufESifh aMu;xGif;yef;ykvuf&m tajrmuftrsm;ESihf
yv†acwf uEkwfjc,fay½Gufay: a&;om;onhfpmrlrsm;rSm ,aeY
wdkifrysufrpD;bJ&Sdao;onf/ qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; ]om"ermvm}
uJhodkYaom ½kyfykHqGJynmqdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;ESihftnD awmufypGm
aq;jc,fxm;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ <uif;usefao;onhf vuf&m
tm;vkH;eD;yg;rQonf rlqvifwdkY usL;ausmfpOftwGif; ykHoP²mefukd
zsufqD;cH&rIaMumihf rsufESmawmftm;vkH; ysufpD;aeonf/
wdAufESihfjrefrmEdkifiHrsm;ü Ak'¨0g'tajccscJhonfrSm yv†acwf
twGif;jzpfNyD; ,if;ESpfEdkifiHvkH;\ yef;csDyef;yktEkynmonf yv†
acwf(tEkynm)tkyfpk\ MoZmoufa&mufrIudk euf½Idif;pGm cHcJh&
onf/ yv†acwf ausmufESihf aMu;qif;wkawmfrsm; pkaqmif;jy
oxm;rIudk r[maAm"dapwDawmf\ twGif;tjyifESifh a'vD?
emvE´m? ywåem;jywdkufrsm;ESifh umvuwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jywdkufESihf
EdkifiHawmfa&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufrsm;ü awGU&SdEkdifonf/

1/ vkrÁdeD
ousEdkifiHawmftwGif; vkrÁdeDtrnf&onhf aus;½GmwGif bk&m;t
avmif;awmfwpfql zGm;jrifcJhNyD/ tjrihfjrwfqkH; tEIdif;rJh&wemayy/
odkYjzpfí uREkfyfwkdY þrQavmuf 0rf;om þrQavmuf pdwf"mwf
wuf<u ½Tifvef;&jcif; jzpfyg\/
(okwåedygw? 687-*gxm)/
udk,f0efaqmif aemufqkH;v ukefcgeD;tcsdefwGif rdzk&m;BuD; r[m
rm,ma'0Donf xdkacwfxdktcsdefu "avhxkH;pHrsm;ESihftnD rdb
aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m a'0'[NrdKUawmfü om;OD;&wemudk zGm;jrif&ef &H
a½Gawmfrsm;ESihftwl uydv0w¬KrS xGufcJhonf/ a>c&Hrsm; (ESihf
twl) vkrÁdeDtrnf&onhf O,smOfteD;odkYcsOf;uyfrdaomtcg (r[m
rm,ma'0Donf) ur®ZavvIyf&Sm;vmNyD; O,smOftwGif; tifMuif;
yifwpfyifatmufwGif om;&wemudk zGm;jrifcJhonf/ bDpD 563-
ckESpf (tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u bDpD 623-ckESpf[kqdkonf/ bmomjyef
ol) arv (0domc = uqkef)\ vjynhfnwGif uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fh
udk,fudkodjrifjcif;? todynmxGef;vif;rI? b0wlowå0g taygif;
tm; owdxm;rdjcif;ESihf u½kPmw&m;wdkYudk wdk;yGm;aponhf
tvif;a&mifwpfckonf urÇmavmutwGif; xGef;vif;awmufy
oGm;NyD; ,aeYwkdifvnf; xGef;vif;awmufyqJjzpfavonf/
]bk&m;tavmif;awmf rdcif0rf;MumwdkufrS zGm;jrifawmfrlaom
tcg ewfjA[®mwdkY\ tvif;a&mifudk ausmfvGefonhf awmufy
aom tvif;a&mifwef;BuD;wpfck avmutwGif; xGef;vif;
awmufyoGm;onf/ pGrf;tiftmEkabmf BuD;rm;Muaomfvnf; v
a&mif aea&mifrsm;yif ra&muf&SdEdkifonhf r[m*vufqD Mu,fpk
rsm;tMum;&Sd rnf;euf rIef0g;onhf tarSmifa'oodkY wkdifatmifyif
vkrÁdeD 59
tqdkyg tvif;a&mifwef;BuD; xGef;vif; awmufyoGm;onf/ ,if;
tarSmifa'owGif aexdkifMuaom owå0grsm;onf þtvif;a&mif
udktaMumif;jyKí wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf awGUjrifvmMuNyD; xdk
owå0gwdkYu ]]Munhfprf;ygbd? þae&mrSm tjcm;owå0gwdkYvnf;
&SdMuygao;vm;}} [k tcsif;csif; ajymqdkMuonf (r 3? 165)}/
Ak'¨onf vkrÁdeDwGif zGm;jrifcJhaomfvnf; oufawmfxif&Sm;&Sd
pOftwGif; wpfBudrfrQom vkrÁdeDodkY <ua&mufEdkifcJhykH&onf/ a&S;
a[mif;t|uxmusrf;rsm; tqdkt& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf uydv
0w¬KrS a'0'[ed*kH;½GmBuD;odkY <ua&mufawmfrlpOf vrf;c&D;tMum;
vkrÁdeDO,smOfü oDwif;okH;&if; a'0'[okwåefudk a[mawmfrlcJh
onf (r 3? 1/ r-| 4? 3)/ taomurif;BuD;onf bDpD 250-wGif
jrwfAk'¨zGm;awmfrl&m t&yfodkY bk&m;zl;a&mufcJhNyD; ausmufpmwdkif
BuD;wpfck (pdkufxljcif;)jzihf rSwfom;xm;cJhaomaMumihf (,aeYwdkif)
uHaumif;axmufrpGm (tqdkygvkrÁdeDae&mudk) od&qJjzpfonf/ odYk
&mwGif uydv0w¬KuJhodkYyif vkrÁdeDonfvnf; 1896-ckESpf &SmazG
awGU&Sdcsdefxd ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifeD;yg;rQ awmxJwGif aysmufqkH;
aecJhonf/ þae&mü yxrOD;qkH;aom a&S;a[mif;okawoe
qdkif&mvkyfief;udk 1899-wGif jyKvkyfcJhNyD; xdktcsdefrSpí tBudrf
aygif; rsm;pGm aemufqufwGJ vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/
vkrÁdeDzGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Guf&ef qkH;jzwffcJhonfrSm
1967-ckESpfwGif Ak'¨bmomudik ;f ½Idif;ol ukvor*¾ twGif;0efcsKyf
a[mif; OD;oefY þvkrÁdeDodkY bk&m;zl;vma&mufNyD; aemufydkif;wGif
jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí (vkrÁdeDtaMumif;) rsm;pGm ajymqdkvmMuNyD;
aiGtajrmuftjrm; pkaqmif;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; tm;vkH;eD;yg;rQ (,aeY
wdkif taumiftxnfazmf) raqmif½GufEdkifao;acs/ vkrÁdeDonf
Nidrf;csrf;aom vlolrsm;rsm; ra&mufEdkifao;aom ae&mwpfcktjzpf
om &Sdao;onf/ vkrÁdeDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwD\ vIyf&Sm;rIr&Sd
64 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
taomurif;BuD;onf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;rwdkifrD yGifhawmfrlonfh
wwd,ajrmufbk&m;&Sif uukoE¨zGm;jrifawmfrlonhfae&m txdrf;
trSwftjzpfjzihf þausmufpmwkdifudk pdkufxlcJhaMumif; ,kHMunf
Muonf/ odkYaomf ausmufpm a&;xGif;xm;onfudkyif rawGU&
awmhaomaMumifh þausmufpmudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrI rjyKEdkifacs/ ½Gm
tjyifbufwGif apwDBuD;wpfql\ tysuftpD;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
oGm;a&mufvdkvQif
vkrÁDeDrS awmvd[0odkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf vrf;tvGef
qdk;0g;onf/ ½Gmol½Gmom;rsm;onf vrf;ñTefMum;&ef tvdkr&Sd odkY
r[kwf vrf;rñTefEdkifMuacs/ bmtD&0grS ajrmufbufodkY 21-uDvdk
rDwmtuGm&Sd Akw0gv (Butwal)odkY oGm;vQif ydkaumif;NyD; ¤if;
aemuf r[d`E´mta0;ajy;vrf;twdkif; taemufbuf a*g&od*FodkY
oGm;NyD; ¤if;rSwpfqifh awmvd[0odkY a&muffEdkifonf/
a&m[deDjrpf
ousvlrsKd;wdkY\ teD;pyfqkH;aom tdrfeD;em;csif;rSm ta&SUbuf&Sd
aqGrsKd;ruif;onhf aumvd,vlrsKd;wdkYjzpfMuonf/ aumvd,wdYk
\ t"duNrdKUrsm;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;\r,fawmf r[mrm,m zGm;jrif
awmfrl&mjzpfNyD; a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm; &SmazG&OD;rnf
jzpfonhf a'0'[NrdKUESihf? apwDwpfqlaMumifh ausmfMum;NyD; ,ckt
cg "kw0gv½Gm\ta&SUawmifbuf 13-uDvkdrDwmtuGm&Sd awmif
ukef;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onhf &mr*grwdkYjzpfMuonf/ ous
ESihf aumvd,EdkifiHESpfcktMum; e,fpyfa'oudk ,aeYwdkif xdk
trnfjzihf ac:a0:qJjzpfonhf a&m[deDjrpfjzihf ydkif;jcm;xm;onf/
þjrpfwGif Ak'¨vufxufawmftcgu tvGefxif&Sm;onhf tjzpf
tysufwpf &yf&SdcJhonf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk "r®y't|uxm
("r®y'-| 2? 161) wGif þodkYazmfjyxm;onf –
vkrÁdeD 61
[dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;
taomuausmufpmwdkifESihf uyfvsufwGif a&S;a[mif;Ak'¨bmom
bk&m;ausmif;ESihf apwDawmf tysuftpD;ae&mü (jyefvnf) wnf
aqmufxm;onhf [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;&Sdonf/ (Ak'¨bmom)bk&m;
ausmif;udka&m apwDudkyg 1899-wGif wl;azmfawGU&Sdonf/ bk&m;
ausmif;twGif;ykdif;wGif ewfwdkYoeif; odMum;rif;u arG;uif;p
rif;om;od'¨w¬tm; cH,laepOf r[mrm,mrdzk&m;u tifMuif;yif
udk ½Iai;aeykH o½kyfazmfvsuf ausmufjym;ay: a&;xGif;NyD; qdk;qdk;
½Gm;½Gm; zsufqD;cHxm;&onhf ½kyfwkwpfck&Sdonf/ þ½kyfwkudk *kwå
acwftapmydkif;vuf&m[k owfrSwfxm;NyD; a'ocH [dE´Lbmom
0ifrsm;u ½lya'0D odkYr[kwf ½kr®defa'0D (Rummindevi)[k trsKd;rsKd;
ac:a0:vsuf ewforD;tjzpf ylaZmfMuonf/ yef;ykvuf&m\ nm
bufwGif a&S;acwfyef;ykvuf&m\ykHwlwpfck&Sdonf/ bk&m;ausmif;
tjyifbufwGif bk&m;zl;onf rlvbk&m;ausmif;\ oyf&yfvSypGm
(yef;yk)xGif;xkxm;onhf tkwfcsyfrsm;udk owdjyKrdEdkifonf/
a&uef
([dE´L)ausmif;\ awmifbuf tenf;i,ftuGmwGif rif;od'¨wf zGm;
jrifNyD;aemuf r[mrm,mrdzk&m; a&csKd;cJhonf[k tpOftvmt&
ajymqdkonhf a&uefi,f&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefwdkYacwfu
a&onf aMu;rkHrSefuJhodkY MunfvifawmufyaeNyD; a&rsufESm
tjyifrSm yef;rsKd;pkHwdkYjzihf zkH;vTrf;aeonf/
tysuftpD;rsm;
a&uefab;wGif ysufpD;aeonhf apwDawmfESihf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;
pkNyKHvsuf&Sdonf/ þa'oudk wl;azmfpOfu awGU&Sd&onhf a&S;
a[mif;ypönf; tenf;i,fu vkrÁdeDonf 10-&mpkwdkifatmif Ak'¨
bmom\ tcsuftcsm ae&mwpfcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhaMumif; ñTef
jyvsuf&Sdonf/ þ(a&S;a[mif;)e,fajr twGif;&Sd jrufxlxyfonfh
62 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
awmifukef;ESpfckrSm bk&m;zl;rsm; wpfcgwpf&H vuf,m&pf vSnfh
vnfMuaomfvnf; ajrykHoufoufomjzpfNyD; 1933-34 ckESpf rsm;
u wl;azmfpOftwGif; ykHxm;cJhonhf tkwfusKd;rsm;omjzpfonf/
acwfopfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;
xdktysuftpD;rsm;\ ta&SUbuf tenf;i,ftuGmwGif acwfopf
bk&m;ausmif;ESpfck&Sdonf/ yxrtaqmuf tOD;rSm eDaygax&0g'
Ak'¨bmomtoif;u wnfaqmufcJhonhf ausmif;wdkufjzpfNyD; 'kwd
,rSm uóy*dkPf;0if wdAufausmif;jzpfonf/
vkrÁdeDodkY
vkrÁdeDonf eDaygtwGif; teD;qkH;NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfaom bmtD&0g
(Bhairawa odkYr[kwf Bhairahwa [kvnf; pmvkH;aygif;onf? odkY
aomf ,cktcg tpdk;&a*Zuf0iftrnfudk od'¨w¬e*& Sidhartha
Nagar [k trnf ajymif;xm;NyD; jzpfonf) NrdKUrS taemufbufodkY
18-uDvdkrDwm a0;onf/ tdE´d,e,fpyfbufrSqdkvQif a*g&cyl&
(Gorakhpur) NrdKUrS &xm; odkYr[kwf um;jzihf aemif*g; (Naugarh)
NrdKUrSrl um;jzihf qdkaemvD (Sonauli)NrdKUrS e,f pyfudkjzwfNyD; bmtD
&0grS qufvufí oGm;Edkifonf/
vkrÁdeD0ef;usif
vkrÁdeDteD;0ef;usifwGif twdtus razmfxkwfEdkifao;aom awmif
ukef;rsm;? tysuftpD;rsm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGm
&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf trsm;pkudk bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;
ayvdrfhrnf/ vkrÁdeDt aemufbuf 22-uDvkdrDwmtuGmwGif awm
vd[0(Taulihawa)½Gm½SdNyD; ,if;\ajrmufbuf twefi,ftuGm
wGif wdavm&aum#(Tilaurakot)ac: tysuftpD;ykHrsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;
ae&mudk eDaygtmPmydkifwdkYu uydv0w¬K[k tonf;toef ajym
qdkaeMuonf/ (tddE´d,ajrmufzsm;e,fpyf&Sd) ydy&m[0g (Piprahwa)
vkrÁdeD 63
t&yfudk (a&S;a[mif;)uydv0w¬KNrdKUawmftjzpf jzpfEdkifzG,f&SdNyD; t
jiif;ryGm;Edkifaom trSeftwdkif; awGU&Sdjcif;onf ,cktcg tqdkyg
(eDaygtmPmydkifwdkY\) ajymqdkcsufudk ,kwådrwefaMumif; azmfjyNyD;
jzpfonf/ odkYwap awmvd[0onf ¤if;rSwpfqifh tjcm;pdwf0if
pm;zG,fae&mESpfckodkY oGm;a&muf&ef tokH;0ifaomae&m jzpfonf/
ed*vd[0ESihfa*gwd[0
awmvd[0\ ajrmufbuf ajcmufuDvdkrDwmcefYtuGmwGif ed*vd
[0(Niglihawa)½Gm&Sdonf/ ½Gmtjyifbuf avmufwGif a&uefwpf
ck&SdNyD; xdka&uef\ taemufbufwGif taomuausmufpmwdkif
tusKd;ESpfck&Sdonf/ ausmufpmwdkif tusKd;ykdif;wGif a&;xGif;xm;
onhfpm (\t"dyÜm,frSm) ]bdodufcHNyD;aemuf 14-ESpf tMum? ewf
wdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&aom yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf aumPmure
(Konakamana) bk&m;\apwDawmfudk t½G,ftpm; ESpfqjyKjyif
rGrf;rHcJhNyD; bdodufcHNyD;aemuf ESpf 20-tMumwGif vludk,fwdkif vm
a&mufí &Sdcdk;ylaZmfvsuf ausmufpmwdkif pdkufxlcJh\}[k jzpfonf/
aumPmure[lonf (þurÇmü) a*gwrbk&m;&SifrwdkifrD
yGifhawmfrlNyD;onhf 'kwd,ajrmufbk&m;&Sifjzpfonhf aumPm*re\
trnfuGJwpfckjzpfonf/ taomuausmufpmwGif apwDawmfwpf
ql&SdaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; [l,ifqefuvnf; ,if;odkYaom
apwDwpfqlzl;awGU&aMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ ,aeYacwfürl apwD
wnf&SdaMumif; tpteyif rawGU&awmhacs/ þausmufpmwdkif t
usKd;tyJhrsm;udk vuf&Sdae&modkY rlvae&mrS a½TUajymif;,lvmcJhonf
[kvnf; ,lqEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
awmvd[0½Gm\ taemufawmifbuf 4-uDvkdrDwmtuGm
wGif a*gwd[0(Gotihawa) ½Gm&Sdonf/ þ½Gm\tv,fwGif taom
u ausmufpmwkdif tjcm;wpfck\ tusKd;tydkif;wpfck &Sdonf/
68 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o vkrÁdeD 65
a&m[deDodkY oGm;a&muf&ef
a&m[deDjrpfonf yg&oD (Parasi)NrdKUodkY oGm;onfh vrf;ray:wGif
wnf&Sdonf/ bmtd&0gNrdKU ta&SUbuf wnfhwnfhwGif wnf&Sdonf/
a&m[deDonf 'kw,jzwfausmf&onhf jrpfjzpfonf/ 1989-wGif
þvrf;onf Murf;NyD; uwå&m rcif;&ao;acs/
66 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ousESihfomud,wdkYonf aumufyifrsm; a&&&Sda&;twGuf
(a&m[deD)jrpfudk wmwrH qnfMuonf/ aEG&moDa&mufaomtcg
vlwdkif;twGuf a&rvkHavmufaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonf/
]tajymtqdk &ihfoD;vmMu\/ wpfa,mufu tjcm;wpfa,muf
udk ½dkufESuf&m (cH&olu) wkHYjyef\/ ckduf&efjzpfyGm;Mu\/ &efjzpf
ojzihf ¤if;wdkYonf bk&ifrdom;pk0ifrsm;\ &if;jrpfESihfywfoufí
r[kwfrrSef owif;rsm; ypfvTifhMu\}/ ¤if;wdkYtm; &nfñTef;xm;
onhf apmfum;rIrsm;udk ousESihf auvmvd,bk&ifh todkif;t0dkif;
odkY aygufa&mufoGm;aomtcg csyfrdefudk 0wfqifNyD; vufeuf pGJ
udkifvsuf ¤if;wdkY\*kPf&nfudk `rSifhwif&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/
eHeufcif;tcsdef Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf avmuudk ½IMunfhawmfrl
aomtcg aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;udk jrifawGUojzifh ]igbk&m; roGm;
a&mufcJhaomf aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;onf tcsif;csif; ysufpD;apMu
vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYxHodkY oGm;a&muf&ef igbk&m;rSm wm0ef&Sday\}[k
qifjcifawmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;
pk½kH; a&muf&SdaeMuonhfae&modkY aumif;uifc&D;jzihf <ua&muf
awmfrlcJhNyD; a&m[deDjrpftv,f aumif;uifü wifyv†ifacG xkdif
aeawmfrlonf/ aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm; jrwfAk'¨udk awGUjrifMuaom
tcg ¤if;wdkYonf vufeufudk ypfcsMuNyD; &Sdcdk;OD;ñGwfMuonf/ xdk
tcg Ak'¨jrwfpGmu þodkYar;jref;awmf\ -
]rif;jrwfwdkY? bmudk taMumif;jyKí tjiif;yGm;MuygovJ}
]wynhfawmfwdkY rodygbk&m;}
]'gjzihf b,fol odygovJ}
]ppfwyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD; odygvdrfhrnf t&Sifbk&m;}
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;udk ar;jref;aomtcg ¤if;ubk&ifcHcsKyfodygvdrfh
rnf[kqdkonf/ þodkYjzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf jyóemjzpf&jcif;\
taMumif;&if;udk wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf ar;jref;aomfvnf;
vkrÁdeD 67
rnfolrQ (twdtus) rodMuacs/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; ar;jref;
onf/ ¤if;wdkYu þodkYajzMum;\ -
]a&ESifhywfoufí tjiif;yGm;rI jzpfygonft&Sifbk&m;}
xkdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u rif;BuD;rsm;tm; þodkYrdefYawmfrl
onf-
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]rajymyavmufygbk&m;}
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xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]wefzdk;r&SdwJh a&udktaMumif;jyKNyD;
wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh ppfom;awGudk owfjzwfjcif;onf rSefuefyg
rnfvm;}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/ ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH; wdwfqdwfaeMu
onf/ ]rif;jrwftaygif;wdkY? oifwdkY bmaMumifh þodkYjyKrlMubd
oenf;? þae&mrSm ,aeY igbk&m;r&SdcJhvQif oifwdkYwpfawG aoG;
acsmif;pD;rI jzpfay:apMuvdrfhrnf/ oifwdkY\ jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;um;
t"dyÜm,fr&Sd/ oifwdkYonf &efolig;rsKd; jzpfay:aponhf trkef;
w&m;jzihf aexdkifMu\/ igum; jynhf0aom arwåmjzihfaexkdifay\/
oifwdkYum; wyfrufrIjzihf emrusef;jzpfvsuf aexdkifMu\/ igum;
,if;a&m*grS uif;vGwfvsuf aexdkifay\/ oifwdkYum; tm½kH
umr*kPfw&m; ig;rsKd;aemufodkY vkdufvsuf aexdkifMu\/ igum;
a&mifh&JESpfoufpGm aexdkif\}[k a[mawmfrlonf/
þtjzpftysufum; a&m[deDjrpf\ rnhfonhfae&mwGif jzpf
yGm;cJhonfudk ,cktcg twdtusrod&ygacs/ odkY&mwGif a&m[deD
jrpfurf;ü xkdifvsuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; jzef
ajzrIESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqmif½GufykHtaMumif; pdwftm½kHwGif pOf;
pm;vkduf&jcif;onf tonf;cdkufzG,f taumif;qkH;aom tawGU
tBuKHwpf&yfjzpfEdkifayonf/
72 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
taMumif;rl rif;orD;onf ouswdkYu ¤if;\om;awmftm; av;
av;pm;pm; qufqHEdkifpGrf;&SdMurnf r[kwfonfudk (BudK) odESihf
xm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/
aemufqkH;ü 0d##Lbonf oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhonf/ &&Sd
aom at;pufpuf t½dktaoay;rIaMumihf pdwx f ihfoGm;cJhonf/
jyefvnf xGufcGmNyD;aemuf 0d##Lb\eef;wGif; ta>ct&Hwpf
a,mufonf arhavsmhusefaecJhonhf vufeufudk jyefvnf&,l&ef
jyefvmcJh&mwGif uRefrwpfa,muf 0d##LbxdkifaecJhonhfae&mudk
EdkY&nfjzihf aq;aMumvsuf 0d##Lbtm; uRefrom;[k txifao;
pGm &nfñTef;ajymqdkaeonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkrif;csif; a,musfm;
onf xdktrsKd;orD; &nf½G,fonhft&mudk pkHprf;aomtcg uRefru
(taMumif;pkHudk) ajymjyonf/ jzpfaMumif;pkHvif 0d##LbxHa&muf
oGm;aomtcg 0d##Lb tBuD;tus,f a'gojzpfoGm;NyD; ]igxdkifwJh
ae&mudk oefY&Sif;atmifvdkY 'if;wdkYu EdkY&nfESihf aq;ESihfMuOD;aygh/ ig
rif; jzpfvmvQif 'Dae&mudk 'if;wdkY vnfacsmif;aoG;ESihf ig (jyef)
aq;ypfr,f} [k &efNidK;zGJUonf/
0d##Lb BuKH;0g;cJhonhftwdkif; jzpfysufcJhonf/ 0d##Lbonf
ouswdkYtm; &efNidK;twdkif; aqmif½Guf&ef okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif ppf
wyfjzihf csDwufcJhonf/ okH;BudrfvkH;wGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu (ous
wdkY\) tEÅ&m,fqdk;udk vTJz,fEdkifpGrf;&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufqkH;
ü 0d##Lbonf enf;vrf;&oGm;cJhonf/ ousvlrsKd;rsm;pGm tpk
vdkuf tNyKHvdkuf towfcH&NyD; uydv0w¬KwpfNrdKUvkH; xGm;xGm;
aMunufoGm;onf/ r[m0Ho#Dumtqdkt& <uif;usefaeaom
omud,wdkYonf awmifukef;a'orsm;odkY xGufajy;MuNyD; xdkae
&mü r&d,e*& (Mariyanagara) NrdKUwnfMuonf[k od&onf/
zm[D[ef a&mufoGm;aomtcg (uydv0w¬KNrdKU) ae&monf
vkH;0eD;yg; pGefYypfcHa'owpfckjzpfaeNyD/ ]tm;vkH;rSm ajrawmifydkYom
2/ uydv0w¬K
t&Sifbk&m;? uydv0w¬Konf csrf;om<u,f0yg\/ vltrsm; jynfhESuf
pnfum;vsuf&SdNyD; vlOD;a& xlxyfvyS g\/ bkef;awmfBuD;aom jrwfpGm
bk&m;ESihf ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lxdkufaom &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;tm; vm
a&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; naetcsdef uydv0w¬KNrdKUxJodkY 0ifoGm;aomtcg
wynhfawmfonf qifrsm;? jrif;rsm;? (jrif;) &xm;rsm;? vSnf;rsm;ESihf
oGm;vmvIyf &Sm;aeMuonhf vltaygif;udk awGUyg\ (oH 3? 323)/
uydv0w¬Konf omud,wdkY\ NrdKUawmfjzpfNyD; rif;om;od'¨w¬
yxrESpfokH;q,fudk ukefvGefcJhonfh ae&mjzpf\/ Ak'¨yGifhawmfrrlrD
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtvGefu Ouúmurif;BuD;onf ¤if;\ti,fqkH;
om;awmftm; xD;eef;udk ay;Edkif&ef ¤if;\om;awmfBuD;rsm;tm;
NrdKUawmfrS ESifxkwfcJhonf/ jynfESif'PfcH&onhf om;awmfrsm;onf
[dr0EÅmawmifajcteD; ]omu(uRef;)yif}awmteD; Mumyef;tdkif
ab;wGif tdk;opftdrfopfjyKí aexdkifMuonf/ Ouúmurif;BuD;u
rª;rwfrsm;tm; ¤if;om;awmfrsm; a&mufaeonhfae&mudk ar;jref;
aomtcg ¤if;wdkYu (om;awmfrsm;taMumif;) rif;BuD;tm; oH
awmfOD;wifMuojzihf rif;BuD;u ]rif;om;rsm;onf omu(uRef;)
yifrsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf&SdMuay\/ rif;om;rsm;um; trSefyif ous
(pGrf;Edkifolrsm;) jzpfMuay\}[k wtHhwMo rdefY>rufonf/ þonf
rSm tpOftvmtqdkt& ¤if;wdkY oustrnfudk &&SdcJhykHjzpfonf/
rif;om;rsm;\ tdk;tdrfopfteD;wGif uydv&aohBuD;\ ocFrf;
ausmif;&Sdojzihf ¤if;wdkYaexdkifonhft&yfudk uydv0w¬K[kac:a0:Mu
onf/ aemiftcg Ak'¨pmayusrf;*efü jrwfAk'¨\crnf;awmfudk {u
&mZftjzpfESihf uydv0w¬Kudk crf;em;BuD;us,fonhf NrdKUawmftjzpf
70 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
azmfjyMuonf/ trSefpifppf bk&ifoka'¨g'eonf ousrsK;d \ tqihf
jrifhacgif;aqmifwpfa,muf ydkrdkjzpfzG,f&SdNyD; uydv0w¬Konfvnf;
oka'¨g'erif;BuD;\ tdrfawmfywfvnfü wnfxm;onhf NrdKUi,fwpf
ckom jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓmPfudk&NyD;aemuf yxrOD;qkH;aom
jynfawmfjyefc&D;onf rsm;pGmxl;jcm;vS\/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ vrf;
ab;wGif qGrf;cHvSnhfvnfí awmif;&rf;jcif;onf crnf;awmf rif;
BuD;tm; wkefvIyfapNyD; jrwfAk'¨url vltkyfBuD;tm; w&m;a'oem
a[mMum;onf/ ousrif;om;trsm;pk &Sif&[ef; jzpfoGm;Muonf
(0d 4? 336)/ trSefaomf vlwdkif;ESpfoufMuonfum; r[kwfacs/
'@ygPdonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; w&m;"r®a[mMum;&ef avQmuf
xm;onf/ odkYaomf w&m;"r®udk em&aomtcg '@ygPdonf
]acgif;cg vQmxkwfvsuf (ezl;ay:) ta&;okH;aMumif; ay:onftxd
rsufarSmifMuKwfjy&if; xGufcGmoGm;onf (r 1? 154)}/
uydv0w¬KodkY aemufwpfBudrf a'opm&D<ucsDjcif;rSm Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwftm; pnf;a0;cef;raqmifopfwpfck zGifhvSpf&ef yifh
avQmufcH&aomaMumihf jzpfonf/ ]Murf;jyifwGif aumfaZmrsm;cif;
xm;\/ ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; toifhcif;usif;xm;\/ tjyifwGif a&
Zvm;rsm; csxm;\/ rD;tdrfrsm; csdwfqGJxm;\/ twGif;odkYr0ifrD
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ajcawmfudk a&okH;oyfawmfrl\/ tv,fA[kd
wdkifudk rSDvsufta&SUbufokdY rsufESmrlNyD; xdkifawmfrl&if; neuf
onftxd w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlonf (r 2? 16)}/
jrwfAk'¨tay: pdwftm; txufoefqkH; (MunfnKdNyD;) xdyf
wef;vlBuD;ydkif;wGif yg0ifolrSm r[memrjzpf\/ jrwfAk'¨onf r[m
emrudktaMumif;jyKí a'oemawmfrsm;pGmudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJh
onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü r[memronf edaj*m"m½kHausmif;wdkuüf (oD
wif;okH;aeonhf) Ak'¨xHodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefu
uydv0w¬K 71
Ak'¨onf rusef;rm&mrS emvefxumpjzpfí t&SiftmeE´mu Ak'¨
udk,fpm; (r[memrtm;) pum;pjrnf ajymqdk&onf(tH 1? 220)/
uydv0w¬Konf jrwfAk'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrrlrD wpfcsdeüf zsuf
qD;cH&onf/ ousEdkifiHonf aumovEdkifit H wGif; wpfpdwfwpf
a'o tkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdaom jynfolYEdkifiHwpfckjzpfonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü
aumovbk&if yaoe'Donf rdrd\om;awmfwpfyg;tm;6 ous
trsKd;aumif;orD;wpfa,mufESihf vufxyfapjcif;jzifh ousrsKd;wdYk
tMum; rdrd\t&Sdeft0gMoZmudk wdk;csJU&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ rdrd
wdkYESihf trsKd;Zmwfwlwpfa,mufudk jyifyrS trsKd;Zmwfrwlol wpf
a,mufESihf vufxyf&rnfhtMuHonf b0ifjrifhol omud,wdkYtm;
txdwfwveYfjzpfaponf/ odkYaomf tmPmwefcdk;xefjyif;vSonhf
tdrfeD;csif; aumov(rif;)\ qE´udk vspfvsL½Irxm;Edkiaf cs/ r[m
emronf (jyóemtwGuf) tajz&SmawGUonf/ r[memrwGif uRef
rESihf&onhf 0gobcwå,mtrnf&Sd orD;wpfa,muf&Sdonf/ þ
rdef;uav;tm; yaoe'D\om;ESihf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;&ef wdkuf
wGef;onf/ tMuHatmifjrifonf/ uRefruav;udk omud,Zmwf
trsKd;jrwfonhf rdef;uav;tjzpf vufcHNyD; om0w¬dodkY ,laqmif
vsuf aumovawmf0ifrdom;pkESihf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufonf/
aemufqkH;wGif 0gobcwåd,mrS 0d##Lbtrnf&Sd om;wpfa,muf
arG;zGm;onf/ 0d##Lbt½G,fa&mufaomtcg uydv0w¬K&Sd rdb
aqGrsKd;rsm;[k,lqonhf ae&modkY oGm;a&muf vnfywfcsifvm
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awmfrsm;ESihf ydkrdkeD;pyfvkdjcif;aMumihfjzpfonf (bmomjyefol)/
 76 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
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uGif;wpfcku ¤if;tm;apmifhBudKaeavonf/ aowåmBuD;twGif;ü
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wd, ovif;ausmufaowåmjzpfonf/ a&;xGif;xm;aompmrSm –
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tom;jzpfonhf þa&;om;csufudk aemiftcg ynm&Sifrsm;
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t"dyÜm,frSm ]aowåmtwGif;&Sd rD;uRrf;t½dk;rsm;rSm Ak'¨\t½dk;
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]þt½dk;rsm;onf Ak'¨aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpfonhf ousrsKd; okudwd?
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i,frsm;udk azmfjyonf/ zm[D,efonf uydv0w¬KrS vkrÁdeDodkY
tuGmta0;ESihf vrf;ñTefudkvnf; azmfjycJhonf/ [l,ifqef uyd
v0w¬KodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg ¤if;awGUBuHK&onhf jrifuGif;rSm (zm
[D,efawGUjrif&onfESihf) xyfwlnDonf/ ]cef;r taqmufttkHrSm
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onf 14 odkYr[kwf 15 vD (w½kwfjynfokH; twdkif;twm) ywf
vnf us,f0ef;\/ ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;udk tkwfom;jzihf wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ wHwdkif;tkwfjrpfrsm;rSm ckdifcHhNyD; jrifhrm;qJjzpfonf/ þ
tkwfjrpfeH&Hrsm;um; pGefYypfcHxm;&onfrSm MumayNyD/ Xmae½Gmol
½Gmom; tenf;i,fom&SdNyD; usKd;wdk; usJwJom jzpfonf}/
[l,ifqefonf ¤if;oGm;cJh&onhf c&D;tuGmta0;ESihf uydv
0w¬KodkYa&muf&ef OD;wnfoGm;cJh&onhf vrf;ñTefudkvnf; jyqdkxm;
onf/ zsufqD;cH&NyD;aemuf uydv0w¬Kudk vkH;0wpfzef jyefvnf
wnfaqmufcJh[efrwl odkYr[kwf vloljyefvnf aexdkifcJhMu[ef
rwlacs/ 0ef;&Haeonhf opfawmrsm;u a&S;a[mif;okawoe
e,fajrudk 0g;rsKdypfvdkufonf/ (uydv0w¬K\)ausmfMum;rI usqif;
oGm;NyD; xdkt&yfwGif aexdkifMuonhf bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;ol
&[ef;tenf;pkom&SdNyD; rMumcP a&muf&SdvmMuonhf bk&m;
zl;rsm;u uydv0w¬KNrdKUawmf &Sifoefaeatmif zefwD;xm;cJhykH&
onf/ tdE´d,ü Ak'¨omoemawmf qkwf,kwfoGm;aomtcg bk&m;
74 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
zl; tvsOfvnf; ajcmufaoGUoGm;onf/ opfawmrsm; aygufa&muf
oGm;NyD; uydv0w¬K aysmufuG,foGm;awmhonf/
19-&mpk ukefcgeD;tcsdefxd Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\b0ESihf ywfouf
aom ae&mawmfrsm;udk (jyefvnf)awGU&SdcJhNyD; awGU&SdorQxJwGif
uydv0w¬K ryg0ifcJhacs/ tdE´d,-eDayge,fpyf&Sd opfawmrsm;udk
wjznf;jznf; &Sif;vif;&if; a&S;acwfu aexdkifcJholrsm;\ t<uif;
tusefrsm; aocsmayguf jzpfEkid fonhf awmifukef;trsm;tjym;
jrifuGif;odkY a&mufvmonf/ ynm&Sifrsm;onf ,if;wdkYteuf rnf
onhfae&monf uydv0w¬K jzpfEdkifonfqdkonhf tcsufudk awG;
awmvmMuonf/ 1858-ckESpfwGif vmqif (Lassen) trnf&Sd
yk*¾Kdvfu (uydv0w¬K) NrdKUae&monf a*g&cyl&NrdKUrS uDvdkrDwm
tenf;i,ftuGmta0;&Sd ae&mjzpfEdkifonf[k qdkcJhonf/
1863-ckESpfwGif uydv0w¬KNrdKUa[mif;ae&mudk atmifjrifpGm
awGU&SdNyD;aemuf uefeif[rfu w½kwfbk&m;zl;rsm;\ c&D;pOfrsm;
udk tokH;jyKvsuf uydv0w¬Konf e*&cgpf (Nagarkhas)NrdKUwGif &Sd
aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ (þonfrSm) uefeif[rfu (aemiftcg)
rSm;,Gif;aMumif; (ukd,fwdkif)ajymqdkcJhonfh rqdkpavmuftBudrfrsm;
teuf wpfBudrfjzpfonf/ uefeif[rf\ vufaxmufjzpfol atpD
t,fvf umav;,Dvf (A.C. L. Carlleyel)onf Amqwd (Basti)ESihf
a*g&cyl&c½dkifrsm;udk 1875-76 ckESpfrsm;wGif tjiif;yGm;rI tNyD;
owfNidrf;ap&ef oEéd|mefcs tm;xkwfrItaejzihf avhvmokH;oyfcJh
NyD; bktdvm'd[ (Bhuiladih)ac:aom ae&monf uydv0w¬Kjzpf&
rnf[k aumufcsufcscJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif ynm&Sifrsm;\ ouf
arG;0rf;ausmif;rIqdkif&m 0efwdkrIrsm; Edk;<uvmNyD; uydv0w¬Kudk
yxrqkH;pwifawGU&Sdol jzpf&efNydKifqkdifrI wdk;yGm;vmonf/
1896-wGif atzl[a&& (A. Fuhrer)onf vkrÁdeDü Ak'¨zGm;jrif
awmfrlonhf ae&m txdrf;trSwfjyK pdkufxlxm;onhf taomu
uydv0w¬K 75
ausmufpmwdkifudk awGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;onf ta&;ygaom awGU&SdrI
jzpfonhfjyif w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; uydv0w¬KrS
vkrÁdeDodkY vrf;ñTefcsufESihf tuGmta0;udk ay;xm;NyDjzpfaom
aMumifh (xdkausmufpmwdkifudk awGU&SdrI)onf uydv0w¬KNrdKUae&m
tm; &SmazGawGU&Sd&ef eD;uyfaeNyD[k qdkvdk&mvnf; a&mufonf/ zl
[a&&u þodkYaMunmonf ]½krdaE´ (Rumindei)t&yf&Sd vkrÁdeD
O,smOfü taomuausmufpmwkdifudk &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;onf uREkfyf
tm; uydv0w¬Kajrae&mESihf ,if;ywf0ef;usif&Sd txGwftjrwf
ae&mrsm;udk vkH;0aocsmayguf owfrSwfEdkifap&efyg pGrf;aqmifap
cJhonf/ eDayg&Sd vkrÁdeDtaemufajrmufESihf ESpfq,fhESpfuDvdkrDwm
tuGm&Sd tysuftpD;rsm;pka0;wnf&Sd&m wdavm&aum# (Tilaora-
kot) t&yfonf uydv0w¬KjzpfaMumif; zl[a&&u aMunmonf/
odkYaomf tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u xdkaMunmcsufudk jiif;qdkMuonf/
1897-wGif zl[a&&onf rdrdjyqdkcsufudk oufaojy&ef
taxmuftxm;&SmazG&if; awmwef;wpfavQmuf vrf;p&SmazGae
onfudk awGU&jyefonf/ rnfolrQrawGUEkdifonhftwGuf zl[a&&
onf taxmuftxm;rsm; (ykHwl) xkwfvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfawmh
onf/ ¤if;onf wdavm&aum#teD; taqmufttkHysuftcsKdUudk
wl;azmf odkYr[kwf NzdKzsufNyD; xdktaqmufttkHysufrsm;udk 0d##Lb
tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf owfjzwfcJhaom ousrsKd;wdkY\ t<uif;tusef
ae&mwGif wnfaqmufxm;aomapwDjzpfaMumif; aMunmonf/
zl[a&&onf tu,fí tppftrSef[k,lqMuvQif rdrdaMunm
csufudk aemufqkH;owf oufaojyrnfjzpfonhf arm&d,acwf
BudKpmrsm;udk tkwfcJrsm;wGif xGif;xkvsuf tvkyf½IyfaepOf ordkif;
ynm&Sif Aifqifprpf(Vincent Smith) ay:vmNyD; ¤if;(\vkyfMuHrI)
tm; vufyl;vufMuyf zrf;rdavonf/
1898-ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfajrydkif&Sif 'AvsL pD yufyD (W.C.
80 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
'kwd,apwDawmfudk ESpfaygif; 150-MumNyD;aemufrS yxr
apwDawmfvdyfckH;ESihf tjrihfnDxm;NyD; wnfaqmufcJhonf/ þ
apwDawmfjrwf\tckH;rSm tcsif; 19-rDwm&SnfNyD; atmufajcywf
vnfwGif 1 'or 5 rDwm tus,f pGef;xGufaeonf/ ajrydkif&Sif
yufyD (Peppe)wl;azmf&&Sdonhf ausmfMum;onhfpmwef;yg MuKwf
onf þapwDawmfrSjzpfonf/ txJwGif MuKwfygonhf ausmuf
aowåmBuD;udk awGU&SdNyD;jzpfjcif;ü yufyDonf tjcm;"mwfawmf
(MuKwf)rsm;&Sdawmhrnfr[kwf[k xifrSwfNyD; ydkeufatmif rwl;cJh
awmhacs/ (odkYtwGuf yufyDonf) rDwmtenf;i,f teufwGif&Sd
onhf ydka&S;usonhf tjcm;MuKwfrsm;udk r&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
trdk;ckH; 23-rDwm tcsif;&Sdonhf wwd,apwDawmfrSm yxr
apwDawmfrsm;xuf txl;ojzihf ydkrdkBuD;rm;aeNyD; ab;odkY 23
'or 5 rDwmt&Snf xyfjznfhxm;aom av;axmifhtajc&Sdonf/
yufyDonf þapwDüvnf; MuKwfwpfck awGU&SdcJhonf/ odkYaomf
,if;MuKwfonf tpdwfpdwft>rm>rm NydKuGJysufpD;oGm;onf/ ,aeY
bk&m;zl;rsm; zl;awGU&onfrSm þwwd,apwDjzpfonf/ ouswdkY
\apwDonf ordkif;t& ta&;ygjcif;tjyif tjcm;taMumif;rsm;
pGmwdkYaMumifhvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/
tapmqkH;apwDawmfonf wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf (jyefvnf)
zGifhvSpfonhf vu©PmrawGU&ojzihf taomurif;onf &mr*gr
apwDawmfrSwpfyg; apwDtm;vkH;udk zGifhonf[laom tpOftvm
pum; vkH;0 rrSefuefEdkifaMumif; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf8/
8
jrwfAk'¨\ "mwfawmfudk a0pk&Muolrsm;rSm ]&mZN*dK[fjynfh&Sif tZmwowåK? a0omvD
jynfom; vdpä0Drif;rsm;? uydv0w¬Kjynfom; ousrif;rsm;? tv†uyÜjynfom; Akvd
rif;rsm;? &mr*gr½Gmom; aumVd,rif;rsm;? a0X'Dywdkif;om; ykPÖm;? yg0gNrdKUom; rv†m
rif;rsm;? ukodem½kHjynfom; rv†mrif;rsm;} jzpfNyD; "mwfawmfa0ol a'gPykPÖmrSm jynf
awmif;? aemufrSa&mufvmMuol ydyÜvd0et&yfom; arm&d,rif;rsm;um; rD;aoG;rsm;
&&SdMu\/ &Spfjynfaxmifrif;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynfü apwDrsm; wnfMu\/ a'gPESihf
uydv0w¬K 77
onf/ tu,fí xdkt½dk;"mwfawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨\t½dk; ("mwf
awmf)rsm;jzpfygu ydy&m[0gapwDudk uydv0w¬Kü ouswdkY wnf
cJhjcif;jzpf&rnf/ tu,fí ,if;t½dk;rsm;onf 0d##Lb\tpkvdkuf
tjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfcH&onhf ousrsKd;wdkY\ t½dk;rsm;jzpfygu apwD
onf uydv0w¬KzsufqD;cH&NyD;aemuf ouswdkYaexdkifcJhonhf ae&m
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k ynm&SiftcsKdUuqdkonf/
ydkrdkcufcJaponfrSm zm[D,efESihf [l,ifqefwdkY (rSwfwrf;ü)
azmfjyaom NrdKUwnfae&mESihf tawmftwef jcm;aeykH&onhf tcsuf
jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m ynm&SdBuD; wD'AvsL a&;pfa';Apfpf
(T.W. Rhys Davids)url tvGefxl;qef;onhf &Sif;vif;jcif;jzihf ajz
Mum;onf/ a';Apfpfu zm[D,efESihf [l,ifqefwdkYonf rwlonhf
uydv0w¬KESpfrsKd;udk azmfjycJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k qdkonf/
wdavmuaum#onf rlvuydv0w¬KjzpfNyD; ydy&m[0gonf rlv
NrdKU ysufpD;oGm;NyD;aemuf wnfaxmifcJhonhf uydv0w¬KNrdKUopfjzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/ odkYjzihf tjiif;yGm;rI qufvuf wnf&SdaecJhNyD; tcsdef
umvMumjrifhaomf pdwf0ifpm;rI avsmhyg;oGm;cJhonf/
xdkYaemuf 1970-ckESpfwGif aemif*g;q&mawmf t&Sif"r®udwåd
rax&fonf (0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;) tif'D&m*E´DxHodkY pmwpfapmif
a&;avonf/ (¤if;pmwGif) ydy&m[0g\ vspfvsL½IcHxm;&onhf
tajctaeudk azmfjyNyD; ¤if;a'oudk wl;azmf&efESifh jyefvnf xdef;
odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef arwåm&yfcHxm;onf/ (þrax&fu txl;o
jzihf ydy&m[0gt&yfudk ydyæv0eae&m[k xifrSwfcJhonf/) ,if;
pmudk tvsiftjref taumiftxnfazmf&rnf[laom rSwfcsuf
ESifhtwl a&S;a[mif;okawoeavhvma&;tzGJU\ ñTefMum;a&;rª;
csKyfxH ay;tyfvkdufonf/ þvIyf&Sm;rI\ aemufuG,f&Sd &nf½G,f
rSm vkH;0pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ taMumif;rl wpfcsdefu eDayg
EdkifiHu uydv0w¬Konf ¤if;\ EdkifiHydkifeuftwGif; &Sdonf[k tcdkif
78 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
trm qdkxm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tu,fí uydv0w¬K\ wdusaom
wnfae&mESihfywfoufonhf t½IyftaxG; (rqkH;jzwfEdkifao;rI)
wpfcgwnf; NyD;jywfoGm;NyD; tjiif;yGm;rIudk tdE´d,tBudKuf Nidrf;ap
EkdifvQif trsKd;om;a&;*kPfodu©ma&m tdE´d,odkY vma&mufaeonhf
*syefbk&m;zl;ta&twGufyg txl;wdk; jrifhoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
ydy&m[0g wl;azmfjcif;udk 1971-ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif au
trf oQ&f0&Sfwm0g (K.M. Srivastava) \vrf;ñTefcsufjzihf pwifcJh
onf/ tvGefYtvGef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f wpfoDwpfwef;BuD;awGU&Sd&NyD;
aemuf 1973-ckESpfwGif uydv0w¬KpmvkH;ygonfh csdyfwHqdyfwpfck
udk wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;odkYaom csdyfwHqdyfrsm; aemufxyf
wl;azmf awGU&Sd&jyefonf/ (,if;csdyfwHqdyfrsm;onf) rif;om;
od'¨w¬\ arG;&yfajrudk awGU&SdNyD[laomtcsufudk oHo,jzpfzG,f
rvdkawmhaMumif; (oufaojyMuonf)/
uydv0w¬Kt<uif;tusefrsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck wpfuDvdk
rDwmcefY a0;onf/ *gEGm&d, (Ganwaria) ESihf ydy&m[0g[laom
a'oESpfckwdkYü awGU&Sd&onf/ *gEGm&d,onf (rlv) uydv0w¬KNrKd U
tppfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨vufxufawmftcsdef[k owfrSwfxm;NyD; opf
om;? ½THUrsm;ESihf aqmufvkyfxm;onfh taqmufttkHrsm;awGU&
aomfvnf; trsm;pkonf a&S;acwfuwnf;u þa'oudk ouf
a&mufrI&SdapcJhonhf rMumcP a&BuD;jcif;rsm;aMumifh zkH;vTrf;jrKyf
uG,faeMuonf/ ydy&m[0gum; Ak'¨"mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;udk
Xmyem (xnhfoGif;&ef) omuD0ifwdkY wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhMuaom
apwDawmfywfvnfü BuD;xGm;vmcJhonhf bmoma&;qdkif&mXme
jzpfonf/ ae&mXmeESpfck a0;ae&jcif;rSm NrKdUawmfrStwefa0;onhf
ae&modkYoGm;&jcif;twGuf xif&Sm;aom edaj*m"m½kHausmif;wdkufuJh
odkYaom Ak'¨tm; vª'gef;cJhonhf yef;jcHwpfckwGif (þ)apwDawmfudk
wnfxm;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
uydv0w¬K 79
Munfh½IzG,f
ouswdkYwnfcJhonfhapwD
uydv0w¬K&Sd ta&;tygqkH; taqmufttkHrSm yifrapwDawmfBuD;
jzpfonf/ 1971-ckESpfu jyKvkyfcJhaom wl;azmfjcif;rsm;t& apwD
awmfudk bDpDig;&mpkwGif yxrqkH;tBudrf wnfaqmufcJhNyD; aemuf
xyfESpfBudrf jyefvnfjyKjyifrGrf;rHxm;aMumif; od&onf/ yxrqkH;
ESihf a&S;tusqkH; apwDudk rD;zkwftkwfrsm;jzihf wnfaqmufcJhNyD;
ywfvnfwGif 5-rDwmtus,f tkwfcif;vrf;&Snf (yg'uodP
yx) wpfckygonfh ½dk;½dk;trdk;ckH; (taqmufttkH) wpfckyg0ifonf/
apwDawmftv,f&Sd ajrnDqihfwGif wpfckESihfwpfck ,SOfwGJ
xm;onhf tkwfwdkufcef;ESpfck &Sdonf/ ajrmufbufcef;rS oyf&yf
vSypGm xkvkyfxm;onfh 12-pifwDrDwmtjrifh&Sd qyfjymausmuf
(jzihfjyKvkyfonfh) MuKwfwpfckESihf ESpfckruaom yef;uefjym;rsm;
&&Sdonf/ MuKwfESpfckvkH;udk zGifhMunhfaomtcg rD;uRrf;onhf vl½dk;
tydkif;tprsm;udk txJü awGU&onf/ tcsdefumv? wnfae&mESihf
MuKwfxJüyg0ifonhf ypönf;rsm;u avmifuRrf;xm;onhf t½dk;rsm;
onf ouswdkYa0pk&onhf Ak'¨\ cE¨muk, d f t<uif;tusef ("mwf
awmfrsm;) jzpfaMumif; vkH;0eD;yg; aocsmaponf/
1990-ckESpfwGif MuKwfESihfwuG tqdkyg tzdk;wef "mwfawmf
rsm;ukd e,la'vDNrdKU trsKd;om;jywdkuüf tMurf;cH yvwfpwpf
aowåmjzihf jyoxm;onf/ rMumrDtcsdefwGif tdE´d,tpdk;&taejzihf
EdkifiHawmf\ tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom om;aumif;&wem\ udk,fcE¨m
<uif;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;&efESihf *kPfjyKylaZmf&ef oifhavsmf
avsmufywfonfh ae&mwpfck &SmazGEkdifonf[k arQmfvihfygonf7/
7
pma&;ol (MopaMwvs&[ef;awmf) onf 1978-ckESpfu xdk"mwfawmfrsm; oD&dvuFm
odkY <upOfu zl;ajrmfcGihf&&SdNyD; jzpfygonf/
84 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oGm;a&muf&ef
uydv0w¬Konf aemif*g;odkY oGm;onhf aumif;rGefaom vrf;ESihf
qufaeNyD; rnfonhfbufodkYrqdk teD;qkH;jzpfonfh bD&'yl& (Bir-
dpur) NrdKUrS 9-uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif &Sdonf/ aemif*g;NrdKUukd a*g&c
yl&NrdKUrS &xm;? bwfpfwdkYjzifh oGm;a&mufEdkifonf/
udyv0w¬K 81
bk&iftaomuonf ousrif;rsKd;wdkYtm; av;pm;rIaMumihf
uydv0w¬K&Sd apwDawmfudk rxdbJcsefxm;cJhjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ þ
uJhodkYaom trSwfw&apwDykxdk;rsm;wGif awGU&NrJjzpfonhf wdk;
wufrItqihfqifhtrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; þapwDawmfu azmfjyonf/
tapmqkH; taqmufttkH ykHoP²mefonf i,f½G,f½dk;&Sif;onf/
umvMumaomf (rGrf;rH)xnfhpGufvsuf wjznf;jznf; ydkrdkBuD;rm;½Iyf
axG;vmonf/ þodkYjzihf apwDtrsm;pkonf MuufoGefOykHpHESihf
wlaom taqmufttkHwpfckudk tjcm;ydkBuD;onhf taqmufttkH
wpfcktwGif; xnfhoGif;NyD; aemiftcg aemufxyf (tBuD;)wpfckjzifh
ikHvsuf wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/
ta&SUbufausmif;awmf
þ(azmfjyyg) apwDawmfBuD;\ ta&SUbufuyfvsufwGif ausmif;
wdkufBuD;wpfckESifh tysuftpD;rsm; &Sdonf/ þausmif;wdkuftwGif;
arm&d,wdkYvnf; apwDwnfMu\ ('D 2? 137)/
apwDwnfNyD;aomtcg t&Sifr[muórax&fonf "mwfawmfrsm;\ (rdpämt,l
rSm;&Sdolrsm; zsufqD;rnfh 'D-#D 2? 187) tEÅ&m,fudk jrifawmfrlojzihf &mr*grapwDrS
wpfyg; usefckepfjynfaxmifrif;wdkY\ apwDrS "mwfawmfrsm;udk (wefcdk;jzihf 0dok'¨d-#D 2?
64 ]£'¨d,m tm[&dwGm}) &,lí tenf;i,frQudkom (xdkrif;wdkY\vufü ]&mZleH
[aw¬ XaywGm? e apwda,ok} 'D-#D 2? 187) csefxm;vsuf tZmwowåKrif;ESifh
wdkifyifNyD; &mZN*d[fNrdKU\ ta&SUawmift&yf (wpfae&m)ü tawmif&Spfq,f teuf
wl;NyD;vQif ("mwfawmfrsm; Xmyemrnfh) ajrwdkufcef; (]blrdC&r@y} 0dok'¨d-#D 2? 64)
udk vQKdU0Sufwnfaqmufvsuf "mwfawmftm;vkH;udk waygif;wnf; Xmyem(xnhfoGif;)
cJh\/ &mr*grapwD&Sd"mwfawmfrsm;rSmrl tEå&m,fr&SdEdkifbJ aemiftcg oD&dvuFmEdkifiH &Sd
r[mapwDü udef;0yfrnfjzpfaomaMumihf xkwf,ljcif;rjyKcJhay/ ,if;aemuf ESpfaygif;
218-ESpftMum (bDpD 325)wGif taomrif;BuD;onf &mr*grapwDrSwpfyg; usefapwD
tm;vkH;udk azmufxGif;aomfvnf; "mwfawmfrsm; r&&Sdacs/ &mr*grapwDudkrl e*g;
wdkYu azmufxGif;cGifhrjyK/ wl;orQ wl;½Gif; aygufwl;rsm; usKd;ysufukef\/ aemufqkH;ü
taomurif;BuD;onf tZmwowf XmyemcJhonhf ]"mwfawmfwdkuf} ae&mudkawGU&Sd
oGm;NyD; xdk"mwfawmfwdkufü "mwfawmf tenf;i,fom csefxm;vsuf "mwfawmf
tm;vkH;ukd,lNyD; EdkifiHawmftwGif; wnfaqmufaeonhf apwDawmfrsm;ü cGJa0NyD;
Xmyem (xnhfoGif;) cJh\ ('D-| 2? 206) (bmomjyefol)/
82 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o uydv0w¬K 83
rS awGU&SdcJhonhf wHqdyfwpfckwGif ]uydv0w¬K bdu©KoHC}[laom
pmvkH;rsm;yg&Sd\/ (þtcsufu) ydy&m[0gESihf ywf0ef;usiftysuf
tpD;rsm;onf Ak'¨arG;&yfajrae&mjzpfaMumif; eD;pyfpGm axmufcH
vsuf&Sdonf/ þausmif;wdkufudk uedoQurif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJh
aMumif;vnf; ñTefjyonf/ þausmif;wdkuf0if; ywfvnftwGif;
tcef;i,f 31-ckyg&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufjcrf;\tqkH;&Sd tcef;BuD;rsm;
rSm ypönf;odkavSmifcef; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ tjcm;tcef;rsm;rSm &[ef;
awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&ef ae&mrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;wdkuft0if
wGif avSum;rsm;&SdNyD; ta&SUajrmufaxmihfpGef;wGif a&vTJaygufyg
aom usifi,ftdrf jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf a&xGufaygufwpfck&Sdonf/
tysuftpD;rsm;
þae&m&Sd tjcm;tysuftpD;rsm;teuf cef;raqmif[k,lq&onhf
(taqmufttkH)wpfckyg0ifonf/ yifr apwDawmf\ ajrmufbuf
uyfvsufwGif&Sdonf/ (omref)apwDi,fwpfql? ¤if;\awmifbuf
wGif ausmif;wkdufwpfckESifh taemufbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif tjcm;
ausmif;wdkufwpfck&Sdonf/
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azmfjyNyD; tysuftpD;rsm;\ awmifbuf wpfuDvdkrDwmcefY tuGm
wGif uydv0w¬KNrdKU tppftrSefjzpfaMumif; azmfñTef;onfh tjcm;
aom tysuftpD;rsm; pkykHaeonhf ae&m&Sdonf/ NrdKUae&mudk azmfjy
onhf awmifukef;onf us,fjyefY &Snfvsm;onf/ ¤if;(awmifukef;)
trsm;pkudk ,cktcg pdkufysKd;ajrtjzpf tokH;jyKaeMuonf/ a&S;
a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfrIrsm;u þNrdKUonf bDpD 800 rS 3 &m
pk ukoeacwf ukefcgeD;txd wnf&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,aeY
acwfwGif ausmif;wdkufBuD; ESpfckESihf vlaetdrftpkta0;wpfckudk
awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf trsm;pkudk at'D 1-&mpkaemuf
ydkif;wGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/
88 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
r&Sdaomfvnf; taomurif;BuD;uJhodkY tvGef bmomw&m;udkif;
½Idif;onhf rif;jrwfwpfyg;onf þrQt½dktaojyKtyfonhf ae&m
awmfwGif apwDwpfqlwnfcJh&rnf[laomtcsufudk axmufcHvQif
aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonf/ bDpD 100-cefYu xkvkyfcJhaom bm&
[kw (Bharhut)t&yf&Sd apwDawmf\ NcHpnf;½dk; (ausmuf)vuf&ef;
rS ½kyf<uwpfckt& tqdkyga&S;OD;yxr Ak'¨*,mapwDawmf\ ykH
oP²mefESihfywfoufí aumif;rGefaom xifjrifcsufwpf&yfudk &&Sd
aponf/ ykHoP²mef razmfjyEkdifaomtrdk;ykHESihf ESpfxyftaqmuf
ttkHwpfck aAm"dyifab;ywfvnfwGif wnfaqmufxm;NyD; A[k*H
ausmufwdkifrsm;jzihf cHaqmifxm;onf/ twGif;bufwGif 0Zd&moe
yv†ifudk ausmufjym;wpfcktjzpf awGUEdkifNyD; ¤if;aemufwGif wef
qmqif,ifxm;aom aAm"dyif\yifpnfESifh &wemokH;yg; txdrf;
trSwfykHESpfck awGU&onf/ 0Zd&moeay:wGif OygoumESpfa,muf
vª'gef;xm;aom yef;rsm;BuJjyefYaevsuf aAm"dyifrS xD;awmfwpfck
xGufaeNyD; aAm"dudkif;rsm;rS yef;qdkif;rsm; wGJvsm;usaeMuonf/
ESpfa,mufruaom &Sdckd;ylaZmfolrsm;u c½koif;rIwfaeMuNyD; ¤if;
wdkY\y0grsm;udk arTU,rf;aeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtay:rS ewfom;ESpf
a,mufu ¤if; (vlOygoum)ESpfa,mufESihftwl &Sdckd;ylaZmfaeMu
onf/ wpfa,mufu b,fbufrS yef;rsm;udk BuJjzefYvsuf tjcm;
wpfa,mufurl nmbufrSaeí yef;ukH;udk vª'gef;aeonf/ apwD
0ef;usifwGif NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;wpfckESifh ,if;vuf&ef;ESihf cyfvSrf;
vSrf;wGif taomupdkufxlcJhonhf xdyfwGifqif½kyfyg ausmufpm
wkdifwpfck awGU&onf/ 0Zd&moe*E¨uk#d[k ac:a0:cJhykH&aom þ
apwDonf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&SdEkdifcJhNyD; rMumcPjyKjyif rGrf;
rHNyD; (topf) xyfrH wdk;csJUcJhykH&onf/
Ak'¨*,morkdif;trsm;pkudk aumif;rI&Sif urÜnf;pmwef;rsm;ESihf
eH&H½kyf<ursm;rS od&NyD; tenf;pktaejzihfrl &mpkESpfrsm;wpfavQmuf
3/ Ak'¨*,m
aumif;rIukodkvfudk &SmrSD;oltjzpf twkrJt h EdIif;rJh Nidrf;csrf;rI vrf;pOfudk
&SmazGvsuf r*"EkdifiHawmfwpfvTm; vSnfhvnfpOf igbk&m;onf ppfwyf
NrdKUa[mif;jzpfonfh O½ka0vm½GmodkY qdkufa&mufcJh\/ O½ka0vmwGif ajy
jypfonfh ajrjyefYvGifjyif? ESpfoufzG,f awmtkyf? teD;wGif qGrf;cH½GmESihf
vSyaomjrpfqdyfrsm;jzihf MunfvifpGm pD;aeonhf (ae&ÍÆ&m)jrpfwdkYudk jrif
awGUrd\/ þodkYjzihf igbk&m;onf ]þae&mum; t½G,fESihfjynhfpkHol
vli,fwpfa,muftzdkY (vGwfajrmufrItwGuf) BudK;pm;&ef aumif;jrwf
onhf ae&mtrSefjzpfonf}[k qifjcifrd\/ odkYjzihf igbk&m;onf ]þae
&mum; Nidrf;csrf;rIudk&SmazG&ef ae&maumif; trSefjzpf\}[k qkH;jzwfNyD;
O½ka0vmwGif tajccscJhay\ (r 1? 223)/
trsKd;rsKd;aom q&mBuD;rsm;xHwGif oif,lvsuf rdrdudk,fudk ñSOf;
yef;ESdyfpufrI(twåudvrx) usifhpOfudk prf;oyf usifhokH;NyD;aemuf
ajcmufESpftMum bDpD 528-wGif rif;om;od'¨w¬onf r*"wdkif;
O½ka0vm½Gmuav;\ tpGeftzsm;ae&modkY qkdufa&mufcJhonf/
,aeYacwf rsm;pGmaom tdE´d,awm½Gmrsm;rSmuJhodkYyif O½ka0vm
wGif ½Gmol½Gmom;wdkYu vdktifqE´rsm;jynffh0onf[k ,kHMunfvsuf
ylaZmfudk;uG,fonhf opfyifwpfyif&Sdonf/ rif;om;od'¨w¬onf
tqdkyg vlwdkYudk;uG,fcH opfyifatmufüxdkifí ur®|mef;bm0em½I
rSwfaeonf/ rMumrDtcsdefu aexkdifcJhaom ab;&efxlajymvS
onhf awmtkyfrsm;ESihfrwlbJ O½ka0vmteD;0ef;usif a'oonf
pdrf;vef; opfyifrsm;&SdNyD; tEÅ&m,fuif;a0;vSaomaMumifh þ
ae&mudk rif;om;od'¨w¬ a½G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ rMumrD tcsdef
ü wpfa,mufa,muf (opfyifudk) ylaZmfyo&efvmrnf? rdrdudk
86 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jrifrnf? aemufrdrdtwGuf tpm;tpm ,laqmifvmEdkifonf[k od
jrifaomaMumifhvnf; þ(azmfjyyg) opfyif&if;udk ur®|mef;bm0
em ½IyGm;rnfhae&mtjzpf a½G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ Zmwu (Zm-
| 4? 232) wGif aAm"dyif0ef;usifajrae&m (aAm"dr@)t&yfudk
jrwfAk'¨ aAm"dÓmPfudk r&rDtcsdefu cRefxuf jrufopfyifrsm;
aygufa&mufjcif;r&SdbJ aAm"dyiftm; t½dktao ay;aeMubdouJh
odkY aAm"dyifbufodkY udkif;ñGwfvsuf 0ef;&Haeaomopfyifrsm;ESihf
yGifhaeaom yef;csKHrsm;&SdNyD; aiGa&mifoJrsm;jzihf acsmrGwfaeonhf
ajrae&mtjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/
yg&rDjznhfusifhvmcJhonhf ESpfumvrsm;? b0oufwmrsm;jzihf
qkH;rxm;NyD; pifMu,faeaompdwfjzifh ur®|mef; bm0em½IrSwfae
pOftwGif; rif;om;od'¨w¬onf 0dpdudpäm? t0dZÆmESihf wPSmwdkY\
tEko, t<uif;tusefrsm;udk ausmfvTm;&ef aemufqkH;tcsdef
tjzpf rdrdudk,fudk oEéd|mefcsxm;vdkufonf/ y"meokwåef (okwåed?
314) ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom Ak'¨0g'pmayü þaemuf qkH;BudK;yrf;rI
taMumif;ESihf ywfoufNyD; raumif;rI\ txnfudk,f yk*¾Kdvfj'yf
tjzpf pHerljyKxm;aom rm&fewfrif;udk awmfvSefonhf wdkufyGJESihf
o½kyfazmf zGifhqdkxm;onf/
rm&fewfrif;\ppfonfrsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD;aemuf rif;om;od'¨w¬
\pdwfxJwGif tjrifhrm;qkH;aom ynmÓmPf ay:xGef;cJhNyD; rif;om;
od'¨w¬onf w&m;tvkH;pkHudk odjrifonhf Ak'¨bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&muf
&Sdawmfrlonf/ jrwfAk'¨onf aAm"dÓmPf\csrf;omrIudk cHpm;vsuf
rdrdodjrifNyD; opömw&m;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonfwdkYudk qifjcif okH;
oyfNyD; aAm"dyifteD;0ef;usiüf ckepfywfMum oDwif;okH;awmfrl
onf/ ¤if;aemuf jrwfAk'¨onf rd*'g0kefodkY <uawmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwfonf xdkESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif (O½ka0vmodkY) wpfzef jyefvm
NyD; xdkt&yf&Sd e'Duóy? *,muóy? O½ka0vuóy[k xif
Ak'¨*,m 87
&Sm;onhf &aohnDaemifokH;OD;wdkYtm; rdrd\w&m;udk vdkufem usihf
okH;apawmfrlonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí O½ka0vmodkY vkH;0wpfzef jyef
<uawmfrrlEdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf9/
O½ka0vmteD;wGif wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif zGm;jrifcJhykH&onhf (t|
uxmq&mBuD;) t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotvdkt& xdke,fajrwGif oJ
tajrmuftjrm;&SdaomaMumifh O½ka0vm[laomtrnfudk &&Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif O½ka0vmteD;ü jzpfysufay:aygufcJah om jzpf&yfwpfck
(rif;om;od'¨w¬ aAm"dÓmPfudk &&Sdjcif;)onf ,if;O½ka0vm [l
aomtrnfudkpGefYypfNyD; xdktjzpftysufudk udk,fpm;jyKonhf tjcm;
trnfrsm;pGmjzihf tpm;xdk;vkdufonftxd tvGefyif ta&;ygcJh
onf/ bDpD 260-cefYwGif xdkt&yfodkY bk&m;zl;a&mufykHudk azmfjy&m
ü taomurif;BuD;u rdrdonf oarÁm"d (t,m, oarÁm"d)
t&yfodkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf[k qdkonf/ aESmif;acwfrsm;ü xdkae&m
udk r[maAm"d (tbd-| 1? 11) odkYr[kwf 0Zd&moe(O'ge-|? 29)
[komodMuNyD; Ak'¨*,m[laomtrnfudkrl 13-&mpkwGif tapmqkH;
ac:a0:cJhMuykH&onf/ &Hzef&Hcg jA[®*,m[kac:aom *,m (NrdKU)t&yf
ESihf uJGjym;ap&efom (,if;odkYac:a0:) tokH;jyKcJhMuzG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'¨*,m&Sd yxrqkH;aom &Sdcdk;ylaZmfcHt&m0w¬KrSm opfom;
jzihfjyKvkyfxm;onfh NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;jzihf um&Hxm;aom r[m
aAm"dyifBuD;ESihf yifajc&Sd ausmufom; yv†ifawmf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
tpOftvmt& cdkifcHhonhf yxrqkH;aomapwD (bk&m;ausmif;)
awmfwpfckudk taomurif; wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lqonf/
þtpOftvmudk axmufcH&ef ckdifvkHwdusaom taxmuftxm;
9
r[maAm"dr@dKifonf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwftzdkY r[matmifajrjzpfjcif;? r[my&dedAÁmeokwf
awmfüvnf; bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufoihfaom ae&mXmewpfcktjzpf txl;jyKa[mMum;
awmfrlxm;jcif;wdkYaMumihf ygVdawmfrsm;ü wdkuf½kdufazmffjyxm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; jrwfAk'¨
onf r[maAm"dr@dKifodkY wpfBudrfru <ua&mufawmfrlcJhzG,f&Sdonf (bmomjyefol)/
92 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o Ak'¨*,m 89
ausmif;wdkuf&Sd\/ ,if;ausmif;wdkufudk a&S;acwfoD[dkVfbk&if wpf
yg;u wnfaqmufvª'gef;cJh\/ þtaqmufttkHonf arQmfpif okH;
xyf&SdNyD; cef;rus,f ajcmufckyg&Sd\/ ay 30-odkYr[kwf 40-cefY
jrifhaom wHwkdif;BuD;wpfckjzifh um&Hxm;\/ taumif;qkH; tEk
ynmvuf&mudk tokH;jyKxm;\/ tqifhtjrifhqkH; aq;a&mifrsm;jzihf
tvSty jyifqifxm;\/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk a½TaiGwdkYjzifhxkvkyf
xm;NyD; &wemrsm; tzdk;wef ausmufrsufrsm;jzihf pDjc,fxm;\/
apwDawmfrsm;rSm jrifhrm;NyD; t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;\/ vSyoyÜm,fpGm
jyKjyifqif,ifxm;\/ xkdapwDawmfrsm;wGif Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm; Xm
yem (xnhfoGif;)ylaZmfxm;\}/
tqdkygrif;BuD;onf ¤if;\tpfudk&[ef; tdE´d,odkY bk&m;zl;
<upOf tdE´d,bk&m;ausmif;rsm;wGif aexdkifp&m tcuftcJ&Sd
aMumif;awGU&ojzihf þoD&dvuFmausmif;wkdufukd wnfaqmufcJh
jcif;jzpfaMumif; [l,ifqefrSwfwrf;ü azmfjyxm;onf/ ausmuf
pmwpfckü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xkd;xm;cJhaMumif;vnf; [l,if
qefu rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf ]cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ vltm;vkH;udk ulnD
jcif;onf bk&m;&Siftm;vkH;wdkY\ tjrifhjrwfqkH; Mo0g'awmfyifjzpf
\}/ þoD&dvuFmausmif;wdkufonf (wdAuf&[ef;awmf) "r®omrd
tdE´d,odkY bk&m;zl;<ua&mufcsdef 13- &mpkESpftxd wnf&SdcJhNyD; {nfh
0wfausyGefrItpOftvmudk xdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfykH&onf/
r[maAm"dausmif;wdkufonf r[maAm"dapwDawmf\ ajrmuf
bufwnhfwnhfwGif&SdNyD; ,cktcsdefwGif r[efYeef;awmfrSonf r[m
aAm"dtoif; taqmufttkHESihf wdAufausmif; aeufbufxd
a&mufaom awmifukef;&SnfBuD;atmufwGif wnf&Sdonf/ þ
ausmif;wkduf\ yifrtaqmufttkHudk rpöwmuefeif[rfESihf b*f*f
vm (Beglar)wdkY 1885-ckESpfwGif wl;azmfawGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if; (yifr)
taqmufttkHonf okH;rDwm xlonhfeH&Hrsm;? axmifhav;axmifh
90 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
vkH; vma&mufcJhMuaom bk&m;zlrsm;\ pmayrSwfwrf;rsm;rS od&
onf/ ,if;a&;rSwfxm;csufrsm;onf bk&m;zl;rsm;udk,fwdkif þ
apwDawmfESifh ywfoufí jyKvkyfxm;csuftrsm;pkudk azmfjyMu
onf/ bk&m;zl;trsm;pkrSm wpfa,mufwnf;vmMuNyD; wpfcgwpf&H
ZeD;om;orD;rsm;ESihftwl wpfcgwpf&H c&D;oGm;rdwfaqGrsm;ESihftwl
tcsKdUrSm &yfa0;rSvmcJhMuNyD; (Ak'¨*,modkY) a&mufaomtcgwGifrS
a'owltjcm; wpfa,mufESihf qkHawGUMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtxJwGif
&uf&ufa&ma&m tvª'gejyKvsuf *kPf,lvdkonhf rif;nD rif;om;
rsm;vnf;ygonf/ tjcm;wpfae&mwGif &efykHaiGjywfawmufþ
pdwf wdkif;usrvª'gef;Ekdifaom &[ef;awmfwpfyg;vnf; yg0ifonf/
bk&m;ausmif;rsm; wnfaqmufol? apwDawmfrsm; wnfaqmuf
ol? odkYr[kwf ylaZmfaumfa&mfolrsm;tm;vkH;onf ¤if;wdkYaqmif½Guf
aom ukokdvfonf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkifudka&m tjcm;olrsm;udkyg
tusdK;jzpfxGef;ygap[laom av;eufonhf qE´rGefudk azmfjyvsuf
,if;odkYaqmif½GufcJhMuonf/
a&S;OD;pGm oihfavsmfonhfapwDudk wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf Ak'¨
*,mü aemufxyf t"duwnfqmufrIrSm ausmufvuf&ef;jzpf
onf/ ,if;(vuf&ef;)onf bDpD 100-tcsdefu pdkufxlcJhaom ydkrdk
a&S;usaom opfom;vuf&ef;udk tpm;xdk;vkdufjcif; jzpfzG,&f Sd
onf/ tpdwftydkif;wpfcsKdUudk jywkdufwGif Munf½h IEdkfifao;aom
us,fajympGm wefqmqifxm;onhf tqdkyg (ausmufvuf&ef;)
taqmufttkHonf £`E´*edrdMwrif;ESihf jA[®rdMwrif;wdkY\ eef;
wGif; t&m&SdtrsKd;orD;tzGJU\ tvª'gejzpfonf/ ESpfig;q,f odYk
r[kwf ESpfwpf&mcefYtMumwGif aAm"d&u©dwqdkolu (a'gifvkduf)
ausmufvuf&ef;(wdkif)twGuf vdkaeaom (tvsm;vkduf) ,ufr
wef;wpfck vª'gef;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ usKd;usoGm;NyD;jzpfonhf (,ufr)
wef; ae&mwGif tpm;xdk; wyfqifjcif; jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
Ak'¨*,m 91
aAm"d&u©dwonf uREkfyfwdkYod&orQwGif oD&dvuFmrS Ak'¨*,modkY
oGm;a&mufcJhonhf yxrqkH;bk&m;zl;jzpfonf/ ukoeacwftwGif;
Ak'¨*,m\ yxrOD;qkH;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk (xkvkyf) ylaZmf
Muonf/ ,if;qif;wkawmf trsm;pkrSm tawmftwef BuD;rm;NyD;
ÓPfawmfokH;rDwmrS av;rDwmtxd jrifhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYxkvkyf
aom vSyonhfyef;Eka&mif oJausmufESihf ykHoP²mefrsm;t& ,if;
qif;wkawmfrsm;udk r"k&mNrdKUwGif xkwfvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
c&pfESpf 383-wGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESihf ¤if;\Oy|mursm;
teuf wpfa,mufonf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql? aAm"dowåqif;
wkwpfql pkpkaygif; qif;wkESpfqludk vª'gef;cJhonf/ Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfwGif tvªrSwfwrf; urÜnf;pmwef; a&;xkdk;xm;onf/ ,if;
tvªurÜnf;wGif atmufygtwkdif;azmfjyyg&Sd\ ]Bwdurvrif;BuD;
pdk;pHpOftwGif; 64-ckESpf? 3-ckajrmufv\ 5-&ufaeY? þtcsed f
rwdkifrDuav;wGif 0de,*dkPf;0if&[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf rdr\ d
pGrf;tm;Avjzihf ESpfqlvkH;wGif jcaoFh½kyfatmufcH (yv†if)ygonhf
jrwfAk'¨ESihf aAm"dowå ausmufqif;wkawmfESpfqludk vª'gef;cJhonf/
þjrihfjrwfaomukodkvfrIwGif yg0ifulnDol Ak'¨bmom0if Oygod
umrBuD;wpfa,muf\ taxmuftyHhjzihf "r®q&muaqmif½GufcJh
onf/ þjrifhjrwfaomtvkyfrS &&Sdonhfukodkvfudk OyZÑm,fq&m
udktpxm;í rdcifzcifwdkYtm; trQay;a0yg\}/
at'D av;&mpkwGif oD&dvuFmbk&if arC0PÖ (at'D 304-
332) onf Ak'¨*,mü bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; wdkufwpfck wnf
aqmufcJhonf/ ,if;ausmif;wkdufonf tcsdefrD r[maAm"dapwD
awmftm; jyKjyifapmifha&SmufrIudk xdef;csKyfvmcJhonf/ w½kwf
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqefonf þ(oD&dvuFm)ausmif;udk aemuf
xyfESpf 300- MumNyD;aemuf jrifawGUcJhpOf ¤if;uþodkY azmfjyonf
]r[maAm"dyif wHwdkif;\tjyif ajrmufbuf*dwfwGif r[maAm"d
 96 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
&nf½G,fcsufudk þodkY azmfjyxm;onf ]q&mt&SifuJhodkYyif BuD;
jrwfqJjzpfvsuf vuFm'Dy (oD&dvuFm)wGif arG;zGm;cJhNyD; pGrf;&nf
jrifhrm;onhf rdom;pk0if tr&'Dy (Amradvipa) t&yfZmwdjzpfol
r[memr[k xif&Sm;aom trnf&Sdonhf &[ef;awmfonf trsm;
aumif;usKd; ESpfoufvdkvm;ojzihf? ab;ywfvnfwGif [if;vif;yGifh
trdk;aqmifrsm;ESihfwuGaom þbk&m;ausmif;aqmifudk vrif;\
ta&mifuJhodkY jzLazG;aomta&mifudk xGufay:apvsuf rm&frif;\
tmPmwefcdk;udk ausmfvGefawmfrlaom vlom;wdkY\q&m (jrwfpGm
bk&m;)tm; &nfrSef;í txGwftjrwfjyK&m aAm"dr@KdifwGif
aqmufvkyfap\/
]þaumif;jrwfaom ukodkvfaMumihf owå0gtaygif;wdkYonf
avmuDt&m0w¬Krsm;udk wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufMuygap/
rD;½I;wefaqmifuJhodkY pdwftarSmifudkz,fcGmvsuf wG,fwmrufarm
jcif;r&SdMubJ jynfhpkHNyD;ajrmufaom todynmjzihf tjrwfqkH; csrf;
omudk &&dSEdkifMuygap/ tarSmifudky,fcGif;onhf aerif;BuD;onf
xGufay:vmaom a&mifjcnfjzihf t&yf&SpfrsufESmudk xGef;vif;
awmufyaeorQ r[mork'´&monf a>ra[muf\ yg;ysOf;uJhodkY
auG;aom 'DvIdif;rsm;jzihf urf;pyfwkdif jynhfaeorQ £`E´ewfrif;
aysmfpH&m jrif;rdk&fawmifonf *kPfoa& jynhfvQrf;ap&eftvdkYiSm
&wemausmufzsmtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf ¤if;\txGwfudkvSyaporQ (umv
ywfvkH;) þjrwfAk'¨\ ausmif;aqmifawmfonf xm0pOfwnfwHh
ygapownf;/ 200? 60 ESihf 9 (269) ckESpf? pdMw (wef;cl;) v\
vqef;yu© 7-&ufajrmufaeY}/
ouúwbmomjzihf a&;xdk;xm;onhf þausmufpmudk umv
uwåm;NrdKU tdE´d,jywdkuf (Indian Museum)wGif ,ckawGU&SdEdkifonf/
þbk&m;ausmif;ü r[memrax&f wnfxm;cJhonhf qif;wkawmf
udkvnf; xdkrax&f\ bk&m;zl;c&D;pOfwGif vkdufygvmMuonf[k
,lqEdkifonhf "r®*kwåESihf "r®aoe[laom oD&dvuFm&[ef;awmf
Ak'¨*,m 93
wGif arQmfpifav;ck? tv,fwGif ausmufpmwkdif0if;wpfckyg&Sdonhf
15-pwk&ef;rDwmrQ&Sdaom {&mrtaqmufttkH jzpfonf/ a&Ekwf
ajrmif;wpfckonf ,if;jcH0if;rS tjyiftkwfwHwkdif;bufodkY xGuf
oGm;NyD; jywdkufxJwGif ,aeYawGUjrifEdkifonhf tqihfjrifhxGif;xkxm;
aom rcg&(Makhara)10 jzihf tqkH;owfonf/ ausmif;ywfvnfESihf
¤if;rS 92-rDwmcefYta0;wGif arQmfpif 16-ckyg wHwdkif;BuD; &Sdonf/
Ak'¨*,mudk (&[ef;awmfrsm;) pGefYypfcJhMuNyD;aemuf r[maAm"d
ausmif;wkdufudk a'oqdkif&m tBuD;tuJrsm;u cHwyftjzpf tokH;
jyKcJhonfrSm tHhMozG,fr[kwfawmhacs/ ajrmufbuf&Sd r[maAm"d
apwDodkY OD;wnfoGm;aom avSum;rsm;? ¤if;ab;&Sd ckH;aygufrsm;
ygonfh wHwdkif;rsm;onf ausmif;wdkuf tjyiftusqkH;wHwkdif;\
tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYonfom ,aeYwkdif jrifawGUEdkif
ao;aom ausmif;wkduf\ t<uif;tuseftptersm; jzpfMuonf/
,aeY zl;awGU&onhf r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk rnfol wnf
aqmufcJhonf? rnfonhftcsdefu wnfaqmufcJhonf [laom
tcsufonf trSefyifwdrfjrKyfaeao;onhf tcsufwpf&yfjzpfonf/
at'D av;&mpktpydkif; Ak'¨*,modkY bk&m;zl; <ua&mufcJhaom
(w½kwf&[ef;awmf) zm[D,efu apwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfcJh&aMumif;
azmfjycsufr&Sdacs/ odkY&mwGif (tjcm;w½kwf&[ef;awmf) [l,ifqef
at'D 7-&mpktapmydkif; <ua&mufaomtcgürl þae&mwGif ,aeY
zl;jrifEdkifMu&onhftwdkif; tcdkiftcHhapwDBuD;wpfql wnf&SdaeNyD/
odkYjzpfí r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk at'D av;&mpk\ yxr
ESpf0ufwGif wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqefonf nDtpfudkESpfa,muf qkawmif;
10
Makara [kvnf; pmvkH;aygif;onf/ pGrf;tifBuD;rm;onfh yifv,fowå0g wpfrsKd; jzpf
onf/ {&mrig;BuD; Oyrm a0vig; odkYr[kwf {&mr yifv,fvdyfBuD;rsm;jzihf o½kyfazmf
avh&Sdonf (The Secker's Glossary of Buddhism P. 356)/ bmomjyefol/
94 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jynfhonhftaejzihf þ(r[maAm"d)apwDudk wnfaqmufcJhaMumif;
azmfjycJhaomfvnf; þrQ xkxnfBuD;rm;aom taqmufttkHudk
wnfaqmuf&ef vkdtyfonhf taMumif;&if;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfol
bk&ifrsm;wGifom &SdEdkifaMumif; odjrifEdkifonf/ aemufwpfckrSm ap
wDawmfwnfaqmufrIESihf ywfoufonhf tvª&SifrSwfwrf;vnf;
rawGU&acs/ xkdacwfu wnf&Sdaeonhf apwDawmfykHoP²mefudk
[l,ifqefu þodkYazmfjyonf ]aAm"dyif\ ta&SUbufwGif ÓmPf
awmf 160 odkYr[kwf 170 ayjrihfonhf apwDawmfwpfql&Sd\/ ¤if;
\ atmufydkif;tajc (tkwfjrpf)eH&Honf (apwDawmf\) a&SUbuf
jcrf;wGif ajcvSrf;aygif; ESpfq,f odkYr[kwf ,if;xufydkí us,f
0ef;\/ taqmufttkHudk tjyifu t*Fawjzihf um&H (okwfvdrf;)
xm;onhf tjyma&mif tkwfrsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;\/ txyf
wdkif;&Sd vkdPfckH;rsm; tm;vkH;wGif a½Ta&mifqif;wkawmfrsm; xm;&Sd
\/ taqmufttkH\ av;bufav;wefwGif tHhMozG,f tvSty
rsm;jzihf zkH;vTrf;xm;\/ wpfae&mwGif ykvJukH;ygonhf ½kyfyrHk sm;?
tjcm;wpfae&mwGif ewfjA[®m½kyfykHrsm;jzihf (jc,foxm;\)/ (apwD
awmf) wpfckvkH;um; a½Tcsxm;aom aMu;eDoQdoQm;oD;ykH (Amalaka
Fruit) jzihf ywf0dkif;xm;\/ ta&SU bufrsufESmpmwGif txyfygonhf
acgifrdk;pifjrihfwpfckESifh wpfckay:wpfck jrifhwufaeaom wHpufNrdwf
rsm;udk xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeonhf tcef; 3-ck\ tjrihfae&mESihf wGJ
csdwfxm;\/ ¤if;ta&SUrsufESm\ xdk;xGufaeaom wHpufNrdwfrsm;?
ausmufwdkifrsm;? ,ufrrsm;? wHcg;rsm;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;tm;
a½TaiGESihf wefqmqifxm;aom (tEkynm) vuf&mrsm;jzihf pDjc,f
xm;\/ tufuGJaygufae&mrsm;udk rjrifEdkifap&ef ykvJrsm;? &wem
rsm;jzihf xnhfoGif;í (wefqmqifxm;\)/ okH;xyfvkH;&Sd tarSmif
cef;usOf;rsm;? qef;Mu,fonhf tcef;us,frsm;ü wHcg;aygufrsm;
yg&Sd\/ tjyif0ifayguf\ nmbufESihf b,fbufwGif uvdkifayguf
oP²mef tcef;i,frsm;&Sd\/ b,fbufwGif t0avmudawoGm&
Ak'¨*,m 95
qif;wk&SdNyD; nmbufwGif arawå,sbk&m;avmif;\ ½kyfwkrsm;&Sd\/
,if;wdkYudk tjzLa&mifaiGom;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;NyD; 10- aycefYjrihf\}/
*kwåacwfwGif r[maAm"dapwDawmfywfvnf&Sd y&d0kPfrsm;ü
bk&m;ausmif;i,faygif;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufrIrsm;udk awGU&onf/
bk&m;ausmif;okH;ck aqmufvkyfjcif;udk &nfñTef;onfh tvª&Sif
rsm;urÜnf;pmt& ¤if;wdkY trsm;pkudk vSypGm wefqmqifxm;
aMumif; em;vnf&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwfürl ¤if;wdkY\ tkwf
ckHrsm;onfom <uif;usefawmhonf/ rlvu tqdkygbk&m;ausmif;
i,frsm; (okH;ck)wGif wpfpdwfwpfa'o yg0ifcJhykH&onhf Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfwpfql\ atmufcHyv†ifckHwGifawGU&Sd&aom urÜnf;pmwpfcük
]taumif;qkH; wefqmqifxm;aom txl;jrwfqkH; tjrihfjrwf
qkH;jzpfonfh þbk&m;ausmif;awmfudk NyD;jynfhpkHonhf todynm
vrf;pOfü aysmfarGUNyD; pdwfxm;jzLpifonhf 'wå*gv†½Gmae &[ef;
awmf aAm"daoeonf owå0gtm;vkH;tm; oem;u½kPma&S;½I
vsuf rm&f(taESmifht,Suf)udk ESdrfeif;NyD;jzpfaom ynm&Sdq&m
t&Siftm; (&nfrSef;í) avmu\taESmiftzGJUudk z,f&Sm;&ef rdb
aqGrsK;d q&morm;rsm;ESihf tm[0j* (Ahavagra)½Gmae (yk*¾Kdvf)
tm;vkH;twGuf wnfaqmufvª'gef;cJh\} [kazmfjyonf/
at'D 588-wGif oD&dvuFmrS r[memrac: &[ef;awmf
wpfyg; <ua&mufvmNyD; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfqlESihf bk&m;ausmif;
(i,f)wpfck wnfaqmufcJhonf/ þausmif;awmf&m t<uif;
tusefrsm;udk (r[maAm"d)apwDawmfodkY oGm;aom ajrmufbuf
avSum;teD;wGif jrifawGUEdkifao;onf/ (r[memr\)bk&m;ausmif;
i,ftwGif; awGU&Sd&aom urÜnf;ausmufpmwpfckwGif &[ef;awmf
r[memronf rdrdudk,fwdkifyg0ifaom q&mpOfquf\ r[max&f
bGJUtrnfrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ xdakY emuf rdrdwnfaqmufonhf
bk&m;ausmif;ESihf ,if;odkY wnfaqmufjcif;twGuf rdrd\apwem
100 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
þjzpf&yfrsm;t& Ak'¨*,monf bk&m;zl;c&D;twGuf ta&;
ygouJhodkY ynmoif,ljcif;ESihf ynm&Sifjzpfjcif;twGuf ta&;yg
aom tcsuftcsmae&mwpfck jzpfaMumif;vnf;od&onf/
at'D 1021-wGif tjcm;tpGrf;xufonhf w½kwf&[ef;awmf
wpfzGJU Ak'¨*,modkYa&mufvmNyD; ¤if;wdkYa&muf&SdcJhrIudk rSwfom;&ef
txdrf;trSwf (taqmufttkHrsm;) aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkY
teuf &[ef;awmf ,Grf½ª (Yum-shu)onf Ak'¨\*kPfudk csD;rGrf;
axmremjyKonhf uAsm&SnfBuD;wpfyk'f pDukH;NyD; ,if;uAsmudk
ausmufjym;BuD;wpfcsyfwGif a&;xGif;xm;cJhonf/ ausmufpm\
yxrtydkif;wGif þodkYazmfjy\ ]uREkfyf ,Grf½ªonf Ak'¨\e,f
ajrudk zl;jrif&ef a0;uGmaoma'orS vma&mufcJhNyD; tHhbeef;
Ak'¨jrwfajcawmf&mudk uREfkyf\rsufvkH;tpkHjzihf zl;jrif&jcif;ü q&m
ocif (jrwfpGmbk&m;)\ BuD;jrwfaom *kPfawmfudk ½dkaopGm
rylaZmf&bJ &Sdrnfr[kwfavm/ odkYtwGuf uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwGif
usef&Sdaeao;aom aiGtojymudk pkaqmif;NyD;aAm"dyif\ ajrmuf
buf ajcvSrf;okH;q,ftuGmü Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif wpfaomif;twGuf
(txdrf;trSwf) ausmufwdkifwpfck pdkufxlcJh\}/ uAsm&Snfa&;NyD;
aemuf ,Grf½ªu þodkY aemufqufwGJ jznhfpGuf azmfjycJhonf
]uREkfyfESihftwl ta&SUbufNrdKUawmf yifrvrf;rBuD;ay:&Sd "r®y'
ausmif;wdkufrS tdcsifESihftdvif[laom &[ef;awmfESpfyg;ESihftwl
r[maAm"dapwDawmftm; ylaZmf&ef a½Tyef;xdk;xm;onhf ouFef;
wpfxnfpDygoGm;NyD; rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifpD xm0&trSwf&rItwGuf
txdrf;trSwfausmufjym; (wkdif)rsm; pdkufxlcJhMu\}/
,if;(,Grf½ª)\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,fausmufpmESihf ¤if;\ tazmf
&[ef;awmfrsm; pdkufxlcJhonhf tjcm;ausmufpm wpfckwdkYudk ,ck
tcgwGif umvuwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jywku d fü jyoxm;onf/
,Grf½ªESihf tazmf&[ef;awmfrsm; Ak'¨*,mwGif&SdNyD;aemuf wpff
Ak'¨*,m 97
ESpfyg; vª'gef;cJhonhf tjcm;qif;wkawmf wpfqluJhodkYyif jrifawGU
Edkifao;onf/
r[memrNyD;aemuf ESpfwpf&m odkYr[kwf ESpf&mceYftMumwGif
þtBudrfü Oygoumjzpfol O',od&dtrnf&Sd oD&dvuFmEdkifiHom;
aemufwpfa,mufonf Ak'¨*,mü tjcm; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql
wnfaqmufNyD; ]¤if;rSm t&Sifocif (ynm&Sd) jzpfvdkojzihf ,if;
(qif;wkawmf)tm; ylaZmforIjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf}/ þqif;wkawmf
atmufajcwGif yef;ukH;wpfck udkifaqmifxm;onhf O',od&d[k ,l
q&aom 'l;axmufaeonhf ½kyfwkwpfckESihf ¤if;\rdom; pkjzpfEdkif
onfh trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf uav;i,f wpfa,mufwdkY\ ½kyf
wkrsm;yg&Sdonf/
O',od&dESihf wpfacwfwnf;avmufwGif tjcm;aom oD&d
vuFmbk&m;zl;yifjzpfol jymcsmwudwåd (&[ef;awmf)\ bk&m;
ausmif;ywfvnf&Sd ausmufvuf&ef;ay:wGif a&;xdk;xm;aom
ausmufpmwpfckawGU&onf/ þbmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;ol &[ef;
awmfonf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck wnfaqmufcJhonfomru r[m
aAm"dapwDawmfudkvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhNyD; apwDawmftwGif;
xm0&xGef;vif;aernfh qDrD;wpfckxm;&Sd&ef taxmuftyHhjyKcJh
onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;tm; om[w¬du (udk,fwkdif) tvªrsm;ay;
cJhNyD; avmuNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf &Sdckd;ylaZmfrIrsm;jyKcJhonf/ wpf
pdwfwpfa'o ysufpD;aeNyD;jzpfonhf ausmufpmudk oD;jcm;ausmuf
vuf&ef;ESpfckay:wGif a&;xkd;cJhonf/ yxrtpdwftydkif;wGif þodk
Yazmfjy\ ]o'¨gw&m;aumif;rGefNyD; oD&dvuFmtkyfcsKyfol (rdom;pk
rsm;)rS qif;oufcJhonhf &[ef;awmf jymcsmwudwådonf rdom;pk
[laom rdk;aumif;uifwGifvuJhodkY (xif&Sm;ol)jzpfonf/ þ&[ef;
awmfonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk MunfndKNyD; Ak'j¨ zpfvkdojzihf vltm;
vkH;Nidrf;csrf;rItwGuf &wemokH;yg;\ apwDawmfwGif &Sdckd;ylaZmfrI
jyKcJhonf/ þaqmif½GufrIaMumihf uREkfyf&&Sdaom ukodkvfonf
 98 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aAm"dÓmPftwGufjzpfygap/ þr*Fvm&Sdaom ukodkvftzdkYudk trQ
&Muygap}/
'kwd,tpdwftydkif;wGif þodkYazmfjy\ ]0Zd&moeapwDawmf
udkyif 250-'dem&fpf (dinaras) wefzdk;jzihf yvmpwm(t*Faw)
topf aq;topfjzihf zkH;tkyfwefqmqifcJh\/ xdkdYjyif apwDawmf
twGif; vaeESihf Mu,fwm&mrsm; wnf&SdorQ wnfwHhaernhf
axmywfqDrD;wkdifwpfckudk EGm;aumifa&wpf&m (rS&&SdrnhfaiG)jzihf
jrwfAk'¨tm; &nfrSefí vª'gef;cJh\/ tjcm; EGm;aumifa&wpf&m (rS&
&SdrnhfaiG) udkvnf; tzdk;tenf;i,fjzihf apwDawmftm; aemuf
xyfjzpfay:vmrnhf ykHrSefjyefvnfjyKjyifrIrsm;twGuf ukefusrIESihf
apwDawmftwGif;&Sd qif;wkawmfa&SUüxGef;ñSdrnhf tjcm;axmywf
qDrD;wdkiftwGuf ukefusrIudkvnf; (vª'gef;cJh\)/ tjcm;EGm;aumif
a&wpf&m (0ifaiGrS) taxmuftyHhjzihf oD&dvuFmausmif; twGi;f
&Sd Ak'¨aMu;qif;wkawmf\a&SUwGif axmywfqDrD;wdkifwpfck xGef;ñSd
xm;ap\/ xdkausmif;wdkuftwGuf tNrJwrf; (xGef;ñSx d m;rnfh)
axmywfqDrD;wdkif wpfckvnf; vª'gef;cJh\/ xdkausmif;wdkuf&Sd jrifh
jrwfaom &[ef;awmftaygif; tokH;jyK&ef {&mr a&uefBuD;wpfck
vnf; wl;azmfcJh\/ xdka&uefta&SUbufwGif (v,fajr)uGif;jyif
topfwpfckvnf; pDrHvª'gef;cJh\/ þaqmif½GufrItm;vkH;rS uREkfyf
&&Sdaom ukodkvfaumif;rIonf a&SUOD;pGm uREkfyfrdbrsm;\ aumif;
usKd; csrf;omtwGuf jzpfygap}/
b*Fvm;e,frS yv†rif;rsm; tkyfpdk;pOftwGif; r[maAm"d
apwDawmfonf &ufa&mpGm csD;a`rSmufaxmufyHhrIudk cH,l&&SdcJh
onf/ trSefaomf apwDawmf\ twGif;tjyifywfvnfü awGU&Sd&qJ
jzpfonhf qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihf apwDawmftrsm;pkrSm þ(yv†)acwf
(vuf&mrsm;) jzpfMuonf/ ausmufpmrsm;u yv†bk&ifrsm;onf
tjcm; tdE´d,e,fajrrsm;rS bk&ifrsm;uJhodkY vª'gef;axmufyHh rIjyKcJh
Ak'¨*,m 99
aMumif; azmfjyMuonf/ qif;'f ( Sind) bk&if od&Dyknbj'onf
]qif;wkawmf okH;qlESihf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck} wnfaqmufcJhNyD;
&mh&Sfw&mul# (Rashtrakuta)rS wk*F(Tonga)bk&ifonf ]ewfjynfbkH
XmeodkY 0ifa&mufrnfh avSum;ysH (apmif;wef;avSum;)rsm;ESihf
yrmwlonhf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck} wnfaqmufcJhonf/
yv’acwfwGif w½kwfjynfrSvmMuonfh bk&m;zl;tzGJUrsm;udk
vnf; awGU&onf/ c&pfESpf 1000-[kcefYrSef;&aom ausmuf
pmwpfckwGif &[ef;awmfcsdtdkif (Chi-I)u ¤if;onf vlokH;aomif;
tm; ewfjynfü jyefvnfarG;zGm;apEdkif&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\ukd,f
usifhw&m;udk jyKjyifMuzdkYwdkufwGef;&ef t"d|mefjyKNyD; "r®usrf;pm
tkyfa&okH;aomif;jzefYa0cJhaMumif;? ¤if;aemuf 0Zd&moeudk zl;ajrmf
&ef tjcm;&[ef;awmf okH;yg;ESihftwl tdE´d,odkY oGm;a&mufNyD;?
wpfzef jrifhjrwfaom (Ak'¨0if)ae&mawmfrsm;tm;vkH;odkY oGm;a&muf
NyD;onftxd c&D;quf&efvnf; qkH;jzwfcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;
onf/ þausmufpmudk &yfawmfrlAk'¨qif;wkawmf ckepfqlESihf
arawå,sqif;wk wpfqlygonhf (qif;wkawmf)twef;\ atmuf
ajcausmufyv†ifwGif xGif;xkxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ (qif;wk
awmf) tm;vkH; rwlaomvuftaetxm; (rkj'm)rsm; yg&SdMuonf/
at'D 1011-wGif aemiftcg wdAufAk'¨bmom jyefvnfqef;
opfrItwGuf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvmrnfh b*FgvDq&mBuD;
twdqm (Atsa)onf Ak'¨*,m&Sd bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wpfckwGif
&[ef;jyKcJhonf/ xdktcsdefavmufrSmyif ausmfMum;onhf wdAufbm
omjyefq&m &ifcsifqefydk (Rinchen Sangpo 958-1051)onf uo®&D
a'owGif pwifcJhonhf ¤if;\ (Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m)avhvmrIudk tqkH;
owf&ef Ak'¨*,modkY a&mufvmcJhonf/ þyk*¾Kdvf\ tw¬KyÜwådudk
a&;olu &ifcsifqefydkonf r[maAm"dapwDawmfodkY 0ifa&muf
onhf ajrmufbuf*dwfwGif vª'gef;rIrsm; jyKcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/
104 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jrwfaywum;/ Ak'¨aoe\om;jzpfol (oD&dvuFm)bk&ifu ow
Cwå (Sataghatta)c½dkif? uw¬v (Katthala)½Gm&Sd xGef,uf (pdkuf
ysKd;)cGefESihfwuG ,if;\ajr? a&wdkYudk 0Zd&moe(yv†ifawmf)twGuf
trdefYpmcRefjzihfay;tyfNyD;? (oD&dvuFm) ausmif;wdkuftwGuf yd#
uwfuRrf;usifol oD&dvuFm&[ef;awmf t&Sifr*Fvomrdtm; ,kH
MunfpGmtyfESH\}/ þausmufpmudk Ak'¨0g'ESihf tawmftwef qefY
usifonhf cHpm;csufjzihf tqkH;owfxm;onf ]aumif;qkd;r[l ig\
rif;qufrS rnfonhfrif;rqdk þy#dnmOf0efcHcsufudk csKd;azmuf cJh
vQif ¤if;\bcifonf jrnf;? ¤if;\rdcifrSm 0ufr jzpfygap}/
at'D 13-&mpktwGif;ü rnfodkYrnfykH odkYr[kwf rnfonhf
tcsdefu Ak'¨*,mzsufqD; cHcJh&onf[laom wdusonhf rSwfwrf;
r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif wdAuf&[ef;awmf t&Sif"r®omrda&mufoGm;
aomtcg ¤if;ra&mufrDtcsdefu (Ak'¨*,mtm;) pDeif;wdkufcdkufcJhykH
taMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ trsKd;orD;Oygodum wpfa,mufonf
(r[maAm"d) apwDawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ rsufvkH;awmf
rsm;twGif; xnhfoGif;&ef vSyonfh jr&wemudk vª'gef;cJhonf
]qif;wkawmf\ rsufckH;awmfESpfcktMum; `rIyfxm;aom tzdk;wef
(jr)ausmuf&wemonf ,cifu arSmifptcsdeüf vlwpfa,mufpm
zwfEdkifonftxd tvif;a&mifudk xkwfvTwfcJh\/ wk½k&Su (rlq
vif wl&uD) ppfom;wpfa,mufonf avSum;udkaxmifNyD; tay:
odkYwufvsuf (xkd)ausmufudk qGJxkwfonf/ avSum;rS qif;ae
pOf ppfom;onf (avSum;ay:rS) acsmfusNyD; qif;wkawmf\ rsuf
vkH;awmftpkHrSm tpdwfpdwft>rm>rm uGJaMuoGm;onf/ vlwpf
a,muf pmzwfEkdifavmufatmif vif;onhf ausmufrsuf&wem\
tydkif;tprsm;\ awmufyrIonf wjznf;jznf;rIef0g;oGm;cJhonf[k
¤if;wdkYu ajymjyMu\}/
c&pfESpf 1234? ZlvdkifvwGif t&Sif"r®omrd Ak'¨*,modkY qdkuf
a&mufoGm;aomtcg wpfcsdefcsdefwGif Ak'¨*,m vk,ufwku d fcH&rnf
Ak'¨*,m 101
ESpfomtMumwGif tjcm;aom w½kwfbk&m;zl; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
a&muf&Sdvmjyefonf/ [dk,Gef(Ho Yun)ac: þ&[ef;awmfonf
ausmufom;jzihf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqlxkvkyfNyD; ,if;udk aAm"d
yifajrmufbuf ajcvSrf;okH;q,ftuGmwGif wnfxm;cJhonf/ þ
&[ef;awmfu rdrdtaejzihf ausmufjym;ay:wGif yd#uwfusrf;pm
tm;vkH;udk a&;xGif;vkdaomfvnf; aiGaMu; jywfawmufoGm;aom
aMumihf ,if;odkYrjyKpGrf;EdkifcJhaMumif; qdkcJhonf/ þtcsdefumv0ef;
usiftwGif; Ak'¨*,modkY <ua&mufcJhMuaom azmfjyyg&[ef;rsm;ESihf
tjcm;rsm;pGmaom w½kwf&[ef;awmfrsm;onf &Snfvsm;NyD; tEÅ-
&m,fxlajymvSonhf trde,fajrodkY tjyefc&D;wGif touf&Sifr&Sif
[lonfudk rod&ygacs/ ¤if;wdkY\ o'¨gw&m;t& aqmif½Gufcsuf
rsm;aMumihfom ¤if;wdkYudk ordkif;u odaejcif;jzpfonf/
wdAufrSwfwrf;rsm;t& at'D 1030-cefYwGif ("r®)q&mESihf
Mo0g'ñTefMum;ol tdkifpJbmqGef (I Ce Btsum)onf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
wpfql&&Sd&ef Ak'¨*,modkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ ¤if;ESihftwl wdAuf
odkY ,laqmifcJhaom tqdkyg qif;wkawmfudk emrnfausmf &Smvk
apwDawmfwGif Xmyemxm;onf/
at'D 1098-wGif jrefrmEdkifiHESihf Ak'¨*,m&Sd Ak'¨bmom0if
wdkYtMum; &Snv f sm;aom qufqHywfoufrI tpydkif; rnfodkY&Sd
onfudk jrifawGU&onf/ xdktcsdefwGif r[maAm"dapwDawmfonf
tenf;qkH; ESpfajcmuf&meD;yg;rQ Mumanmif;cJhNyD; t"dujyKjyifrIrsm;
vdktyfaeonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ usefppfom;rif;onf rdrdudk,f
wdkif qkH;jzwfcsuf odkYr[kwf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\awmif;yefcsuft&
r[maAm"dapwDawmfwGif tqdkyg vdktyfonhf jyKjyifrIrsm;twGuf
rZÑdra'oodkY (omoemjyK)tzGJUwpfck apvTwfcJhonf/ ,if;apvTwf
ykHtao;pdwfudk jynfNrdKU&Sd a½TqHawmfapwDausmufpmwGif rSwf
wrf; wifcJhonf ]usefppfom; rif;BuD;onf &wemtrsKd;rsKd;udk pk
102 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aqmif;vsuf ¤if;wdkYudk Ak'¨*,m&Sd apwDawmfjrwftm; jyKjyif&efESihf
tNrJwrf;xGef;vif;aernfh qDrD;rsm; vª'gef;&ef oabFmjzihfapvTwf
cJhonf/ Ak'¨*,müawGU&Sd&aom aESmif;acwf jrefrmausmufpmwpfck
wGif usefppfom;rif;\ bk&m;ausmif;udkjyKjyif&ef tMuHtpnfonf
ratmifjrifaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif usefppfom;rif;udk
qufcHoljzpfonhf tavmif;pnfolrif;vufxufüum; atmifjrif
pGmaqmif½GufEdkifcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
at'D 12-&mpk\ aemufqkH;ESpf0uftwGif; ausmufpmokH;ckü
xdktcsdefu eDaygEdkifiH oD0vdu taomu0v† (Asokavalla of
Siwalik) rif;BuD;\ uruxjyKjcif;jzihf xl;jcm;onhf taqmuf
ttkHwpfck txift&Sm;ay: aygufcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;
wdkYteuf yxrqkH;ausmufpmwGif taomu0v†rif;\ nDti,f
qkH; 'o&xrif;om; vª'gef;aom tvª0w¬KtaMumif; azmfjyonf/
taomu0v†onf tvGefxl;uJaom r[m,me Ak'¨bmomo0if
wpfa,muf? ppfrSefaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfa,muf? rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f
todkif;t0dkif;wGif rD;½I;wefaqmifESihfwlol jzpfonf/ 'kwd,
ausmufpmwGif taomu0v†rif;\ ajrydkif&Sift&m&Sd wpfa,muf
u ]BuD;us,fcrf;em;NyD; vGwfajrmufrIedAÁmefcsrf;omcef;raqmifESihf
wlaom} Ak'¨\ausmif;awmf wpfcktaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;
onf/ xdkausmufpmü Ak'¨omoemawmfonf aqG;ajrU,kd,Gif;ae
aMumif;? ausmfMum;onhf pma&;q&mBuD;jzpfol £`E´eE´D (Indra-
nandi)u þ(ausmufpm)udk tvsiftjrefa&;xdk;cJhNyD; &mr trnf
&Sd yef;ykynm&Sifu ausmufay:wGif a&;xGif;cJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;
onf/ wwd,ESihf tBuD;qkH; ausmufpmwpfckudk *,mNrdKU&Sd tdrf
wpftdrf\eH&Htjzpf tokH;jyKxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ odkY&mwGif
,if;ausmufpmonf rlvu Ak'¨*,mwGif pdkufxlcJhjcif;jzpfrnfrSm
aocsmonf/ tqdkygausmufpmü taomu0v’rif;onf ¤if;\
Ak'¨*,m 103
uo®D&wdkif;om; q&m\ awmif;yefrIaMumihf Ak'¨*,mwGif bk&m;
ausmif;wpfck wnfaqmufcJhNyD; (,if;) bk&m;ausmif;wGif ykHrSef
tNrJ tvª'gersm;jyKvkyf&efpDrHcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
13-&mpk tapmydkif;umvwGif rZösdra'o trsm;pkonf t
aemufzufrS rlqvifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrIaMumifh 0½kef;okef;um;jzpf
aeonfudk awGU&\/ trSefaomf ppfwyfrsm;onf &mpkESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmuwnf;u ajrmufydkif;vGifjyifrsm;wGif acgufwkHY acgufjyef
csDwufaecJhMuNyD;? r,Ofaus;onhf ppfom;rsm; odkYr[kwf ppfa&;
tpDtrHrsm; aqmif½Guf&ef aiGaMu;vdktyfrIaMumihf &ufpuf&rf;
um;ol bk&ifrsm;onf ykdrdkjynhfpkHcsrf;omonhf [dE´L odkYr[kwf Ak'¨
bmom bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcg vk,ufcJhMuaomfvnf;
ausmif;uefbk&m;rsm;udkrl rzsufqD;cJhMuay/ odkY&mwGif ,cktBudrf
wdkufckdufvk,ufol ppfom;rsm;um; ,cifppfom;rsm; ESifhrwl
awmhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk zsufqD;Mu\/ qif;wk
awmfrsm;udk ½dkufcsKd;BudwfacsNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf [dE´Lw&m;
a[mq&m (bkef;BuD;)rsm;udk owfypfMu\/ vk,ufzsufqD;&ef
r[kwfbJ tdE´d,vlrsKd;trsm;pk em;rvnfEdkifavmufatmif jzpf
&onhf jyif;xefaom bmoma&; 0efwdkpdwfaMumihfjzpfonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif Ak'¨*,monf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom ae&mXme
rsm;xH usa&mufcJhonhf vk,ufzsufqD;rIrS vGwfajrmufcJhonf/
aumvm[v tarSmifowif;rsm; ysHUvGifhaeaomfvnf; ,cifuuJh
odkYyif &SifoefaecJhonf/ r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk apmihfa&SmufcJhMu
onhf aemufqkH; oD&dvuFm&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí uREkfyf
wdkYod&onfrSm xdktcsdef0ef;usif c&pfESpf 1202 ckESpfwGif a&;xdk;
onhf ausmufpmjzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpmwGif þodkYzwf&\ ]Mo?
aAm"dyif&dyfum; crf;em;BuD;us,fvSygbd/ atmifjrifol (bk&m;&Sif)
wdkYtm; aAm"dÓmPfjrwfudk tyfESif;&m? aAm"dÓmPfodkYoGm;a&muf
&m vrf;ay:wGif &SdMuolrsm;\ vJavsmif;&m a&S;a[mif; aAm"dyif
 108 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oGm;a&muf vnfywfcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ þ&[ef;awmfonf rdrdc&D;pOf
jyefvnfrpwifrD tpGefYypfcH xm;&NyDjzpfaom (Ak'¨*,m)apwDawmf
ü w&m;bm0em ½IrSwfjcif;? vª'gef;ylaZmfjcif;rsm;jyKvsuf tcsdef
twefMum aexdkifcJhykH&onf/ xdkYaemufþ&[ef;awmfonf tmoH?
wdAuf(wdAufwGif vli,f wm&memxonf þt&Sif\ wynhf
jzpfoGm;cJhonf)? jrefrmESihf,kd;',m;EdkifiHajrmufydkif; vef;yef;NrdKUrsm;
odkY vnfywfcJhNyD; aemufqkH;wGif ordkif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
þr[mc&D;onfBuD; rnfonhfae&mwGif b0ed*kH; tqkH;owfomG ;
cJhoenf;[lonfudk &SmazG&ef uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf xm;ypfcJhonf/
16-&mpk tv,fcefYwGif tb,&mZtrnf&Sd eDaygbk&m;zl;
wpfa,muf Ak'¨*,modkYa&mufcJhonf/ olonf Ak'¨*,mwGif ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifoGm;cJhonf/ xdkpOftwGif; r[maAm"dapwD
awmf\ ykHpHi,fwpfckudk *½kwpdkufjyKvkyfcJhonf/ rdrdEdkifiHodkY jyef
a&mufNyD;aemuf xdkykHpHi,fudk (tokH;jyKvsuf) cwårE´LNrdKUteD; yg
wef(Patan)t&yfwGif rlvr[maAm"dapwD\ ykHpHwlapwDyGm;wpf
qlwnfcJhonf/ 1777-wGif wdAufrS yifcsifvm;rm;onf Ak'¨*,m
odkY &[ef;tzGJUwpfck apvTwfcJhaomfvnf; xdt k zGJUurnfonhf
udpöaqmif½GufcJhonfudk twdtusrod&ay/ ¤if;aemuf uREkfyfwdkY
od&onhf aemufwpfBudrf Ak'¨*,modkY vma&mufMuonfh Ak'¨bm
om0ifrsm;rSm at'D 1810-wGif jrefrmbk&if bdk;awmfbk&m; ap
vTwfonhftzGJUu r[maAm"dapwDudk jyKjyifNyD; wpfESpftMumwGif
bkd;awmfrif;w&m;udk,fwkdif (Ak'¨*,modkY)<ua&mufjcif; jzpfonf11/
11
jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; twGJ * yg bdk;awmfbk&m; tw¬KyÜwådwGif bdk;awmfbk&m; udk,fwkdif
tdE´d, Ak'¨*,modkY bk&m;zl; oGm;a&mufaMumif; azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ rª;rwfrsm;udk tdEd,
´ odkY
ynmawmfoif apvTwfaMumif;ESihf ¤if;wdkYtjyefwGif aAm"dyifyGm;ESpfyif yifhaqmifcJh
aMumif;om azmfjyonf/ xdktcsdefu b*Fvm;e,fudk NAdwdoQwdkYodrf;ydkufxm;ojzihf
jrefrmrif;rsm;ESihf NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkY qufqHa&; rajyrvnf&Sdonf (bmomjyefol)/
Ak'¨*,m 105
[k arQmfvihfae&NyD; xGufrajy;Muao;onhf &[ef;awmftenf;
i,frQonf apwDawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmfjrwftm; ½kyfwk
ylaZmf&Sdcdk;rIudk zsufqD;ol (rlqvifppfom;)rsm; zsufqD;jcif;rS
umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef jyifqifaeMuonf ]"r®omrd 0Zd&moeodkY
qdkufa&mufoGm;aomtcg xdkae&monf vloluif;qdwfaeNyD;
&[ef;awmfav;yg;rQom oDwif;okH;aexdkifvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&
\/ ¤if;wdkYteufwpfyg;u ]tvGefqdk;½Gm;vSygonfbk&m;? w½k&Su
(wl&uD) ppfom;awGudk aMumuf½GHUonfhtwGuf tm;vkH; xGufajy;
ukefMuygNyD} [kqdkonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[maAm"dqif;
wk awmfa&SU&Sd wHcg;ukd tkwfcJrsm;jzihfydwfvsuf t*Fawrsm; okwf
vdrf;aeMu\/ xdkqif;wkawmfae&mteD;wGif tpm;xdk;onhf tae
jzihf tjcm;qif;wkawmfwpfck xm;Muonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfrsm;
onf apwDawmf\ tjyifwHcg;udkvnf; t*Fawjzihfum&HaeMu
onf/ ,if;tkwfeH&HwGif ra[oGm&½kyfykH a&;qGJMuonf/ r[m
aAm"dapwD (twGif;&Sdqif;wk)awmftm; Ak'¨bmomr[kwo f rl sm;\
&efrS umuG,f&efjzpfonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]wynhfawmfwYdk
ig;yg; þae&mwGif raexkdkif0HhMuawmhyg? wynhfawmfwdkY {uefyif
ajy;Mu&ygawmhrnf}[k ajymjyMuonf/ "r®omrdtm; þodkYqufí
ajymjyonf ]&uftenf;i,f vGefoGm;NyD; tvGefyljyif;vSaom
aMumihf xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf yifyef;EGrf;e,fMu\/ narSmif
aomtcg xdkae&mwGif qufvufaexkdifMuNyD; tdyfaysmfoGm;Mu
onf/ tu,fí wk&Suppfom;rsm; vmcJhvQif xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;
odMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/ aeYcif;ydkif;wGif xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
ajrmufbufodkY vSnf;vrf;twdkif; xGufajy;Mu\/ "r®omrdonf
17-&ufwdkifwkdif apwDawmftwGif;rS Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ rsufESm
awmfudk rzl;awGU&acs/ xdktcsdefwGif wk½k&Suppfom;rsm; ta0;odkY
xGufoGm;MuNyD[laom owif;aumif;rsm;ESihftwl trsKd;orD; wpf
106 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
a,muf ay:vm\/ xdkYaemuf "r®omrdonf 0Zd&moeodkY jyefvm
NyD; r[maAm"dqif;wkawmfudk &Sdckd;ylaZmfvsuf vuf,m&pf vSnhf
vnf&if; oDwif;okH;aexkdif\}/
xdkYaemufwGif r[maAm"dapwDawmfonf ysufpD;oGm;awmh
onf/ taMumif;rSm wrifwumzsufqD;jcif; odkYr[kwf *½kwpdkuf
apmifha&SmufrIr&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf xdkESpfrsKd;vkH;aMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
tvnftywf a&mufvmonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; enf;íenf;í
oGm;cJhonf/ apwDawmfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; ypfy,fcHtysuftpD;rsm;
teufwpfckrQom jzpfoGm;avonf/ a'ocHyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf þ
apwDawmfjrwfBuD;\ BuD;rm;crf;em;rIudk arhaysmufxm;Muawmh
onf/ rlqvifwdkY usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufNyD;onhf aemufydkif;wGif NrKd U
BuD;NrdKUi,frsm;\ trnfemrrsm; ajymif;vJoGm;aomaMumifh ta0;rS
vma&mufol wpfa,mufwnf;aom bk&m;zl;tzdkY Ak'¨*,mudk (&Sm
azG) awGY&Sd½kHrQonfyif tawmfcufcJaom tvkyfjzpfonf/ odkYwdkif
atmif Ak'¨*,monf txl;ojzihf jrefrmEdkifiHrS Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
tzdkY tvkH;pkHarhaysmufoGm;aom ae&mXmewpfck vkH;0jzpfroGm;
cJhay/ oD&dvuFmvlrsKd;rsm;onf Ak'¨0g'\ tcsuftcsmae&mtjzpf
wnf&SdcJhpOftwGif; ESpfaygif; 900-wdkifwkdif r[maAm"dapwDawmf
udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf Ak'¨*,m
pGefYypffxm;jcif;cH&NyD;aemuf 13-&mpkrSonf 19-&mpkESpfwkdifatmif
apwDawmfudk jyefvnfjyKjyif&efESihf apwDawmfjrwfBuD; vkH;0ysufpD;
oGm;jcif;rS umuG,f&ef tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm vma&mufvsuf tqdk
yg t"duae&mudk &,l&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/
at'D 1295-wGif jrefrmbk&if ausmfpGmonf apwDawmfudk
jyjyif&efESihf aAm"dyiftm; crf;em;odkufNrdKufpGm vª'gef;ylaZmfrIjyK&ef
Ak'¨*,modkY omoemjyKtzGJU wpfzGJU apvTwfcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHrS
tjcm;Ak'¨omoemjyKtzGJUrsm;onf 1472-ckESpf? 1810 ESihf 1877-ck
Ak'¨*,m 107
ESpfrsm;wGif vma&mufcJhMuonf/ þ(om"u)rsm;onf ESpfaygif;
600-cefYrQ Ak'¨*,mapwDawmfjrwfBuD; qufvuf wnf&SdaecJhjcif;
onf jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ MunfndKo'¨gw&m;ESihf &ufa&mrI
aMumifh vkH;0jzpf&aMumif; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkvsuf&Sdonf/
Ak'¨*,mü awGU&Sd&onhf at'D 14-&mpk ausmufpmrsm;onf
tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨0g'tNyD;owf csKyfNidrf;vkeD;yg; jzpfaeaomfvnf;
tdE´d,wdkufi,f\ ae&ma'otESHU BuJjyefYaeMuonfh tenf;t
usOf;rQaom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ bmomw&m; (Ak'¨bm
om)tay: ,kHMunfaeqJjzpfaMumif; azmfjyMuonf/ at'D 1301-
ckESpfESihf 1331-ckESpftwGif; qif;'f (Sind) a'orS bk&m;zll;tzGJU
trsm;tjym; Ak'¨*,modkYa&muf&dSvmMuNyD; apwDawmf twGif;ydkif;
wGif cif;xm;aom ESrf;zwfausmufrsm;ay:wGif ¤if;wdkY bk&m;zl;
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;twGuf txdrf;trSwfrsm; xm;ypfcJhMuonf/ wpf
cgwpf&H 15 ESihf 16 &mpktwGif; rlvfwef (Multan) a'orS[k
,lq&aom bk&m;zl;wpfa,mufu a&S;a[mif;ausmuf vuf&ef;
wpfckay:wGif rdrdAk'¨*,modkY a&muf&SdcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;rsm; a&;
xdk;xm;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí (aygif;yifrsm;) zkH;vTrf;aeNyD; ysufpD;,kd
,Gif;aeaom tysuftpD;rsm; tMum;rSmyif tenf;i,frQaom
wpfudk,fawmf bk&m;zl;rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&üH þajrjrwfr[m
tm; ½dkaoav;pm;rIjyKcJhMuykH&onf/
Ak'¨*,modkY <ua&mufcJhonhf uREfkyfwdkYod&onhf aemufqkH;
tdE´d,vlrsKd; Ak'¨bmom0ifESihf tdE´d,ü aemufqkH;&[ef;awmf wpf
yg; jzpfykH&olum; Ak'¨*kwårax&fjzpfonf/ at'D 15 &mpk\aemuf
qkH;ESpf0ufwGif tdE´d,awmifydkif;ü arG;zGm;cJhol pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;onhf þ&[ef;awmfonf Ak'¨*,modkYbk&m;zl; r<ua&muf
rD tmz*efepöwef? uuf&SfrD;,m; (uo®D&)? vm'ufcf? oD&dvuFm?
*smAm;uRef;? vpfp'Da0hpf (Laccadives)ESihf ta&SUtmz&dursm;odkYyif
 112 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
<uif;usefonhf 27-ESpfumvtwGif; "r®ygonf rdrd\ r[m
aAm"dapwD ta&;ESihfywfoufí 1923 ESihf 1925 twGif; ESpfpOf
tdE´d,trsKd;omuGef*&ufodkY xkwfjyefrIudk wifjyvsuf tpdk;&xH
toem;cHjcif;? jynfolYtjrifudk pkpnf;jcif;rsm;jyKvsuf pOfquf
rjywf aoG;xdk;vIHUaqmfcJhonf/ tdE´, d jynfolUtjrifonf wjznf;
jznf; Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY\ xdef;csKyfrIbufodkY ta&;omvmNyD; xif
&Sm;onfh ynmwwfvlwefpm;rsm; taejzihf ("r®ygv\) wifjyrI
tay: xkwfazmfajymqdkvmMuonf/
xdktcsdefxd wpfOD;wnf;aom Oa&mywdkufom; r[kwfbJ
EdkbJvfqk&ol &mbd`E´mewfof w*dk;onf "r®ygvbufrS rQwpGm
axmufcHcJhonf ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓmPfudk &&SdcJhonhf ajrae
&mü wnfaqmufxm;aom r[mAm"dapwDawmfudk Ak'¨0g'ESihf
,if;\&dScdk;ylaZmfrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí tenf;i,frQaom em;vnf
rIa&m pmemaxmufxm;rIyg r&SdEdkifao;onhf NydKifbuf (bmom
a&;)*dkPf;wpfck\ xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif qufvuf xm;&SdcGifhonf
onf;rcHEdkifaom rSm;,Gif;rI wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; rdrdwdkY\,kHMunfrI
twdkif; &yfwnfMuonhf [dE´L(bmom0if)tm;vkH;u 0efcHMu
rnfrSm aocsmygonf/ rdrdwdkY\ &SifoefqJ ,kHMunfcsufjzihf þ
xif&Sm;aom ordkif;0ifae&mwGif ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;pGm (bmoma&;)
aqmif½GufMuqJjzpfaom (Ak'¨bmom0if) vlxktm; þordkif;0if
ae&mudk jyefvnfxdef;odrf;rItwGuf ulnD&ef vGwfvyfrIESihf
rQwrIudk ,kHMunfolwdkif; av;pm;xkdufaom wm0efjzpfonf[k
uREkfyf,lqygonf}/
[dE´La&S;½dk;pGJ0g'D wpfa,mufjzpfonhf r[wår*E´Duyif þ
apwDawmfudk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u trSefyif ydkifqdkifaMumif; 0efcH&
onf ]þr[maAm"dapwDawmf ydkifqdkifrItwGuf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
ü tcGifhta&;&SdonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/ w&m;0if tcuf
Ak'¨*,m 109
xdktcsdefavmufrSmyif eDayg&[ef;awmfwpfyg;vnf; (Ak'¨*,mod)Yk
bk&m;zl;a&mufcJhonf/ ¤if;tzdkY Ak'¨*,mwGif aexdkif&ef ae&mr&Sd
aomaMumifh ([dE´Lbkef;BuD;) r[efY\eef;awmfwGif aexdkifc&Jh
onf/ ,if;eef;awmfwGif aexdkifpOf [dE´Lbkef;BuD;wpfa,mufudk
Ak'¨bmomtjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;EdkifcJhjcif;twGuf xif&Sm;onf/
19-&mpk ukefcgeD;tcsdef tem*g&du"r®ygvu r[maAm"d
apwDawmfudk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;twGuf awmif;qdkaomtcg [dE´L
bkef;BuD;r[efYu ,if;apwDudk rdrdydkifqkdifaMumif; jiif;qdkonf/
odkY&mwGif 1880-ckESpf a*s'D b*f*fvm (J.D. Beglar)\ jyefvnf
jyKjyifrGrf;rHcsdefrwkdifrDtxd apwDawmf\rSwfwrf;rsm; tm;vkH;onf
r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk rnfolrQ apmifha&Smufxm;jcif;r&SdbJ vspf
vsL½Ixm;onfh tysuftpD;wpfckomjzpfaMumif; ñTefjyonf/ 'kwd
,xyf&Sdtcef;ESihf ajrnDyxrxyftcef;wdkYrSm vkH;0z½dkz&Jjzpfae
onf/ trmvu (oQpfoQm;oD;)ae&monf usKd;ysufaeonf/ pkjyKH
aeonhf csKHEG,fydwfaygif;wdkYu apwDawmfteD;0ef;usif&Sd ajrnD
tqihfonf tjyifbufeH&Hrsm;&Sd rkcfckH;aygufrsm;odkYwdkif jrihfwuf
aeaMumif;azmfjyMuonf/
vma&mufzl;ajrmfolrsm;onf (apwDawmf\) yifrbk&m;cef;odYk
trSefyif qif;ouf&NyD; rdk;&moDwkdif;wGif a&aorsm;jynfhaeonf/
tjyifeH&HysufpD;,kd,Gif;aerIrSm awmifbufESihf taemufzufjcrf;
rsm;ü ododomom qdk;½Gm;onf/ þtcsufukd rdMwu 1878-
ckESpfwGif þodkYrSwfcsufcs\ ],if;ysufpD;&rIonf xdkab;eH&Hrsm;ü
wyfqif&ef ti,fpm;aoewfrsm;udk ,laqmifcJhjcif;aMumihf jzpf
ay:cJhykH&\/ xkdYjyif rlqvift,loD; ppfom;wpfcsKdU awmifukef;jrihf
ay:wGif aoewfrsm;xm;NyD; taemufajrmufaxmihfpGef;rS apwD
awmfudk wdkufckdufcJhjcif; jzpfzG,fr&Sd[k rqdkEdkifacs}/
at'D 1877-wGif jrefrm ('kwd,) aemufqkH;bk&if rif;wkef;
110 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rif;onf Ak'¨*,modkY tjcm;omoemjyKtzGJU wpfzGJU apvTwfjyef
onf/ þ(&nf½G,fcsuf)rSm apwDawmfudk jyKjyif&efomru bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef? bk&m;zl;rsm;ae&mxkdifcif;
tqifajyap&efESihf apwDawmfxdefodrf;a&; vkyfom;rsm; cefYtyf
&ef? tjcm;wpfenf;qdkaomf r[maAm"dapwDawmftm; touf0if
vIyf&Sm;vmap&ef jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif rif;BuD;(udk,fwdkif)ESihf rif;
BuD;vTwfvdkufaom omoemjyKtzGJU0ifrsm;\ o'¨gw&m;ESihfqkH;jzwf
csuf jyif;jyEdkifaomfvnf; apwDawmfjrwfBuD;\ rlvykHpHudk xdef;
odrf;rIta&;ygaMumif; em;vnfrIr&Sdojzihf trSwfrxif zsufqD;rI
awmfawmf rsm;rsm; jyKvkyfrdMuonf12/
,ck(xdktcsdef) tcgwGif r[maAm"dapwDawmfukd ordkif;t&
a&m tEkynmvuf&mt&yg rsm;pGmcrf;em; BuD;us,faMumif; t
rsm;u todtrSwfjyKcHxm;&NyD; ,if;odkY todtrSwfjyK cH&jcif;
onf aqmif½GufqJudpöESifh ywfoufí jrefrmrpf&SiftzGJUtm; tBuH
jyKa&;twGuf tvufpE´m uefeif[rfESihf &mZd`E´mvm,rdMwwdkYukd
wdkufwGef;&ef NAdwdoQtmPmydkifrsm;tm; wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/ t*F
vdyfjrefrm ppfyGJjzpfyGm;NyD; jrefrmtzGJU xGufcGm&aomtcg aemuf
qkH;ü NAdwdoQwdkYonf udk,fwdkifyif xdk(apwDjyKjyifa&;udpö)udk
tNyD;owf&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
apwDawmfjyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;? apwDawmf y&d0kPftwGif; &Sif;
vif;jcif;ESihf wpfpdwfwpfa'o wl;azmfjcif;rsm;udk uefeif[rf\
teD;uyf tMuHjyKcsufjzihf a*s'Db*¾vmu aqmif½GufEdkifpGrf;cJhonf/
ukefuswefzdk;pkpkaygif;rSm ½lyD;wpfodef;cefYjzpfNyD; tdE´d,tpdk;&u
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm taumif;qkH; Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;? ½kyfwkrsm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;ypönf;tcsKdUudk NAdwdoQjy
12
þtqdkrSefrrSef odkYr[kwf tu,fí rSefonfqdkvQif tb,ftwdkif;twmtxd
rSefuefaMumif; ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; a0zefokH;oyfoihfygonff (bmomjyefol)/
Ak'¨*,m 111
wdkuf (t*Fvef)odkY ,laqmifoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ apwDawmf0ef;
usif&Sd trIdufo½kduftpktykHudk &Sif;vif;pOf r[maAm"dapwDawmf
\ ykHpHi,fudkawGU&SdcJhojzihf b*f*fvmonf xdkykHpHi,fudk tokH;jyKNyD;
axmifhpGef;av;ckwGif apwD&Hav;ckESihf apwDawmftay:xyf rsuf
ESmpmxnfhoGif;vsuf (e*dkykHpHjzpfatmif) jyKjyifcJhonf/ ,if;twGuf
b*f*fvmonf aemiftcg rsm;pGm a0zefcHcJh&onf/ odkY&mwGif vuf
&SdykHpHtwdkif; jzpfvmatmif tqdkygxnhfoGif;rIrsm;onf tv,f
acwf aESmif;ydkif;u r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk awGUjrif&ykHtwdkif;
wduspGm ukd,fpm;rjyKEdkifaomfvnf; b*f*fvm\ jyefvnf jyKjyif
wnfaqmufrIonf apwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; e*dktwdkif;BuD;us,f
crf;em;rIay;onfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkygacs/ r[maAm"dapwD
awmfonf a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmESihf a&S;a[mif;okawoe
avhvmolrsm; avhvm&eftwGuf oufrJht<uif;tusefrQom vkH;0
r[kwfbJ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; vma&mufylaZmfEdkifonhf Ak'¨\aAm"d
ÓmPfudk tkwfausmufom;jzihf cif;usif;jyorIwpf&yfESihf oihfwifh
avsmufywfaom apwDawmfwpfcktjzpf &nf½G,faMumif; b*¾vm
em;vnfcJhonf/
,cktcgwGif r[maAm"dapwDawmf\ ½kyfydkif;wnfaqmufrI
udk jyefvnfxdef;odrf;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY\ &Sdcdk;yl
aZmfcGifh jyefvnf&&Sda&;ESihf ,if; (r[maAm"dapwD)tm; xdef;csKyfrI
vkyfief;udk jyefvnfpwifcJhonf/ tem*g&du"r®ygvESihf r[efYwdkY
onf ,if;apwDawmfudk ydkifqdkifrIESihf ywfoufonhf w&m;0if
wdkufyGJ tpDt&Djzihf ESpfumvMumjrihfpGm trI&ifqdkifcJhMuonf/
aemufqkH; 1906-ckESpfwGif "r®ygb ½IH;NyD; tjiif;yGm;rI ed*kH;csKyfoGm;
cJhonf/ ,if;tNyD;owf tajctaeonf cg;oD;cJhaomfvnf;
tem*g&du "r®ygvtaejzihf rdrd\qkH;jzwfcsuf(t"d|mef)udk wdk;`rSifh
tm;ay;&efom jzpfapcJhonf/
 116 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
[dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;wef;&Sdonf/ yxrawGU&Sd&onfh bk&m;ausmif;
wGif [dE´Lewfbk&m;rsm;ESihf wlap&ef t0wftpm;0wfNyD; aq;
okwfxm;onhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f Ak'¨qif;wkawmf tpkta0;&Sdonf/
xdkae&mudk tkyfpdk;aeMuonfh ykPÖm;rsm;u (¤if;wdkYudk) ay;urf;
pGefYBuJ&ef bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; aESmihf,SufMuonf/ tjcm;Ak'¨
*,m&Sd ae&mXmersm;uJhodkYyif þae&müvnf; bk&m;zl;rsm;
taejzifh vª'gef;ay;urf;&rnfqdkonhf owfrSwfcsuf r&Sdacs/
r[maAm"dapwDawmf
bk&m;zl;onf ,cktcsdefwGif Ak'¨bmomavmuü tav;pm;tyf
qkH; tMunfnKdtyfqkH;jzpfonhf r[maAm"d apwDawmfjrwfBuD;\
a&SUarSmufü&yfaeygNyD/ apwDawmfjrwfBuD;onf av;axmifhpyfykH
jzpfNyD; odc& (Sikhara) ac: yifrapwDudk,fxnfBuD;rSm tv,frS
tay:bufodkY cyfavQmavQm jrifhwufoGm;onf/ tpGef; (av;)
axmifhwGif apwD&Hav;qlyg&Sdonf/ þt&HapwDi,f av;qlonf
apwDawmfrlvwnfaqmufpOfuyg&SdcJhaom tpdwftydkif;r[kwfbJ
aemufrS (jznhfpGuf) wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzef tv,f
acwfwGif (jznfhpGuf t&HapwDav;qludk) jyefvnfz,f&Sm;cJhNyD;
b*f*fvmjyefvnfjyKjyifaomtcg jyefvnfí jznhfpGufwnfaqmuf
cJhjyefonf/ tv,fapwDrBuD;onf 52-rDwmjrifhNyD; tdE´d,apwD
trsm;pkü awGU&NrJjzpfonhf trmvu (Amalaka)ac: t0kdif;jym;ykH
(oQdoQm;oD;) jzihfaqmif;rdk;xm;onf/
yifrtaqmufttkHrS xGufaeonhf qif0iftrdk;rSm aemufrS
xnhfoGif; wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ qif0iftrdk;rS ausmuf
wdkifav;ck? wHcg;abmifrsm;? avSum;xpfrsm;ESihf Murf;cif;wdkYrS
wpfyg; apwDawmf wpfckvkH;udk tkwfjzihfwnfaqmufxm;onf/
apwDawmf\ a&S;tusqkH; tpdwftydkif;&Sd tkwfcJrsm;onf 48_
33_55 pifwDrDwm yrmP&SdNyD; (,if;tkwfrsm;udk) wpfckESihfwpfck
Ak'¨*,m 113
tcJrsm; &SdEdkifonf/ ,if;tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvTm;ypf&rnf/
apwDawmftwGif; wd&pämef,ZfylaZmfrI&Sdonf qdkonhfowif; rSef
vQif ,if;(tjyKtrl)onf bmoma&;apmfum;rIjzpfonf/ pGyfpGJcH&
onhftwdkif; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tm; pdwfxdckdufemusifap&ef BuH
½G,fonhfenf;jzihf (,Zf)ylaZmf MurnfqdkvQif ,if;(odkYjyKjcif;)onf
olwpfyg;wdkY udk;uG,fonhf bmomw&m;udk rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;ESihf
twlwl jzpfonf}/
aemufqkH; 1949-wGif Ak'¨*,m (r[maAm"d) apwDOya'
(AD[mjynfe,f Oya'trSwf 17^1949-1955 azazmf0g&Dv 8-
&ufaeYwGif jyifqif)udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ þOya't& (r[maAm"d)
apwDawmfa&;&mudpörsm; aqmif½Guf&ef [dE´Lav;a,mufESihf Ak'¨
bmomav;a,muf tzGJUudkzGJUpnf;a&; pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf
rsm;yg&Sdonf/ þtpDtpOfonf ESpfoufauseyfzG,fraumif;ao;
aomfvnf; ,cifuuJhodkY zkH;uG,fwdrfjrKyfaeonfxufawmh ydkrdk
aumif;rGefvmonf/
,aeYacwfwGif Ak'¨*,monf ao;i,faomfvnf; r[mAm"d
apwD0ef;usifü BuD;xGm;vmNyD; ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;aeonhf aus;½Gm
wpfckjzpfonf/ tcsdefra½G; Ak'¨bmomEkdifiHwpfckrS oHtrwfBuD;
wpfa,muf odkYr[kwf ausmfMum;onfh Ak'¨bmomynm&Sif odkY
r[kwf ur®|mef;q&mwpfa,muf vma&mufEdkifonf/ bk&m;zl;
ta&mufqkH;tcsdefjzpfonhf aqmif;&moDwGif r[m&| (Mahara-
stra)? vm'ufcf (Ladakh)? b*Fvm;jynfe,frsm;rS tdE´d,vlrsKd; Ak'¨
bmom0ifrsm;? odkYr[kwf arCv,ESihf rPdyl&e,frsm;rS Ak'¨
bmom vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ vmtdk? AD,uferf? *syef?
oD&dvuFm? ,dk;',m;ESihf rav;&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/
1959-ckESpf uwnf;u tdE´d,wGif tajccs aexdkifcJhMuonfh
wdAuf 'ku©onfrsm;udkvnf; awGUEdkifonf/ jyefvm&ef uwd0efcH
 114 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
csufrsm;ay;í rdom;pktcsKdU (w½kwfjynfrSm)usefcJhojzihf w½kwf
tmPmydkifrsm;u bk&m;zl; oGm;a&mufcGihf jyKxm;oltcsdKUudkyif
awGUEdkifonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;? tar&duefrsm;ESihf MopaMw
vsvlrsKd; trsm;tjym;udkvnf; awGUjrifEdkifonf/ tcsKdUrSm pl;prf;
vdkí tcsKdUrSm MunfndK,kHMunfí vmMujcif;jzpfonf/ þ,Of
aus;rItrsKd;rsKd;rS vlaygif;pkHonf Ak'¨*,m\ordkif;? tEkynmESifh
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mcrf;em;rIwdkYtm; qGJaqmifrIyrmPudk jznhfwif;ay;
MuNyD; tdE´d,wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f c&D;pOfrsm;teuf wpfcktjzpf
rSwf,lMuonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
t0ifrkcfOD;
bk&m;zl;onf ta&SUbuf*dwfrS apwDawmftwGif;0ifvdkufonfESihf
a&SUwGifrdk;aeonhf apwDawmftxGwfrsm;ESihf atmufajcwGif jrifh
jrwfonhf y&d0kPf0ef;usifudk zl;jrif&onf/ tD;trf zdkpfwm (E. M.
Foster) trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfu xdkae&modkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg þodkY
qdk\ ]um;udk&yfvkdufNyD; a&wmwrHESihfwlonhf ukef;jrifhpGef;rS t
&mcyfodrf;udk ½kwfw&ufawGUvkdufaom jrifuGif;um; usrf;pmrsm;
wGif jyqdkxm;onhftwdkif; ]]vG,fvG,fESihf arhaysmufoGm;rnhf
t&m}} r[kwfygacs/ urÇmay:wGif xdkjrifuGif;ESihfwlaomt&m &SdEkdif
rnf r[kwf}/
avSum;rSqif;í apwDawmfbufodkY qufvufavQmufoGm;
jcif;ü bk&m;zl;onf jrihfjrwfaom (r[maAm"dapwDawmf) y&d0kPf
twGif; 0ifa&mufonhf txdrf;trSwftjzpf vSypGmxGif;xkxm;
aom t0ifrkcfOD;atmufrS jzwfoGm;&onf/ xGif;xkxm;onhf
vuf&m[efudk Munfhí qkH;jzwfxm;csuft& t0ifrkcfOD;onf
at'D &Spf&mpkcefYu vuf&m[k qdkonf/ "r®omrd þr[maAm"d
Ak'¨*,m 115
apwDawmfjrwfodkY <ua&mufaomtcg þt0ifrkcfOD;onf usKd;
ysufaeNyDjzpfonf/ "r®omrdu ,if;rkcfOD;udk tmp&d, [,aCm
o(rax&f) pdkufxlcJhaMumif;qdkonf/ rkkcfOD;atmufajcwGif 'l;
axmufaeonhf jrefvuf&m½kyfwkESpfck&Sdonf/ þonfrSm 1810-
ckESpf jrefrmrpf&SiftzGJU vma&mufpOf wnfxm;cJhonhf ½kyfwkjzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'¨yg'apwD
t0ifrkcf0vuf0JbufwGif qif0iftrdk;ESihf bk&m;ausmif;i,fwpfck
&Sdonf/ ,if;\ausmufwkdifrsm;udk odrfarGU pGmxGif;xkxm;onf/
(qif0if)trdk;atmufwGif &mpkESpfapmapmydkif;umvrsm;u jrwfAk'¨
txdrf;trSwftjzpf tokH;jyKcJhaom ajcawmf&mrsm; xGif;xkxm;
onfh t0dkif;ykH ausmufyv’ifBuD;&Sdonf/ ,if;ausmufyv’ifonf
t&Sif"r®omrd <ua&mufpOf zl;awGUcJh&onhf ausmufyv’ifESihfwl
onf/ xdkausmufyv’ifESifh ywfoufí t&Sif"r®omrdu pdwf0if
pm;zG,f rSwfcsufay;xm;onf ],cifu þajc&mawmf (yg'
apwD) awmfay:rS tm½kHcHwefaqmif; wpfckwnfaqmuf&ef &nf
½G,fcJhaomfvnf; ynm&SdwdkYu tu,fí tm½kHcHwefaqmif;
aqmufvkyfcJhaomf wHcg;wyf&rnfjzpfí wHcg;apmifhwpfa,muf
vkdvmrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;wHcg;apmifhu bk&m;&Sdcdk;olrsm;xHrS tc
aMu;aiG awmif;cHrIaMumihf yg'apwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfvmMuolrsm;
enf;yg;oGm;Edkifonf[k ½IjrifMuaomaMumifh weffaqmif; rwnf
aqmufcJhjcif;jzpf\}/
ab;teD;tem;&Sd ausmufpm twdktxGmrsm;t& þ (yg'
apwD&Sd&m) ausmufyv’ifudk at'D 1308-ckESpw f Gif xGif;xkcJhonf/
[dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;rsm;
Ak'¨yg'apwDESihf uyfvsufwGif Ak'¨*,mudk Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkY arh
aysmufxm;NyD; [dE´LwdkY tokH;jyKpOftwGif; wnfaqmufxm;cJhonhf
120 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wef ausmufrsufrsm;yg0ifonf/ (xdkYjyif) c&pf 160-[k cefYrSef;&
onhf a½T'*Fg;jym;tyg;ay:rS (wHqdyf)cwfESdyfxm;rI wpfckvnf;
awGU&ojzihf þ'kwd, yv’ifausmif;awmfukd at'D 160-cefYu
wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
aemufxyf pkHprf;avhvmawGU&Sdcsuft& 'kwd,yv’ifausmif;
awmftwGif;ü rlvyxrqkH;jzpfaom 0Zd&moe[k ,lq&onhf
wwd,yv’ifausmif;awmfwpfckudk awGU&Sd&jyefonf/ (yv’if)a&SU
bufü (tajc)wpfydkif;jrKyfaeonhf ausmufwdkifav;ckyg atmufcH
ckHwGif wifxm;onhf tvGefajymifvufacsmrGwfvsuf usKd;aeNyDjzpf
onhf tjyiftqifr&Sd yuwdvdyfonf; ausmufom;jym;wpfckudk
awGU&jcif;jzpfonf/ þ0Zd&moeonf bm&[kw (a'o&SdapwD
awmfrS&&Sdaom) ½kyf<uü azmfjyxm;onhf 0Zd&moeykHpHESihf teD;pyf
qkH;wlnDonf/ þajymifvuf acsmrGwfaeaom vdyfonf;ausmuf
om;jym;(yv’if)rSm ydkrdka&S;usonhf tcsdefuyif aumif;pGmwnf&SdcJh
Edkifaomfvnf; þ0Zd&moetajcav;ckyg (yv’ifausmif;)rSmrl bDpD
okH;&mpku taomubk&if wnfaqmufcJhaom rlvbk&m;ausmif;
(yv’if)\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif ;jzpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvkdacs13/
13
þü usrf;jyLolu atmufygtwkdif; &Sif;vif;csufay;xm;onf – 0Zd&moe[lonf
jrwfAk'¨ bk&m;rjzpfrDESihf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;ptcsdef xdkifaeawmfrlcJhonhf aAm"dyif&if;rS
ae&mawmfjzpfonf/ bDpDig;&mpkwGif þae&mü yuwdajrom;rQom jzpfonf/ (usrf;
*efwdkYüazmfjyonhf ty&mZdwyv’ifawmfrSm Ak'¨tjzpfodkYa&mufawmfNyD;aemuf rMumrD
uG,faysmufoGm;onf [kqdkEdkifonf/ Oyrm rif;om;od'¨w¬ awmxGufawmfrlNyD;aemuf
a½Ttdk;BuD;rsm; r&SdawmhouJhodkY jzpfonf/ bmomjyefol)/ bDpD av;&mpkodkYa&mufaom
tcg ]tjyiftqifr&Sd yuwdajymifvufacsmrGwfaom vdyfonf;ausmufom;yv’if}udk
aAm"dyifatmufü wnfxm;udk;uG,fMuonf/ bDpDokH;&mpkürl taomurif;BuD;onf
r[maAm"dyifudk 0ef;&HNyD; bk&m;ausmif;wpfck (bm&[kw½kyf<uykH[k,lq&onf)udk
wnfaqmufNyD; aAm"dyifatmuf&Sd 0Zd&moeae&mwGif rlvvdyfonf;ausmufjym;ay:rS
]xef;yifESihf [oFmykHyg csLem& (t&yfrSxGufonfh) ausmufjym; yv’ifckHay:üwifí}
wnfxm; ylaZmfcJhonf/
Ak'¨*,m 117
csdwfquf&ef t*Faw rygoavmufeD;yg;om okH;&onftxd
tvGef oyf&yfaumif;rGefpGm jyKvkyfxm;NyD; wpfckESifhwpfck teD;pyf
qkH; tH0ifcGifus xdpyfaeatmif pDrHxm;onf/ apwDawmfBuD;udk
wnfaqmuf&mü (,if;uJhodkY) xif&Sm;onhf *½kwpdkuf aqmif½Guf
xm;jcif;onf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm umvtwGif; xdka'oü vIyfcJh
aom ivsifBuD;rsm;\'PfrS apwDawmfBuD; rysufrpD; usef&Sdae
&jcif;\ ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdaom taMumif;&if;wpf &yfjzpfonf/
[l,ifqefwdkYacwfu yifr0ifayguf wpfbufwpfcsu&f Sd
uvkdifaygufESpfckwGif aiGom;jzihfxkvkyfxm;aom t0avmudaw
oGm&ESihf arawå,s (bk&m;avmif;)qif;wkrsm;&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
,cktcgü apwDawmfudk jyefvnfrGrf;rHpOfu Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
udk xnhfoGif;xm;NyDjzpfonf/ b,fbuf&Sd o&zlaqmif;xm;onfh
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ yckH;rsm;ay:wGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfi,fESpfqlygonf/
xdkqif;wkawmf\ab;wGif bk&m;avmif; y'krygPdESihf t0avmud
awoGm&wkdY &yfaeonf/ nmbufuvkdifayguf&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
rSm txl;oyÜm,fonf/ [eftaetxm;t& *kwåacwfrS yv’
acwftwGif; vuf&mjzpfNyD; at'D 7-&mpk[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf (ESpfql)vkH;onf ausmufawmifpGef;rsm;ESihf a0SU&rf;
aeaom oHo&mvIdif;*,ufay: aygufa&mufaeonhf MumyGifhay:ü
NidrfoufpGm &yfaeonf/ qif0iftrdk;atmufodkY0ifoGm;ygu ESpfql
xufrenf;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk 0J,mESpfbufvkH;ü jrif
awGUEdkifonf/
wpfzef yxrtcef;\twGif;buf Murf;cif;ay:&Sd vdyfonf;
ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;teuf tBuD;qkH;wpfckwGif vuftkyfcsDae[ef
jzihf 0yfpif;aeonhf trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;ykH vuf&mcyfMurf;Murf;
½kyfxGif;rsm;&Sdonf/ tcsKdUrSm Mumzl;udkudkufvsuf apwDawmfrsm;
tm; ylaZmfaeMuonf/ (,if;ausmufjym;rsm;ü) ausmufpmtrsm;
118 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o Ak'¨*,m 119
tjym;vnf;&Sdonf/ þrSwfwrf;rsm;tm;vkH;onf at'D 1302-
1331 twGif; qif;'fa'orS Ak'¨*,modkY tkyfpkvdkuf bk&m;zl;
vmcJhMuaom rif;nDrif;om;rsm;? tBuD;tuJrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY\ ZeD;
rsm;\ bk&m;zl;c&D;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
,if;tcef;rS xGufcGmNyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;onf ,cktcg pnf
ydkif;ykHckH;rdk;eSihf tcef;BuD;atmufodkY 0ifa&mufvmonf/ ,if; (t
cef;)\tqkH;wGif yifrbk&m;ausmif;awmf ae&m&Sdonf/ þyifr
bk&m;ausmif;ae&mudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓmPfudk &&Sdaom
ae&m wnfhwnhüf wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ þae&mudk
bk&m;&Sif tm;vkH;wdkY\ atmifyv’if (oAÁAk'¨geH yv’uø)? urÇmajr\
A[dkcsuf (ykxk0d embd) ponfjzihf trsKd;rsKd; ac:a0:Muonf/
bDpD 527-ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhnwGif &SifawmfAk'¨tm; ÓmPf
rsufpdtMum;tjrif? todynm? em;vnfrI? ÓPftvif;rsm; jzpf
ay:cJhonfrSm þajrjrwfr[mü xdkifawmfrlaepOfwGifjzpf\/ þ
(ty&mZdwyv’if) ae&mwGif jrwfAk'¨onf 0drkwådokcudkcHpm;vsuf
ckepf&ufywfvkH; qufwdkuf oDwif;okH;aeawmfrlcJhonf/ Ak'¨ qif;
wkawmf (wpfql)xkdifvsuf oDwif;okH;udef;0yfaeonhf þbk&m;
(yv’if)ausmif;ae&mawmfonf yv’acwf acwfOD;ydkif;vuf&mjzpf
onf/ þbk&m;(yv’if)ausmif;aqmifawmf\ ausmufjym;rsm;udk
uefeif[rf a½TUrvdkufaomtcg twGif;ü ,if;rwdkifrD wnf
aqmufxm;onhf bk&m;(yv’if)ausmif;i,fwpfckudk tHhMopGm awGU
&Sd&onf/ þ'kwd,yv’ifausmif;awmfudk pepfwusavhvmaom
tcg t*Fawo½kd;udk ao;i,fonhf oEÅm? eDvm? ovif;ausmuf?
ykvJ? qifpG,ftrIefYrsm; a&mpyfxm;aom xkH;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;onf
udk awGU&onf/ ½GHUap;vkH;wpfvkH;vnf; awGU&NyD; (,if;½THUap;vkH;)
uGJoGm;ojzihf a&Txnf trsm;tjym;awGU&onf/ (a&T) yef;yGifhrsm;?
(a½T)jym;rsm;ESihf (a½T)ykwD;aphrsm;? tzdk;wefESihf tawmftweftzdk;
124 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
eif;aeonhfykH jzpfonf/ rlvqif;wk\ tjcm;wpfbufwGif vSypGm
xGif;xkxm;aom qifpD;ae[ef jcaoFh½kyfrsm;&Sdonf/
apwDawmf\ tay:xyf taqmuftOD (txufypö,m)ay:ü
ajccsvkdufaomtcg bk&m;zl;onf nmbufü yifr0ifayguf wnfh
wnfhay:&Sd tcef;i,fodkY a&mufoGm;Edkifaom wHcg;wpfckudk awGU&
onf/ 1990-cefYtxd þtay:xyftcef;i,fudk naeydkif;rsm;wGif
omzGifh onf/ þtcef;i,fxJwGif olrwlxl;uJpGm oyÜm,fonhf
o&zl aqmif;&wemwdkYjzihf wefqmqifxm;onhf &yfawmfrl yv’
acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql&Sdonf/ &yfawmfrl Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
i,fESpfqlESihf xkdifawmfrlESpfqlwdkYudk ,if;Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ ab;
ESpfbufwGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/ OygoumESpfa,mufu 'l;axmufí
&Sdcdk;OD;ñGwf aeMuonf/ atmufajc&Sd ½kyfwkESpfckrSm ajrapmifh ewf
orD;ESihf [dE´Ltcspfewf (umr)\ ½kyfwkjzpfonf/ *&d'@m&Düyg&Sd
aom tcspfewf usL;ypf (Cupid)uJhodkYyif umrewfonf ol\om;
aumif;rsm;udk ypfcGif;(tm½kH<uap)&ef av;ESihfjrm;udk tokH;jyK
onf/ þü umr½kyfwkrSm Ak'¨\ wnfNidrfonhf wPSm&m* z,f
&Sm;a&; w&m;awmfjzihf ESdrfeif;cH&aomaMumihf av;ESihfjrm;udk ab;
wGifcsxm;NyD; rMunfomaom rsufESmxm;jzihf xdkifaeonf/ þ
(Ak'¨)qif;wkawmfudk rMumrDu a½Tcsxm;ojzihf ydkí oyÜm,fonf/
tay:xyftcef;rS xGufcGmNyD; txufypö,mudk vuf,m&pf
ywfí vrf;avQmufoGm;jcif;ü bk&m;zl;onf apwDawmfwpfckvkH;
udk ywfavQmufoGm;í&onf/ apwDawmftaemufbuf&Sd t&H
apwDi,fESpfqludkjzwfNyD; aAm"dyiftay:em;rS jzwfavQmuf&onf/
apwDawmf\ ta&SUajrmufaxmihfa&mufaomtcg bk&m;zl;onf
avSum;aqmifudk0ifNyD; ajrnDxyfodkY wpfzefqif;oGm;&onf/ þ
avSum;aqmifxdyfwGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsKdU yg&Sdonfh &yfawmfrl
qif;wkawmfBuD; wpfql&Sdonf/ þMunfnKdzG,f qif;wkawmfonf
Ak'¨*,m 121
rlvyv’ifausmif;rsm;udk rNzdKzsufbJ yv’ifausmif; topf
aqmufvkyfjcif;ESihf ,if; (yv’ifausmif;) rsm;twGif; awGU&Sd&onhf
&wemrsm;rSm þjrifhjrwfaom ae&mawmfudk &mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGm
Mumatmif wnf&SdcJhonhf tvGef½dkaoav;jrwfrItwGuf oufao
yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ausmif;aqmiftwGif;&Sd 10-&mpkaESmif;ydkif;
vuf&m (,ckvuf&Sd) qif;wkawmfonf ESpfrDwmausmfausmfjrifhNyD;
blrdzórkj'm (ajrBuD;vufxd)[ef Ak'¨qif;wkawmf jzpfonf/
þqif;wkawmfonf awGU&NrJMumyGifhay:ü r[kwfbJ tajymuf
trGrf;ygonhf xkdifcif;ay:wGif oDwif;okH;awmfrlonf/ atmufcH
(yv’if)rSm qifESpfaumifESihf jcaoFhESpfaumif NcH&Haeonhf ajrewf
orD;ykHjzpfonf/ w½kwf&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef vufxufwGif þ
bk&m;ausmif;aqmifonf twGif;ydkif;&Sd qif;wkawmfykHudk rSefBuD;
wpfcsyfjzihf twGif;odkY tvif;a&mif jyef[yfapjcif;jzihfom zl;jrifEdkif
onfxd arSmifvGef;aeonf/ þonfrSm t0if0&Sd opfom;qif0if
trdk;aMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefonf rdrd r<ua&mufrD
wpfcsdefu jzpfysufcJhonfh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yftaMumif; þodkY
ajymjyxm;onf –
at'Dig;&mpkü r[maAm"dyif&if;&Sd 0Zd&moeae&may:wGif r[maAm"dapwDudk
wnfaomtcg (þtcsdefü taomurif; aqmufvkyfcJhonhf bk&m;ausmif; ysufpD;
oGm;vsuf aAm"dyifBuD;vnf; aoqkH;oGm;NyD; tpm;jyefrpdkuf&ao;/ odkYr[kwf
taemufzufodkY ae&ma½TUajymif;pdkufxm;NyD[k qdkEdkifonf/ bmomjyefol)/ taomu
rif;BuD; vª'gef;onhf tajcav;ckyg ausmufom;yv’ifckHESihf ,if;rwdkifrD&SdcJhonhf rlv
vdyfonf;ausmufjym;udk r[maAm"dapwDawmftwGif; xnhfoGif;Xmyemvkdufonf/
,if;onf r[maAm"dapwDtwGif;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudef;0yf&m yv’ifjrifhtwGif;udk
uefeif[rf wl;azmfpOfawGU&Sd&onhf wwd,0Zd&moeyv’ifausmif;jzpfonf/ apwD\
taemufbufodkY a½TUajymif;pdkufysKd;xm;onhf r[maAm"dyifatmufü taomurif;
aumif;rI ]xef;yifESihf [oFm½kyfyg csLem&oJausmufjym;yv’if}udk wnfxm;ylaZmfMu
onf/ ,if;onf ,aeYacwf bk&m;zl;rsm; awGUjrif&onfh tjyif0Zd&moeyv’if
ausmif;awmfjzpfonf/ (þpmtkyf pmrsufESm 129-udkvnf; ½Iyg)/
 122 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
]omouFrif;14onf aAm"dyifudk ckwfvSJapNyD;aemuf þAk'¨
qif;wkawmfudk zsufqD;ypfcsif\/ odkYaomf qif;wkawmf\ Munf
nKdzG,foGifjyifudk awGU&aomtcg qkH;jzwfcsufysufoGm;NyD; ta>c
t&Hrsm;ESihftwl eef;awmfodkY jyefqkwfoGm;\/ vrf;wGif ¤if;\
t&m&Sdwpfa,muftm; ]]'DAk'¨qif;awmfukda½TUNyD; olYae&mrSm ra[
oGm&½kyfwkudk (tpm;xkd;)xm;&rnf}} [kqdk\/ t&m&Sdonf trdefY&
NyD;aomtcg aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfoGm;NyD; oufjyif;csvsuf þodkYqdk
onf ]]tu,fí ig Ak'¨qif;wkudk zsufqD;vQif urÇmaygif;rsm;pGm
tukodkvftusKd;cH pm;&rnf/ bk&iftrdefYudk remcHvQif bk&ihfu
ighukd ao'Pfay;NyD; ighrdom;pkudk zsufqD;vdrhfrnf/ wpfenf;qdk
&vQif trdefYudk emcHonfjzpfap? remcHonfjzpfap 'DtusKd;quf
awGjzpfrnf/ 'gjzihf ig rnfodkY aqmif½Guf& rnfenf;/ xdktcsdefwGif
t&m&Sdonf Ak'¨tm;,kHMunfonhf ESvkH;om;&Sdol (Ak'¨bmom0if)
a,musfm;wpfa,muftm; rdrdudkulnD&ef ac:,lNyD; bk&m; (yv’if)
tcef;udk uefYvefYjzwfvsuf qif;wkawmfa&SUü eH&Hwpfck wnf
aqmufcdkif;\/ xdka,musfm;onf (bk&m;cef;ü) arSmifaerIudk rvdk
vm;ojzihf txJwGif qif;wkawmf ESihftwl qDrD;wdkifxGefñSdxm;
vkdufNyD; eH&HwGifra[oGm&ykHa&;qGJ\/ a&;qGJNyD;aomtcg bk&if
tm;taMumif;Mum;\/ xdkudpöudk Mum;odoGm;jcif;ü bk&ifBuD;onf
tvGeftrif; aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfoGm;vsuf olYcE¨m wpfudk,fvkH;
temrsm; xvmNyD; tom;rS aoG;ykyfrsm; ,dkusvm\/ rMumrD
bk&ifBuD; aoqkH;oGm;\/ xdkYaemuf t&m&Sdonf Mum;cHtkwfeH&Hudk
14
jA[®P0g'pGJjyif;xefol b*Fvm;e,frSbk&if (Sasanka 600-635 A.D.)? þrif;onf
Ak'¨ yg'ajcawmf&mapwDudk **FgjrpfxJ arQmcdkif;onf? r[maAm"dyifudk ckwfjzwfNyD; tjrpf
rsm;udk a&xJ arQmvsuf opfyifae&mudk rD½IdUckdif;onf? Ak'¨qif;wkawmf ae&mwGif oQD0
vd*Fudk tpm;xkd;ckdif;onf[k [l,ifqefrSwfwrf;ü azmfjyonf (Watters bmomjyef?
'kwd, wGJ? pm- 92? 115? 116/ bmomjyefol)/
Ak'¨*,m 123
tvsiftjref NzdKcsap\/ NzdKcsNyD;aomtcg twGif;ü xGef;ñSdxm;cJh
aom qD;rD;wdkifonf &ufrsm;pGmMumonfxd qufvufxGef;vif;
aeao;onfudk awGU&\}/
wdAuf&[ef;awmf "r®omrdacwfwGif þ (r[maAm"dqif;wk
awmf)udk vG,fulpGm zl;jrifEdkifao;onfrSm aocsmonf/ ]apwD
twGif;&Sd r[maAm"dqif;wkawmf\ rsufESmawmfonf tjrifhESpf
awmif&Sd\/ þuJhodkYaom qif;wkawmfudk zl;jrif&olwpfa,muf
onf vkH;0auseyfoGm;Edkifjcif;r&SdbJ tjcm;wpfae&modkY oGm;a&muf
zl;ajrmfvdkjcif; r&Sdawmhacs}/ "r®omrdt&Sifjrwfu ]Ak'¨tm; rMunf
nKdolrsm;yif þqif;wkawmfa&SUü &yfvdkufaomtcg (0rf;om)
rsuf&nfrusbJ raeEdkifonftxd cHpm;&\}[kvnf; qdkonf/
odkY&mwGif þqif;wkawmfjrwfBuD;onf a&S;tMumBuD; uwnf;u
zsufqD;ypfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ rlqvifwdkY usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufpOf
twGif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ ,aeYacwf (r[maAm"dapwDawmftwGif;)
zl;awGU&onhf qif;wkawmfudk [dE´Lbkef;BuD; r[efYeef;awmf 0if;xJ
ü awGU&SdcJhNyD; AkdvfcsKyf uefeif[rf\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh vuf&Sd
ae&m (apwDawmftwGif;)odkY a½TUajymif;EkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þAk'¨
qif;wkawmfrSm xif&Sm;onhf pdwfcHpm;rIr&Sdaomfvnf; qif;wkudk
xdef;odrf;xm;onhf ywf0ef;usifu qif;wkawmftm; aocsmaom
qGJaqmifrIwpf&yfudk ay;onf/ &mbd`E´mewfofw*dk;u þ (r[m
aAm"dqif;wk)udk zl;jrif&aomtcg olYb0ü ½kyfwka&SUwGif OD;ñGwf
vdkpdwf cHpm;rdonfrSm þwpfBudrfom jzpfaMumif;qdkcJhonf/
yxrbk&m;cef;aqmifodkY jyefvmjcif;ü bk&m;zl;onf 'kwd,
xyfodkYa&mufonhf b,fbufwnfhwnfh&Sd avSum;udk wuf&
onf/ avSum;xdyfwGif qif;wki,fESpfql NcH&Haeonhf o&zl
aqmif; &yfawmfrl Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfql&Sdonf/ (bk&m;qif;
wki,f ESpfqlteuf) nmbuf&SdtqlrSm emVm*D&dqifajymifudk ESdrf
 128 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
a[mif;jcH0if;\ wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk aAm"dyiftm; um&Honhf
jcHpnf;½dk;topfESihf yl;wGJwnfaqmufxm;onhf yef;ykxGif;xm;
aom ausmufabmifrsm;yg&SdNyD; ¤if;\atmufbufwGif qif? jrif;?
tpGef;wpfbufü oefvsufudkifxm;onhf ½kyfykHwpfckESihf cGufwpfck
udk tjcm;wpfa,muftm; ay;aeonhf Oygoumwpfa,mufykH
rsm;xGif;xkxm;aom ausmufxGif;½kyfykHrsm;rSm qdk;½Gm;pGma[mif;
EGrf;aeNyD; *kwå acwfaESmif;ydkif; vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/
1899-ckESpfwGif *syef&[ef;awmf tdudkifu0g*lcsD (Ekaii
Kawaguchi) onf wdAufodkY pGefYpm;cef;c&D; rxGufcGmrD Ak'¨*,modYk
bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ tdudkifonf w&m;ESvkH;oGif;&if; aAm"d
yifatmufü wpfnwm aecJh&mwGif vGefcJhaomtcsdefrsm;u tjcm;
bk&m;zl;rsm; azmfjyouJhodkYyif ¤if;\cHpm;rIudk þodkY azmfjycJhonf
]xdktcsdefu uREkfyfcHpm;cJh&aom cHpm;rIrsKd;udk azmfjyEdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg/
tNidrfoufqkH;ESihf tNidrf;csrf;qkH;aom yDwdt[kefjzihf wpfnwm
ukefqkH;cJhonf[líom uREkfyfajymjyEdkifyg\/ Munfvifaom vpE´m
onf aAm"dudkif;rsm;tMum;rS ty&mZdwyv’ifawmf ae&may:wGif
obm0twdkif; jzLazG;aoma&mufjcnf jzmvufay;aeonfudk jrif
awGU&\/ uREkfyfonf þae&mjrwfü w&m;ESvkH;oGif;&if; Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwf ukefvGefcJhaom aeYnrsm;udk awG;rdvdkufpOf þjrifuGif;
um; tqef;wMu,f ESpfvdkzG,faumif;NyD; xl;jrwfvSygbd}/
tjyif0Zd&moe
aAm"dyifajcwGif Ak'¨*,mü awGU&Sd&qJ a&S;tusqkH;t&mrSm axmifh
rSefykH ausmufyv’ifBuD;jzpfonf/ þausmuf yv’ifrSm tjcm;0Zd&m
oeae&m wpfckjzpfonf/ þ0Zd&moe\ a&S;tusqkH; rlvae&m
udk (r[maAm"d) apwDawmftwGif; xnfhoGif; Xmyemxm;NyD;jzpf
onf/ þtjyif0Zd&moeae&monf 143_238_135 pifwDrDwm
&SdNyD; ajymifvufacsmarGUonhf csLem&(Chunar)oJausmufjzihf jyKvkyf
Ak'¨*,m 125
qkawmfay;[ef rkj'mjzpfNyD; b,fbufwGif t0avmudawoGm&
ESihf nmbufwGif arawå,swdkY NcH&Haeonf/ þqif;wkawmfay:
wGif ausmufpm trsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ ,ckacwf b*Fvm;a'h&Sf [k
,lq&onfh t&yfrS &[ef;awmfwpfyg; vª'gef;onf[k ,lq&
aom nmbufatmufajc&Sd pmwef;u þodkYazmfjy\ ]0denf;
(yd#uwf)ü vdr®muRrf;usifNyD; aomryl&NrdKU r[m0d[m&wpfckwGif
aexkdifvsuf omrwmw (Samatata)EdkifiHom; r[m,me*dkPf;
0ifjzpfol 0D&d,d`E´ (&[ef;awmf)\ aumif;rI}/ ausmufpm ab;&Sd
½kyfwki,frSm 0D&d,d`E´\ ab;wdkufykH jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
apwDtwGif;rS xGufcGmNyD; vuf,m&pfvSnfhvdkufaomf bk&m;
zl;onf apwDawmftjyif ywfvnfudk vrf;avQmufEkdifonf/
apwDawmftjyifeH&H&Sd uvdkifi,frsm;wGif Ak'¨qif;wkrsm;&Sdonf/
tm;vkH;rSm rMumrDu wnfaqmuf xnhfoGif;xm;aom vuf&m
rsm;jzpfonf/ uvdkifi,fatmufajcwdkif;wGif iSufESpfaumifykHyg
onhf rSefuluGufwpfck&Sdonf/ (iSufrsm;onf) EIwfcrf;wGif ykvJ
ukH;udk udkufcsDíjzpfap? OD;wnf&mrwlonhfbufodkY ysHoef;íjzpf
ap (awGU&onf)/ rSefuluGufwdkif;udk cGjcm;xm;onhf ausmufwdkif
(i,f)rsm;wGif yef;yGifhykH'DZdkif;rsm; odkYr[kwf EIwfcrf;rsm;wGif ykvJ
ukH;udkudkufcsDxm;onhf rcg&(Makhara)ac: owå0gwpfrsKd;ykHwdkY yg&Sd
onf/ [l,ifqefonf þt*Faw½kyf<ursm;tm;vkH;udk awGUjrif&
aMumif; azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefuwnf;u ,if; (t*F
aw½kyf<u)rsm;udk rsm;pGmjyKjyifxm;NyD; jzpfykH&onf/ [l,ifqefu
xdktcsdefwGif uvdkifi,frsm; twGif;&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmftm;vkH;udk
a½Tcsxm;aMumif;vnf; azmfjyonf/
r[maAm"dyif
r[maAm"d apwDawmfjrwfBuD;\ taemufbufwGif aAm"dyif&Sd
onf/ oAÁnKwÓPfudk &awmfrlonhfnu jrwfAk'¨onf þuJhodkY
 126 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aomopfyif\ tudkif;rsm;atmufwGif cdkvIHawmfrlcJhonf/ þ
ozef;rsKd;0iftyifudk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u aAm"d½ku© (aAm"dyif)[k
ac:Muonf/ ½ku©aA'tvdk Ficus religiosa jzpfonf/ vuf&SdaAm"d
yifudk 19-&mpkwGifpdkufysKd;cJhonf/ ,cifu aAm"dyifaygif; trsm;
tjym;ao odkYr[kwf zsufqD;cHcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ '@m&Dtqdkt&
taomurif;onf Ak'¨bmomrjzpfrDu þaAm"dyifudk ckwfvSJcJh
aomfvnf; tHhMozG,faumif;pGm wpfzef aygufa&mufBuD;xGm;
vmcJhonf[k qdkonf/
tpOftvmtqdkrsm;t&rl Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfoGm;NyD;aemuf
taomurif;BuD;onf ¤if;\rdzk&m; wdó&u©dwm (Tishyarkshita)
remvdkjzpfNyD; aAm"dyifudk ckwfvSJcdkif;onftxd aAm"dyiftm;
tvGefMunfnKdoGm;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY ckwfvSJvdkufNyD;aemuf thHMo
zG,fyif wpfzef &SifoefBuD;xGm;vmonf[k qdkonf/ taomu
rif;\orD;awmf oHCrdwåmonf (þyifr) aAm"dyifBuD;rS tudkif;
wpfudkif;udk oD&dvuFmodkY ,laqmifoGm;onhf taMumif;t&m
twGuf ordkif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf/ tqdkygaAm"dudkif;rS
aygufyGm;cJhonhf aAm"dyifonf oD&dvuFma&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmf tEk
&m"yl&wGif ,aeYwdkifwnf&SdqJjzpfNyD; urÇmay:wGif a&S;tusqkH;
opfyiftjzpfrSwfwrf;wifcH&onf/ ordkif;t& omouF (Sasanka)
rif;onf at'D 600-&mpk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tm; uGyfrsufpOf
twGif; aAm"dyifBuD; zsufqD;cH&aMumif;vnf; od&onf/
[l,ifqefu uqkefvwdkif;wGif tdE´d,wpfcGifvkH;rS vl
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf Ak'¨*,mwGifpk½kH;MuNyD; aAm"djrpfrsm;ukd eHY
om&nf EdkY&nfrsm;jzihf oGef;avmif;MuNyD; *DwjzihfoDqdk wD;rIwf
Muvsuf yef;rsm; BuJjzef;MuaMumif;qdkonf/ "r®omrd (udk,fwdkif)
vnf; tvm;wl MunfnKdylaZmfykHtaMumif; azmfjyNyD; rSwfcsufay;
xm;onf ]aAm"dyifonf awmiftaemuf ajrmufbufwdkYrS tkwfeH
&Hjzihf um&Hxm;onhf cHwyfykHtaqmufttkH twGif;üwnf&Sdonf/
Ak'¨*,m 127
aAm"dyifBuD;ü tzsm;cRefNyD; awmufyonhf tpdrf;a&mif t½Guf
rsm;&Sdonf/ wHcg;udk zGifhvkdufaomtcg ',ftdk;ykH uwkwfusif;
oP²mef awGU&onf ... MunfnKdol (Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;)onf aAm"d
yifBuD;tm; EdkY"rf;? EdkY&nfESihf pE´ul;eD? pE´ul;jzLponfuJhodkYaom
tarT;eHYomrsm;jzifh ylaZmfMuonf/ Oygoumrsm; onf ta0;rSyif
vª'gef;zG,f (tarT;wdkifponf)rsm;udk ,laqmifcJhMuNyD; ,if;wdkYudk
tqufrjywf tqifoihfjzpfaeatmif pDrHMuonf}/
aAm"dyifBuD;onf rlvwGif vuf&Sdae&mrS ta&SUbufodkY t
enf;i,f tuGmta0;wGif &SdcJhaomfvnf; r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk
wnfaqmufaomtcg (taemufbufodkY) a½GUoGm;onf/ ,ck zl;
awGU&aom aAm"dyifudk 19-&mpkwGif pdkufysKd;cJhNyD; rlvaAm"dyif\
tvGefa0;uGmaom omref ajr;qufjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ uefeif[rf
u 1892-ckESpfwGif þodkYa&;om;cJhonf ]1862-ckESpf 'DZifbmv
wGif uREfkyfonf þaAm"dyifBuD; tvGefaqG;ajrU tdkrif;aeonfudk
awGUcJh&onf/ taemufbufodkY cufr (udkif;uGJ) okH;ckESihf tudkif;
BuD;wpfckonf pdrf;vef;qJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tjcm; tudkif;
tcufrsm;rSm tcGHtacgufr&SdawmhbJ ajcmufoa,mif;ae NyDjzpf
onf/ uREkfyfonf 1871-ckESpfwGif wpfBudrfawGU&NyD; wpfzef
1875-ckESpfrSmyif wpfckwnf;<uif;usefaeonhf opfyif\tpdwf
tydkif;onf avrkefwkdif;wdkufcwfpOf taemufbufodkY usKd;us
oGm;onf/ þodkYjzihf aAm"dyiftdkBuD;rSm aoqkH;oGm;cJhonf/ odkY&m
wGif taphaygif;rsm;pGm pkaqmif;xm;NyD;jzpfí vuf&SdaAm"dyif (ay:
aygufvma&;)twGuf (vJoGm;onhf)yiftdkBuD;ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;
(pdkufysKd;)&ef aAm"dyifysKdrsm; tqifhqihf wnf&SdNyD;jzpfonf/
1880-ckESpfwGif uefeif[rfonf topfpdkufysKd;xm;aom
aAm"dyifteD;wGif wpfrDwmcefYeufonftxd wl;&mwGif tvGef
a&S;usaom opfikwftydkif;tprsm;udkawGU&SdcJhNyD; ,if;udk omouF
rif; zsufqD;cJhaom aAm"dyif t<uif;tusef[k ,lqcJhonf/ a&S;
 132 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wGif bk&m;zl;onf t"d|mefapwDawmf &maygif; rsm;pGmudk awGU&
rnfjzpfonf/ puf0dkif;jcrf;ykH trdk;ckH;rsm;ESihf tjyiftqifr&Sdaom
apwDawmfrsm;rSm xdyfydkif;tjym; trdk;ckH;ESihftao;pdwf yef;ykvuf
&mrsm; yg&Sdonhf yv’acwf apwDawmfrsm;xuf ydkrdka&S;usonf/
ydkrdkoyÜm,fpGm xGif;xkxm;onfh aESmif;acwfvuf&m apwDtcsKUd
udk NcHpnf;½dk;vuf&ef;\ twGif;ydkif;usus ta&SUbuf wpfavQmuf
awGUEdkifonf/
19-&mpkwGif axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom ½THUapwDi,frsm;ESihf
t"d|mefausmufjym;rsm;udkvnf; apwDywfvnfü awGU&onf/
odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkYrSm ,cktcgü aysmufqkH;ukefNyDjzpfonf/ tqdkyg
(t"d|mef)ausmufjym;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH yk*HESihf yJcl;NrdKUrsm;ü awGU&
onf/ Adkvfrª; wrf;yJvf (Major R.C. Temple)u ,if;awGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;udk þodkYrSwfcsufcsonf ]Ak'¨*,mwGif bk&m;zl;rsm;twGuf
þodkYaom ausmufcsyfrsm; xkwfvkyfonhf tvkyf½kH&SdNyD; bk&m;zl;
rsm;onf xdkacwfu Ak'¨bmomEdkifiH tm;vkH;odkY tqdkygypön;f rsm;
udk trSwfw&ESihf &Sdckd;ylaZmfrnfh t&mrsm;tjzpf ,laqmifoGm;Mu
NyD; ,if;(ausmufcsyf)rsm;udk trdEdkifiHjyefa&mufaomtcg ylaZmfudk;
uG,fonhf ae&mwGif xm;Mu\}/ r[maAm"dapwDawmf\ awmif
buf wnhfwnfhwGif Ak'¨*,mü wnfaqmufNyD; apwDykxkd;rsm;
teuf tBuD;qkH;jzpfonhf apwDawmfwpfql\ tkwfjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/
[l,ifqef tqdkt& þapwDawmfrSm rlvu ay 200 jrihfNyD;
taomurif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; qdkonf/
&wemC&apwD
apwDawmfywfvnf NcH0if;\ taemufajrmufaxmifhwGif &wem
C& (&wemtdrf) apwDawmfwnf&Sdonf/ ,cktcg apwDawmf\
eH&Hrsm;om <uif;usefawmhonf/ rlvapwDawmfudk jrwfAk'¨
(Ak'¨oDwifokH;&ef)twGuf ewfa'0gwdkYu wnfaqmuf zefqif;ay;
Ak'¨*,m 129
xm;onf/ tay:ydkif;udk ykHrSefr[kwfaom *sDMoarBwDwGif tokH;
jyKonhfvkdif;rsm; ½kyfykH'DZdkif;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onf/ axmihf
pGef;ywfvnfwGif xef;yifESihf [oFmykHyef;qGJrsm;yg&Sdonf/ ajymif;
a½TUaexdkifavh&Sdonhf obm0aMumifh [oFm½dkif;udk tavmb
(wPSmr&Sdjcif;)\ oauFwtjzpf a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'wGif tokH;jyKcJhonf/
þtjyif0Zd&moeudk taomurif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhykH&onf15/
qefcsDt&yf&Sd ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;ay:wGif tvm;wl [oFm½kyf
rsm;ESihf xef;yif½kyfrsm; awGU&aomtcsufu þqufpyfrIudk
axmufcHvsuf&Sdonf/
&wempuFrapwD
aAm"dyifrSxGufcGmNyD; qufvufí apwDawmfudk (vuf,m&pf)
ywfrnfqdkvQif bk&m;zl;onf &wempuFr apwDawmfudk awGU&
rnfjzpfonf/ þae&monf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓmPfudk &&SdNyD;
aemuf okH;ywftMum acgufwkYHacgufjyef pBuøavQmufaecJhaom
ae&mtxdrf;trSwf jzpfonf/ 0Zd&moe? aAm"dyifESifh ausmuf
vuf&ef;wdkYenf;wl Ak'¨*,m (r[maAm"d)apwD (y&d0kPftwGif;)
a&S;tusqkH; tpdwftykdif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
&wempuFrapwDonf (r[maAm"dapwDawmf) ab;wGif
rlvuta&twGuf 11-ck&Sdonhf tkwfckH&Snw f ef;jzpfNyD; tay:u
qif0iftrdk;&SdcJhonf/ ,cktcgwGif tkwfckH&Snfrsm;udk ausmufom;
jzihf zkH;tkyfvkdufNyD; tkwfckH&Snfwef;wpfckudkom zl;awGUEdkifonf/
tjcm; tkwfckH&Snfwef;wpfckrSm apwDawmfajrmufbufeH&H atmuf
15
r[maAm"dapwDawmftwGif;&Sd (a&S;tusqkH;) wwd,0Zd&moe (acsmrGwfonhf vdyf
onf;ausmufjym;yv’ifESihf tajcav;ckyg&Sdaom yv’ifckH)rS ausmufwkdifyv’ifckHonf
vnf; taomurif;wnfaqmufcJhaom 0Zd&moe\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif; jzpfNyD; þ
tjyif0Zd&moeESihf qufpyfrI&SdaMumif; pma&;q&mudk,fwkdif &Sif;vif;csuf ay;xm;
NyD;jzpfonf/ þpmtkyf pm-120 rS atmufajcrSwfcsufudk ½Iyg/ bmomjyefol)/
130 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wGif jrKyfaeonf/ rlvtkwfckH&Snfwpfckvnf; rysufrpD; usef&Sdae
ao;NyD; a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf (ACC No. 46) wGif Munfh½I
Edkifao;onf/ tkwfckH&Snf\wkdifvkH;onf tem;&Spfckyg&SdNyD; ¤if;wGif
wifhw,faom trsKd;orD;½kyfykHwpfck xGif;xkxm;onf/ ausmuf
wdkif\ atmufajcwGif xGif;xkxm;onhfpmrsm;rSm yef;&efq&m\
trSwftom;jzpfykH&NyD; bDpD 100-cefYu vuf&m[k cefYrSef;&onf/
ausmufvuf&ef;
bk&m;zl;onf r[maAm"dapwDawmftm; NcHpnf;½dk;ausmufvuf
&ef;jzihf um&Hxm;onfudk owdjyKrdvdrhfrnf/ yxrwGif NcHpnf;
½dk;udk opfom;jzihfjyKvkyfcJhNyD; vuf&SdNcHpnf;½dk;xuf rsm;pGmao;i,f
onhf tus,ft0ef;jzihf um&Hxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ bDpD 100-cefYü
rlv(opfom;)vuf&ef;ae&mwGif ausmufvuf&ef;udk tpm;xdk;cJh
onf/ þa&S;a[mif; ausmufvuf&ef; tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf
,cktcsdefxd rysufrpD;usef&Sdao;NyD; ,if;wGif a&;xdk;xm;onhf
ausmufpmrsm;u (þausmufvuf&ef;udk) bk&ifrif;ESihf ywfouf
onhf tzGJUwpfzGJUu vª'gef;cJhaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
ausmufvuf&ef;a[mif;onf av;axmihf ykHoP²mef&SdNyD;
vuf&Sdr[maAm"dapwDawmf (vuf&ef;)ae&m tus,ft0ef;xuf
rqdkpavmuf ydkusOf;onf/ trSefpifppf uefeif[rfonf (,if;)
ausmufvuf&ef;a[mif;rsm; wnf&SdcJhonhf tkwfjrpft<uif;tusef
udk (r[maAm"d)apwDawmf tkwfjrpfrsm;atmufajcü awGU&SdcJhonf/
at'D 6-&mpkcefYwGif þausmufvuf&ef;a[mif;onf NydKysufNyD;
ausmufvuf&ef;topf tpm;xdk;cJhonf/ þNcHpnf;½dk; ausmuf
vuf&ef;topfudk ,cifxuf ESpfqrQus,fatmif jyefvnfwnf
aqmufcJhonf/ vuf&ef;a[mif;ESifh vuf&ef;topf uGJjym;csufrSm
tokH;jyKxm;onhf ausmufjzifh xif&Sm;onf/ yxr vuf&ef;
a[mif;udk acsmrGwfonhf tnKda&mif oJausmufjzihf wnfaqmuf
Ak'¨*,m 131
NyD; vuf&ef;topfrSm tawmfMurf;onhf rD;cdk;a&mif ESrf;zwf
ausmufjzihf jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,cktcg ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;udk
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywkdufrsm;odkY a½TUajymif;xm;NyD; rlvvuf
&ef;ykHtwdkif; tawmfMurf;onhf t*Fawjzihf tpm;xdk;NyD;jzpfonf/
usefaeao;onhf ausmufwdkifrsm;rSm taemufbufjcrf;\
taemufawmifpGef;ae&mrsm;&Sd trSwf 4? 7 ESihf 9? awmifbuf
jcif;\ taemufawmifpGef;&Sd trSwf 12? 14 ESihf ajrmufbufjcrf;&Sd
t0if*dwf vuf&ef;wdkifrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf ESpfck (trSwf
4 taemufESihf trSwf 12 awmif) vuf&ef;rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;
zG,f ½kyfwkrsm; xGif;xkxm;onf/ yxrvuf&ef;wdkif (trSwf 4
taemuf)wGif qifwpfaumifudk xdef;csKyfaeonhf trsKd;om;wpf
a,mufykH awGU&onf/ þonfrSm "r®y' 326-*gxmudk o½kyfazmf
xm;ykH&onf –
]a&S;,cifu þpdwfonf ¤if;ESpfoufonfhtwdkif;
tvdk&Sd&modkY aysmfarGUonhf tm;avsmfpGm vSnhfvnfcJhNyD/
qifOD;pD;onf qifudk cRef;jzihf xdef;apmihfouJhodkY
igonf þpdwfudk todynmjzihf ,Ofaus;atmif qkH;rtHh}/
'kwd,vuf&ef;wdkif (trSwf 12 awmif) tjyifydkif; o½kyfazmf
ykHrSm rd*'g0kef&Sd apwDawmftwGif;ydkif;ae&mudk udk,fpm;jyKonf[k
,lq&onf/ ausmufvuf&ef;ay:&Sd tjcm;yef;ykvuf&mrsm; t
aMumif;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuftcef;wGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
19-&mpkwGif ausmufvuf&ef;trsm;pk aysmufqkH;ukefNyD;
trIdufykHrsm;atmufwGif jrKyfvsuf usef&Sdae odkYr[kwf r[maAm"d
apwDawmf yifr0ifayguf\ b,fbuf&Sd [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif; eH&H
rsm; (wnfaqmufpOf)wGif tokH;jyKcJhjcif; jzpfzG,fonf/
t"d|mefapwD(ausmufapwD)rsm;
(apwDawmfjrwf\) NcHpnf;½dk; vuf&ef;tjyifbuf&Sd NcH0if;ywfvnf
136 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wmcefY tuGmta0;&Sd rkcsvdef (Muchalin)[k ac:onhf tvGef
reufawmhaom a&uefi,fjzpfonf/ ,ck(azmfjyaeonhf) a&uef
rSmrl r[maAm"dapwDawmfESifh tjcm; taqmufttkHrsm;twGuf
tkwfrsm;wpfoDwpfwef;BuD;&&Sd&ef wlazmfcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; aemifwGif
a&csKd;ueftjzpfvnf; tokH;jyKcJhonf/ 19-&mpkukefavmuf txd
yif a&uefxJü rdausmif;rsm;&SdcJhonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf
Ak'¨*,m&Sd yef;ykvuf&mtrsm;pkudk 19-&mpktwGif; tjcm;jywdkuf
rsm;odkY,laqmifjcif; okdYr[kwf oufoufrJh aysmufqkH;oGm;jcif;wkYd
aMumihf (þ)a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufrSm tenf;i,frQom pk
aqmif;xm;Edkifonf/ ta&;tBuD;qkH; jyocef;wpfckrSm wpfcsdefu
r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk um&HcJhonhf ausmufvuf&ef; jzpfonf/
,if;ausmufvuf&ef;trsm;pkudk jywdkuft0if0wGif pkpnf;xm;
NyD;twGif;ü ao;i,faom tpdwftydkif;udk jyoxm;onf/
ausmufvuf&ef;ay:&Sd yef;ykvuf&mrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fonf
rsm;pGmaomtawG;tjrifudk jzpfay:aponf/ abedrm"mb b½l;0g;
(Benimadhab Barua)trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfu vuf&mtrsm;pkonf q,fh
ESpf&moDcGif trSwfoauFwrsm;udk ukd,fpm;jyKaMumif;,lqonf/
odkY&mwGif ¤if;\xifjrifcsuftrsm;pkrSm vufcHEdkifzG,fr&Sdacs/ trSef
tm;jzihf vuf&mtrsm;pkrSm ausmfMum;onhf Ak'¨bmomausmif;
wdkufrsm;? jrwfAk'¨vufxufawmfu tjzpftysufrsm;? aeYpOfb0
tjzpftysufrsm;? r*FvmoauFwrsm;ESihf tcsKdUae&mwGif xif&Sm;
onhf [dE´Lewfrsm; ukd,fpm;jyK½yk fykHESihf &moDpuf0ef;trSwftom;
rsm;udk o½kyfazmfxm;[efwlNyD; xl;jcm;aomtpDtpOfjzihf zGJUpnf;
xm;onf r[kwfacs/
jywdkufjyifbufrS ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;ay:&Sd &Sif;vif;xl;jcm;
onfh vuf&ef;rsm;teuf tcsdKUrSm 1) *lwpfckxJrS &[ef;wpfyg;2)
Ak'¨*,m 133
xm;aMumif; qdkonf16/ jrwfAk'¨onf aAm"dÓPfudk &&SdNyD;aemuf
av;Budrfajrmufowåm[ (av;ckajrmuf &ufowåwpfywf)udk
tbd"r®mw&m;ESvkH;oGif;&if; þae&mwGif ukefvGefawmfrlcJhonf/
pepfwusxGif;xkxm;onhf rlvwHcg;rSm e*dkrysufwnf&SdqJjzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif twGif;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlonhf qif;wkawmfrSm
rMumjrihfao;acs/
tedrdoapwD
r[maAm"dapwDawmf yifr0ifaygufodkY oGm;&mvrf;\ nmbuf
ukef;jrifhxdyfwGif vkH;ywfawmf wpfckwnf;ESihf apwDawmf wpfql
&Sdonf/ ,if;apwDonf r[maAm"dapwDawmf (eH&H)wGifawGU&aom
apwDwpfqlESihf cyfqifqifwlonf/ þapwDum; tedrdoapwD[k
xif&Sm;onf/ aAm"dÓmPfudk &NyD;aemuf wpfywftMumwGif Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwfonf rrSdwfaomrsufvkH;jzihf aAm"dyifudk pdkufMunfhNyD;
xdkifaeawmfrlcJhonfhae&m txdrf;trSwfjyKapwDawmf jzpfaMumif;
qdkprSwfjyKMuonf/
odkY&mwGif þ(tedrdoapwDawmf)\ wnfae&monf [l,if
qefay;aom tcsuftvufESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sdacs/ [l,ifqefu
tedrdoapwDonf ]vrf;\b,fbuf jrwfAk'¨ pBuøavQmufawmfrl
onhfae&m\ ajrmufbufwGif} &SdaMumif;qdkonf/ þonfrSm &w
emC&apwDawmf\ ajrmufbuf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY
jzpfygu tedrdoapwDonf vuf&ef;\ ajrmufbuf*dwf tvGef
avmufwGif&Sdonhf {&mrtaqmufttkHBuD; wpfck\ tkwfjrpfae
&mjzpfrnfaocsmonf/
16
&wemC&pHtdrf[lonf &wemckepfyg;tppfjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom yuwdtdrf
r[kwf? tbd"r®mckepfusrf;[laom &wem ckepfyg;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomtdrfudk
wifpm;í ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/ tbd-| 1? 13/ (bmomjyefol)/
134 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ta&SUawmifbufbk&m;ausmif;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aAm"dÓmPfudk&NyD;aemuf rdrd\w&m;a'oem
udk vltenf;pkom odjrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k qifjcifawmfrlNyD;
w&m;"r®a[mMum;&ef wGefYqkwfawmfrlonf/ (xdktcg) o[rÜwd
trnf&Sd jA[®mBuD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a&SUawmfarSmufodkY a&muf&Sd
vmNyD; pdwfawmfudk jyefvnfjyifqifawmfrl&ef awmif;yefonf
]&Sifawmfbk&m;? w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlyg/ þavmuü
ÓPfrsufvkH;wGif wdrfovm tenf;i,fom&SdMuaom yk*¾KdvfawG
trsm;BuD;&SdMuNyD; tu,fí w&m;"r®udk rMum;em&vQif xdkyk*¾Kdvf
rsm; tusKd;rJhrnfjzpfNyD; w&m;a'oema[mawmfrlygu xdkyk*¾Kdvf
awG csrf;omMuygvdrfhrnfbk&m;} (0d 3? 5)17/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf o[rÜwdjA[®m\ avQmufxm; awmif;
yefcsufudk qifjcifawmfrlNyD; em,lrnfhol em;vnfEdkifonhf yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;tm; w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlrnf[k qkH;jzwfawmfrl
vsuf ]aojcif;r&Sd&m trw(tNrdKufedAÁmef)\ wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhxm;
ygNyD/ Mum;emEdkifol tm;vkH; ,kHMunfpGm wkHYjyefMuukefavmh} [k
aMunmawmfrlonf/
[l,ifqefonf txufygtjzpftysuf jzpfay:cJhonfhae&m
wGif apwDawmfwpfql wnfxm;onfudk awGUcJh&onf/ ,cktcg
wGif ,if;apwDawmf\ t<uif;tusefrsm;onf (r[maAm"d) apwD
awmf\ teD;0ef;usif&Sd ae&mawmfjrwfrsm;\ ta&SUawmifaxmihf
wGif wnf&SdqJjzpfonf/ þapwDawmf\ tkwfckHrsm;onfom <uif;
17
jA[®mBuD; vm&mufawmif;yefapvdkojzihf avmutm; w&m;a[m&ef wGefYqkwfonhf
tBuH jzpfawmfrlonf/ taMumif;rl (xdkacwf) vltaygif;onf jA[®mudk tav;*½k
jyKMuojzihf jA[®mawmif;yefvQif rdrdw&m;udk vlxkydkrdktav;tjrwfjyKrnf[k jrwfAk'¨
odjrifawmfrlaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ þodkY tBuHjzpfjcif;rSm yGihfawmfrlNyD; bk&m;&Sifwdkif;
\ xkH;pH"r®wmvnf; jzpfonf (0d-| 3? 242)/ (bmomjyefol)/
Ak'¨*,m 135
usefNyD; yv’acwfvuf&m Ak'¨qif;wkawmfBuD; wpfql&SdNyD; ,if;
qif;wk\ OD;acgif;awmfudk rMumrDu jyefvnf jyKjyifxm;onf/
taomuausmufpmwkdif
apwDawmfteD;0ef;usif&Sd (txdrf;trSwf) ae&mawmfrsm;\ ta&SU
awmif,Gef;,Gef;wGif taomuausmufpmwdkif tykdif;tpwpfck&Sd
onf/ bm&[kw ½kyf<uif;ESihf ukrm&[k& (Kumarhur) ausmufcsyf
rsm;t& xdyfwGif qif½kyfygonhf taomuausmufpmwkdifwpfck
onf rlvu apwDawmfta&SUbuf0ifayguf\ nmbuf&SdNcHpnf;
½dk;vuf&ef; tjyifem;avmufwGif wnf&SdaMumif;azmfjyonf/ odkY
&mwGif zm[D,efa&m [l,ifqefyg tqdkygausmufpmwkdifukd jrif
awGU&aMumif; azmfjyjcif;r&Sdacs/ þtcsufonf ,if;ausmuf
pmwkdiftm; xdktcsdefuwnf;u zsufqD; odkYr[kwf tjcm;ae&modYk
a½TUajymif;cH&aMumif; ñTefjyonf/
,ckbk&m;zl;rsm; awGU&onhf taomuausmufpmwdkifudk
*,mNrdKU&Sd a*gvyw¬m& (Gol Patthar)t&yfwGif awGU&Sd&NyD; 1956-
ckESpfu vuf&Sdae&modkY ajymif;a½TUcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þausmufpm
wkdifonf rlvu taomurif;BuD; Ak'¨*,mü pdkufxlcJhaom
ausmufpmwkdif tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/
a&uef
taomuausmufpmwdkif\ awmifbuf qif0iftrdk;atmufudk
jzwfí avQmufoGm;ygu bk&m;zl;onf &moDtvdkufvSyonhf
MumrsKd;rsm; a&ay:wGif yGifhvef;aeonhf a&uefBuD;wpfckawGU&ay
vdrfhrnf/ þa&uefudk rkpvdE´tkdifESifh rMumcPrSm;avh&SdMuonf/
teD;tem;&SdtrSwftom; odkYr[kwf a&ueftv,fü rkpvdE´
e*g;u t&dyfay;aeonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfykH wnfaqmufxm;jcif;
wdkYu þrSm;,Gif;pGmem;vnfrIudk taxmuftulrjyKEdkifbJ&Sdonf/
rkpvdE´a&tkdifonf trSefpifppf ,cktcg awmifbuf wpfuDvkdrD
140 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wGif a'0em*&DESihf jrefrmtu©&mrsm;jzihf a&;xkd;xm;onf/ 'kwd,
taqmufttkHeH&Hü yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;&SdNyD; jrefrmtzGJUapwDawmf
udk &Sdcdk;aeonhfykH jzpfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onf
rSm yef;csDrsm;udk rMumrDu xkH;&nfokwf(zsufqD;)vkdufNyDjzpfonf/
0ifayguftwdkif;aemufbufodkY jyefqkwfcJhygu bk&m;zl;onf
eef;awmfxJodkY 0if&rnfjzpfonf/ t0if0wGif r[efY\ usm;a&cH
yv’if&Sdonf/ ¤if;\aemufbufeH&HwGif t*Fawjzihf pDrHxm;onhf
Ak'¨0ifyef;ykvuf&m trsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf pdwf0ifpm;
zG,ftaumif;qkH;rSm jcaoFhpD;NyD; tcRefokH;ckyg vSHwHudkifxm;onhf
oD[em' t0avmudawoGm&ykHjzpfonf/ eef;awmfwGifaexkdifMu
onhf ykPÖm;rsm;rSm aiGaMu;&vdkMuonf/ ½lyD;tenf;i,fqdkvQif
aumif;aumif;vkHavmufygonf/
yifr0ifayguftwdkif; eef;awmfrSxGufNyD; b,fbufodkYvSnfh
vQif bk&m;zl;onf 0if;ywfvnfwGif wnfaqmufxm;onhf
txGwfygonhf bk&m;ausmif;pkudk awGUEdkifonf/ xdk0if;twGif; Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfBuD; 14-ck odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ odkYaomf pdwf0ifpm;
p&mtaumif;qkH; qif;wkawmfrSm rMumrDu ckd;cHvdkuf& (ojzihf
aysmufqkH;oGm;)NyD jzpfonf/ b,fbufrS qif;wkawmfwpfqlrSm
tay:ydkif;rQom <uif;usefNyD; at'Dig;&mpkvuf&m jzpfonf/ xdYk
aMumihf Ak'¨*,mü awGU&SdNyD; qif;wkrsm;teuf a&S;tusqkH;jzpf
onf/ qif;wkawmfonf aMumuf½GHU jcif;uif;rJhykHudk azmfjyonhf
[ef(tb,rkj'm)jzihf vufawmfwpfbufudk a`rSmufxm;vsuf
rPdawmfaemuf bufwGif xl;jcm;&Snfarsmonhf a&mifvQHpuf0ef;
yg&Sdonf/ NcH0if;\tqkH;wGif Ak'¨ajcawmf&mrsm;ESihf ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;
&Sdonfh ausmufom;yv’ifBuD;wpfck&Sdonf/ xdkYaemufbk&m;zl;onf
yifr0if;twGif;odkY jyefoGm;NyD; jrpfodkY a&mufoGm;onhf ta&SUbuf
wHcg;rS xGufcGmoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ 0if;wHcg;nmbuf&Sd csKdifh0ifae
Ak'¨*,m 137
tawmifygonfhorif 3) jcaoFhwpfaumifESihftwl ocFrf;ausmif;
i,ftwGif;rS &[ef;wpfyg; 4) jrif;acgif;yg trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf
ESihf twl&Sdaeonhf trsKd;om;wpfa,muf 5) 64-uGufyg ckHay:ü
usm;xdk;aeonfh trsKd;om;ESpfa,muf 6) jrnf; odkYr[kwf orif
(\toH)udk em;axmifaeonhf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf uav;
i,f – þonfrSm a&m[ewrd*Zmwfudk o½kyfazmfxm;jcif;jzpf
Edkifonf? 7) tawmifygonhfqif 8) a&olrykHwdkYyg0ifonf/ jcH
pnf;½dk;tem;oyf ausmufvuf&ef; (xkyfwef;)rsm; wpfavQmuf
wGif a&ola,musfm;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\vufudk yifv,fowå0gBu;D
rsm;\ yg;pyfxJodkY xnfhxm;Muonf/ (xdkYjyif) pdwful;,Of owå0g
BuD;rsm;ESihf yef;yGifhykHpHrsm; jzpfonf/
jywdkuftwGif;&Sd ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;ay:wGif xGif;xkxm;
onhf vuf&mrsm;rSm 1) £E´omvvdP k *f lwGif 0wfjyKaeMuonfh
yk*¾KdvfESpfa,muf 2) cspfwif;aESmaeonhf pkHwGJ 3) ausmufvuf
&ef;rsm;jzihf um&Hxm;onfh aAm"dyifwpfyif 4) jrif;udk,fESifh vl
acgif;owå0g – "Ekac:onhf tdE´d, rd*oDeu©wfykHjzpfzG,f&Sdonf?
5) aAm"dyifudk &Sdckd;aeMuonhf qifokH;aumif 6) Mumyef; cl;ae
Muonhf avSay:rStrsKd;om;rsm; - þonfrSm okwåedygwf *gxm
trSwf 2-udk o½kyfazmfxm;jcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf? 7) [dE´LewforD;
*Zvu©srD; 8) "r®pMumudk Xmyemxm;onhf apwDwpfql 9) aZ
w0efO,smOfudk temxydPfolaX;u 0,f,laeykH 10) tawmif
ygonhfjrif; 11) yifv,fowå0gBuD;udk pD;aeonhf tawmifESihf
a,musfm; 12) oefvsufESihfumudk udkifxm;onhf ppfolBuD;wpf
a,mufwdkYyg0ifonf/ xkyfwef;rsm;ay:ü tv,fwGif tcsdKUvlacgif;
rsm;? tcsKdU wd&pämef½kyfrsm; yg&Sdonhf Mum0ef;ykHt0kdif;rsm;jzpfonf/
jywkdufudk eHeuf 10-em&DrS nae 5-em&DtxdzGifhNyD;
aomMumaeYwGif ydwfonf/
 138 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
acwfopfausmif;wkdufrsm;
rsm;pGmaom Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHrsm;ESihf Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;onf Ak'¨*,m
wGif ausmif;wkdufrsm; wnfaqmufMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf
¤if;wdkYEdkifiH\ xif&Sm;aomtpOftvm[efrsm;jzihf wnfaqmufMu
jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;taqmufttkHrsm;onf þtdE´d,wdkufi,f
(Ak'¨*,m)tm; wpfrlxl;jcm;onhf EdkifiHwumpdwf0ifpm;rIudk ay;
vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;ausmif;wkdufrsm;teuf &mpkESpftapmydkif;u
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[efjzihf jrwfAk'¨ vufxufu jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf tdE´d,r[m,meESihf
wdAuf0Zd&,me*dkPf;0if ynm&SdBuD;wdkY\ ½kyfykHrsm;udk a&;qGJxm;
onf/ bk&m;cef;wGif oyÜm,fvSyonhf arwå,sbk&m;avmif;
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qGJaqmifrI&Sdonfh w½kwfbk&m;ausmif;ESihf ¤if; tvGefwGif 1950-
ckESpfrsm;qDu ,kd',m;bk&ifwnfaqmufxm;cJhonfh 0yfAk'¨*,m
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bk&m;ausmif;ESihf vrf;tqkH;wGif oJausmufjzihf aqmufvkyf
xm;onhf 24-rDwmtjrihf&Sd Ak'¨qif;wkawmf&Sdonf/
Ak'¨*,m 139
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r[efYeef;awmf
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144 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o Ak'¨*,m 141
aom uvdkifayguw f Gif tvGefqGJaqmifonhf wEÅ&(0g')qdkif&m pkE´
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trSwfae&mwpfck[k qdk&rnfht&mrSm ae&ÍÆ&mjrjzpfonf/ ,ck
tcg eDv*sef (Nilajan) wpfcgwpf&H vdvm*sef (Lilajan) [kac:a0:
onf/ us,f0ef;NyD; oJxlxyfvsuf rdk;&moDrSmyif tvGefreuf
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aom trnfjzpfaMumif; zGifhqdkonf/ tjyma&mif Munfvif at;
jraoma& pD;qif;aeaomaMumihf ae&ÍÆ&mtrnf&aMumif;vnf;
azmfjyonf/ jrpf\ae&mtcsKdUudk a'ocHrsm;u tdrfomtjzpftokH;
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wdkYu jrifhjrwfaomjrpftjzpf ,kHMunfMuonf/
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aeNyD; jrufyifrsm; aygufa&mufaeonhf awmifurlwpfck&Sdonf/
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142 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
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tdrfa[mif;ae&mwGif wnfaqmufxm;onf[k qdkMuonf/ odkY&m
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vm taxmuftxm;yg r&Sdacs/ [l,ifqefu þapwDawmfudk
azmfjyaomfvnf; Ak'¨\twdwfb0 tjzpftysufwpfckudk txdrf;
trSwfjyKwnfxm;aom apwDjzpfaMumif; jyqdkonf/
þapwD\ta&SUawmifbuf wpfuDvkdrDwmcefYtuGmwGif qJG
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bk&m;avmif;rif;om; od'¨w¬onf Ak'¨*,modkY oGm;a&muf&ef qkH;
jzwfcsufrcsrD y&aAm"d (Pragbodhi) ]aAm"dÓPfrwdkifrD} [kac:
onhf awmifukef;ab;wGif&Sdonhf vdkPf*lü aexkdifcJhaMumif; ajym
qdkMuonf/ þtpOftvmajymqdkcsufESihf ywfoufí oHo,
jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ ,ck a'gPa*qGm (Don-geswa) [kac:onhf y&
aAm"donf Ak'¨*,m\ ta&SUajrmufbuf ajcmufuDvdkrDwmcGJ
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148 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o Ak'¨*,m 145
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Muavmh} (0d 3? 27)/
þodkYjzihf "r®onf rd*'g0kefwGif pwifcJhNyD; urÇmajrtqkH;odkY
wkdifc&D;ESifcJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aAm"dÓmPfudk &NyD;aemuf
yxr0gudk rd*'g0kefwGif ukefvGefcJhNyD; þ(rd*'g0kef)üa[mMum;awmf
152 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rlv*E¨uk#dwdkuf
þbk&m;ausmif;udk rd*'g0kefwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oDwif;okH;awmf
rlpOftwGif; rlv*E¨uk#d (tqmufttkHi,f) ae&mwGif wnf
aqmufxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh þtrnf rlv*E¨uk#dudk &jcif;jzpf
onf/ aESmif;acwf &mpkESpfrsm;wGif rlv*E¨uk#donf taqmuf
ttkHBuD;tjzpfodkY wdk;wufajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ [l,ifqefonf
þtaqmufttkHudkawGUjrifNyD; þodkYqdkonf ]{&mr0if;BuD;xJü
tjrihfay 200-cefYjrihfonhf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck&Sd\/ trdk;ay:wGif
xGif;xkxm;onhf a½Ta&mifo&ufoD;ykH wpfck&Sd\/ taqmufttkH
\tkwfjrpfESihf avSum;wdkYrSm ausmufom;yuwdjzihf jyKvkyfxm;\/
arQmfpifrsm;ESihf uvkdifi,frsm;udkom tkwfrsm;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;\/
eH&Huvkdifi,frsm;rSm av;bufvkH;ü qufwdkuf vkdif;wef;wpf
&mjzihf pDrHxm;\/ uvkdifwdkif;wGif Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf\ a½Ta&mifqif;
wkawmf wpfqlpD&Sd\/ bk&m;ausmif;\tv,fwGif Ak'¨aMu;qif;wk
awmfwpfql&Sd\/ ,if;qif;wkawmfonf yuwdt½G,f&SdNyD; w&m;
pMumudkvnf (a[mMum;)aeonhfykHudk o½kyfazmfxm;\}/ eH&Hrsm;
\xlxJrIu rlv*E¨uk#donf [l,ifqef cefYrSef;cJhonhftwkdif; jzpf
EdkifaMumif; ñTefjyaeonf/ eH&HwGifjrKyfaeonhf yef;yk½yk fyg ausmuf
wkH; tydkif;tpa[mif;rsm;onf ,if;(rlv*E¨uk#d) taqmufttkH
tm; ,cif taqmuftkHa[mif; tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk jyefokH;NyD;
tenf;qkH;wpfBudrf wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; ñTefjyonf/ bk&m;
ausmif;\ vuf&SdykHoP²mefrSm *kwåacwfOD;ydkif;ykH oP²mefwnf
aqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
rlv*E¨uk#dwdkuf\ taemufbuf uyfvsufwGif &Sdonhf
t"d|mefapwDi,frsm;tMum;rS "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåefvm pmom;
rsm; a&;xGif;xm;onfh ausmufxD; tydkif;tprsm; awGU&Sd&onf/
¤if;pmrSm ]&[ef;wdkY? jrifhjrwfaom (t&d,)opömw&m; av;yg; &Sd
rd*'g0kef 149
rD;avmifuRrf;xm;onhf wdkifrsm;ESihf wpf0ufwpfjyuf avmifuRrf;
xm;onhf *sKHpyg;rsm;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkifyif awGU&onf/ (uREkfyf
awGU&onhf ypönf;rsm;ESifh) tvm;wl ypönf;rsm;udk ar*sm upfwdk;
(Major Kitto)vnf; awGU&SdcJhonf/ xdkYjyif (ar*smupfwdk;onf)
ausmufwdkifrsm;? xD;rsm;ESihf qif;wkrsm;ü rD;avmifuRrf;onhf t
axmuftxm;rsm;udkvnf; (awGU&onf)/ ¤if;wl;azmfpOf twGi;f
&&SdcJhonhf awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& ar*smupfwdk;\ pdwfxJü pGJxifae
onhf aemufqkH;wGif rD;½IdUcH&NyD; tBuD;tus,f ysufpD;cJh&onf[l
aom xifjrifcsufonf ¤if;(ar*smupfwdk;)u uREkfyf (uefeif[rf)
tm; ]]&[ef;awmfrsm;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;? qif;wkrsm; tm;vkH;
wpfNydKifeuf rD;½IdUzsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&\/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif t&dk;rsm;?
oH? wdkif? qif;wkrsm;ponfwdkY t&nfaysmfNyD; {&mrtykHBuD;jzpf\/
þjzpf&yfonf wpfBudrfru jzpfysufcJh\}}[k pum;vkH;tenf;i,f
jzihf aumufcsufcsNyD; tusOf;csKyfqdkonftxd &Sif;vif;wdus\}/
rd*'g0kefonf Ak'0¨ ifae&mawmfrsm; tm;vkH;xuf ydkrdkapmpD;pGm
vltrsm;tm½kHpdkufvmNyD; wl;azmfrItrsm;pkrSm odyÜHenf;ruscJhojzifh
rd*'g0kef\ tEkynm&wemtajrmuftjrm; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;ukefonf/
1794-ckESpfwGif *sm*wf qif; (Jagat Singhe) trnf&Sdolonf
"r®&mZdu apwDudk NzdKzsufypfvkdufNyD; "ar®uapwDrS xl;jcm;onhf
ausmufwkH; trsm;tjym;udk ajymif;a½TU (z,f&Sm;)ypfcJhonf/ rnf
onhftcsdefu jyKvkyfcJhonf[k twdtus rodEdkifaomfvnf; rd*'g
0kefrS yef;yk½kyfxGif;ausmufwkH;rsm;onf Am&mPoD&Sd rlqvifyvD
ausmif;rsm;pGm\ eH&Hrsm;ü jrKyfaeonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ 1950-ck
ESpfrwdkifrDu Am&mPoDNrdKUrS uDvdkrDwm 80-cefY ta0;&Sd cgvdq
yl& (Khalispur) ½GmteD; wHwm;wpfckNydKusaomtcg rd*'g0kefrS[k
,lq&onhf yef;ykvuf&m trsm;tjym; t*FawtwGif;ü awGU&NyD;
xdkae&mwGif (,aeYwkdif) txift&Sm;&SdaeqJjzpfonf/
150 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
uefeif[rfonf ¤if;\ 1835-36 ckESpfwl;azmfrIrsm;twGif;
¤if;awGU&SdcJhonhf yef;ykvuf&mrsm;pGmudk umvuwåm;odkY *½kw
pdkuf a½TUajymif;cJhonf/ ,if; (umvuwåm;)&Sd tdE, ´d jywdkufwGif
xdk(yef;ykvuf&m)rsm;udk ,aeYawGUjrifEdkifao;onf/ odkY&mwGif
uefeif[rf ra½TUajymif;EdkifcJhonhf vSnf;tpD; ajcmufq,fwdkufrQ
avmufaom yef;ykvuf&mrsm;udkrl Am&mPoDNrdKU&Sd wHwm;wpfck
wnfaqmufaomtcgwGif tkwfjrpfrsm;tjzpf tokH;csypfvkdufMu
onf/ rd*'g0kefü ar*smupfwdk; wl;azmfpOftwGif; ol(upfwdk;)
onf Am&mPoD&Sd bk&ifr aumvdyfwnfaqmufrI vkyfief;udk
vnf; BuD;Muyfae&ojzihf aumvdyf\wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk rd*'g0kef
rS oJausmufjzihf wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,kHMunf&onf/ rd*'g0kefü
1904-ckESpf? 1907-ckESpfESihf wpfzef 1914-15 ckESpfrsm;wGif
oifhwifhaumif;rGefpGm wl;azmfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf/
,aeYacwfwGif acwfopfbk&m;zl;onf rd*'g0keftm; aumif;
pGmapmifha&Smufxm;onfh O,smOfrsm;? ab;rJh yefNcHrsm;ESihf rZÑdr
a'o&Sd Ak'¨0ifae&mawmftm;vkH;teuf tNidrf;csrf;qkH; tom,m
qkH;ae&mrsm;wGif wpfck tygt0iftjzpf jrifawGUEdkifonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
taomuausmufpmwkdif
rlvu q,fhESpfrDwmjrifhcJhNyD; ,ckjywdkufwGif awGUEdkifonhf jcaoFh
½kyfacgif; aqmif;rdk;xm;aom crf;em;vSonhf taomuausmufpm
wdkifonf þ(ausmufpmwdkif) teD;tem;wGif jzpfay:cJhaom ta&;
BuD;jzpf&yf ("r®pMum w&m;a[mMum;rI)ESihf oifhavsmufywfaom
txdrf;trSwfwpfck {uefyifjzpfonf/ yxr pmESpfaMumif;r&Sd
awmhojzihf rjynfhpkHonhfausmufpmudk þodkYzwf&\ ]... oHCm
onf rNydKuGJEdkif? &[ef;a,musfm;jzpfap? &[ef;rdef;rjzpfap oHCm
rd*'g0kef 151
udkoif;cGJol rnfolrqdktm; tjzLa&mifydwfprsm; 0wfypf&rnf jzpf
NyD; ausmif;wkdufrS tjcm; wpfyg;ae&mü aeap&rnf/ þtrdefYudk
bdu©K bdu©KeDtzGJUtpnf;twGif; odap&rnf/ ewfwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;
cH&onhf (rif;BuD;)u þodkYqdk\ ]]þausmufpm\ rlyGm;wpfckudk
ausmif;wdkuf\ qif0ifteD;wGif xm;ap/ tjcm;wpfrludk vl'um
'umrrsm;tm; ay;ap/ Oygoumrsm;onf (oHCmOykofjyKonfh)
OykofaeYwkdif; þausmufpmygtrdefYudk ¤if;wdkY (Oygoumrsm;)
udk,fwkdif em;vnfap&ef (ausmif;wkdufodkY) vma&muf&rnf/
OykofaeYwdkif; r[mrwå (trwfBuD;) toD;oD;onf þausmufpm
(trdefY)udk Mum;Edkif&efESihf trSeftwdkif;em;vnf&ef ausmif;wdkuf
odkYoGm;&rnf/ oif (trwfBuD;)\ pD&ifydkifcGifh us,fjyefYoavmuf
oif(trwf)onf þtrdefYpm oufa&mufrItwGuf trdefYcsrSwf&
rnf/ cHwyf(NrdKU½dk;)twGif;&Sd NrdKUolNrdKUom; c½dkifolc½kdifom;rsm; tm;
vkH; wGif þxkwfjyefrI tusKd;oufa&muf&ef trdefYwpf&yf&Sdonf}/
þausmufpmygtrdefYudk taomuonf wwd,oH*g,em
wifNyD;aemuf rMumrD aumif;pGm xkwfjyefcJjh cif;jzpfEdkifonf/
tpOftvmt& þwwd,oH*g,emtwGif; uGJjym;vkdonhf bdu©K
bdu©KeDrsm;udk oHCmtwGif;rS ESifxkwfcJhaMumif;od&onf/ rqdk
pavmufomuGJjym;onhf þjyefwrf;ESihf tvm;wl jyefwrf;rsm;udk
qefcsDESihf tbm[mbwfNrdKUrsm;ü wnf&Sdaom ausmufpmrsm;ü
vnf; awGUjrifEdkifonf/ 1904-ckESpfu rd*'g0kefwGif awGU&SdcJhonfh
ausmufpmwkdifxdyfydkif;\ tusKd;onf ,if;\ yuwdtajctae
twdkif; wnf&SdqJjzpfonf/ (þtcsufonf) atmufodkY usKd;us
oGm;jcif;aMumihf tpdwfpdwft>rm>rm uGJoGm;onf r[kwfbJ jyif;
xefonhf tiftm;wpfckjzihf txdcH&onfudk ñTefjyonf/ (þ
onfrSm) rlv*E¨uk#dwdkuf\ txGwfu xdk(taomuausmufpm
wkif)ay:udk usKd;usjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
156 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o rd*'g0kef 153
ay\/ tb,fav;yg;wdkYenf;[lrl – qif;&Jjcif;trSefw&m;? qif;&J
jzpfaMumif; trSefw&m;? qif;&JNidrf;aMumif;trSefw&m;? qif;&JNidrf;
&m (edAÁmef)odkYa&mufaMumif; trSefw&m;wdkY jzpfay\} [kjzpfonf/
at'D 3-&mpk[k cefYrSef;&onfh þausmufpmudk ygVdbmomjzihf
a&;xdk;xm;\/ xdktcsdefu rd*'g0kefwGif ygVdwdyd#uudk tokH;jyKcJh
KaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ þpdwf0ifpm;zG,f ausmufpmudk ,cktcg
rd*'g0kefjywkdufwGif jyoxm;onf/
taomuacwf ausmufvuf&ef;
rlv*E¨uk#d\ awmifbufwGif rlvu "r®&mZduapwDawmfxyf
wGif wnf&SdcJhonhf ausmufvuf&ef;&Sdonf/ þxl;jcm;onhf
ausmufvuf&ef;udk csLem&oJausmuf wpfwkH;wnf;jzihf xGif;xk
xm;NyD; arm&d,acwf ausmufqpfvuf&m\ tqihfjrifh awmufy
acsmrGwfonhf vu©Pmrsm; awGU&onf/ ausmufvuf&ef;\
axmifhrsm;&Sd uGif;rsm;ü tjyeftvSeftm;jzihf apwDawmfxD;½dk;wGif
csdwfqufrnfh uGif;qufrsm;wyfqiffxm;onf/
"r®&mZduapwD
taomuausmufpmwdkifESihf þyifrapwDawmfBuD;wdkY eD;uyfpGm
wnf&Sdjcif;onf þae&mawmfrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ yxrOD;qkH;
w&m; "r®puyÜ0wåeokwåefudk a[monhfae&mudk txdrf;trSwf
jyKonhf "r®&mZduapwDjzpfaMumif; aocsmaponf/ [l,ifqef
zl;ajrmf&pOfu þapwDonf rDwm 30-ru jrifhonf/ wpfcsdefu
wihfw,fawmfrlcJhonhf þ ("r®&mZduapwD) taqmufttk\ H
tkwfjrpfrsm;onfomvQif ,cktcsdefü 0rf;enf;zG,f&m usef&Sdao;
awmhonf/ 1794-ckESpfu þa'oqdkif&m r[m&mZmjzpfol *s*wf
qif;onf xdktcsdeftwGif; Am&mPoDwGif wnfaqmufaeonhf
aps; (taqmufttkH)wpfcktwGuf aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf;&,l&ef
(þapwDawmfudk) NzdKzsufckdif;cJhonf/ (NzdKzsufa&;) vkyfief;t&Sdef &
154 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aecsdefwGif "mwfawmfMuKwfygonhf ausmufaowåmBuD;wpfckESihf
pmwef;a&;xdk;xm;onhf Ak'¨qif;wkwpfql awGU&SdcJhonf/ MuKwf
xJrS rD;avmifuRrf;xm;onhf t½dk;("mwfawmf)rsm;udk **FgjrpfxJokdY
arQmypfvkdufNyD; ausmufaowåmrSmrl umvuwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jy
wdkuftwGif; zkHxlxyfonhf tcef;usOf;uav;rsm; wpfae&mwGif
awGUEdkifao;onf/ ("mwfawmf)MuKwfum; aysmufqkH; oGm;cJhonf/
ESpfumv twefMumNyD;aemuf uefeif[rfonf þqif;wk
awmftaMumif; Mum;od&aomtcg a&;xm;onhfpmwef;udk zwf½I
Edkif&ef ,if;qif;wkawmftm; &SmykHawmfzGifhcJhonf/ aemufqkH;ü
uefeif[rf atmifjrifoGm;onf/ ,if;(qif;wk)onf w&m;a[m
awmfrl[ef Ak'¨qif;wkawmfjzpfaMumif;awGU&Sd&NyD; a&;xm;onhf pm
wef;wGif apwDawmfudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; qDrD;wdkifrsm;ESihf (apwD
awmfudk) wefqmqifonhf acgif;avmif;rsm; vª'gef;cJhol b*FgvD
bk&ifwpfyg;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ uefeif[rfonf apwDawmfudk
NzdKzsufpOfu awGU&SdcJhonfh ausmufaowåmudkvnf; jyefvnf&&Sd&ef
pGrf;EdkifcJhonf/
A[k*HykHapwD
taomuausmufpmwkdif taemufwnfhwnfhwGif arm&d,acwf
vuf&m apwDi,fwpfql\ tkwfjrpf&mrsm;&Sdonf/ acwfumv
a&S;usonhftcsufESihf taomuausmufpmwdkifudk rsufESmjyKxm;
onhftcsufwdkYaMumihf þapwDudk (taomu)rif;BuD;udk,fwdkif
wnfaqmufcJhonfrSm aocsmonf/ Ak'¨*,m&Sd ausmufvuf&ef;
wGif apwDykHpHwpfck a&;qGJazmfjyxm;NyD; ,if;apwDonf þA[k*H
ykHapwD taetxm;udk aumif;pGm ykHazmfay;NyD; þapwDudkyif
udk,fpm;jyK a&;qGJxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ þapwDü ywfywf
vnfvuf,m&pf vSnfhvnfEdkifaom vloGm;vrf;yg&Sdvsuf &Snf
vsm;NyD;xkwfcsif;xGif; cef;rwpfck (ykHpH)jzpfonf/ pnfydkif;ykH trdk;ckH;
rd*'g0kef 155
&Sdonf/ cef;rtqkH;ü&Sdaom apwDwpfql[kqdkjcif;xuf r[m&|
jynfe,f&Sd A[k*H*lbk&m;ausmif;uJhodkYyif þapwDonf "r®pMum
ykH puf0dkif;bD;yg&Sdonfh ausmufpmwdkifudk Xmyemxm;jcif;vnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/
1904-ckESpfqDu þapwDdukd wl;azmfpOftwGif; csLem&oJ
ausmufjzihfjyKvkyfNyD; arm&d,acwf tacsmudkiv f uf&mESihf pdwf0if
pm;zG,f yef;yk½yk fyg tusKd;tyJhtrsm;tjym;awGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;yef;
yktydkif;tprsm;wGif r[mqefonhf vlOD;acgif;ykHESihf tcsKdUwGif
o&zlaqmif;xm;onhf vlOD;acgif;jywfykHrsm;yg&SdNyD; bk&iftaomu
ESihf ¤if;\rdom;pk odkYr[kwf aemufvdkufta>ct&Hrsm; rd*'g0kefü
bk&m;&Sdcdk;aeMuonhf aq;a&mifjc,f½kyfykH tydkif;tprsm; jzpfzG,f&Sd
onf/ ,if;yef;ykvuf&mtcsKdUudk a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf
(rd*'g0kef)wGif awGUEdkifNyD; tjcm;trsm;pkudkrl a'vDNrdKUü trsKd;om;jy
wdkufü Munhf½IEdkifonf/ þA[k*HykHapwDrSm arm&d,acwfaemuf
ydkif;wpfcsdefü rD;½IdUzsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&NyD; tjcm;taqmufttkHopf udk
(rD;avmiftaqmufttkH)ay:ü (jyefvnf) wnfaqmufcJhonf/
*kwåacwf bk&m;ausmif;
rlv*E¨uk#d0d[m&odkY oGm;onhf yifrvrf;\awmifbufwGif ,ck
tcg t*Fawtrdk;jzihfjyKjyifxm;onhf a&S;a[mif; bk&m;ausmif;
wpfck&Sdonf/ (yef;yk)xGif;xkxm;onhf eDndKa&mifajrtkwfjzihf jyK
vkyfxm;aom þbk&m; ausmif;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vS\/
taMumif;rl *kwåacwf pwk&ef;av;ckygapwD (yÍöm,e)rsm;teuf
wpfckESihfwlaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ ,if;apwDykHpHrSm ,cktcgwpfckrQ
rusef&Sdawmhojzihf ,if;apwDawmf taqmufttkHykHpH rnfodkY&Sd
rnfudk (þapwDu) wpfaphwpfapmif;azmfjyaeonf/ txyfESpf
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uluGufykH jywif;aygufrsm;ESihf wHcg;\tjcm;wpfbufwGif wpfydkif;
160 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ig;&mxufrenf; ukefusjcif;wdkYaMumifh rnfonhf "mwfawmfudkrQ
r&&SdcJhacs/
"ar®uapwDudk yxrarm&d,acwfwGif wnfaqmufcJhNyD;
,aeYbk&m;zl;rsm; jrifawGUEkdifonhf ausmufo½dk; (t*Fawo½dk;)
rSmrl *kwåacwfvuf&mjzpfonf/ "ar®uapwDawmf\ ta&SUajrmuf
buf uyfvsufwGif t"d|mefapwDi,f tpkta0;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdYk
teufwpfckrSm tjynfhtpkHeD;yg;avmuf&SdNyD; *kwåacwf"ar®uap
wDawmf\ ykHoP²mefESihfywfoufí aumif;aomtawG;tjrif wpf
&yfudk ay;onf/
"r®puú&mZdeausmif;wdkuf
(ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1)
xdktysuftpD;rsm;\ ajrmufbuf wpfavQmufwGif rd*'g0kefü
aqmufvkyfNyD;orQ aemufqkH;ESihf trSefyif tBuD;us,fqkH;ausmif;
aqmifwpfck\ t<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/ þausmif;awmf&mteD;
awGU&Sd&onfh vSypGm a&;xGif;xm;NyD; ,ckjywdkufwGif&Sdonhf pm
wef;wpfckonf þausmif;aqmifBuD;tm; 0ef;&Haeonhf tajc
taersm;udk ajymjyonf/ umaemZwdkif;(Kanauj)wdkif;bk&if a*g0dE´
p`E´ (Govindachandra 1114-1154 A.D.) onf [dE´Lbmom0if jzpf
aomfvnf; ¤if;\rdzk&m; ukrm&a'0DrSm Ak'¨bmomudk udkif;½Idkif;ol
jzpfonf/ þrif;BuD;tm; aumufuspfonhf usL;ausmfol rlqvif
wk½k&Su (wl&uD)rsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS Am&mPoDudk umuG,f&ef
wm0efjzihf a&muf&Sdvmonhf AdóEdk;(bk&m;) 0ifpm;oltjzpf azmfjy
xm;onf/ (þonfrSm) rMumrDu w½kk&Su usL;ausmfolrsm;ESihf
(wdkufcdkuf&onhf) wdkufyGJi,frsm;udk &nfñTef;rI jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
ausmufpmwGif ukrm&a'0D\ um,ESihfpdwfydkif; pGrf;&nfrsm;udk
vnf; azmfjyxm;onf ]rdzk&m;\pdwfonf bmoma&;wpfckudkom
rd*'g0kef 157
jrKyfaeonhf wkdifrsm;yg&Sdonf/ rlvu þbk&m;ausmif;wGif Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfwpfql&SdcJhEdkifonf/
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 5
*kwåacwfvuf&m jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf þausmif;aqmifonf NcH0if;
tv,fwGif wnfaqmufxm;NyD; xl;jcm;onhf tcef;i,frsm; ykHpH
&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ wpfcsdefu 0&efwmudk cHaqmifxm;cJhonfh
ausmufwdkifrsm;udk ,ckjrifawGUEdkifao;onf/ jcH0if;twGif; a&
wGif;wpfck&Sdonf/ ausmif;aqmif\ ajrmufbufwGif bk&m;cef;&Sd
onf/ uefeif[rfonf þausmif;aqmifudk wl;azmfpOfu &&SdcJh
onhf awGU&Sdcsufrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;zG,f rSwfcsuftcsKdUjyKcJhonf
]þausmif;aqmifBuD; ysufpD;oGm;jcif;onf ½kwfw&ufrarQmfvifh
bJ jzpfcJhykH&\/ taMumif;rl ar*smupfwdk;onf pwk&ef;ykH\ ta&SU
ajrmufaxmihfpGef;&Sd tdyfcef;wGifyg&Sd (qufoG,f wnfaqmufxm;)
aom tcef;uG,fwpfcük *sKHjzihfjyKvkyfxm;aom pm;&eftqifoihf
jzpfaeonhf t<uif;tusefrsm;awGU&Sd&aMumif; rpöwm aomrwfpf
u rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ rpöwmaomrwfpf
udk,fwdkiyf if tcef;usOf;twGif; jyefYusJaeonhf *sKHt<uif;tusef
rsm;ESihf tjcm;pyg;aphrsm;awGU&SdcJhonf/
þawGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf tBuD;tus,f ½kwfw&uf t&Sdefjyif;
pGm avmifaomrD;aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY pm;qJtpm;
tpmudkyif pGefYypf&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ rpöwm aom
rwfpf t,ltqrSmvnf; azmfjyNyD; xifjrifcsufuJhodkYyif þodkY&Sif;
vif;pGm a&;om;azmfjycJhonf ]pwk&ef;ykH (ausmif;aqmif)\ ta&SU
buf&Sd tcef;i,frsm;ü Murf;jyifwGif tvsiftjref pGefYypfcJh&vsuf
csufyif rcsufjyKwf&ao;aom qef;jym;onhf tpm;tpmrsKd;pkH
tjyif aeYpOfokH;tdk;rsm;ESihf trsm;okH;csufjyKwt f dk;rsm; t&nfaysmf
oGm;í xl;jcm;pGm jzpfay:vmaom aMu;wkH;rsm;jzifh jynfhaeonf/
 158 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
,if; (ypönf;rsm;\)tay:wGif rD;avmifxm;onfh acgifrdk;wdkif t
<uif;tusefrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkYwGif &Sdaeao;onhf oHrIdrsm;? xkdxuf
ajrBuD;ESihf trIdufo½dkufa&maeonhf tkwfusKd;rsm;onf tkwfeH&H
tjrihfxd tcsKdUrSm rlvtxyfrS ajcmufaytjrihfxd (jrifhwufae
onf) udk awGU&onf/ awGU&Sdcsufwdkif;onf tBuD;tus,f vkH;0
rD;avmif ysufpD;jcif;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf/ eH&H
tpdwftydkif;rsm; rwfaxmifaeqJ&SdNyD; tkwfudkckdifNrJap&ef xkH;
ausmufae&mwGif tpm;okH;ykH&aom ½THUap;onf tkwfrsm;ESihftwl
yspfcJatmif usufoGm;onftxd tyl&Sd efjyif;xefcJhzG,f&Sdonf/
]tcsKyfqdk&aomf wnf&Sdaeaom ñTefjyrItm;vkH;onf wpf
a,mufa,mufu jyKvkyfzefwD;onhf þtaqmufttkH ysufpD;
oGm;rIrSm omrefwpfpkHwpf&m rawmfwq rD;avmifuRr;f oGm;rI
aMumihf (jzpf&onf)[kqdkjcif;xuf acsrIef;vdkonhf &efol\vuf
csufaMumihf jzpfay:aponhf rD;\oufa&mufrIaMumihf (jzpf&onf)
[laom vkdtyfonhf aumufcsufqDodkY OD;wnfaeayonf}/
"ar®uapwdD (The Dharmek Stupa)
yifrapwDawmf&mrsm;\ ta&SUbufvSrf;vSrf;wGif "ar®uapwD
awmfBuD;&Sdonf/ þapwDawmfBuD;udk rnfonhf txdrf;trSwfjyK
taejzihfwnfaqmufxm;cJhaMumif; twdtusr&Sif;vif;ao;acs/
jrwfAk'¨\ 'kwd,a'oemawmf tewåvu©Pokwåefudk a[mMum;
awmfonhfae&m txdrf;trSwf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ apwDawmfonf
tcsif; 28 rDwm? tjrihf 33 rDwmcefY&Sdonf/ apwDawmf\
atmufajctpdwftydkif;udk oHabmifrsm;jzihf wGJpyfxm;onhf {&mr
ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;ESihf wnfaqmufxm;onf/ apwDawmf\
taemufbufjcrf;ü tjyifbuf rlvausmufwkH;rsm;onf aysmuf
qkH;aeNyD; *s*wfqif;wdkY(vlodkuf) cGm,loGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkae
&mü bk&m;zl;onf ausmufom;tcsKdUü xGif;xkxm;onhf yef;&ef
rd*'g0kef 159
q&m\ trSwftom;rsm;udk owdjyKrdayvdrfhrnf/ apwDawmfywf
vnfü cRefoGm;onftxd tzsm;½SL;vsuf (tjyifodkY) pGef;xGuf
aeonhf (anmif½GufykH) rsufESm pm&Spfck&SdNyD; toD;oD;wGif rlvu
Ak'¨qif;wkwpfqlxm;&Sd&ef uvdkifaygufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ apwDawmf
tv,favmufwGif tEkpdwfxGif;xkxm;onfh ausmufvuf&m
vdkif;wef; (azmif;&pf) wpfck&Sdonf/ þazmif;&pf\ tay:ESifh
atmufbufpGef;rsm;wGif odrfarGUonhf ½dk;wHacGrsm;ESihf Mumyef;
rsm;yg&Sdonf/ azmif;&pftv,fürl (tuefYvdkuf) cGJxm;ouJhodkY
jzpfaeaom axmifhcRefrsm;yg&Sdonhf ½dk;½dk;vdkif;aMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/
apwDawmf\ taemufawmifbufjcrf;wGif bk&m;zl;taejzihf
Mumyef;ESpfyGifh udkifaqmifxm;onhf ½kyfykHwpfckESifh Mum½Gufay:ief;
ESpfaumifESihf ¤if;\tv,fwGif zm;wpfaumifudk owdjyKrdvdrfh
rnf/ þonfrSm oifhawmfonhfae&mü ,if;azmif;&pfvkH;0aysmuf
aeaomaMumihf yef;ykq&monf ¤if;\yef;ykxGif; azmif;&pfudk
jynfhpkHatmif tNyD;rowfcJhjcif;jzpfykH&onf/ a&S;acwfrsm;ü txl;
yGJawmfrsm;twGif; apwDawmfywfvnfü vSypGm Zmyef;xkd;xm;
onfh ydwfprsm;udk rMumcP wif(ywf)xm;avh&Sdonf/ þ (yef;
yk) ausmufxGif;vuf&monf ,if;odkYaom ydwfprsKd;udk ausmuf
jzihfudk,fpm;jyKcJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ uefeif[rfonf "ar®uapwD
twGif;ydkif;udk wl;azmf&if; 1834-ckESpfrSpí okH;ESpfMumanmif;cJh
onf/ uefeif[rfonf apwDawmfxdyfrS atmufbufodkYqif;&ef
wGif;wpfckpíwl;cJhNyD;aemuf ,if;(wGif;)udk yef;ykxGif;ausmufwkH;
xdyfrS twGif;bufodkY ¤if;wl;xm;onhf vdkPfacgif;ESihf qufoG,f
vkdufonf/ þapwDonf ajrBuD;rStxuf 10-rDwmtjrihfxd
ausmufwkH;cJBuD; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ausmufwkH;wdkif;udk tenf;qkH;
oHabmif&Spfckjzihf wkyfzGJUxm;aMumif; od&onf/ odkY&mwGif vaygif;
rsm;pGm Mumjrihfonhf tvkyform;ESihfwl;azmf&jcif;ESihf (xdkacwf)½lyD;
164 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
twwfynmum; t&nftaoG;tqihftjrihfqkH; jzpfonf/ avmu
tm; "r®udk yxrqkH;a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonhf ae&mtwGuf tvGef
oihfavsmfonhf txdrf;trSwfudk pOf;pm;EdkifcJhayonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH
onf taomurif;\ jcaoFh½kyfausmufpmwdkifacgif;udk EdkifiHawmf
wHqdyftjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/
jcaoFhacgif;\ b,fbufwGif ukoeacwfvuf&m rif;om;
od'¨w¬\ qif;wk&SdNyD; r"k&mwGif xGif;xkonhf (vuf&m)ESihf tvGef
wlonf/ qif;wk\0wf½kHrsm;onf obm0rSefudkwifpm;NyD; xdk
acwf xdktcsdefu 0wfpm; qif,ifrIESihfywfoufonhf taumif;
rGefqkH;aom tawG;tjrifudk ay;onf/ bk&m;avmif; (rif;om;
od'¨w¬)\ vufrsm;twGif; jcaoFhwpfaumif? b,fbufajcaxmuf
ab;wGif opf½Gufudkif;rsm;? opfoD;ESihfyef;rsm;&Sdonf/ þqif;wk
ab;wGif pmwef;ygonhf xD;½kd;wpfck&SdNyD; (,if;pmwef;u)
þqif;wkawmfudk at'D 123 cefY wGif xkvkyfcJhaMumif;ñTefjy
onf/ pmwef;yg taMumif;t&mrSm þodkYjzpfonf ]uedoQu
rif;BuD; eef;pHokH;ESpf ajrmuf? wwd,v? 22-&ufajrmufaeY? þ
aeYwGif yd#uwfokH;ykH uRrf;usifol &[ef;awmfAvESihf ¤if;\rdwf
aqG &[ef;awmf ykoQ0k'¨donf Am&mPoDwGif bk&m;avmif; qif;
wktvªESihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf vrf;avQmufawmfrlavh&SdcJhonhf ae&m
wGif t½dk;ygxD;wpfql pdkufxl (vª'gef;)cJh\/ ¤if;\ rdbrsm;?
OyZÑm,fq&mrsm;? q&mrsm;ESihf wynfhrsm;? yd#uwfuRrf;usif
onhf bdu©KeD Ak'¨rdMwm? bk&ifcH 0eoy& ESihf cg&yv’e (Vanaspara
and Kharapallana)? vlwef;pm;av;rsKd;ESifhwuG vltm;vkH;wkdY\
aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf (pdkufxl) vª'gef;cJh\}/
þ0rf;ajrmufzG,ftvªonf rdwfaqGtaygif;tazmfwpfpk\
yl;aygif;BudK;yrf;rIaMumihf jzpf&onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ þ&[ef;
awmfAv vª'gef;onhf qif;wkawmfrsm;udk r"k&mESihf om0w¬w d üYkd
rd*'g0kef 161
pl;pdkuf\/ olYqE´um; ukodkvfaumif;rI (jyK&ef)udkomñGwf\/ rdzk
&m;onf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk pkaqmif;&ef aqmif½Guf\/ tvª'ge
&if;ESD;`rIyfESHjcif;ü jrifhjrwfaom ESpfoufrIudk &SmazG\/ rdzk&m;\
avQmufvSrf;ykHonf qifr,mOfom avQmufvSrf;ykHESihf wlvS\/ rdzk
&m;\ ½kyfoGifrSm ½IcsifpzG,f&Sd\/ jrwfAk'¨\ (qif;wkawmf)a&SUwGif
OD;ñGwf &Sdcdk;\/ vltrsm;onf rdzk&m;tm; csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKonhf oD
csif;udk oDqdkMu\/ rdzk&m;onf pmemaxmufxm;aMumif; azmfjy
onfh vIyf&Sm;rIjzihf &yfwnfNyD; uHMur®maumif;jcif;twGuf (trsm;
olig\) xm0&em;ckd&m jzpf\/ raumif;rIudkNidrf;apNyD; ukodkvf
aumif;rIudk vIdifvIdifBuD; jyK&jcif;ü *kPf,l\}/ ukrm&a'0Donf
taomurif;vufxufu[k ,lq&onhf a&S;usNyD;Munf nKdzG,f
"r®puú&mZdebGJUtrnf&Sdonhf qif;wkawmfudk ylaZmf&ef þausmif;
aqmifudk (aqmufvkyf) vª'gef;cJhykH&onf/
"r®&mZdeausmif;aqmifudk tkwfjrpfrsm;ay:ü (xyfrH)wnf
aqmufxm;aomaMumifh þtaqmufttkHa[mif;BuD;\ ykH
oP²mefo½kyfudk azmfaqmif&ef rvG,fulawmhacs/ ausmif;aqmif
onf tkwfwHwdkif;um&Hxm;onhf taqmufttkHtkyfpk wpfckü
yg0ifonf/ ¤if; (taqmufttkHtkyfpk)\ awmifbufjcrf;onf
230 rDwmru &Snfvsm;onf/ yifr0ifaygufonf ta&SUbuf
wGif&SdNyD; ausmif;0if;\ taemufjcrf;axmihfwGif &Snfvsm;onhf
ajratmufOrifwpfck&SdNyD; ,if;\&nf½G,fcsuf twdtusudk rod&
acs/ ausmif;awmf(&m) ywfvnfudk avQmufMunhfygu bk&m;zl;
onf tao;pdwfxGif;xkvuf&mrsm;&Sdonfh ausmufwkdifESpfckESihf
tcsKdU tkwfeH&aH tmufajc ae&mwpfavQmufwGif vSypGmxGif;xk
xm;onhf tkwfcGufvuf&mrsm;udk owdjyKrdvdrfhrnf/
aqmc@D (Chaukhandi)
Am&mPoD rd*'g0kefum;vrf;&Sd rlvausmif;awmf&mrsm;rS wpfuDvdk
 162 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rDwmtuGmcefYwGif awmifukef;BuD;wpfck&SdNyD; ,if;tay:wGif tem;
&Spfckyg arQmfpifwpfck&Sdonf/ ,cktcg aqmc@D[k vlodrsm;onf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfrIrsm;u þawmifukef;taqmuf
ttkH ae&monf atmufqkH;twef;xuf ydkrdkao;i,foGm; onhf
awmifay:taqmufttkHwef; okH;ckay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;onhf
apwDBuD;wpfckyg0ifaMumif;azmfjyonf/ [l,ifqefu ,if;apwD
BuD;\ ykHoP²mef rnfodkY&Sdonf? rnfonfudk txdrf;trSwfjyK
wnfaqmufxm;onfqdkonhf tcsufESihfywfoufí tawG;tjrif
tcsKdUay;xm;onf ]þrd*'g0kefae&mawmfrS xGufcGmNyD;aemuf (rd*
'g0kef)ausmif;wkdufrS awmifbufodkY ESpfvDokH;vDoGm;vQif ay
300-cefY jrifhonfhapwD wpfql&Sdonf/ taqmufttkH atmufajc
ydkif;wGif us,fjyefYNyD; taqmufttkH (apwD)onfjrifh\/ (apwD
wGif) uvkdifrsm;ygonfh tqifh(pifjrifh)rsm; tqifhqihfryg&Sdacs/ (ap
wD\) trdk;ckH;ay:ü pdkufxlxm;onhf rwf (axmif)aeonhf 0if½dk;
&Sdaomfvnf; (,if;0if½dk;ü) 0ef;&H(íqGJG)xm;onhf acgif;avmif;rsm;
r&Sd/ ,if; apwDawmf\ab;wGif apwDi,fwpfql&Sdonf/ þapwD
um; tnmodaum@nESihf tjcm;&[ef;ig;yg;wdkY Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
tm; t½dktaoay;&ef ae&mrSxrnfudk jiif;qdkMuonhf ae&m
txdrf;trSwfjyKonf/
awmifukef;xdyfay:&Sd &Spfa`rSmifharQmfpifrSm 1588-ckESpfu rdk*l
v (r*dk) {u&mZf [lr,Gef (Humayun) vnfywfa&muf&SdrIudk
trSwftom;jyK&efESihf a'oywf0ef;usif\ om,monhfjrifuGif;udk
&&Sd&ef wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf
rd*'g0kef a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufonf crf;em;vSonhf Ak'¨
bmomyef;ykvuf&mtpktaygif;udk odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ jywdkuf
odkY 0ifoGm;ygu bk&m;zl;yxrqkH; awGU&rnfh t&mrSm wpfcsdefu
rd*'g0kef 163
taomu ausmufpmwdkifxdyfudk aqmif;rdk;cJhonhf jcaoFh½kyfyg
ausmufpmwdkifacgif;jzpfonf/ tNrdwftpGef;? pnfykH (t0dkif;)ESihf
jcaoFh av;aumif[laom tpdwftydkif;okH;ckyg0ifNyD; twdkif;twm
tm;jzihf 2 'or 31 rDwmjrifhonf/ tNrdwfpGef;udk MumyGifhajymif;
jyef (MumarSmuf)ykHtjzpf rMumcP rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjyvh&SdMu\/
odkYaomf jrif&onhftwdkif; (qdkvQif) rnhfonhft&mrQ Mumyef;ESihf
rwlacs/ tm0if(Irwin)trnf&Sd yk*¾Kdvf\ tqkdt& ]yef;vu©Pm
obm0rSeftwGuf cHpm;rIudk tav;rrlbJ yef;rsm;tm; tvGefY
tvGefav;pm;rIudk o½kyfazmfcJhMuaom a&S;acwftdE´d, tEkynm
&Sifrsm;ESihf ywfoufí uREkfyfwdkY trSewf u,f (xnhfoGif;) pOf;pm;
EdkifygNyDavm} [lí jzpfonf/
obm0 o½kyfrSeftwkdif; xGif;xkxm;onhf wd&pämefav;rsKd;
udk pnfykH(t0dkif;) ywfvnfü qufvufí vuf,m&pfawGU&onf/
jrifhjrwfrItwGuf a&S;acwftdE´d,ü av;pm;cJhonhf ,if;wd&pämef
(av;rsKd;)onf Ak'¨ odkYr[kwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk wifpm;onf/
Ak'¨ESifh &[EÅmrsm;tm; a,bk,stm;jzihf EGm;vm;Oob? tmZm
enfjrif;? jcaoFh? qifajymifwdkYESihf ckdif;EIdif;Muonf/ wd&pämef
toD;oD;\ tMum;wGif "r®pMumykHbD;yg&SdNyD; "r®pMumbD;wdkif;wGif
rlvu 0if½dk;ae&mü tndKa&miftzkH;wpfckyg&Sdonf/ pnfykH (t0kdif;)
ay:ü a[mufaeonhf jcaoFhav;aumif ausmcsif;uyfí &yfae
onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ jcaoFhvufonf;rsm;udk "r®pMumbD;tay:wnhf
wnfhwGif xm;onf/ xdk(xdyfay:rS) jcaoFhav;aumifrSm jrwfAk'¨\
oD[em' t&yfav;rsufESmodkY "r®udk &J&ifh,kHMunfpGm a[m>ruf
awmfrljcif;udk wifpm;onf/ jcaoFhrsm;tay:wGif "r®pMumbD;&SdNyD;?
¤if;("r®pMumbD;)\ tysuftpD;rsm;udk jywdkufwGifawGUjrifEdkifao;
onf/ ausmufpmwdkifacgif;ü xGif;xkxm;aomvuf&monf t
ouf0ifNyD; rsufESmjyifrSm acsmrGwf ajymifvufaeonf/ vufrI
168 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
udkcH,lpOf tazmf&[ef;ig;yg; (yÍö0*¾D)wdkY oabmrus[efjzihf
Munh½f IaeMuykH?
10) rm&fewfESihf ¤if;\ppfwyf wdkufcdkuf (aESmihf,Suf)jcif;?
11) (yÍö0*¾D) &[ef;ig;OD;tm; w&m;OD;a[m&ef rd*'g0kefodkY a&muf
&SdvmpOf ,cifu Ak'¨avmif;vsmtm; pGefYvTwfcJhonhf (xdk)
yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;\ c&D;OD;BudKqdkjcif;cH&onhf bk&m;&Sif?
12) bk&if AdrÁdom&tm; w&m;a[mMum;jcif;?
13) temxydPfolaX;u aZw0efO,smOfudk 0,f,ljcif;?
ta&SUbufeH&H
14) rdwfaqG&[ef;awmfrsm; pGefYvTwfcH&aom vlrrm&[ef;awmf
wpfyg;udk jrwfAk'¨ESihf t&SiftmeE´mu jyKpk vkyfauR;Mujcif;?
15) a&m[deDjrpfudk taMumif;jyKí ppfjzpfcgeD; omud,ESihf aum
vd,jynfaxmifom;wdkYtm; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu zsefajzjcif;?
16) Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf uydv0w¬KNrdKUodkY <ua&mufawmfrljcif;?
17) Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlpOf t&SiftEk½k'¨gu
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ridka<u;Mu&ef tm;ay;pum;qdkjcif;? ,m
bufwGif Ak'¨\aemufqkH;om0ujzpfvmol okb'´y&dAdkZf?
18) Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf r,fawmf (ewfom;)tm; wm0wðomewf
jynfü tbd"r®mw&m;a[mMum;jcif;?
19) t*Fkvdrmvtm; acscRwfjcif;?
20) a'0'wfESihf tZmwowåKwYkd Ak'¨ESihfbk&ifAdrÁdom&udk owf&ef
BuHpnfMujcif;?
21) t&SiftmeE´mu trsKd;orD;i,fwpfa,muftm; a&tenf;i,f
ay;vª&ef ajymMum;jcif;? xdktrsKd;orD;i,fu rdrdonf trsKd;
edrfh(Zmwfedrfh)jzpfonfqdkNyD; wGefYqkwfaejcif;? Ak'¨\tqk;H tr
onf Zmwfpepfudk jiif;qdkaMumif; txl;jyK&Sif;jyvsuf t&Sif
rd*'g0kef 165
awGU&jcif;? aumorÁD ausmufqpfwpfckürl bu©KeD Ak'¨rdMwmudk
azmfjyxm;jcif;wdkYrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/ þ (azmfjyqJ) qif;
wkawmfrSyif tjcm;ausmufpmrsm;vnf; yg&Sdao;onf/ wpfckrSm
ajcaxmufESpfcktMum; atmufajcwGif&NSd yD; tjcm;wpfckrSm ausm
bufwGif jzpfonf/ pmwef;ESpfckvkH;rSm (xD;)½dk;ay:&Sd? pmwef;rsm;
xuf ydkíwdkonf/ jywdkufcef;raqmif\ b,fbufaxmihf cyf
vSrf;vSrf;wGif bk&m;zl;onf wpfcsdefu þqif;wkawmfjrwf tm;
aqmif;rdk;xm;cJhonhf xD;awmfudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ xD;awmfonf
tcsif; okH;rDwmus,fNyD; A[kdwpfck wnf;&Sdaom puf0kdif;uGif;
rsm;jzihf wefqmqifvsuf uGif;wdkif;udk vSypGm xGif;xkxm;onf/
twGif;qkH; puf0kdif;wGif yGifhcsyfESihfMumwpfyGifh wpf0ufyGifh(tikH)ESihf
tvkH;pkHyGifh(Mumyef;ykH)rsm;jzihf yDjyifpGm o½kyfazmfxm;onf/
þMumyGifhESihfuyfvsufwGif pwk*HykHuGufrsm;twGif; wd&pämef
txl;tqef;rsm; ygonhf azmif;&pfwpfck&Sdonf/ pwk&ef;uGuf
twGif; xnhfoGif;xm;aom MumyGifhrsm; (pwk*HykHtuGuf\) wpf
jcm;pDae&mwGif&Sdonf/ wd&pämeftm;vkH;rSm tawmif&SdNyD; jcaoFh?
qif? odk;(jrnf;)? ukvm;tkwf? ief;ESihf rdausmif;OD;acgif;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjcm; azmif;&pfwpfckwGif r*FvmtrSwftom; 12-ckyg&Sdonf/
xdyfydkif;rS vuf,m&pfvSnfhaomf ,if;r*Fvm oauFwrsm;rSm c½k
oif;cGH (ysufpD;aeNyD)wpfck? tkef;xef;wpfyif? Mumyef;ygonhf tdk;
wpfvkH;? ESif;yef;ykHwpfckESifh tjcm;xef;yifi,fwpfrsKd;wdkY jzpfonf/
tjcm;azmif;&pfrSm wpfzef¤if;tay:ü Mumyef;yGifhcsyfrsm;&Sdonf/
bk&m;zl;onf tjyifbuf xD;acGwGif wpfckESifhwpfck rDwm0uf
cefYtuGmü taygufi,frsm;yg&Sdonfudk owdjyKrdygvdrfhrnf/ ,if;
taygufi,frsm;ü wpfcsdefu Oygoumrsm; yef;ukH;rsm;ESihf wHcGef
rsm;csdwfqGJ&ef ikwfi,frsm;yg&SdcJhonf/
cef;rBuD;\ nmbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif tawmftwefausmf
Mum;onhf w&m;a[mawmfrl[ef Ak'¨qif;wkawmf &Sdonf/ þ
 166 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oyÜm,fvSonhf qif;wkawmfudk 1904-ckESpf wl;azmfpOftwGif;
"r®&mZduapwDawmfawmifbuf wpfae&mwGifawGU&SdcJhNyD; ,cifu
"r®&mZdu apwDawmfBuD;\ ywfvnf&Sd vdkPfacgif;i,frsm;twGif;
oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonhf qif;wkawmf rsm;pGmteuf wpfckjzpfzG,f
&Sdonf/ þqif;wkawmfonf at'Dig;&mpk\ ESpf0ufwGif xkvkyf
cJhykH&NyD; w&m;OD;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlaom jrwfAk'¨tm;
wifpm;onhfykHjzpfonf/ w&m;pMumvnfap[ef vufawmfrsm;u
þtcsufudk ñTefjyonf/ orifESpfaumifESihf &[ef;ig;yg;0ef;&Hae
aom "r®pMumbD;ykHwpfck qif;wkawmfatmufcHckHwGif yg&Sdonf/
tjcm;½kyfykHESpfckrSm trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf uav;i,fwpf
a,mufykHjzpfNyD; qif;wkawmf tvª&Sifrsm;\ ab;wkdufykHjzpfzG,&f Sd
onf/ "r®pMum (bD;)ykHonf a&S;acwftdE´d,wGif bk&ifESihfywf
oufaom wefcdk;tmPmESihf atmifjrifrI\oauFwtjzpfjzihf tokH;
jyKcJhonf/ ,if; (bD;)udk Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u rd*'g0kefwGif (Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf) yxrqkH;w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlonfh odrfarGUaom?
Edk;<uaom? a'goudk owdjyKrd&ef zswfvwfaom orifESihfwlonhf
pdwf&Sdaom (rd*blawe pdawåe) MunfnKdudkif;½Idif;ol Ak'¨bmom
0ifwpfa,mufudk wifpm;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ jywdkufudk eHeuf
10-em&DrS n ae 5-em&Dxd zGifhNyD; aomMumaeYrsm;wGif ydwfonf/
rlv*E¨uk#dausmif;awmf
O,smOfudkjzwfvsuf tysuftpD;rsm;\ta&SUbufvrf;wGif tem*g
&du"r®ygvBuD; 1931-ckESpfu wnfaqmufcJhaom rlv*E¨uk#d
0d[m&&Sdonf/ ausmif;awmfonf enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\
w&m;"r® tqkH;trawmf\ eufeJus,fajymrIudk wifpm;xm;onf/
þausmif;awmftwGuf &efykHaiGtrsm;udk tem*g&du"r®ygv \
tar&duefvlrsKd; em,ujzpfol rpöuf ar&Dazmfpwm (Mrs Mary
Foster)u uscH(vª'gef;)cJhonf/ apwDawmfeH&H&Sd t*Fawyef;csDum;
rd*'g0kef 167
rsm;udk emrnfausmf *syefvlrsKd;yef;csDq&m udkaqhqkEdkqk (Kosetsu
Nosu)u a&; qGJcJhonf/ ¤if; (yefcsDum;rsm;)twGuf (tzdk;tcudk)
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; Ak'¨bmom bDt,fvf ba&mif;wef (B.L. Brownton)
u vª'gef;cJhonf/ bk&m;ausmif;\ qif0iftrdk;ESihf vSyonhf
a&SUwHcg;rsm;udk oD&dvuFmAk'¨ bmomvlrsKd;rsm;ESihf 1931-ckESpf
Ekd0ifbmv 11-&ufaeYwGif usif;yonhf rlv*E¨uk#d0d[m&zGifhyGJodkY
wuf a&mufcJhMuonhf Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHtm;vkH;eDyg;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; vª'gef;cJhonf/ rlv*E¨uk#d0d[m&\ eH&Hrsm;&dS yef;csDum;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf –
awmifbufeH&H
1) (vlUjynfü)zGm;jrif&ef apmihfqdkif;aeonhf wm0wðom ewfjynf&Sd
bk&m;avmif;(aowauwk)ewfom;?
2) bk&m;avmif; y#doaE¨,lcsdef r[mrm,m\ r*Fvmtdyfruf?
3) vkrÁeDO,smOfü bk&m;avmif; arG;zGm;awmfrljcif;?
4) crnf;awmfrif;BuD; ESpfywfvnf v,fxGefr*FvmjyKaepOf
rif;om;od'¨w¬ psmeftbdÓmPf0ifpm;jcif;?
5) opöm"r®udk &SmazGjcif;twGuf awmxGuf&ef rif;om;od'¨w¬
tm; wdkufwGef;cJhonfh edrdwfBuD;av;yg;?
6) eef;awmfrSrxGufcGmrD ZeD;ESihf arG;uif;pom;awmftm; rif;om;
od'¨w¬Munh½f I[ef?
taemufb ufeH&H
7) qEé (trwf)udk tazmfac:NyD; pD;awmfjrif; u@uudkpD;vsuf
ntcsdef bk&m;avmif;awmxGufjcif;?
8) q&mBuD;rsm;xHrS vrf;ñTefrI &,ljcif;?
9)yifyef;onfhtusifh (udkusihfMuHcJhonhf) ESpfrsm;aMumihf tm;tif
qkwf,kwfaeaom rif;om;od'¨w¬(&[ef;)onf okZmwm\qGrf;
 172 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
NyD; (vQyfppf"mwfrD;) tvkHtavmuf xGef;ñSdxm;onf/ Ak'¨ombm
omjycef;wGif Am&mPoDüawGU&onhf *kwåacwfrS Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
rsm;? yv’acwf ajymifvufacsmrGwfonhf vuf&m trsm;tjym;ESihf
crf;em;vSonhf 14-&mpk tdE´d,-wdAuf xuF (Thanka)19 rsm;udk
vnf; jyoxm;onf/ þjywkdufudk eHeuf 10-em&DcGJrS nae 5-
em&Dtxd zGifhonf/ arvESihf ZGefvrsm;twGif; eHeuf 7-em&DrS
nae 12-em&DcGJtxd zGifhonf/ we*FaEGaeYESihf wuúodkvf ausmif;
ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; ydwfonf/ bm&wumvm b0efonf *Dw
ynmr[mXmeESihfuyfvsuf wuúodkvf0if;twGif;ü &Sdonf/
19
ydk;om;jzihfabmifcwfxm;aom ydkufqHavQmf ydwfom;yk&ydkufay:ü a&;qGJxm;onhf
cyf Murf;Murf; ½kyfykHyef;csDum;rsm;udk xuF[kac:onf/ wdAufAk'¨bmom0ifwdkY tokH;
jyKonf/ oHo&mpuf0ef;ykH? jrwfAk'¨\ twdwfb0Zmwfawmf o½kyfazmfykHrsm;? wpfcg
wpf&H wdAufbmoma&;*dkPf;rS xif&Sm;onhf bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdkY\ ykHrsm;udk
a&;qGJavh&Sdonf/ txl;ojzihf ,if;yk&ydkufay:ü t0ef;ykHa&;qGJNyD; (orx)ur®|mef;
tm;xkwf&mü uodkPf;edrdwftjzpf tokH;jyKMuonf/ (The Seeker's Glossary of
Buddhism p. 620) (bmomjyefol)/
rd*'g0kef 169
tmeE´mu trsKd;orD;i,ftm; ]oihftrsKd;Zmwf bmjzpfonfudk
igawmif;cHjcif;r[kwf? igoihfxHrS a&udkom tvªcHygonf}[k
ajymMum;jcif;? þ0w¬KaMumif;onf 'dAsm0'geusrf;rS jzpfonf/
rlv*E¨uk#d0d[m&&Sd yifrbk&m;ausmif;aqmifwGif wuúod
vm (wuúodkvf)NrdKU&Sd apwDawmfESihf em*&ZÆKaum@t&yf&Sd apwD
awmfrsm;wGif awGU&SdcJNhyD; tdE´d,bk&ifcH avmh'ftm0if (Lord Irwin)
u r[maAm"dtoif;tm; vufaqmifay;cJhonhf Ak'¨\ ([k ,lq
&onhf) "mwfawmfrsm; udef;0yfonf/ bk&m;cef;aemufbufwGif
tem*g&du"r®ygv\ jymrsm;yg0ifonhf apwDi,fwpfql&Sdonf/ xdk
bk&m;ausmif;\ aemufwnfhwnfhürl om;aumifrsm;twGuf yef;
jcHi,fwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;\aemufwnfhwnhfwGif "r®ygv½kyfuvmyf
udk oN*ØK[fonhfae&m txdrf;trSwf Adrmefwpfck&Sdonf/ bk&m;
ausmif;t0ifvrf;r\ nmbufwGif atmufodkYpl;pdkuf Munfh aeNyD;
vufudkydkufxm;[ef tem*g&du"r®ygv\ ½kyfwk&Sdonf/
acwfopfausmif;wdkufrsm;
rlv*E¨uk#d0d[m&tjyif rd*'g0keftwGif; tjyifywfvnfü tjcm;
acwfopf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;pGm &Sdao;onf/ "ar®uapwDawmf
taemufbufuyfvsufwGif rlvu 1824-ckESpfwGif wnfaqmuf
cJhonfh oQa&,emx *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;&Sdonf/ þwdwfqdwfNyD;
qGJaqmifonhf *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;\ twGif;ydkif;eH&Hrsm;udk jrwfAk'¨
ESihfacwfNydKif (Ak'¨xuf) toufBuD;onhf *sdef;0g'wnfaxmifol
r[m0D& toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf tjzpftysufrsm;ukd o½kyfazmfxm;
onfhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,feH&Haq;a&; yef;csDrsm;ESihf wefqmqifxm;
onf/ w½kwfbk&m;ausmif; wpfausmif;udk 1939-ckESpfu ausmf
Mum;vSonhf puFmylEdkifiHom; bPfolaX; vDcRef;qif(Lee Choong
Seng)u rwnfvª'gef;onhf tvªaiGjzihf wnfaqmufcJhonf/
170 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o rd*'g0kef 171
ausmif;awmf&mrsm;\ taemufajrmufpGef; cyf,Gef;,Gef; uyf
vsuf&Sd jrefrmausmif;udk yxrqkH; 19-&mpk tpydkif;wGif wnf
aqmufcJhNyD; tjzLa&mif pusifausmufom; qif;wkawmfwpfql&Sd
onf/ a*vkyÜ*kdPf;0if wdAufbk&m;ausmif;udk 1955-ckESpfwGif
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ bk&m;ausmif;eH&Hrsm;rSm yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;jzihf
zkH;vTrf;xm;onf/ þbk&m;ausmif;\ aemufbufwGif 1959-
ckESpfu vmqm(NrdKU)ykefuefx<urIwGif aoqkH;ukefMuaom yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;tm; txdrf;trSwfjyKwnfxm;onhf apwDi,fwpfql&Sdonf/
,kd;',m; bk&m;ausmif;rSm jywdkuftvGefavmufwGif &Sdvsuf
1971-ckESpfwGif wnfaqmufcJhNyD; ,cktcg wnfaqmufqJjzpf
onf/ rd*'g0kef\ tjyifbuf 3-uDvdkrDwmcefYwGif tqihfjrifh
wdAufbmomavhvma&; A[dkwuúodkvf&Sdonf/ þwuúov kd f
wGif {&mrpmMunhfwdkufBuD; wpfck&SdNyD; Nidrf;csrf;onhf ynm&SmrSD;&m
todkuftNrKHjzpfonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
rd*'g0kefonf Am&mPoDrS 13-uDvdkrDwma0;NyD; ajrmufbufoYdk
oGm;aom &xm;vrf;rBuD;ay:wGi&f Sdonf/ Am&mPoDrS vefcsm;
odkYr[kwf bwfpf um;rsm;jzihf vG,fulpGm oGm;a&mufEdkifonf/

rd*'g0kef0ef;usif
bm&wumvmb0ef (jywdkuf)
(Bharat Kala Bhavan)
Am&mPoD&Sd Am&mPoD[dE´DwuúodkvftwGif; (þjywdkuf) wnf&Sd
onf/ þjywdkufwGif xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fonhf [dE´L?Ak'¨bmomESihf
*sdef; yef;ykvuf&mrsm;a&m tjcm; tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udkyg pk
aqmif; jyoxm;onf/ jycef;0if ypönf;rsm;udk aumif;pGmjyoxm;
176 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o 173

ukuúK#yg'*d&d

vkrÁdeD&Sd taomuausmufpmwdkif

rd*'g0kefrS*kwåacwfvuf&m"ar®uapwD
uydv0w¬KrStysuftpD;rsm;
rd*'g0kef? rlv*E¨uk#drSyef;csDum;
174 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o 175

jA[®a,medac:*,moDo

Ak'¨*,m&Sd Ak'¨yg'apwDawmf
Ak'¨*,mblwefbk&m;ausmif;rSqif;wk

Ak'¨*,mrSy&aAm"dae&m

Ak'¨*,mnaecif;
180 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o 177

om0w¬dNrdKU&Sd oD&dvuFmausmif;rS yef;csDum; &mZN*ØK[fNrdKUrS*dZÑuk#fawmif

&mZN*ØK[frS£E´omv*l

ukodem½kHrS r[my&dedAÁmeapwDESihfbk&m;ausmif; &mZN*ØK[fNrdKU½dk;wHwkdif;

178 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o 179

emvE´m&Sd ausmif;awmf&mtrSwf 2 rS
aumorÁDrS ausmufxGif;½kyfwkrsm;
aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&m

a0omvDrS jcaoFhacgif;
ywåem;jywkdufrS ausmufpmwkdifESihf apwDawmf
t0avmudawoGm&qif;wk

Am&mAm&awmifukef;rS
avmro&aoh*l

emvE´mjywdkuf&Sd
Ak'¨*,mrSqif;wk
 184 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oufzG,f wrvGefb0udk &&SdEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ *,m
jrpftwdkif; Ak'¨*,modkY oGm;aomvrf;a[mif;jzihf *,mNrKdUrS xGuf
cGmaomf jA[®a,medonf aemufqkH;jzwfoef;&aom awmifukef;
jzpfNyD; awmifxdyfay:&Sd a&'D,kd (toHvTifh) arQmfpifjzihf vG,fulpGm
rSwfom;Edkifonf/
ok&mZduk@ (Surjikund)
*,mNrdKUtv,fwGif ok&mZduk@ac: a&uefBuD;wpfck&Sdonf/ þ
(a&uefodkY 0wfrjyKrD ukd,fvufpifMu,f oefY&Sif;&ef [dE´Lrsm;
vma&mufMuonf/ a&uefonf BuD;rm;onhf av;axmifhykH
a&xkwnf&SdNyD; aumif;pGm tvSq,ifxm;onhf tqkH;wGif (a&
csKd;)qdyf wpfckvnf;&Sdonf/
olpdavmrokwfawmf (okwåed? pm-319)üyg&Sdonfh jzpf&yfrsm;
jzpfay:cJhonfrSm þa&uefjzpfonf/ a&uefab;wGif #uØwrÍö
[kac:aom arQmfpifvdk taqmufttkHwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;a&uef
wGif olpdavmr cRefxufonhftarG;&Sdol ,u©(bDvl;)wpfa,muf
aexdkifcJhonf/ r[mbm&w (usrf;)ü ,if;arQmfpifvdk taqmuf
ttkHudkyif jA[®p&d,[k ac:a0:azmfjyxm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
jzpfonf/ olpdavmronf Ak'¨tm; Ncdrf;ajcmuf&ef BudK;pm;aomf
vnf; ratmifjrifcJhojzihf ]tu,fí rajzEdkifvQif jrpfwpfbufoYdk
(Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;) ypfvTwfvdkufrnf}[k Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf ar;
cGef;rsm;ar;onf/ olpdavmrbDvl;u ]&m*ESifh a'gornfonhfae
&mrS vmoenf;? ESpfoufjcif; rESpfoufjcif;ESihf t aMumufw&m;
tb,frSvmoenf;/ raumif;aom tMuHtpnfrsm; tb,fae
&mrS jzpfay:vmoenf;/ uav;i,frsm; usD;uef;udk aESmihf,Suf
ouJhodkY pdwfudk rnfonhft&mu aESmihf,Sufygoenf;}[k tar;
jyKonf/ jrwfAk'¨\tajz wpfpdwfwpfa'orSm ]&m*ESihf a'goonf
ig ighOpöm[k cH,ljcif;rS jzpfay:vm\/ xdktwlyif ESpfoufjcif; rESpf
5/ *,m
jrwfAk'¨onf (wynfh)&[ef; wpfaxmifESihftwl *,moDot&yf&Sd
*,m (½Gm) teD;wGif oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonf (0d 3? 43)/
*,monf [dE´Lbmomt& NrdKUjrwfckepfckteuf wpfckjzpfonf/
Ak'¨acwfuyif [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;onf uG,fvGefol rdbaqGrsKd;
rsm;twGuf bmoma&;udpö aqmif½Guf&efESihf zv*ljrpfwGif a&
csKd;&ef *,mNrdKUodkY vma&mufcJhMuonf/ bmoma&;udpörsm;udk
*,mNrdKUwGif (,aeYwdkif)aqmif½GufMuqJjzpfonf/ *,m&Sd [dE´Lbm
om0ifrsm;\ txGwfjrwfqkH; ae&mrsm;rSm [dE´Lyg'bk&m;ausmif;?
ausmfMum;vSonhf raoaom anmifyifwnf&Sd&m tuoQ,0wf
(Akshayavat) bk&m;ausmif;ESihf jA[®uk@a&uefwdkY jzpfonf/
[dE´Lbmom vTrf;rdk;ywfoufrI &Sdaomfvnf; *,mNrdKUonf Ak'¨
bmom0ifwdkYtwGufvnf; crf;em;vSonf/ taMumif;rl Ak'¨ ouf
awmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu *,mNrdKUü trSwf&zG,f jzpf&yfrsm;&SdcJhaom
aMumihf jzpfonf/
rd*'g0kefü yxr0g uRwfNyD;aemuf jrwfAk'¨onf Ak'¨*,modYk
jyef<uvmNyD; ,if;*,mNrdKU&Sd O½ka0vuóy? e'DuóyESihf *,m
uóywdkYudk ¤if;wdkY\ wpfaxmifpDaom wynfhrsm;ESihftwl Ak'¨
bmomtjzpfcH,lapcJhonf/ tqdkygjyKopfp &[ef;wpfaxmif jcH&H
vsuf Ak'¨onf *,mNrdKUodkY<uvmNyD; okwåefaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk
a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ jrwfAk'¨ *,modkY tNrJwrf; jyef<uvmonf
[laom taxmuftxm; r&Sdacs/ þonfrSm *,monf ([dE´L)
bmoma&;qdkif&m 0wfjyKqkawmif;rI tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf
tcsuftcsm ae&mjzpfaomfvnf; jrwfAk't ¨ aejzihf ,if;udk rsm;pGm
*½kpdkufaomaMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ 0w¬Lyrokwf (r 1? 47)wGif
Ak'¨u ]tu,fí oifonf vdrfnmjcif;? ouf&SdwdkYudk ñSOf;qJjcif;
182 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
r&SdvQif? (olwpfyg;Opömudk) rcdk;0SufbJ o'¨gw&m;&SdvQif *,modkY
oGm;í tb,ftusKd;&Sdrnfenf;/ *,m(a&) onf oifhtdrfrSm&Sd
aoma&ESihf jcm;em;rIr&Sd}[k a[mawmfrlonf/ ausmufwkH;BuD;
rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomeH&Hjrihfjzihf um&Hxm;onf/
Munfh½IzG,f
jA[®a,med
*,mNrdKUay:rS rdk;aeaom þxif&Sm;onhf awmifukef;onf Ak'¨
vufxufawmftcgu *,moDo[k xif&Sm;cJhonf/ t&Sifr[m
Ak'¨aCmotvdkt& þawmifwef;\rlvtrnfrSm 'l;auG;&yfvsuf
&Sdaom qifESifhwlaomaMumihf *ZoDo (qifOD;acgif;)jzpfNyD; *,m
NrdKUtrnfrSm þawmifukef;udk tpGJjyKí ac:a0:aomtrnf *ZrS
*,m[k ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ausmfMum;vSonhf rD;vQH a'
oem tm'dwåy&d,m,okwfudk Ak'¨onf wpfaxmifaom jyKopfp
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; þ*,moDot&yfü a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
a&S;t|uxmusrf;rsm; (tH-| 1? 232)ü tm'dwåy&d,m,
okwfudk a[mMum;pOf Ak'¨ESihf (w&m;em) y&dowfonf {&mr
ausmufzsmBuD;ay:ü xkdifcJhMuaMumif;qdkonf/ xdkrQavmuf BuD;
rm;aom ausmufzsmwpfckwavudkrQ ,cktcg rawGU jrifEdkifawmh
acs/ odkY&mwGif rlvawmifxGwfab;&Sd yckH;uJhodkYaom ae&mwpfck
onf vlwpfaxmifavmuf oufaomihfoufom aeEdkifonfh
ausmufzsmwpfck &SdcJhrnf[k,lq&aom jyifnD ae&mus,fBuD;
wpfck&Sdonf/ þajrae&mtwGif; apwDwpfql jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh rIef
0g;onhf tptersm;udk awGUjrifEdkifao;onf/
tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f a'oemwpfckwGif *,moDo (awmif)
rS Munf½Ivkdufjcif;ü Ak'¨&Sifonf rdrdwdkYjyKNyD;onhf tukodkvf
'kp½dkufrsm; pifMu,foGm;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuvsuf jrpftwGif;
*,m 183
a&csKd;aersm;udk awGUjrifawmfrlaMumif; jyqdkonf/ xdkYaemuf Ak'¨u
þ*gxmudk a[m>rufawmfrlonf –
]vltrsm; þjrpfxJrSm a&csKd;Muaomfvnf; a&jzihf(tukodkvf
tnpf taMu;udk) pifMu,fatmifvkyfí r&/ opöm"r®&Sdaom
olonfompifMu,fNyD; jA[®P (raumif;rIudk pifMu,fNyD;ol)
rnf\} (O'ge? pm- 83)/
jrwfAk'¨\ b0qkH;onftxd a'0'wfonf oHCmhtzGJU t
pnf;udk oif;cGJNyD; aemufvkduf&[ef; ig;&mESihftwl *,moDoü
aexkdif&ef xGufcGmcJhonf/ *,moDoü tZmwowfrif;u bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wpfck aqmufvkyfvª'gef;onf/ Ak'¨u t&Sifr[m
arm*¾v’mefESihf t&Sifom&dykwå&mwdkYudk cGJxGuf&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
usKd;aMumif;jy(azsmif;zs)&ef apvTwfawmfrlojzihf aemufqkH;ü xdk&
[ef;awmfrsm; (trSefudkodNyD;) jyefvmatmif aqmif½GufEdkifcJhonf/
[l,ifqef *,mNrdKUodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg *,mNrdKUwGif rd
om;pk wpfaxmifcefYom aexdkifMuonf/ xdktcsdefu *,moDo
tm; bk&ifrif;tjzpf wufa&mufrIESihf ywfoufaom ta&;
BuD;onhf ae&mwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ [l,ifqefu þ
odkYqdkonf ]a&S;acwfrsm;tcsdefu tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm; xD;eef;
&aomtcg ywf0ef;usifteD;tem;&Sd jynfolrsm;tm; ESpfouf
ap&efESihf rdrd\ausmapmxif&Sm;rIudk vGefcJhaom rsKd;qufwdkYxuf
omvGefaMumif; jyo&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tcrf;tem;rsm; tpD
t&Dusif;yvsuf awmifay:odkYwufí rdrd\atmifjrifrIudk aMunm
jcif;rSm xkH;pHwpf&yfjzpfcJh\}/ &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefonf taom
urif; wnfxm;cJhonhf awmifukef;ay:&Sd apwDwpfql t
aMumif;udkvnf; azmfjycJhonf/ ,aeYacwfürl jA[®a,medudk [dE´L
wdkYu t½dktaojyKp&mtjzpf,lqaeMuNyD; tu,fí awmifxdyf
teD;&Sd ausmufawmifrS taygufukd jzwfí wGm;oGm;EkdifvQif ESpf
188 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
qkH;ü v|d0eac: xef;yifawmü &yfem;awmfrlonf/ þae&mudk
,cktcg &mZN*dK[ftaemufawmifbuf 10-uDvdkrDwmtuGm ½Gm
i,fwpfcktjzpf awGU&Sd&NyD; wu,f pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm
rlvemrnf wnf&SdqJjzpfNyD; ,cktcg v|d0e\ [dE´Dbmom twdk
aumufpum; a*sxdetjzpf xif&Sm;onf/ AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;onf
Ak'¨udkBudKqdk&ef rsm;pGmaom ta>ct&HwdkYESihftwl a&mufvmNyD; Ak'¨
aemufrS NrdKUxJodkY vkdufygoGm;cJhonf/ touft½G,fBuD;NyD; av;
pm;cH&onhf uóynDaemifwdkYESihfEIdif;pmygu i,fvGef;NyD; xdktcsdef
u udk,fusifhw&m;a&;&m rausmfapmao;aom Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
ESihf awGUqkHonhftcg vltcsKdUu rnfolonfq&m rnfolonf
wynhf[k raocsmbJ jzpfaeMuonf/ xdktcg O½ka0v uóyu
]ae&muxNyD; ouFef;udk yckH;ay:wGifjyifqif 0wf½kHvdkufNyD; jrwf
Ak'¨\ajcawmf&if;ü OD;ñGwfvsuf ]]t&Sif? t&Sifonfum; wynfh
awmf\ q&mjzpfyg\/ wynhfawmfonf (t&Sifbk&m;\) wynfhjzpf
ygonfbk&m;}}[k avsmufxm;onf} (0d 3? 46)/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ t*¾r[mom0ursm;jzpfvmMuonhf yk*¾Kdvf
ESpfa,muf &[ef;jyKvmonfrSmvnf; xdktcsdefujzpfonf/ oÍö,
(oÍönf;)q&mBuD;\wynhfrsm; jzpfaeMuonhf arm*¾v’meESihf om&d
ykwåwdkYonf i,foli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oÍö,um; xdktcsdef
u &mZN*dK[fwGif xif;&Sm;onhf y&dAdkZfrsm;pGmteuf wpfa,muf
tygt0ifjzpfNyD; wynhfaygif; ESpf&mhig;q,f&Sdonf[k qdkonf/
wpfaeYoü om&dykwåonf qGrf;cHvSnhfvnfaeonhf Ak'¨\wynhf
&[ef;awmfwpfyg; (t&SiftóZd)ESihf awGUqkHNyD; rdrdtm;w&m;
a[mMum;&ef awmif;yefonf/ Mum;em&aomw&m;pum;udk ESpf
oufoGm;jcif;ü om&dykwåonf rdwfaqGarm*¾v’metm; xdk(w&m;
"r®)udk jyefvnfa[mMum;onf/ ¤if;wdkY (ESpfOD;)onf xdkae&m xdk
tcsdeüf yif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ wynfhtjzpfcH,l&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMu
rd*'g0kef 185
oufjcif;? taMumufw&m;? raumif;aom tawG;tMuHrsm;vnf;
ig ighOpöm[k pGJvrf;jcif;rS jzpfay:vm\/ (xdkw&m;uyif) uav;
i,frsm; usD;uef;iSufudk (aESmihf,Suf ouJhodkY) pdwfudk aESmihf
,Suf\} [líjzpfonf/
,aeYacwfwGif #uØwrÍö tpteudkyif rawGUEdkifawmhacs/
odkY&mwGif a&uef\trnfrSm olpdavmrrS qif;oufvmonfrSm
aocsmNyD; a&csKd;qdyf teD;&Sd (vltrsm;) &Sdcdk;ylaZmfMuonhf opfyif
&if;wGif Ak'¨bmomapwDawmf rsm;tygt0if a&S;a[mif;tEkynm
vuf&mrsm;pGm&Sdonf/
ok&mZduk@odkY oGm;a&muf&ef AdoQEkyg' bk&m;ausmif;odYk
oGm;onhf vrf;twdkif;oGm;yg/ bk&m;ausmif;odkY ra&mufrD rDwm
100-cefYwGif b,fbufodkY cGJxGufoGm;onhf vrf;usOf;i,fwpfck
&Sdonf/ ,if;vrf;usOf;i,ftwdkif; qif;oGm;NyD; nmodkYcsKd;yg/
*,mjywkduf
*,mjywdkufudk a[mif;EGrf;NyD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg; jzpfaeonfh t
aqmufttkH wpfckwGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD; *,mESihf *,mywf0ef;
usiüf awGU&onhf Ak'¨ bmomESihf [dE´Lbmomqdkif&m yef;ykvuf&m
tenf;tusOf;udk pkaqmif;jy oxm;onf/ jywdkufudk eHeuf 10-
em&DrS nae 5-em&Dtxd aeYpOfzGifhNyD; wevFmaeYrsm;wGif ydwf
onf[k qdkonf/ trSefpifppf jywdkufrª;vmonhf tcsdeftenf;i,f
twGif;om zGihfonf/ jywdkufonf *,mw&m;½kH;teD; 'ufbef
*gvdk (Dak Bungalow)ESihf uyfvsuf&Sd taqmufttkHjzpfonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
*,monf Am&mPoDta&SUbuf uDvdkrDwm 200-cefYwGif&Sdonfh
ajrmufydkif; &xm;vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif &Sdonf/ ywåem;rSvnf;
&xm;jzihfa&muf&SdEdkifonf/ 118-uDvdkrDwmcefY (a0;onhf) c&D;
pOfjzpfonf/

6/ &mZN*dK[f
rSefygonf t&Sifbk&m;? þvrf;um; &mZN*dK[fodkY oGm;aom vrf;jzpf
yg\/ þvrf;twdkif; tenf;i,f oGm;NyD;aemuf ½Gmwpf½Gmudk awGUyg
vdrfhrnf/ qufoGm;NyD;aemuf aps;NrdKUBuD; wpfNrdKU awGUygvdrfhrnf/
tenf;i,f qufoGm;NyD;onhftcg ESpfoufzG,fyef;jcHrsm;? ESpfouf
zG,fopfawmrsm;? ESpfoufzG,f jruffcif;jyifrsm;ESihf ESpfoufzG,f a&
uefrsm;&Sdonhf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUudk awGUygvdrfhrnf (r 3? 56)/
,cktcg &m*s*d&f[kac:onhf NrdKU&mZN*dK[fonf tdE´d,wGif vltrsm;
pOfqufrjywf tajccsaexdkifcJhonhf a&S; tusqkH;ae&mrsm;teuf
wpfckjzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨ oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu r*"EdkifiH\NrKd U
awmfjzpfcJhNyD; rZÑdra'oü tBuD;qkH;NrdKUjzpfcJhonf/ &mZN*dK[fNrdKUESihf
¤if;\obm0e,fajr txdrf;trSwfrsm;udk a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨? *sdef;
ESihf [dE´Lpmayrsm;ü rMumcP azmfjyMuonf/ Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
ukd,fwdkifyif NrdKUawmfESihf ¤if;ywf0ef;usifrsm;taMumif; þodYk
>ruf[awmfrlzl;onf ]&mZN*dK[fum; ESpfoufzG,faumif;pG? *dZÑ
ul#ESihf a*gwredaj*m"wdkYum; arGUavsmfzG,faumif;pG/ apm&yygw
(cdk;om;acsmufeuf)ESihf a0bm&awmif,HrS owåyPÖd*lwdkYum;
aysmf½TifzG,faumif;pG/ £od*dvdawmif,HrS umVodvmESihf odwm
0etwGif;rS oyÜaom@duyAÇm&wdkYum; wihfw,fvSaypG/ wayg
'g&mrESihf a0VK0efrS &SOfheufwdkYudk tpmauR;&mXme? ZD0urÁ0e
(ZD0uo&ufO,smOf)ESihf r'´ukpädt&yf&Sd ab;rJhawmwdkYum; ESpfvdk
zG,f&SdpG} ('D 2? 97)/
r[m,eAk'¨bmom uAsmq&mBuD; tóaCmoyk*¾Kdvfu
NrdKUawmfonf ]awmifig;vkH;aMumihf xif&Sm;\/ awmifpG,fawmif
xGwfrsm;jzihf um&Hvsuf wefqmqifxm;\/ a&ylprf;rsm;jzihf yHHhydk;
&mZN*dK[f 187
xm;NyD; pifMu,fatmifjyKxm;\} [kqdkonf/ NrdKUawmf\a&S;a[mif;
tpdwftydkif;udk um&Hxm;onhf awmifBuD;ig;vkH;udk a0bm&?
a0ykv’? &we? aomPESihf O',awmif[k ac:onf/ (ax&0g')
wdyd#uü a0bm&? a0ykv’? y@0? *dZÑul#ESihf £od*dvdawmif
[k ac:onf/ xdkawmifrsm;tMum; wnf&Sdaeonhf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUudk
wpfcgwpf&H *d&bZ (awmifukef;cHwyf) NrdKU[kvnf; ac:a0:onf/
rif;om;od'¨w¬onf awmxGufcJhNyD;aemuf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUodkY
a&mufvmonf/ (&mZN*dK[f)NrdKUawmf ywf0ef;usif&Sd *lrsm; opf
awmrsm;ESihf ausmufaqmifrsm;ü rMumcPawGU&wwfonhf &aoh
rsm;pGmwdkYESihf qufoG,frI&&Sd&ef jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ (&mZN*dK[f)bk&if
AdrÁdom&onf rif;om;odd'¨w¬tm; (NrdKUawmf)vrf;Mum;ü qGrf;cH
vSnhf vnfaeonfudk awGUrdNyD; rif;om;od'¨w¬\ txufwef;us
aom ½kyfvu©PmaMumifh euf½Idif;pGm MunfndKav;pm;oGm;onf/
Ak'¨avmif;vsm (rif;om;od'¨w¬)onf y@0 (,ckacwf &we)
awmif ta&SUbufü oDwif;okH; aexkdifaMumif; od&SdoGm;jcif;ü
bk&if (AdrÁom&)onf Ak'¨avmif;vsmxH oGm;a&mufawGUqkHonf/
Ak'¨avmif;vsmu bk&ifAdrÁdom&tm; rdrdtaejzihf jrifhjrwfaom
trsKd;(rif;rsKd;)rS jzpfaMumif; ajymjyaomtcg rif;BuD;onf rif;om;
od'¨w¬ (&[ef;)taejzihf vlYb0odkY jyefvmcJhrnfqdkvQif eef;awmfü
tqihfjrihf &mxl;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; urf;vSrf;onf/ rif;om;
od'¨w¬onf ,Ofaus;pGmjiif;qdkvsuf tu,fí rdrdtaejzihf aAm"d
ÓmPfudk &&SdcJhrnfqdkvQif ,if;odkY&&Sdaomtcg jyefvmNyD; rdrdod&Sd
xm;onhf trSefw&m;udk rif;BuD;tm;jyefvnf a[mMum;rnfjzpf
aMumif; uwday;cJhonf/
Ak'¨avmif;vsm (rif;om;od'¨w¬)onf uwdtwdkif;aqmif½Guf
cJhonf/ *,mü oDwif;okH;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ¤if;\
(wynfh)&[ef; wpfaxmifESihftwl &mZN*dK[fodkY <uawmfrlNyD;aemuf
 192 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tay:wpffck (qifhumqihfum) wnfaqmufxm;onhf apwDtrsm;
tjym; wl;azmfawGU&SdcJhNyD; a&S;tusqH;k apwDudk arm&d,acwfvuf
&m[k owfrSwfonf/ acwfopfvrf;wpfckonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUopf
ukd jzwfoGm;NyD; ,if;(acwfopf)vrf; ajrmufbuf tkwfwHwdkif;udk
jzwfonhfae&m\ nmbufuyfvsufwGif bk&m;zl;onf &mZN*dK[f
NrdKUopf\ yifr*dwfa[mif;udk awGUEdkifonf/
tZmwowåKapwD
um;vrf;twdkif; &mZN*dK[fNrdKUopfrS xGufcGmcJhNyD;aemuf uDvkdrDwm
0ufavmufawmifbufodkY oGm;cJhaomf bk&m;zl;onf b,fbuf
jcrf;ü tay:wGif ausmufwdkifrsm;ESihf ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;jzihf
aqmufvkyfcJhonhf taqmufttkH(ysuf)wpfckudk awGUygvdrfhrnf/
þtaqmufttkHysufrSm tZmwowåKonf rdrd&&SdcJhonhf Ak'¨
"mwfawmfa0pk &SpfykHwpfykHjzihf wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonhf apwDae
&mjzpfonf/ þapwDawmfonf cyfapmapmuyif tysuftpD;rsm;
jzpfoGm;cJhNyD; (taqmufttkHopf) jyefvnfwnfaqmufvsuf t
jcm;&nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf tokH;jyKaeNyDjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rlvt½G,f
tpm;ESihf ykHoP²mefudk pOfpm;Munhf&ef ,cktcg rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/
a0VK0efausmif;awmf&m
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aAm"dÓmPfudk&&SdNyD;aemuf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUodkY jyef
oGm;aomtcg bk&ifAdrÁdom&onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf ½GmESihf
reD;vGef;ra0;vGef;bJ oGm;jcif;jyefjcif;twGuf oihfavsmfNyD; Oygo
umrsm;taejzifh oGm;a&mufvkdonhftcg tvG,fwul oGm;a&muf
Edkifaom? aeYtcsdef vlolr½IyfvGef;aom? ntcsdef toHrqlnHbJ
qdwfNidrfaom? awm½dkif;wd&pämefwdkY\ atmf[pfoH r&Sdaom? trsm;
rsufuG,fae&m? qdwfNidrfpGm aexdkif&ef oihfavsmfaom aexdkif
p&mvdktyfaMumif; odjrifawmfrlonf (0d 3? 49)/ bk&if AdrÁdom&
wGif 0g;½kHrsm; xdk;xdk;axmifaxmif aygufa&mufaeaomaMumihf
&mZN*dK[f 189
onf/ oÍö,onf rdrd\wynhftcsKdU qkH;½IH;awmhrnfudk Mum;od&
aomtcg tu,fí ¤if;(om&dykwåESihf arm*¾v’me)wdkY qufvufí
(rdrdatmufrSm) aernfqdkvQif rdrd\ vufaxmufq&mtjzpf cefY
tyfrnfjzpfaMumif; urf;vSrf;onf/ odkY&mwGif rdwfaqGESpfa,muf
wdkYonf oÍö,\ tjcm;wynhfrsm;ESihftwl Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfxH
oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf (0d 4? 50)/ þ½kwfw&ufjzpf&yfonf &mZ
N*dK[f (NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkY)\ xl;jcm;onhf pdwf0ifpm;rIudk jzpfay:apNyD;
jrwfAk'¨\ ausmufapmowif; wdk;wufoGm;onf/
odkY&mwGif jrwfAk'¨\wynfhtcsKdU jrwfAk'¨\toufudk vkyfMuH
onftxd qefYusifcJhonfrSvnf; &mZN*dK[fNrdKUrSmyif jzpfonf/
b0ifjrihfNyD; &nf½G,fcsufBuD;rm;vsuf jrwfAk'¨\ nDwpf0rf;uGJ
awmfpyfol a'0'wåu rdrdtaejzihf oHCmhy&dowftm; OD;aqmif
Ekdif&ef Ak'¨tm; tem;,lzdkYawmif;qdkonf/ ,if;awmif;yefrIudk jrwf
Ak'¨u tcdkiftrmjiif;qdkawmfrlonf/ jiif;cH&onfukd &SufoGm;aom
a'0'wåonf (Ak'¨tm;) vkyfMuH&ef MuHpnfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
*dZÑuk#fawmift&dyüf pBuFefavQmufaepOf Ak'¨xH ausmufwkH;BuD;
udk vSdrfhcsonf/ Ak'¨\ajcrawmfü xdcdkufoGm;onf (0d 4? 353)/
þMuHpnfrI ratmifjrifaomtcg a'0'wfonf bk&ihfqif tddrf
awmfxdef; qifOD;pD;rsm;tm; BuD;rm;NyD; pdwfqwfonhf emVm*d&d
qifudk jrwfAk'¨<uvmonhfvrf;odkY vTwf&ef aoG;aqmifonf/ wpf
eHeufü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUxfü qGrf;cHvSnhfvnfpOf
emVm*d&dqifajymifBuD;ESihf xdyfwdkufawGU&onf/ jrwfAk'¨ESifh twl&Sd
aeMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;u aemufodkYjyefqkwf&ef jrwfAk't ¨ m;
awmif;yefMuonf/ odkYaomf Ak'¨onf a&SUodkYwufí wnfNird pf mG
avQmufoGm;awmfrlonf/ vltrsm;onf rnfodkY jzpfvmrnfudk
Munh½f I&ef tdrftrdk;ay:odkY wufMuonf/ ]o'¨gw&m; enf;yg;ol
jrwfAk'¨tm; r,kHMunfol tjrifrSef enf;yg;olwdkYu ]]þ&[ef;
 190 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
onf aemufodkYjyefqkwfoihf\/ aemufodkYrqkwfvQif þqifxD;
BuD; tEÅ&m,fjyK (cH&)awmhrnf}}[k qdkMuonf/ o'¨gw&m;&SdNyD;
(Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;) ,kHMunfol todynm em;vnfrI&SdolwdkYu
]]þowå0g (qifajymif)BuD;onf r[myk&dotppf (Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwf)tm; awGU&ayawmhrnf}}[k qdkMuonf} (0d 4? 355)/ Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwfonf emVm*d&dqifajymifBuD;tm; arwåm"mwfjzihf jzefY
MuufvkdufNyD; (qifajymifBuD;tm;) NidrfoufoGm;apvdkufojzihf qif
ajymifBuD;onf jrwfAk'¨\ab;ü vm&yf (vsuf'l;axmuf) onf/
Ak'¨u qifajymifBuD;OD;acgif;udk vufawmfjzihf yGwfoyfay;onf/
jrwfAk'¨onf aAm"dÓmPfudk &NyD;aemuf 'kwd,? wwd,ESihf
pwkw¬ajrmuff0gwdkYudk &mZN*dK[fNrdKUü ukefvGefawmfrlonf/ aemuf
13 ESpfESihf 15 ESpfMumNyD;aemuf wpfzef <ua&muf(0gqdk)vsuf
aemufwpfBudrfwGif aemufqkH; y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrrlrD <ua&muf
cJhNyD; &mZN*dK[üf om0w¬duvGJNyD; tjcm;ae&m tm;vkH;xuf ydkrdk
rsm;jym;onhf w&m;a'oemawmfrsm; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlí rMumjrihfrDyif r*"NrdKUawmfudk
ywåem;(yg#vdykwf)NrdKUodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;NyD; &mZN*dK[fonf qkwf
,kwfoGm;cJhaomfvnf; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Ak'¨0g'\ tcsuftcsm
ae&mtjzpf qufvufwnf&SdcJhonf/
tvufpE´m uefeif[rfonf Ak'¨pmayusrf;*efrsm;ESihf w½kwf
bk&m;zl; &[ef;awmfrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;ü azmfjyxm;onhf ae&m
rsm;tm; BudK;pm;azmfxkwf&ef 1861-62 ESihf 1871-72 ESpfrsm;ü
ESpfBudrf &mZN*dK[fodkY vma&mufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí a&S;a[mif;
okawoeynm&Sifrsm;onf tcsdefrsm;pGm &mZN*dK[f ywf0ef;usif
udk wl;azmfcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fae&mtrsm;
pkonf om,mus,fajymvSonhf {&d,mtwGif; usJjyefYaeojzihf
xdkae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf&mü rsm;pGmvrf;avQmuf&onf/ bk&m;
&mZN*dK[f 191
zl;rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H vk,ufcH&wwfNyD; tazmfrygbJ awmif
ukef; odkYr[kwf awmwef;rsm;odkY roGm;&ef tMuHjyKxm;onf/
Munfh½IzG,f
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUopf
jrwfAk'¨vufxufu r*"EdkifiHonf pGrf;tifBuD;rm;vmNyD; NrdKUawmf
udk MumjrifhpGmuwnf;u tajccsaexdkifonhf awmifukef;rsm;
txJrS vGifjyifodkY ajymif;a½TUEkdifavmufatmifyif ,kHMunfrI&Sdvm
onf/ rnfonhftcsdefu a½TUajymif;cJhaMumif;udk wdyd#uygVdawmfü
twdtus azmfjyrxm;aomfvnf; zm[D,efu NrdKUawmfwnf
opfaqmufrIudk tZmwowåK (aqmif½GufcJhonf)[k ,lqNyD; [l
,ifqefurl NrdKUawmfopfudk bk&ifAdrÁdom& wnfaqmufcJhaMumif;
qdkonf/ crnf;awmfrif;BuD; pwifwnfaqmufcJhonfudk om;
(tZmw owåK)u NyD;qkkH;atmif aqmif½GufcJhojzifh NrdKUawmfudk ESpf
a,mufvkH; wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lqvQif oihfjrwfygonf/
zm[D,efvufxufu tkwfwHwdkif; (NrdKU½dk;)twGif; ausmif;
wkdufBuD;ESpfck &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefuyif NrdKUawmf\crf;em;
BuD;us,frIrSm cyfapmapmuwnf;u avsmhusoGm;cJhNyD jzpfonf/
aemuf&mpkESpf ESpfcktMum [l,ifqef a&mufvmaomtcg [l,if
qefonf pGefYypfxm;onhf tysuftpD;rsm;udkom awGU&awmhonf/
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUopf\ tkwfwHwdkif;rsm;onf ykHrSefr[kwfonhfpwk*HykHpH
t&Snf ig;uDvdkrDwm&SdNyD; tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif okH;uDvkdrDwmcGJcefY
jrifhonf/ bk&m;zl;onf taemufbuf tkwfwHwdkif;xdyfay:udk
wufMunhfrnfqdkvQif taemufbufü ukef;urlBuD;wpfck awGU&Sd&
rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;onf taomurif;BuD;wnfcJhonhf {&mrapwD
BuD;wpfck\ tysuftpD;ae&mjzpfonf/ 1905-ckESpfwGif þae&m
ü a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;azmfrIrsm;&SdcJhNyD; 1906-ckESpfwGif wpfck
196 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
]euf½Idfif;aom? Munfvifaom? at;jraom? oefY&Sif;aom? em;ae
&ef ae&maumif;&Sdaom? ig;rsm;vdyfrsm; yGihfvef; Mumyef;½dkif;rsm;
ESihf jynhfaeaom (a&ueftjzpf)} azmfjyawmfrlcJhonf (0d 1? 148)/
tcgwpfyg;ü t&SiftmeE´monf þwayg'gü a&csKd;&ef<u
vmNyD; aumuEk'y&dAdkZfESihfawGUqkHNyD; aqG;aEG;pum;qdkcJhaMumif;ESihf
r[mupömeba'´u&|okwft& ord'¨dtrnf&Sd &[ef;awmfonf
a&csKd;NyD;aemuf aeqmvIHaepOf ewfom;wpfa,muf csOf;uyfcJh
aMumif; od&onf/ þa&ylprf;rsm;onf tdE´d,\ csrf;at;aom
&moD eHeufcif;tcsdeüf a&aEG;csKd;vdkMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm; pnf
um;vsuf&SdonfrSm aocsmonf/ [l,ifqef &mZN*dK[fNrdKUodkYa&muf
oGm;aomtcg wayg'g½kHonf jynfoltrsm; a&csKd;onhf ae&m
tjzpfodkY wdk;wuf (ajymif;vJ)oGm;NyDjzpfonf/ [l,ifqefu þodkY
qdkonf ]a&ylprf;rsm;\ EIwfcrf;rsm;ü yef;ykxGif;ausmufrsm; &Sd
Mu\/ tcsKdU jcaoFhrsm; oP²mef½SdNyD; tcsKdUrSm qifjzLrsm;\ OD;acgif;
oP²mef? tcsKdUrl a&xGuf>yefrsm; wnfaqmufxm;\/ ,if;a&>yef
rSwpfqifh tjrifhrSa&pD;qif;\/ atmufbufü a&uefuJhodkY a&odk
avSmifxm;onhf ausmufa&cGufrsm;&Sd\/ þae&mü a'owdik ;f NrKd U
½Gmwdkif;rS vltrsm; a&csLd;&ef vma&mufMu\/ rnfonhfa&m*g
rqdk pGJuyfaeMuolrsm; rMumcP a&m*gaysmufuif; oGm;Mu\/
a&ylprf;\0J,mwdkYü apwDawmf trsm;tjym;&SdNyD; bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif; tysuftpD;rsm; eD;uyfpGmwnf&SdMu\/ xdkae&m tm;vkH;
wGif yGifhawmfrlMuNyD; bk&m;&SiftqlqlwdkY oDwif;okH;aexdkifNyD;
pBuFefavQmufawmfrlcJhzl;Mu\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&SifwdkY ,if;odkYjyK(vrf;
avQmufawmfrljcif;rsm;)twGuf ajc&mawmfrsm; ,aeYwdkif awGUjrif
Ekdifao;\/ awmifukef;rsm;0ef;&HaeNyD; a&&vG,fonhf xdkae&mrsm;
ü udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf todynm BuD;jrwfolrsm;u tjrihfwGifae&
vsuf &aoh&[ef;rsm;pGmvnf; Nidrf;csrf; qdwfNidrfpGm aexkdifMu\}/
&mZN*dK[f 193
a0VK0e (0g;awm) [kac:onhf ESpfoufzG,f NcHwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;
O,smOfNcHonf NrdKUawmfajrmufbuf yifr*dwfESihf ra0;aomaMumihf
rif;BuD;onf xdkO,smOfudk jrwfAk'¨tm; vª'gef;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf
onf/ yef;NcHydkifqkdifrI vTJajymif;ay;onhf tcrf;tem;udk tpOf
tvmESifhtnD cH,lol\vufxJodkY a&pufoGef;csí jyKvkyfcJhonf/
]r*"bk&if aoed,AdrÁdom&onf rif;crf;rif;em;wGif tokH;jyKonhf
a½TcGufudk,lvsuf jrwfAk'¨tm; &nfñTef;í (a&pufcs)\/ rif;BuD;
u jrwfAk'¨tm; ]]t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmfonf &Sifawmfbk&m; t
rª;&Sdonhf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; þESpfvdkzG,f a0VK0eO,smOf
udk vª'gef;ygonfbk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;\/ odkYjzihf jrwfAk'¨onf
O,smOfudk tvªcHawmfrlonf/ xdkYaemuf jrwfAk'¨onf rif;BuD;tm;
"r®pum;jzihf 0rf;omap? aysmf½Tifap? pdwftm;xuf oefap? ESpf
oufapvsuf ae&mrSxNyD; xGufcGmawmfrlonf} (0d 3? 49)/
a0VK0efO,smOfxJwGif uvE´ued0gy = &SOfheufwdkYudk tpm
auR;onhfae&m? arm&ed0gy = Oa'gif;wdkYudk tpmauR;onhfae&m?
okrm*"m = vSyonhf Mumyef;tkdif[lí wnf&mXme rsm;pGm&Sd
onf/ okrm*"mae&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf urÇmavmu\
rlvblwudk awG;awmMuHqjcif;\ tcsnf;ESD;jzpf&ykH (avmupdEmÅ
okwf) a'oemudk a[mMum;cJhonf20 (oH 3? 388)/ ,cktcg okrm
*"m a&uefrQom wnf&Sdawmhonf/ t&dyftm0go aumif;rGefNyD;
Nidrf;csrf;vSonhf a0VK0efonf jrwfAk'¨\ ta&;ygaom a'oem
awmfrsm; a[mawmfrl&mXme jzpfvmonf/ tb,&mZ ukrm&
okwf (r 2? 54)? &x0deDwokwf (r 1? 198)? r[m0päa*gwåokwf
20
rl&if; avmupdEÅmokwfygVdawmfürl a[mMum;onhfae&mudk uvE´ued0gy[k qdkNyD;
okrm*"ma&uefü a&S;ujzpfzl;onfudkom &nfñTef;onf/ O'krÁ&duokwf ('D 3? 32)
wGifrl jrwfAk'¨onf *dZÑuk#fawmifrS qif;oufí okrm*"ma&uef\ urf;teD;ü
&Sdaom arm&ed0gyodkY <uawmfrlaMumif;qdkonf (bmomjyefol)/
194 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o &mZN*dK[f 195
(r 2? 156)ESihf tjcm;okwåef 'gZifaygif; rsm;pGmudk (a0VK0efausmif;
wkdufü) a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
bu©KeD "r®'dEému 0domcolaX;tm; plVa0'v’okwfudk a[m
Mum;jcif; (r 1? 372)? tpd&0w omraPu 'EÅblrdokwfudk Z,
aoerif;om;tm; a[mMum;jcif; (r 3? 169)wdkYonf þa0VK0efü
jzpfonf/ wdAuftpOftvm rSwfwrf;t& to*Fonf a0VK0ef
O,smOfü bk&m;ausmif;i,fwpfck wnfaqmufcJhNyD; xdkausmif;ü
twefMumaexkdifcJhonf/ zm[D,ef a0VK0efodkY a&mufvmaom
tcg bkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfck awGU&onf/ ,if; (zm[D,efawGU&
aom) ausmif;wkdufü aeMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf vrf;rsm;
udk wHjrufvSnf;jcif;? opfyifrsm;udk a&avmif;ay;jcif;wdkYjzihf a0VK
0efO,smOfukd xdef;odrf;aeMuonf/ bk&m;zl;onf acsmif;i,fudk
jzwfvsuf a0VK0efxJodkY 0ifvkdufrdaomtcg b,fbufü awmif;
ukef;i,frsm;udk awGU&onf/ xdk(awmifukef;)atmuf (ajrBuD; xJ)
ü apwDrsm;? bk&m;ausmif;rsm; wnf&SdaeonfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwf
rvGJjzpfonf/ ,if;ae&mudk 1905-ckESpfESihf 1906-ckESpfrsm;ü wl;
azmfcJhNyD; tvGefta&;ygonhf a&S;a[mif;ypön;f tenf;i,frQom
awGU&SdcJh&onf/
wayg'g½kH
a0VK0efausmif;awmfrSaeí Adb&mawmifajcodkY pD;qif;oGm;aom
acsmif;i,fudkjzwf (xdk;)xm;onhf wHwm;qD odkY aps;udkjzwfvsuf
tenf;i,f vrf;avQmuf&onf/ avSum;xpfrsm;udkwufNyD;
vu©srD;em&d,ef ([dE´L)bk&m;ausmif;odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ Ak'¨
vufxufawmftcgu þae&mwpfckvkH;onf wayg'½kHa&ylprf;
O,smOf tjzpfxif&Sm;onf/ Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihf wynhfom0ursm;
onf a&ylrsm;xGufí þwayg'ga&ylprf;ü a&csKd;&ef rMumcP
<ua&mufMuonf/ t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mefu þwayg'g a&uefudk
200 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o &mZN*dK[f 197
,aeYacwfwGif [dE´Lr[kwfolrsm;udk a&csKd;cGifhjyKaomfvnf;
a&ylprf;rsm;onf ([dE´L)bk&m;ausmif;\ wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfae
onf/ jrwfAk'¨ odawmfrlcJhonhftwdkif;jzpfaom wayg'g½kH\ ywf
0ef;usifopfawmrsm; um;r&SdawmhNyD/ odkY&mwGif bk&m;zl;onf
,if; (wayg'g½kH)\ ESpfoufzG,f vef;qef;aponhf a&ylprf;rsm;udk
awGUjrifEdkifqJjzpfonf/
ydyÜvd*l
vu©srD;em&d,ef [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;rS xGufcGmNyD;awmifukef;ay:oYdk
wufoGm;vQif bk&m;zl;onf rMumrD ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;jzihf jyK
vkyfxm;onhf arQmfpifwpfckodkYa&mufonf/ þarQmfpifonf wpf
csdefu (&mZN*dK[f) NrdKUawmfa[mif; ajrmufbuf cHwyfuwkw\ f
wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfcJhonf/ þarQmfpifatmufajc&Sd tayguf rsm;
pGmteuf tBuD;qkH;(jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf)wpfckrSm jrwfAk'v ¨ ufxufu
ydyÜvd*ltjzpfodMuNyD; t&Sifr[muóy ausmif;tjzpftokH;jyKcJh
aom ae&mjzpfonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü jrwfAk'¨onf emrusef;jzpf
aeonhf t&Sifr[muóyxH<uawmfrlNyD; t&Sifjrwftm; aAmZÑif
ckepfyg;w&m;udk a[mMum;awmfrlonf (O'ge? pm-4)/ tcgwpfyg;
ürl t&Sifr[muóyonf ydyÜvd*lü ckepf&ufywfvkH; eda&m"
ormywf0ifpm;awmfrlaMumif;vnf; od& onf (O'ge? pm-4)/
owåyPÖdvdkPf*l
awmifukef;ay:&Sd b,fbufodkY cGJxGufoGm;aomvrf;rSm a&S;
a[mif; *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;ESihf [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;odkY a&mufoGm;NyD;
yxr (awGU&onhf *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;)ü vSyonhf ½kyfwk½kyfxGif;
rsm; wpf'gZifcefY&Sdonf/ bk&m;zl;onf vmvrf;twdkif; jyefqif;
cJhNyD; a&SUodkYqufoGm;ygrl vrf;onf nmbufodkYauGUvsuf awmif
ukef; atmufbufodkY qif;NyD;aemuf owåyPÖdvdkPf*lodkY a&muf
 198 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
onf/ ausmufaqmifxlxyfNyD; atmufajc&Sd ESvkH;wkefzG,f jrif
uGif;us,fudk ½Ijrif&vsuf vlolta&muftayguf enf;onhf þ
ae&mum; Ak'¨0g'ordkif;ü ta&;ygaom jzpf&yfwpfck\ (txdrf;
trSwf) ae&mjzpfonf/ Ak'¨onf þae&mü rMumcP oDwif;okH;
awmfrlcJhNyD; þae&mudk wpfcgwpf&H jyKopfp&[ef;awmfrsm; t
wGuf aexdkifp&m rawGU&Sdao;rD aexdkif&ef ae&mtjzpf tokH;jyKcJh
onf21/ odkY&mwGif owåyPÖdvdkPf*l\ BuD;us,frIonf þ*lü bDpD
483-ckESpf yxroH*g,emwifyGJ usif;ycJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
Ak'¨ y&deAd ÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf okH;vtMum &[EÅmig;&mwdYk
onf "r®0de,udk aemifvmaemifom;wdkY aqmif,loGm;Edkif&ef
þvkP d *f ül pkaygif;½Gwfqdk(í oH*g,emwif)cJhMuonf/ a0[m,
(a0bm&)awmif ajrmufbufapmif;&Sd opfyifrsm;pGm aygufa&muf
vsuf t&dyftm0goaumif;aom ausmufaqmif vGifjyif ae&mjzpf
onfh þowåyPÖdvdkPf*lü (yxr)oH*g,emwif&ef EId;aqmfwkduf
wGef;onfrSm t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;jzpfonf/ &mZN*dK[fuJh
odkYaom NrdKUonfom þrQrsm;jym;aom &[ef;awmfrsm; qGrf;uGrf;
vkHavmufpGm &EdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh yxroH*g,em wif&mXme
tjzpf a½G;cs,fcJhjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ r[m0Hoü bk&if tZmw
owåKonf oH*g,emtwGufjyifqif&mü ]a0bm&ausmuf awmif
ab;&Sd owåyPÖdvdkPf*l 0ifaygufü crf;em;onhf cef;raqmif wpf
ckwnfaqmufapNyD; (,if;onf) ewfwdkYpnf;a0;onhf cef;raqmif
ESihfwlonf/ tZmwowfonf xdkcef;raqmifudk enf;rsKd;pkH wef
qmqifvsuf &[EÅmta&twGufESihftnD tzdk;wef aumfaZmrsm;
cif;xm;aponf}[k jyqdkonf/
21
yg&mZduPfygVdawmfvm 'k|a'goodu©myk'f (0d 1? 245)ESihf plV0*¾ygVdawmf owd0de,
cef; (0d 4? 191) vm t&Sif'AÁrax&fu &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ae&mcsxm;onhf tcef;
udk rSD;í þodkY,lqzG,f&Sdonf (bmomjyefol)/
&mZN*dK[f 199
t&Sifr[muóyonf t&SifOygvdtm; 0denf;udkar;jref;NyD;
okwåefESihftbd"r®mudk t&SiftmeE´mtm; ar;jref;onf/ þ(ar;
jref;jcif;)trI NyD;qkH;aomtcg &[EÅmig;&mwdkY "r®ESihf0de,udk wpf
nDwpfñGwfwnf; (pkaygif;) ½GwfqdkMuonf/ aESmif;acwf&mpkESpf
rsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aemufqkH; ayxuftu©&mwif
onftxd (yxroH*g,emü) a½G;cs,fokwfoifxm;NyD;onhf "r®
0de, tpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd ykHrSefp½k kH;½Gwfqdk (tm*kHaqmif)cJhMuonf/
,aeY uREkfyfwdkYzwff½I&onhf wdyd#uygVdonf (þ)owåyPÖd
vdkPf*lü &[EÅmig;&mwdkY ½GwfqdkcJhonhf "r®0de,ESihf vkH;0 wpfxyf
wnf;wlnDonhf ygVdawmfjzpfonf/
aomPbE´*lrsm; (Sonbhandar Caves)
um;vrf;rBuD;onf aps;rS b,fbufü a0ykva’ wmifESihf nm
bufü a0bm&awmif tMum;rS wpfcsdefu &mZN*dK[fNrdKU\ yifr
ajrmufbuf*dwf wnf&SdcJh&m awmifbufodkY oGm;onf/ NrdKUawmf
tkwfwHwdkif; t<uif;tusefrsm; awmifukef;ay: wufoGm;onfudk
b,fbufü awGUEdkifonf/ wpfuDvdkrDwmausmfausmfavmuf oGm;
ygu nmbufodkY vrf;i,fwpfck cGJxGufoGm;onf/ þae&mwGif
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm bmoma&;qkdif&m bk&m;ausmif;tjzpf tokHjyK
cJhykH&onhf rPd,m&rx (Maniyar Math)udk awGUEdkifonf/ ,if;
onf jrwfAk'¨xo H Ykd ,u©(bDvl;)wpfa,muf vma&mufawGUqkH
aomae&m (oH 1? 210)tjzpf azmfjycH&onhf rPdrmvdumapwD
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ rPd,m&rxudk wl;azmfaomtcg vSyonhf t*F
awausmufEk(vuf&m) ½kyfykHrsm;awGU&onf/ (,if;½kyfykHrsm;onf)
tdE´d,wGif (wl;azmf)awGU&SdNyD; (vuf&m)rsm;teuf a&S;tusqkH; ykH
pHjzpfonf/ ,if;½kyfykHrsm;onf MumjrifhpGmuyif aysmufqkH;ukefNyD;
xdkae&mrSmvnf; ,cktcg pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;aeNyDjzpfonf/
 204 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
avmuDa&;&m &nf½G,fcsufrsm;atmifjrifrIonf tcsdefumv
Mumjrihfaomf cg;oD;zG,fjzpfaMumif; odjrifoGm;jcif;ü tZmowåK
onf jrwfAk'¨xHa&muf&SdvmNyD; pdwfydkif;b0 Nidrf;csrf;a&;&SmazGrI\
tusKd;w&m; (&[ef;jyK&jcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;)udk ar;avQmuf
onf/ jrwfAk'¨u &[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ NyD;jynfhpkHonhf avhusifh
tm;xkwfrItaMumif;ukd azmfjyonhf okwåef&SnfBuD;wpfckjzihf ajz
Mum;awmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf tjcm;ta&;ygonhf okwåef
ESpfckudkvnf; þae&mü a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;okwåefrsm;
rSm (ausmif;tvª&Sif) ZD0utm; (a[mMum; jcif;jzpfonf)/ yxr
okwåefonf ZD0uokwf(r 2? 31)jzpfNyD; (þokwåefü) Ak'¨&iS f awmf
jrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm; tom;pm;Edkifonhf tajctaersm;udk
a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ 'kwd,(ZD0u)okwåef (tH 3? 57)jzihf Oy
oumwpfa,muf[lonfudk o&P*kHokH;yg;wnfNyD; ig;yg;oDv
aqmufwnfoltjzpfjzihf zGifhqdka[mMum;awmfrlonf/
ZD0uo&ufO,smOfudk 1954-ckESpfwGif awGU&SdNyD; wl;azmfcJh
onf/ tkwfjrpfrsm;om<uif;usef&pfawmhaomfvnf; ausmif;0if;
ae&mwGif bJOykH&Snfarsmarsm cef;rokH;ckudk ñTefjyjcif;u pdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;onf/ þ0if;ae&monf ausmif;ajruGufrsm; pepf
wusr&SdrD tcsdefuyifjzpfaMumif; acwfumvudk owfrSwfxm;
onf/ ZD0uwnfaqmufcJhonhf ykHpHESihf tvGefeD;pyfrI&Sdavonf/
oQefwDapwD
ZD0uo&ufO,smOfrS xGufcGmNyD; ta&SUbufudk qufoGm;vQif
bk&m;zl;onf "mwfBudK;avSum; (Chair Lift) ae&modkY a&mufonf/
¤if;(BudK;avSum;)jzihf q[mxawmifukef;xdyfodkY a&mufoGm;
onf/ awmifxdyfay:ü 1969-ckESpfu ausmfMum;onfh *syef
&[ef;awmf edcsdzl*sDwnfaqmufcJhNyD; oyÜm,fvsuf aumif;pGm
xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufxm;aom oQefwDapwDawmf wnf&Sdonf/
&mZN*dK[f 201
rPd,m&rxudk jzwfvsuf vrf;usOf;twdkif; atmufbufodkY
qif;oGm;ygu bk&m;zl;onf vSyonhf acsmif;i,fwpfckudk jzwf
ul;NyD; aemufqkH;wGif aomPbE´*lrsm;&Sd&modkY a&mufoGm;onf/
þ*lESpfckudk *sdef;bkef;BuD;rsm; tokH;jyK&eftwGuf at'DokH;&mpk
odkYr[kwf av;&mpkwGif ausmufwkH;t&Sifudk xGif;xkxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ b,fbuf*lwGif wHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;&Sdonf/ tjyif
eH&HwGif tvif;a&mifay;onhf taygufrsm;ESihf qufaeonhf 0&ef
wmwpfck&SdcJhykH&onf/ b,fbuf&Sd tjyifbuf0ifvrf;wGif urÜn;f
ausmufpmwpffck&Sdonf ]tvGefausmfMum;NyD; q&mrsm;pGmtv,fü
&wemwpfqlESihfwlaom a0&a'0ynm&SdBuD;onf &aoh (&[ef;)
wdkYtm; xdkufwefonhf r*Fvm*lESpfckudk csrf;omrIESihf vGwfajrmuf
rIudk&&Sd&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf jyKvkyfapcJhonf/ þ(*l)wGif jrifhjrwf
aom &aohrsm;\ ½kyfwkrsm;wnfxm;cJhonf}/ nmbuf&Sd *ltrdk;
onf NydKuGJoGm;NyDjzpfNyD; eH&HtwGif;ykdif;ü xGif;xkxm;onhf *sdef;
wdw¬uF&rsm;\ ½kyfykHrsm;&Sdonf/
AdrÁdom&tusOf;axmif
vrf;rBuD;bufodkY wpfzefjyefvmNyD; wpfuDvdkrDwmcefY awmif
bufokYd qufoGm;NyD;aomtcg bk&m;zl;onf b,fbufvrf;ab;
wGifuyfvsuf AdrÁdom&axmifudkawGU&onf/ 60-pwk&ef;rDwmcef&Y Sd
onhf þtaqmufttkHae&mBuD;udk ¤if;\om; tZmwowåKu
bk&ifAdrÁdom&tm; tusOf;cscJhonhfae&m[k owfrSwfxm;onf/
AdrÁdom&onf touf 15-ESpfwGif xD;eef;&NyD; 32-ESpfcefYtkyfcsKyfcJh
onf/ ¤if;\om; tZmwowåKonf tmPm(&&Sda&;)twGuf
onf;rcHEdkifawmhbJ ¤if;\zcifudk owfjzwf&efMuHpnfonf/ þ
udpöudk AdrÁdom& odoGm;aomtcg tvGef pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfoGm;NyD;
¤if;\om;awmftm; cspfjrwfEdk;ojzihf xD;eef;pGefYcJhonf/
&nf½G,fcsufBuD;rm;aom a'0'wåonf jrwfAk'¨ESihfnDtpfudk
 202 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
0rf;uGJawmfpyfNyD; tZmwowåKtm; zcifudk owfjzwf&ef tm;
ay;tm;a`rSmufjyKonf/ a'0'wfu tZmwowftm; ]rif;om;
[m <uuf&SdaewJhpnfudkrS tjyifu om;a&ESihf Muufxm;wJh vl
wpfa,mufESihfwlaeaywmudk;}[kqdkonf ('D-| 1? 124)/ odkYjzihf
rif;BuD;udk axmifcsNyD; tpm;tpmrauR;bJxm;onf/ rdzk&m;BuD;
u tpm;tpmudk twGif;odkY wdwfwqdwfoGif;,lonf/ ,if;udk
tZmwowfodoGm;aomtcg rdzk&m;BuD;tm; oGm;awGUcGifhray;
awmhacs/ AdrÁdom&rif;BuD; ewf½GmrpH (rao)Edkifonfudk onf;rcH
Edkifawmhojzihf tZmwowåKonf rif;BuD;\aoG;aMumudk azmuf
onf/ þtaqmufttkHysufae&mudk þjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfay:cJhaom
ae&mtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ eH&HwdkY\xlxJjcif;ESihf a&S;a[mif;
okawoewl;azmfrIrsm;u xdyfwkH;wpfck&Sdonhf tusOf;cef;wpfck
awGU&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ AdrÁdom&onf axmifcscHae&pOf *dZÑ
uk#fawmifay:&Sd Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;ajrmfEdkifonf[laom t|
uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyxm;csufrSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;
onf/ bk&m;zl;onf ta&SUbufrdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;atmufü *dZÑuk#f
awmifudk trSefyif Munfvifjywfom;pGm awGUjrifEkdifonfudk owd
jyKrdayvdrhfrnf/
ZD0uo&ufO,smOf
vrf;onf awmifbufodkYoGm;NyD; aemufqkH;ü vrf;qkHae&modkY
a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ nmbufvrf;cGJodkY vdkufoGm;ygu bk&m;zl;
onf cifwef;twGif; &Sif;vif;aeonfh ZD0urÁ0e (Zd0uo&uf
O,smOf)ae&m tysuftpD;rsm;&Sd&modkY rMumrD a&mufoGm;ayvdrhf
rnf/ ZD0uonf bk&ifAdrÁdom&\ rdom;pkq&m0efjzpfNyD; aemiftcg
bmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;ol jrwfAk'¨\ Oygoumjzpfvmonf/ Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwf emrusef;jzpfaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;vnf; jyKpk
apmihfa&Smufavh&Sdonf/ wpfaeYoü ZD0uonf þodkYpOf;pm;rd\
&mZN*dK[f 203
]igonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; wpfaeYESpfBudrf okH;Budrf qnf;uyf c
pm;&\/ *dZÑuk#fawmifa&m a0VK0efyg ESpfae&mvkH; a0;vGef;vS\/
ig\ o&ufO,smOfum; eD;uyfae\/ ighO,smOfrSm &Sifawmf Ak'¨
twGuf ausmif;aqmufvkyf&aomf aumif;jrwfayrnf}/ ,if;odkY
pOf;pm; MuHpnfrdonftwdkif; ]aeYae&m nae&mrsm;? tcef;rsm;?
uk#drsm;? cef;rus,f (qif0if)rsm;? jrwfAk'¨twGuf *E¨uk#dwdkuf
cef;wdkYudk wnfaqmufvsuf 18-awmifjrifhonhf aMu;eDa&mif
tkwfwHwdkif;BuD;jzihf o&ufO,smOfudk um&Hxm;\} ('D-| 1? 121)/
a&S;a[mif;taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;vkH;u ZD0uo&uf
O,smOfonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKU ta&SUbuf*dwf tjyifbufü wnf&Sd
aMumif; wlnDpGmqdkMuonf/ bk&m;zl;onf ZD0uo&ufO,smOfoYdk
ra&mufrDvrf;onf cyf&Snf&Snf ukef;urlwpfckudk jzwfoGm;NyD;
aemuf wHwm;wpfcktm; jzwfoef;&onfudk owdjyKrdygvdrfhrnf/
,if; (ukef;url)onf ta&SUbuf*dwfjzpfNyD; &mZN*dK[fNrdKU\ a&S;
a[mif;usKH;ae&mjzpfonf/
ZD0uo&ufO,smOfonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;tygqkH;
okwåefwpfckjzpfonfh omrnzvokwåef (udk a[mMum;onhf)
ae&mjzpfonf/ va&mifomonhf nwpfnü tZmwowåKrif;
onf ZD0uO,smOfü oDwif;okH;aeawmfrlonfh jrwfAk'¨xHodkY oGm;
a&muf(zl;ajrmf)&mwGif oHCmhy&dowfBuD;\ qdwfNidrfrI? oefY&Sif;
MunfvifrIwdkYaMumihf MunfndKoGm;cJhonf/ tZmwowåKrif;om;
onf rMumrDu crnf;awmfrif;BuD;tm; owfNyD;cgp jzpfojzihf
,cktcgü trSefyif pdwfroufrom cHpm;ae&onf/ (þonfrSm
rdrd\)&SufpdwfaMumifhjzpf&ouJhodkY rdrd\om;awmf O',b'´onf
wpfaeY rdrdtm; owfjzwfEdkifaMumif; awG;rdaomaMumihfvnf;jzpf
Edkifonf/ (odkY&mwGif) aemufqkH;ü (þudpöonf xifxm;onfh
twkdif;) trSefyif jzpfvmcJhonf/
208 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tcgwpfyg;ü Ak'¨onf &mZN*dK[fESihftvGefeD; uyfNyD; bk&m;zl;
,cka&mufaeaom ae&mjzpfzG,f&Sdonfh 'u©dP*d&d awmifbuf
awmifukef;a'oü oDwif;okH;awmfrlpOf tydkif;tp&Snfrsm;? tpOf
twef;rsm;? av;axmifhuGufrsm;jzihf cif;usif;xm;onhf r*"v,f
uGufrsm;udk ½IMunfhawmfNyD; t&SiftmeE´mtm; &[ef;wdkY\ ouFef;
udk (xdkv,fuGufrsm;ESihf) oP²mefwlnDonhf tydkif;tprsm; jzwf
awmuf&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf (0d 4? 400)/ xdktcsdefu v,f
ajruGufrsm;rSm av;axmifhykHpH odkYr[kwf pwk*HykH&SdNyD; v,fuGuf
wpfckESihf wpfckudk cGJjcm;onhf wm½kd;i,frsm;jzihf 0ef;&Hxm;onfrSm
aocsmonf/ r*"v,fajrykHoP²mef ajymif;vJoGm;NyD jzpfaomf
vnf; ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ouFef;ykHoP²mefum; ,aeYwdkif
a&S;acwfykHpHtwdkif; wnf&SdqJjzpfaMumif; rSwf,loihfonf/
umVodvm
jzwfvrf;rS wpfqihfoGm;&onhf vrf;atmufbufwGif bk&m;zl;
onf tkdifeufrsm;&Sdonhf acsmif;i,fESihf a&wHcGefudk owdjyKrdvdrfh
rnf/ þESpfoufzG,fae&mum; umVodvm ausmufaqmifeuf
ae&mjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;u umV
odvmonf ,cktcg aomPawmifac: £od*dvdawmifajcwGif
&SdaMumif;qkdonf/ aEG&moDtyl&Sdefüyif umVodvmonf at;jrNyD;
t&dyftm0goaumif;ojzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY aexdkif&efaumif;
rGefonhf ae&mwpfck jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ jrwfAk'¨onf wpf&Hwpfcg
þae&mü oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonf/ uHraumif;ojzihf umVodvm
onf tawmftwef pdwfrcsrf;rajrUp&m ywfoufrIrsm;&SdcJhonf/
0uúvd&[ef;awmfonf rdrdMum&SnfpGm emrusef;jzpfaerItwGuf
pdwfysufNiD;aiGUNyD; rdrdudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifoGm;onfrSm þ(umV
odvmausmufawmif)ü jzpfonf (oH 2? 100)/ cyfedrfhedrfh tkwf
usKd;ykHwpfykHonf rlvu þjzpf&yf txdrf;rSwfae&m jzpfEdkifonf/
&mZN*dK[f 205
xdkae&mwGif awmifukef;onf tvGefjrifhNyD; ajrmufbufodkY Munfh
aomf bk&m;zl;onf a'owpfcGifudk jzwfausmfvsuf us,f0ef;crf;
em;vSonhf jrifuGif;udk &Ijrif& rnfjzpfonf/
*dZÑuk#fawmif
vrf;wpfckonf oQefwDapwDawmfrS q[mxawmifukef; ab;
twdkif; awmifbufodkYqif;oGm;NyD; aemufqkH;ü bk&m;zl;onf
tay:rSm (ausmif;awmf&m) tysuftpD;rsm;&Sdvsuf ydkrdkao;i,f
usOf;ajrmif;onhf awmifxGwfwpfckudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ,if;onf
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf &mZN*dK[frSm&SdpOf ESpfoufpGm oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJh
onfh vif;wEIwfoD;ac: *dZÑuk#fawmifxGwfjzpfonf/ ,if;onf
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a'oemawmfaygif;rsm;pGm a[mawmfrlcJhaom ae
&mjzpfonf/ *dZÑuk#fawmifxGwf ywf0ef;usif&Sd ayg<u,fvSaom
vkdPf*lrsm;? jrpf0Srf;udk ausmfjzwf(jrif&onhf) om,monhf jrif
uGif;rsm;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;onhfywf0ef;usifwdkYonf ur®|mef;½IrSwf&ef
taumif;jrwfqkH; ae&mjzpfonf/ (awmif)xdyfodkYoGm;onhf avS
um;xpfrsm;twdkif; wufoGm;jcif;ü bk&m;zl;onf *lBuD;wpfckudk
jzwf&onf/ þ*lonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf 'DCec (r 1? 497)ESihf
olu&cw (oH 5? 233) okwåefESpfckudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonhf
ae&m olu&cw (0uf0H*l) jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ qufvufí wuf
oGm;aomf bk&m;zl;onf apwDawmftysuftpD;rsm;ESihf awmif
xGwfae&mwGif a&S;acwftcsdefu wnfaqmufcJhonfh bk&m;
ausmif;i,fwpfck\ tkwfjrpfae&mrsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ½dk;om;
NyD; bmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;ol &[ef;awmf zm[D[ef þae&modkY
a&mufoGm;aomtcg *dZösuk#fawmifay:ywf0ef;usifudk euf½Idif;pGm
b0ifckdufoGm;onf/
]&mZN*dK[fNrdKUopfwGif zm[D,efonf tarT;eHYomrsm;? yef;rsm;?
qDESihf rD;wdkifrsm; 0,f,lNyD; þae&mwGif MumjrifhpGm oDwif;okH;ae
206 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
xkdifMuNyD;jzpfonhf &[ef;awmf ESpfyg;tm; xdkyef;(ponf)rsm;udk
udkifaqmifí awmifxGwfay:odkY ac:,lcJh\/ zm[D,efudk,fwdkif (xdk
ae&modkY) a&mufoGm;aomtcg yef;rsm;? tarT;eHYomrsm;ESihf vª'gef;
rIjyKNyD; arSmifvmaomtcg rD;wdkifrsm;udk xGef;ñSd\/ zm[D,efonf
0r;fenf;rdaomfvnf; rsuf&nfudk jyefvnf xdef;odrf;vsuf þ
ae&mü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ol&*Fr(r[m,me) okwåefudk a[m
Mum;awmfrlcJhay\/ uREkfyfzm[D,efonf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif r&Sdaom
tcsdefusrS arG;zGm;cJhay\/ ,cktcgürl &SifawmfAk'¨ xm;&pfcJhaom
ajc&mawmfrsm;ESihf oDwif;okH;cJhaom ae&mudkomvQif zl;awGU&NyD;
tjcm;bmrSrawGU&awmhygwum;[k qkdrd\/ þodkY EIw>f rufqdkNyD;
ausmuf*la&SUü ol&*Frokwåefudk ½Gwfqdkvsuf nOfheufonftxd
aexkdifNyD;aemuf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUopfbufodkY jyefcJh\}/
"r®omrda&mufoGm;aomtcsdefwGif *dZÑuk#fawmifonf usm;?
0uf0Heuf? 0uf0HjymuJhodkYaom om;pm; owå0gtaygif;\ cdkvIH
&mXmejzpfonf/ xdkom;&Jwd&pämefrsm;udk acsmufvSefY xGufajy;ap
&ef *dZÑuk#fawmifodkY vma&mufMuonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;onf pnf
rsm;udk wD;cwfNyD;c½koif;rsm;udk rIwfMu&onf/ a&yef;rsm; xkwf
Edkif&ef 0g;pdrf;usnfawmufrsm;aqmif,lMu&onf/ *dZÑuk#fawmifü
awGU&onhf at'D 6-&mpk &ufpGJwyfxm;aom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk
emvE´m a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufü jyoxm;&Sdonf/ *dZÑuk#f
awmifudkMunfhNyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;onf BudK;"mwfavSum;&Sd&m
aemufbufodkY jyefoGm;onhfvrf;twdkif; atmufbufodkY quf
vuf qif;oGm;Ekdifonf/ þvrf;onf bk&ifAdrÁdom& aqmufvkyf
cJhaom rlvvrf;\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcg
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,if;apwD ESpfqlteuf wpfqludk ]&xm;rSqif;jcif;}[k ac:onf/
&mZN*dK[f 207
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vmpOf &xm;ay:rSqif;onfhae&m txdrf;trSwfjyK xm;onhf
apwDjzpfonf/ 'kwd,apwDrSm ]y&dowfjyefoGm;jcif;}[kac:onf/
bk&if (AdrÁdom&)onf rdrdwpfa,mufwnf; qufoGm;vdkojzifh vl
tkyfudk jyefckdif;aomae&m txdrf;trSwfjyK apwDjzpfonf/
vSnf;bD;&mrsm;
bk&m;zl;onf awmifbufodkY OD;wnfoGm;aom vrf;rBuD;twdkif;
ZD0uo&ufO,smOfudk jzwfvsuf aemufodkY jyefqkwfvmcJhNyD; ,if;
twdkif; qufavQmufoGm;&rnf/ vrf;ratmufbuf b,fvrf;csKd;
wpfuDvdkrDwmcefYwGif ausmufzsmoP²mef {&d,mudk 0ef;&Hxm;
onhf ausmuf(um) NcH0if;wpfck&Sdonf/ &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &mZ
N*dK[fNrdKUodkYt0iftxGuf jrif;&xm;rsm; vSnf;rsm;onf þvrf;rS
jzwfoef; oGm;vmMuaomaMumihf ausmufay:ü eufonhf vSnf;
yef;awmif;&mrsm; ay:aeonf/ þae&modkY0ifa&mufcgeD; ausmuf
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a&;tom;jzihf) a&;xGif;xm;onhf pmrsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUa[mif;\NrdKU½dk;
aemufxyfwpfuDvkdrDwmcefY vrf;rtwkdif;qufoGm;aomf bk&m;
zl;onf aomPESihf O',awmifukef;rsm;tMum; usOf;ajrmif;onhf
jzwfvrf;odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ ,if;onf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUawmfa[mif;
\ awmifbuf*dwfjzpfNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;*dwfudk jzwf
í tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm jzwf<uawmfrlcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ NrdKU½dk;BuD;
rsm;onf awmifukef;rsm;ay:odkYwufoGm;NyD; uDvdkrDwm av;q,f
cefY &Snfvsm;onf/ ae&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rS (aeí) ,if;NrdKU½dk;
rsm;udk cyfa&;a&; awGUjrifEkdifonf/ ,if;NrdKU½dk;twkdif; wufoGm;
jcif;ü r*"wdkif; v,fuGufrsm;\ vSyonhf jrifuGif;udk ½IEdkifonf/
 212 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
\ yifraqmifa&SUü ysufpD;aeaomfvnf; qGJaqmifqJjzpfonhf
y'krygPdbk&m;avmif; qif;wk&Sdonf/ ,if;qif;wktay:ü *kwå
acwfaESmif;ykdif;vuf&m Ak'¨qif;wkwpfql&Sdonf/
,if;½Gm\ ta&SUajrmuf okH;uDvdkrDwmcefYtuGm csef'k (Cha-
ndu) awmifukef;\ ajrmufbufrsufESmcsif;qkdifwGif &mZyd@
(Rajpind)ac: *lwpfck&Sdonf/ Ak'¨onf wpfcgwpf&H þ*lü oDwif;
okH;awmfrlcJhNyD; tcgwpfyg;ü þae&mwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
wynhfom0ursm;tm; w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlcaJh Mumif;
[l,ifqeftm; (a'ocHrsm;u) ajymjyMuonf/ þtcsufu þ*l
onf xdkrQavmufrsm;jym;onhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; aexdkifEkdifavmuf
atmif BuD;rm;cJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ bk&m;zl;onf awmifab;ü
ausmufMurf;rsm;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;aom auGUaumufonhf vrf;
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wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; od&onf/ &Zyd@onf &mZN*dK[f0ef;usifü
wnf&SdcJhaomfvnf; rnfonhft&mjzpfaMumif; twdtusrqkH;jzwf
Edkifawmhaom yd#uwfawmfü azmfjyonhf *lrsm;pGmteuf wpfck
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ *l\eufarSmifonhf twGif;ydkif;ü ckdiSufodkufrsm;&Sd
jcif;aMumihf ,if;*lonf wpfcgwpf&H t&Sifom&dykwå&m oDwif;okH;
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u cdkiSufrsm;&SdcJhí uaygwuE´&m rnfwGifNyD; aemiftcg ,if;*l
teD; aqmufvkyfaom ausmif;udkvnf; uaygwuE´m&mausmif;
[k ac:wGifonf/ O'ge-|? 221) jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ jrifhrm;Murf;wrf;
onhf awmifukef;rsm;ESihf xlxyfopfawmrsm; 0ef;&Haeonhfjyif
a*sxdeonf Ak'¨ESihfywfoufaeaomaMumihf ,if;ae&modkY a&muf
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e,f&Sd qGJaqmifrItaumif;qkH; aus;½Gmrsm;ü yg0ifonf/
&mZN*dK[f 209
oGm;a&muf&ef
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uDvdkrDwm 100-tuGm? *,mrSqdkvQif um;vrf;twdkif; 65-
uDvdkrDwm tuGmü&SdNyD; xdkESpfae&mvkH;rS bwfpfum;jzihf vG,f
ulpGm oGm;a&mufEkdifonf/
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,aeYacwfü ta&muftayguf enf;oGm;onhfae&mum; £E´
omvvdkPf*ljzpfonf/ ewfwdkYoeif;odMum;rif;onf Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwfxH vma&mufawGUqkHNyD; ausmfMum;vSonhf ar;cGef; 7-ckepfck
ar;avQmufaom ae&mjzpfonf/ odMum;rif;tar;ESihf jrwfAk'¨\
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a&S;a[mif; t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf teD;tem;&Sd½mG
odkY aeYpOfqGrf;cH<uawmfrlpOf ZD;uGufiSufBuD; wpfaumifonf
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210 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
acs/ awmifavSum; t<uif;tusefrsm;ESihf *lEIwfcrf;teD; xGif;
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uGif;um; vGrf;armzG,faumif;vS\/ vlxky&dowfESihf cyfa0;a0;
aevdkaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf þ*lae&mtm;tvdk&SdcJhykHudk
em;vnf&ef cufcJvdrfhrnfr[kwfygacs/
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wpfuDvdkrDwmcGJcefY ajcvsifqufoGm;yg/ xdkae&monf vloluif;
qdwfNyD; olckd;vk,ufrIrsm; tEÅ&m,ftwGuf ausmfMum;onf/
bk&m;zl;tm; tapmihf&Jwpfa,mufac:aqmifoGm;&ef tMuHjyKvdkyg
onf/ a'ocH&Jrsm;onf ulnD&eftqifoifh&dSMuonf/ oabmwl
xm;onhf aps;EIef;jzihf &J*spfum;rsm;yif &Edkifonf/
a*sxde
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awmfrlNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; awGUqkHcJhonhfae&m v|d0eonf
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pkESpfrsm;wGif ta&;ygonhf ausmif;wdkufaygif;rsm;pGm teufyg0if
cJhaom ae&mjzpfonf/ at'Dckepf&mpkwGif v|d0eonf Z,aoe
&mZN*dK[f 211
trnf&Sd xdkacwfu tvGefausmfMum;cJhaom olawmfpifur®|mef;
q&m OygoumBuD;\ ae&mjzpfaomaMumihf xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/
&[ef;awmf[l,ifqefonf ur®|mef;oif,lavhvm&if; Z,aoe
q&mBuD;ESifhtwl ESpfESpfMumaexdkifcJhNyD; olYq&mtaMumif; þodYk
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf –
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rif;rsm;? 0efBu;Drª;rwfBuD;rsm;? Oygoumrsm;ESihf t&m&Sdt&mcH
rsm;onf q&mhxHvma&mufMuNyD; q&mhtm; udk,fwdkifukd,fus
ar;cGef;jyóemrsm; ar;jref;Mu\/ q&m\wynhfrsm;onf ae&m
wdkufcef; 16-ck ykdifqdkifMu\/ touf 70-eD;yg;rQ&SdNyDjzpfaomf
vnf; q&monf ¤if;wdkY(wynhfrsm;)ESihftwl r&yfrem;bJ pdwf
tm; xufoefpGm pmayzwf½IavhvmNyD; (q&mESihf wynhfrsm;
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vsuf Ak'¨ow k åefrsm;udk avhvmoifMum;&efomvQif ¤if;wdkY\pdwfudk
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k u
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zl;onf vrf;\b,fbufab;wGif a&uefwpfckESihf awmifukef;
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Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonhfae&m okywd|apwD (okyÜ
wd|trnf&Sd ozef;yif – 0d-| 3? 253) ae&mü aESmif;acwfwGif
wnfaqmufcJhonfh apwDt<uif;tusef rsm;jzpfon/ awmif
ukef;ay:ü Oa&my[ef[kqdkaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfBuD; wpfqEl Sihf
yef;ykvuf&m tydkif;tp rsm;&Sdonf/ uDvdkrDwm0ufcefY qufoGm;
vQif vrf;onf om&a0g',0dZÆmv, (Saravoday Vidyalaya)
trnf&Sd aus;vufausmif; wpfckodkY a&mufonf/ ,if;ausmif;
216 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o &mZN*dK[f 213
(wnfxm;)vª'gef;&ef þae&modkYa&muf&SdcJhNyD; ausmif;wkdufwpfck
aqmufvkyfcJhaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ at'D ig;&mpktpydkif;ü
&[ef;awmfzm[D,ef þvrf;udkjzwfoGm;pOf þapwDawmfudk
zl;jrif&aMumif; azmfjyaomfvnf; xdkausmif;wdkufudkrl azmfjyjcif;
rjyK/ (þonfrSm) aemufrS aqmufvkyfonhf BuD;rm;aom bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wdkuftpkta0;wpfck rwnf&Sdao;aMumif; ñTefjyjcif;
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif &mpkESpf ESpfckvGefNyD;rS tdE´d, odkYa&mufvmol
[l,ifqefacwfürl emvE´monf EdkifiHwumüausmfMum;rIESihftwl
wuúodkvfausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfcktjzpfodkY wdk;wufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí *kwåacwftwGif; emvE´mr[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;
udk wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&SdNyD; þtcsufudk þ(emvE´m) aum
vdyfausmif;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhaom *kwårif; trsm;tjym;\ em
rnfrsm;udkazmfjycJhaom [l,ifqefaMumifhomrubJ a&S;a[mif;
okawoe taxmuftxm;rsm;t&yg twnfjyKEdkifonf/
emvE´mwuúodkvftaMumif; od&onhf tcsuftvuf trsm;
pkudk ausmif;awmf&mtwGif;awGU&Sd&onfh tvªaumif;rIpmwef;
rsm;ESihf emvE´mwuúodkvfü ynmqnf;yl;cJhMuonfh EdkifiHjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;(EdkifiHjcm;)
ausmif;om;rsm;teuf tausmfMum;qkH;rSm emvE´mü at'D 635
rS 640 txd (ig;ESpf)ynmoif,lcJhol [l,ifqefESihf at'D 675
rSpí 10-ESpfcefY ynmoifMum;cJhol &[ef;awmf ,dusif (I Tsing)
jzpfonf/ tdE´d,wpfcGifvkH;? wdAuf? w½kwf? *smAm;ESihf oD&dvuFm
wdkYrS ausmif;om;rsm; emvE´modkY vma&mufcJhMuonf/ ,dusifu
olonf wpfaeYwGif emvE´mwuúodkvfpmMunhfwdkufrsm;&Sd usrf;
pmrsm;udk &SmazGaepOf pmtkyfwpftkyfawGUNyD; pmtkyftrSwftom;
ü ]þusrf;udk udk&D;,m;&[ef;awmf 0SD,GD (Hwui Ywui) a&;om;
onf}[k azmfjyaompmom;udk awGU&aMumif; qdkonf/
 214 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oGm;a&muf&ef
*,m-&mZN*dK[fvrf;rBuD; &mZN*dK[f(NrdKUopf)odkYoGm;onhf vrf;usOf;
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NyD; awmifeHab;twdkif; awmifbufodkYoGm;onf/ ,if;
vrf;cGJtwdkif; 14-uDvdkrDwmcefY oGm;NyD;aemuf qifajcavQm
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ay:a&mufonf/ vrf;tvGefqdk;NyD; *spfum;rsm;jzihfom oGm;a&muf
Edkifonf/ a*sxde½Gm0ef;usifae&monf olcdk;"m;jyrsm;aMumihf xif
&Sm;NyD; bk&m;zl;onf txl;ojzihf &mZyd@*l0ef;usifü owdxm;
í qufoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/
7/ emvE´m
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Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKUajrmufbufodkY oGm;aom vrf;r
BuD;ay:&Sd emvE´m½GmwGif rMumcP oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhNyD; þ½Gm
udkjzwfívnf; <uawmfrlcJhonf/ emvE´modkY a&mufaomtcg
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf yg0g&duolaX;\ o&ufO,smOfü oDwif;okH;
awmfrlavh&Sdonf/ yg0g&duo&ufO,smOfwGif Oygvdokwf (r 2?
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(t|uxmq&mBuD;) t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ tqdkt& twGif;
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wdkif;jzihfum&Hvsuf vSyNyD;t&dyftm0goaumif;aom yef;jcHxJ&Sd
bk&ifhem;aeawmif ('D-| 1? 42) trÁv|dumüvnf; Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwf oDwif;okH;awmfrlavh&Sdonf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHwGif 'DCedum,f
ü yxrqkH;jA[®Zmvokwåef('D 1? 1)ESihf rZÑdredum,fü trÁv|du
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aqmifü a[mawmfrlonf/
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ESpfyg;teuf wpfyg;jzpfonhf t&Sifom&dykwå&mrax&f\ arG;&yf
ajrjzpfaMumif; ñTefjyonf22/ at'D 16-&mpkü pmaya&;om;cJh
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onf t&Sifom&dykwå&mtm; ylaZmfonfhtaejzihf apwDwpfql
22
trSefaomf 'kwd,t*¾om0u t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef\ arG;&yfajrvnf; jzpfonf (bm
omjyefol)/
 220 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
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awmfonf a&tdk;? oydwfESihf vkdtyfonhf ouFef;t0wftpm;
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vufwGif xD;wpfvufudkifaqmifonf/ bk&m;zl;&moDwGif &mZ
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ed0gy)rsm;ESihf xdkxdkae&mawmfwdkif;ü c&D;oGm;&[ef;awmfrsm; wpf
aeYNyD;wpfaeY axmifaygif;rsm;pGmpka0;a&muf&SdMuonf/ &[ef;
awmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf txufazmfjyNyD; (ykHpH)enf;twdkif; c&D;oGm;
Muonf/ emvE´mrS ½dkaoav;pm;jcif;cHMu&onhf ynm&Sd&[ef;
awmfrsm;onf xrf;pif(a0g)rsm; pD;Muaomfvnf; jrif;udk vkH;0rpD;
Muacs/ r[m&m*ausmif;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; xdkenf;twdik ;f
(jrif;rpD;Muacs)/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vdktyfonhf txkyftydk;rsm;udk
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf? odkYr[kwf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;u xrf;ydk; aqmif
,lay;Muonf}/
ESpfaygif;ckepf&moufwrf;twGif; emvE´monf xl;cRefonhf
ynm&Sifrsm;? wuúodkvfq&mrsm;ESihf 'óe q&mtajrmuftjrm;
arG;xkwfay;cJhonf/ wdAuftpOftvmonf emvE´mrS em*&ZÆKe?
t&d,a'0ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom a&S;OD;r[m,meawG;ac:&Sifrsm;
ESihf qufEG,faeonf/ odkY&mwGif awGU&SdNyD; taxmuftxm;rsm;
tm;vkH;u xdkynm&Sifrsm; yGifhvef;onhftcsdefü tjcm;ausmif;
wkdufrsm; rwnf&Sdao;aMumif;ñTefjyonf/ odkY&mwGif wuúaA'
usrf; wpf&meD;yg;a&;om;cJhol 'dEém*g? tdE, ´d \awG;ac:&SifuefY[k
ac:a0:jcif;cH&ol "r®uw d ådESihf jyZmwfa&;q&m uAsmq&m wuúdu
aA'ifq&m p`E´a*grdefwkdYtm;vkH;onf emvE´mwuúodkvfü ynm
qnf;yl;cJhMuonf/ tjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;rSm qkrMwm;rS zdwfMum;csuf
emvE´m 217
trSefpifppf emvE´mudk wuúodkvf[kac:qdkjcif;xuf bGJUvGef
oifwef;ausmif;[k ac:a0:ygu ydkrdkoihfjrwfzG,f&Sdonf/ ausmif;
om;wpfa,mufonf (wuúodkvf)0ifcGifh&&ef rpOf;pm;rDuwnf;
u Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m tawG;tjrifwGif tawmftwef uRrf;usif wwf
ajrmufxm;NyD; jzpf&onf/ 0ifcGifh&vdkol ausmif;om; tm;vkH;udk
*dwfapmifhyk*¾Kdvfu tvGefYtvGefcufcJaom ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm
ar;jref;NyD; vsifjrefpGm ajzqdkEdkifolrsm;omvQif trSefwu,f0ifcGifh
&aMumif; [l,ifqefu qdkonf ]ausmif;om; wpfa,mufonf
(wuúodkvfodkY) 0ifcGifhr&rD usrf;a[mif;rsm;udka&m usrf;opfrsm;
udkyg euf½Idif;pGm avhvmNyD;jzpf&\/ odkYjzpfí vlopfrsm;tjzpf þ
(wuúodkvf)odkY a&mufvmMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyif;
txef aqG;aEG;vsuf ¤if;wdkY\ pGrf;&nfudk azmfjy&\/ q,f
a,muf teuf ckepfa,muf &Spfa,muftxd us½IH;\}/
,if;odkY pnf;rsOf;Oya' wif;usyfaom tqihftwef;&Sdaomf
vnf; [l,ifqefwdkYacwfwGif ausmif;om;aygif; 8500 (&Spf
axmifhig;&m)ESifh q&maygif; 1510-&Sdonf/ ]0ifcGifh&NyD;aom
ausmif;om;onf wuúodkvf\ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESihf todynm
oif,lrIudk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;twGuf av;pm;jcif;cH&aom eD;pyfonhf
tkyfpk tzGJU0ifwpfa,muf jzpfvm\/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ta&
twGuf &Sdaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tqihfjrifh pGrf;&nfESihf t&nf
taoG; &Sdolrsm;jzpfMu\/ xdkacwfxdktcsdefu ¤if;wdkY\ xl;jcm;
ajymifajrmufrIonf BuD;rm;NyD; a0;uGmaom t&yfa'orsm;odkYwkdif
ausmfapmowif; wpf&Sdefxdk; ysHESHYoGm;aomyk*¾Kdvf &maygif;rsm;
pGm&Sd\/ ¤if;wdkY\ ukd,fusifhw&m;onf pifMu,fNyD; tjypfr&Sd/
xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk ½dk;om;pGmvdkufem
usihfokH;Mu\/ þausmif;wkduf\ pnf;urf;Oya'onf jyif;xef
NyD; &[ef;awmfrsm; tm;vkH; ,if;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk vkdufem
 218 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
xdef;&ef owfrSwfxm;\/ tdE´d,EdkifiHrsm;onf xdkpnf; rsOf;rsm;udk
av;pm;NyD; vdkufemusifhokH;Mu\/ eufeJaomar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;
ajzjcif;jzihf wpfaeYwm tcsdefumv rvkHavmufEdkifbJ&Sd\/ touf
BuD;olESihf i,f½G,foltcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef ulnDMu\/ yd#uwf
okH;ykHrS ar;cGef;rsm;udk raqG;aEG;Edkifolrsm;onf &Sufojzihf rvTJ
ra&Smifom ykH;atmif;ae&\}/
w&m;½kH;a&SUaersm;? uAsmq&mrsm;? orkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;?
(wuúodkvf)q&mrsm;? 'óeq&mrsm;tjzpf emvE´mwuúodkvfrS
bGJU'D*&D&NyD;olrsm;um; bGJU'D*&DoGef;vkyfrIudk rodEdkifavmufatmif
rsm;jym;onf/ emvE´mwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;omrubJ Oygoum
rsm;vnf; oif,lMuonf/ vlOygoumrsm;rSm &[ef;abmifodkY 0if
a&muf&ef&ef jyifqif&if; pmayoifMum;aeMuonhf rmP0
(vkvif)[kac:olrsm;ESihf pmayoufoufudk avhvmvdkNyD; bmom
a&;ESihfrqdkifaom jA[®pm&D (ausmif;om;)[k ac:qdkolrsm;[lí
ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ESpfrsKd;vkH; tzdk;tcrsm;ay;&onf/
emvE´mwuúodkvf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk ax&0g'ESihfr[m,me?
Ak'¨0g'ESihf jA[®P0g'? avmuDavmukwå&m? 'óe (tawG;tjrif)
ESihf vufawGUusifhokH;rI[laom todynme,fy,f tm;vkH;rS (,l
í) a&;qGJxm;onf/ Ak'¨0g'avhvmrIudk a&SUwef;wifxm;aomf
vnf; ,kwådaA'? o'´g? eu©wåaA'ESihf aq;ynmwdkYudkvnf; oif
Mum;onf/ emvE´mwuúokdvfü aMu;oGef;qif;wkawmf trsm;
tjym;ESihf owåKt&nfusKdenf;udkvnf; oifay;zG,f&SdaMumif; azmf
jyvsuf&Sdonf/ EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om; rsm;pGm&SdNyD; tcsKdU q&mrsm;rSm
tdE´d, r[kwfaom bmompum;udk ajymqdkEdkifMuaomfvnf;
ouúwbmomonf oifMum;rItwGuf Mum;cHbmompum; jzpf
onf/ "r®omrd\ emvE´mwuúodkvfq&monf usrf;*efrsm;udk
wdAufbmomjyefEdkifonftxd wdAufbmomudk uRrf;usifonf/
emvE´m 219
þuJhokdYaom todynmoif,l&m A[dkXmeBuD;wpfcktaejzihf
BuD;rm;us,fajymonhf pmMunfhwdkufBuD;wpfck vdktyfcJhrnfjzpf
ojzihf emvE´mü &weom*&? &we'"dESihf &we&ÍÆu[k pm
MunhfwdkufokH;ck&SdNyD; yxr (&weom*&)taqmifonf udk;xyf
jrifhonf/ ,if;taqmufttkHokH;ckonf "r®*ÍÆ (w&m;aps;)[k
ac:onhf txl;ajr{&d,mtwGif; wnf&Sdonf/ tqdkygpmMunfh
wdkufBuD;rsm;onf EdkifiHaygif;pkHrS bmompum;trsKd;rsKd;ESihf
pmtkyfrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;cJhaMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf/
bk&m;zl;ol wmtdkcsDonf w½kwfbmomjzihf tkyfa&av;&mxuf
renf;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk emvE´m\pmMunfhwdkufwpfckodkY vª'gef;
cJhaMumif;qdkxm;onf/ a&S;acwftdE´d,rS rysufrpD; <uif;usefae
ao;aom ½kyfykHrsm;jzihfwefqmqifxm;onhf aypmxkyf pmtkyf
aygif;rsm;pGmudk emvE´mwuúodkvfrS ul;,lcJhaMumif;od&onf/ (þ
onfrSm) tqdkyg emvE´mwuúodkvf pmMunfhwkdufrsm;ü pmrla&;
ul;olrsm;twGufvnf; txl;oD;jcm;ae&m ay;xm;zG,f&SdaMumif;
ñTefjyjcif;jzpfonf/ aeYpOf oifwef;trsKd;tpm; wpf&mcefY&SdNyD;
,if;oifwef;rsm;ü ydkYcsrIrsm; odkYr[kwf vSypGmwefqmqifxm;
onhf oD[moeyv’ifwGif xdkifaeonhf pmayydkYcsay;olq&mESihf
tacstwif aqG;aEG;rIrsm;yg0ifEdkifonf/
rGef;vGJcsdef odkYr[kwf naeydkif;rsm;wGif aumvdyfausmif;
aqmifwkdif;ü bk&m;0wfjyKrIrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfae&mwnf;wGif twl
pka0;&ef oHCmta&twGuf rsm;vGef;aomaMumifh (taqmif
toD;oD;ü 0wfjyKMujcif; jzpfonf)/
emvE´mwuúodkvfü ESpfywfvnfausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;&Sdonf/
xdktcsdefumvrsm;twGif; txl;ojzihf a0;uGmonhf tdE´d,a'o
odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS vma&mufcJhMuaom &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf emvE´mESihf vufvSrf;rD&m e,fajrtwGif; Ak'¨0ifae
224 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
a'0ygava'0 (815-854 at'D) rif;BuD;onf ¤if;tkyfcsKyfrI 39-
ESpfajrmufwGif xkwfjyefcJhaom pmwrf;wpfckt& ok0PÖ'Dy(*smAm;
ESihfqkrMwm;)rif;BuD; AvykMwa'0onf emvE´mwuúodkvfwGif
aumvdyfaqmifwpfc kwnfaqmufNyD;aemuf ¤if;\oHwrefrS wpf
qihf a'0ygva'0rif;BuD;tm; (,if;) aumvdyftokH; taqmif
twGuf aus;½Gmtrsm;\ tcGefawmfaiGudkay;tyfyg&ef awmif;yef
xm;aMumif;yg&Sdonf/ xdk&&Sdonfh aiGrsm;udk ]tvªypönf;rsm;? yl
aZmfaxmufyhHrIrsm;? ae&m? qGrf;uGrf;? tdyf&mae&mESihf aq;uJhodYk
aom emrusef; olrsm;twGufvdktyfonhf tokH;taqmifrsm; ...
"r®usrf;pma&;om;jcif;rsm;ESihf ausmif;aqmifudk xdef;odrf;&efESihf
ysufpD;onhftcg jyefvnfjyKjyif&mü tokH;jyK&rnfjzpfonf}/ a'0
ygva'0rif;BuD;onf awmif;yefrIudk oabmwlcJhNyD; bufpkH xl;
cRefNyD; t&nftcsif;jynfhrDaom &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf emvE´mü
ausmif;aqmif aqmufvkyfNyD; ¤if;(ausmif;aqmif)udk axmufyhH
&ef aus;½Gmig;½Gm(\tcGefawmfrsm;)udk ay;vªcJhonf/
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1 udk xdkwpfae&mwnf;wGif tenf;
qkH; 9 Budrfajrmuf aqmufvkyfcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg bk&m;
zl;awGUjrif&onfrSm wpfaqmifay:wpfaqmif xyfqifhwnfaqmuf
xm;onhf taqmufttkH tenf;qkH; okH;ckodkYr[kwf av;ckw\ dkY
tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfonf/ pGJrufavmufonfh qif0iftrdk;udkjzwf
í ausmif;aqmifBuD;xJodkY0if&onf/ ¤if;qif0if\trdk;udk ausmuf
wkdifrsm; cHaxmufxm;NyD; ¤if;(ausmufwdkifrsm;)\ ausmufzdeyf
rsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifao;onf/ ausmif;wkdufBuD;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;
aexdkif&ef tcef;i,frsm;yg&SdNyD; ¤if;teuftcsKdUrSm tdyf&m(tdyfcef;)
rsm;yg&Sdonf/ xdk(tcef;i,frsm;)udk us,f0ef;vSonhf ausmif;0if;
ywfvnfü zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ taemufawmifaxmihf&Sd avSum;
rsm;u þtaqmufttkHonf rlvu tenf;qkH; ESpfxyfjrifh
emvE´m 221
udkvufrcHrD (emvE´mü) ckepfESpfMum ynmqnf;yl;cJhol 'óe
q&mBuD; "r®ygv? wdAufpmayukd wdk;wufatmifjyK&mü xdyfqkH;
uyg0ifcJhol axmerd oarÇmwwdkYjzpfMuonf/ wdAufü Ak'¨bmom
jyefYyGm;atmifaqmif½Guf&mwGif ta&;BuD;onhfu@rS yg0ifcJhMu
onfh oEÅ&u©dw? y'krorÇ0ESihf urvoDvwdkYvnf; tvm;wl
emvE´mü ynmqnf;yl;cJhMuonf/ (emvE´m) wuúodkvf\ xif&Sm;
onfh ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfol oEÅda'0rlum; wu,f pdwf
0ifpm;zG,f aumif;avmufatmif (pmoif&ef)ysif;&d&mü ausmf
Mum;vSonf/ odkYwdkifatmif $¤if;\ausmfMum;onhf pmayvuf&m
]aAm"dp&d,m0wm&}usrf;ü oEÅda'0onf ¤if;\ ausmif;awmf
a[mif; (emvE´m)vnf; {uefyg0ifonhf tdE´d,&Sd bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;wkdufrsm; xm0pOf &SifaeapygaMumif; qkrGefawmif;cJhonf
]bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; oifMum;ydkYcsoH oifcef;pmrsm;
½GwfqdkoHrsm;jzihfqlnH (toHrpJjzpf)vsuf aumif;pGmwnfwHhygap/
oHCmawmfrsm;\ pnfvkH;nDñGwfrI t"GefY&SnfMumNyD; omoemha&;
&mvkyfief;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGmaqmif½GufEkdifMuygap}/
uHraumif;pGmyif oEÅda'0qkawmif;cJhonhf twkdif;jzpfrvmcJh
ygacs/ emvE´muJhodkYaom Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;onf
Ak'¨0g'\awmufajymifrIudk yhHydk;ay;MuonfrSef\/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
,if;wdkY (wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;)onf Ak'¨0g'\qkwf,kwfrIudkvnf;
trSwfrxif wGef;ydkYay;cJhMuonf/ emvE´monf tHhMoavmuf
atmif csrf;om<u,f0cJhNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf Ak'w ¨ &m;awmfrsm;
udk em;vnf&efESihf vkdufemusihfokH; &efxuf (bk&ifh)eef;awmfrsm;ü
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;onhf &mxl;rsm;&&Sd&ef (&nf½G,fcsufjzifh) ydkrdkoif
,lvmMuonf/ ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ü wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; ae
xdkifMuvsuf bk&ihftm;ay; csD;a`rSmufrIudk cH,laeMuaom &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; jynfolvlxkESihf xdawGUrI jywfawmuf
222 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
oGm;onf/ tqdk;qkH;rSm wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;&Sd vpfb&,fus (o
abmxm;BuD;)aom oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;ü jA[®P0g'qdik &f m
*gxmrEÅ&m;wdkYudk ydkrdk xnfhoGif;jy|mef;vmMujcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;
(odkYxnhfoGif;jy|mef;jcif;)onf [dE´L0g'ESihf ydkrdkcGJjcm;r&Edkifavmuf
aom Ak'¨0g'ykHpHopfwpfrsKd;qDodkY OD;wnfoGm;cJhonf/
at'D 1192-ckESpf 'kwd, wma&tif (Tarain) ppfyGJNyD;aemuf
tdE´d,wpfEdkifiHvkH; ½kyfwkudk;uG,frIudk zsufqD;onhf rlqvifusL;
ausmfolrsm;\ vufwGif;odkY usa&mufoGm;jcif;? jA[®P0g' jyef
vnf qef;opfvmjcif;ESihf (Ak'¨omoem\) twGif;ydkif;ukd,fusihf
w&m; ysufjym;rIwdkYaMumihf tm;enf;aeNyDjzpfonhf Ak'¨0g'onf
wkefvIyfzG,f vufpodrf;awmhrnfhqJqJ jzpfonf/ at'D 1193-
ckESpfwGif rdk[mruf Aufcfwsm (Muhammad Bakhtyar)23 trnf&Sd
rlqvifppfAdkvfonf rZÑdra'oudk usL;ausmfwkdufckdufcJhonf/
awGU&m ([dE´L Ak'¨bmom) bk&m;ausmif;tm;vkH;udk rD;½IdUNyD; &[ef;
awmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk owfypfonf/ rlqvifordkif;a&;q&m rif[m
*sKpfqd&f*sf (Minhaju-s Sirj)u ¤if;\ wmbmumtdeqd&f (Tabaka't-i
Nsir) pmtkyfü Aufcfwsmtaejzihf wHwdkif;um&Hxm;onhf NrdKUtjzpf
xifrSm;cJhaom Ak'¨bmomausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfckudk zsufqD;vkduf
ykHtaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ þazmfjycsufonf emvE´m\aemuf
qkH;tajctae rnfodkYjzpfcJhonfudk azmfjycsufwpf&yf (vnf;) jzpf
23
at'D 1199-ckESpfwGif b*Fvm;e,fudk atmifjrifNyD;aemuf rdk[mrufAufcfwsmonf
wdAufudk usL;ausmfwdkufckduf&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ aemufqkH;ü &moDOwku ¤if;
tm;aemufqkwf&ef wGef;tm;ay;vdkufonf/ ¤if;\ppfwyfBuD; a&vQHaeonhf jrpf
wpfckudk ausmfjzwf&efBudK;pm;pOf (&moDOwk'Pfudk) jyif;pGmcHMu&NyD; Aufcfwsm udk,f
wkdifyif rMumrDxdk&moDOwk'PfaMumihf odkYr[kwf tjcm;rSwfwrf;wpfckt& vkyfMuH
owfjzwfolrsm;\vufwGif;ü aoqkH;oGm;cJhonf/
emvE´m 223
onf/ ]Aufcfwsmonf BuD;pGmaomvkHYv pGefYpm;rIwkdYESihftwl
cHwyf*dwf0odkY wpf&Sdefxdk;0ifa&mufoGm;NyD; xdkae&mudk odrf;qnf;
&,lvdkufonf/ tBuD;tus,f t"r®vk,ufjcif;wdkYonf atmif
jrifolrsm;\ vufwGif;odkYusa&mufoGm;onf/ xdkae&mü aexdkifol
trsm;pkonf uwkH;wkH;xm;onfh ykPÖm; (&[ef;awmf)rsm; jzpf
Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;udk owfypfvkdufonf/ pmtkyfaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmudk awGU&Sd&onf/ rlqvifppfom;wdkY ,if;pmtkyfrsm;
udk awGU&aomtcg xdkpmtkyfrsm;üygonhf taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
&Sif;jy&ef vltcsKdUudk&SmazGonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH; aoqkH;
ukefNyDjzpfonf/ cHwyfESihf NrdKUawmfwpfckvkH;rSm pmayavhvm
onhfXme wpfckjzpfaeaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf}/
"r®omrd\rSwfwrf;t& emvE´monf yxrwpfBudrf wdkuf
ckdufcH&onf/ ¤if;aemuf &[ef;awmftcsKdUjyefvmNyD; tenf;qkH;
¤if;wdkY\ ykHrSefpmayavhvmrI ur®|mef;tm;xkwfrIESihf bk&m;0wf
jyKjcif;wdkYudk tenf;tusOf; qufvufNyD; BudK;pm;ítm;xkwf&ef
jyefvmcJhMuonf/ aemufwpfBudrf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cH&NyD;aemuf
&[ef; awmfrsm;onf aemufqkH;ü jrefrm? eDaygESihf wdAufwdkYü
cdkvIH&efwdwfwqdwfxGufajy;ukefMuonf/ þodkYjzihf emvE´mcef;r
aqmifrsm;onf wdwfqdwfNidrfoufoGm;avonf/
Munhf½IzG,f
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1
emvE´mausmif;awmf&m tysuftpD;rsm;twGif;odkY ausmif;aqmif
trSwf 1 ESihf 4 tMum;&Sd vloGm;vrf;rS 0ifa&mufEdkifonf/
ausmif;awmf&mtrSwf 1 0&efwmrSawGU&SdcJhonhf aMu;jym;ay:&Sd t
a&;tom;t& ,if;taqmifonf *smAm;ESihfqkrMwm;a'orS vm
a&mufMuonhf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aumvdyfaqmif jzpfonf/
228 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tjyifeH&Htm;vkH;\ ywfvnfwGif ½kyfykHxGif;xkxm;onhf ausmuf
csyfaygif; ESpf&mhckepfq,fcsyf &Sdonf/ þapwDawmf ywfvnfudk
wjznf;jznf; ajcvsifavQmufNyD; xkd(½kyfykHyg)ausmufcsyfrsm;udk
aumif;pGm Munh½f Iavhvmoihfonf/ bk&m;zl;onf wl&d,mypönf;
rsm; oDqdkwD;rIwfaeMuonhf ½kyfykHrsm;? cspfwif;aESmaeMuonhf
pkHwGJykHrsm;? [dE´Lewfrsm;? apmif;? ief;? ykHrJhta&;taMumif;rsm;ESihf
aeYpOfb0jrifuGif;qdkif&m ½kyfykHrsm;udk awGUjrifEkdifonf/ þapwD
awmf&Sd tjcm;pdwf0if;pm;zG,f ½kyfykHwpfckudk avSum;qif;rS apwD
awmfxJ 0ifa&mufjcif;jzihf awGUjrifEkdifonf/ þbk&m;ausmif;
twGif;&Sd azmfjyygausmuf(jym;)rsm;udk oHñSyfrsm;ESihf csdwfquf
xm;onfudkvnf; owdjyKrdygvdrfhrnf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf
þjywdkufü emvE´mywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&Sd&onhf ausmufESihf
owåK qif;wkrsm;udk oyf&yfpGm jyoxm;onf/ toyÜm,fq;Hk
vuf&mwpfckrSm ausmufeufjzihf xGif;xkxm;onhf t0avm
udawoGm& odkYr[kwf orEÅbj'[k,lq&onhf vkH;0eD;yg;&yf
awmfrlqif;wkawmfBuD; wpfqljzpfonf/ b,fbufvufjzihf vSy
onhf Mumyef;udk udkifxm;NyD; nmvufjzihf vuf0g;atmuf cs
xm;NyD; qkawmfay;ae[efjzpfonf/ bk&m;avmif; OD;acgif;
aemufbufü &Snfvsm;onhf a&mifvQHpuf0dkif;ay:wGif Ak'¨qif;wk
okH;qlESihf av;ckajrmuf tjcm;(Ak'¨qif;wkawmf)rSm bk&m;avmif;
\OD;acgif;ay:ü xkdifaeonf/ qif;wk\ajc&if;wGif trsKd;orD; Oyg
odum ESpfa,muf &yfaeonf/ þqif;wk\ oufaomifhoufom
taetxm;ESihf tvkH;pk½H dk;&Sif;rIrsm;u ,if;qif;wkonf *kwå
acwfaESmif;ydkif;vuf&mjzpfaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm ESmacgif;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef
,cifBudK;yrf;rIrsm;onf aAm"dowårsufESmay:&Sd oyÜm,f wihfw,f
emvE´m 225
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Edkifonfudk azmfñTef;onf/ ausmif;aqmif trSwf 1 \ ta&SU
buftqkH;wGif rlvu Ak'¨qif;wkawmfBuD;wpfckudef;0yfcJhonfh
bk&m;ausmif;wpfck&Sdonf/ þqif;wkawmf\ wifyv’ifacG wpf
pdwfwpfydkif;rSm (jyefvnf)qufpyfwyfqifxm;onhf tpdwftydkif;
om <uif;usefawmhonf/ bk&m;ausmif;a&SU&Sd ausmufwdkifrsm;ESihf
yvufazmif;(Murf;jyif)rSm 0if;twGif;pnf;a0;aeMuonhf ausmif;
om;rsm;tm; rdrdwY\ dk a[majymydkYcscsufudk a[majym(zwfjy)pOf
q&mrsm;xkdifaom ae&mjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
apwDawmf trSwf 3
þapwD (bk&m;ausmif;)udk &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; tenf;qkH; ck
epfBudrf jyefvnfjyKjyifrGrf;rHwnfaqmufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ tpktjyKH
vdkuf0ef;ywfaeonhf t"d|mefapwDi,frsm;pGmESihf twlþ (apwD
rSwf 3)onf emvE´mwGif t½dktaotjyKcH&qkH;aom apwDwpf
qljzpfonf/ þae&m&Sd rlvtaqmufttkHudk t&Sifom&dykwå&m
zGm; awmfrlonhfae&mwGif (apwD)wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;
oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ þapwD\ yxrokH;qifhudk aESmif;acwf
xyfaygif; jznhfpGuf wnfaqmufrIrsm;jzihf zkH;vTrf;xm;NyD; ,cktcg
rawGU&awmhacs/ apwDawmfonf aESmif;acwf &mpkESpfrsm;wGif jzpf
ay:vmjcif;aMumihf axmihfav;ckwGif apwD&Hi,fav;ckESihf tv,f
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teuf okH;ckrQomusef&SdNyD; Ak'¨*,m&Sd r[maAm"dapwDawmf (\
t&HapwDi,fykHpH)ESifh rwlacs/
t&HapwDi,frsm;wGif *kwåacwfvuf&m t*Fawo½Gwfudkif
(íjyKvkyf)xm;aom Ak'¨ESihfaAm"dowå (qif;wkawmf)rsm;yg&Sdonhf
trdk;ckH;uvdkifi,frsm;&Sdonf/ 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm rMumrD
ESpfrsm;twGif;u þqif;wkawmfrsm;\ OD;acgif; odkYr[kwf rsufESm
226 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rsm;onf arSmifcdkaps;uGufwGif a&mif;cs&ef zsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&onf/
qif;wkawmfwpfql &SdcJhrnfjzpfonfh bk&m;cef;&Sd&m apwDawmf
xdyfodkY wufa&mufaom avSum;BuD; wpfck&Sdonf/ apwDawmf
ta&SUbufjcrf;&Sd apwDi,frsm;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;onf/ xdkapwDawmf trsm;pkwGif qufoG,fxm;onhf
tcef;i,frsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;(tcef;i,f)rsm;twGif; ur®|mef;bm0em
½IrSwfEdkif&ef ,if;odkY qufoG,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;apwDawmf
tcsKdUrSm ygVdawmfpmom;rsm; a&;xGif;azmfjyxm;aom tkwfrsm;jzihf
wnfaqmufxm;onfudk awGU&NyD; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; em
vE´mwGif oDwif;okH;cJhMuonhf av;pm;tyfaom ynm&Sif q&m
BuD;rsm;udk *kPfjyKwnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ apwDawmf
trSwf 3 \ xdyfrS bk&m;zl;onf emvE´mwuúodkvf0if; wpfck
vkH;\ vSyonhf jrifuGif;udk &&SdEdkifonf/
apwDawmftrSwf 12
þapwDonf emvE´mwGif tBuD;qkH;jzpfonf/ cefYrSef;ajc 50_52
rDwmcefY&Sdonf/ apwDtrSwf 3 uJhodkY þapwDü axmihfwkdif; wGif
apwD&Hav;ckESihf tv,fwGif yifr apwDBuD;&Sdonf/ axmihf&Sd
apwD&H i,fwdkif;ü rlvuAk'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqlpD udef;0yfcJhaom
bk&m;cef;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ avSum;rsm;xdyf b,fbufü yef;ykxGif;
ausmufwdkifESpfck&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefonf atmufygtwkdif; a&;
om;azmfjy&mü þapwDawmfudk &nfñTef;cJhzG,f&Sdonf –
]vSypGmwefqmqifxm;onhf t&HapwDrsm;ESihf ewfbkHjyom'f
rsm;yrm cRefxuf awmifxdyfrsm;tvm; jytkd;arQmfpifrsm;onf
wpfckESifhwpfck pkpnf;aeMuonf/ txGwfrsm;onf eHeufcif;jrL
rIefrsm;tMum; aysmufuG,foGm;ovm;xif&NyD; tay:cef;txGwf
rsm;rSm jrLwdrfrsm;txufü &SdMuonf/ jywif;aygufrsm;rS wpfqihf
avESihf jrLwdrfrsm;udk jrifEdkifNyD; jrifhrm;onhf wHpufNrdwfrsm;ay:wGif
emvE´m 227
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\ awmifESihf ajrmufESpfbufvkH;wGif bk&m;cef;i,fESpfck&Sdonf/
bk&m;cef;wkdif;wGif blrdzórkj'm (ajrudkvufESifhxdxm;[ef)jzihf
qif;wkawmft<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 4 rS 11
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1 ESihf 4 rS 11 txdrSm emvE´m wuú
odkvfausmif;om;rsm; aexkdifpmayavhvmonhf aumvdyfaqmif
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdktaqmifrsm;rSm wpfckESihfwpfck tenf;i,fom
jcm;em;onf/ xdktaqmif trsm;pkwGif 0if;twGif; a&wGif;rsm;ESihf
ta&SUajrmufaxmihfrsm;wGif tdrfomrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhzG,f&Sd
onhf a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;&Sdonf/ ausmif;aqmif trSwf 9 \ pdwf
0ifpm;zG,foGifjyifwpfckrSm 0if;twGif; rD;zdk 6 ck&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
,if;ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk ,cktcg ykHazmf&ef rjzpfEdkifawmh
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wefqmqifxm;vsuf tenf;qkH;av;xyfjrifhonf/ [l,ifqef
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awmfrsm;\ ae&mXmersm;udk þodkYazmfjycJhonf ]&[ef;awmfrsm;\
tcef;i,frsm;&Sdonhf tjyifaqmif tm;vkH;onf av;xyf&Sd\/
txyfrsm;ü e*g;½kyfykHtpGef;rsm;ESihf a&mifpkHwHpufNrdwfrsm;? ykvJeD
a&mif ausmufwkdifrsm;? ausmufxGif;½kyfykHrsm;ESihf wefqmqif
,ifxm;onfh tqifhjrifhoyf&yfpGm jyKvkyx f m;aom yGwfvkH;
vuf&ef;rsm;? aea&mifumrsm;pGmjzihf tvif;a&mifjyef[yfaponhf
tkwf<uyfrsm;jzihf vTrf;rdk;xm;onhf trdk;rsm;&Sdonf/ xdkt&m
rsm;onf jrifuGif;tvSudk xyfavmif;jznhfay;onf}/
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 7 ESifh * aemufwnfhwnfhwGif i,faomf
vnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f apwDawmfae&mwpfck&Sdonf/ þapwDawmf

8/ ywåem;
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onf t"duNrdKUawmf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif yg#vdykwåonf rD;
tEÅ&m,f? a&vTrf;rdk;rItEÅ&m,f? tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uGJvGJrI[laom
tEÅ&m,fokH;rsKd;udk &ifqdkif&ayvdrfhrnf ('D 2? 74)/
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wGifwnf&Sdonfh NrdKUi,fwpfNrdKUjzpfNyD; ESpfEdkifiHjzwfausmfonfh t"du
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tm; yxrqkH;oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef vª'gef;Muonf/ yg#vd*grwGif
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twGuf cef;raqmifwpfck aqmufvkyfapaMumif;od&onf/ rsuf
arSmufacwfwGif ,if;taqmufttkHudk aCm#rkcD[kac:onf/
yg#vd*grü <ua&muf oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuaom Ak'¨bmom&[ef;
awmf rsm;twGuf txif&Sm;qkH; oDwif;okH;onhfae&mrSm ukuúK#m
½kH(Muufrif;yef;jcH)jzpfonf/ t&SiftmeE´monf ukuúK#m½kH ausmif;
wdkufü t&Sifb'´rax&ftm; a'oemawmfajcmufck a[mMum;
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Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf ESpfwpf&mtwGif; r*"
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emvE´m 229
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jzpfonf/ þjywkdufudk ausmif;awmf&mtysuftpD;rsm; (&Sdonhf
ae&m)ESihf ,SOfwGJxm;NyD; aeYpOf eHeuf 9-em&DrS nae 5 em&D
xdzGifhonf/
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&mZN*dK[f\ajrmufbuf 11 uDvkdrDwmtuGmwGif wnf&SdNyD; vrf;
rBuD;ESihf 2 uDvdkrDwm uGma0;onf/
emvE´m0ef;usif
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qludk emvE´mtysuftpD;rsm;\ taemuf awmifbuf 3 uDvkd
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wkawmfonf ausmufcJrsm;jzihfypfcwf? vufrsm;jzihfNcdrf;ajcmufNyD;
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230 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o emvE´m 231
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rsm;aMumihf rMunfvifjzpfaeonf/
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236 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
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usr;f ü xdkyk*¾Kdvfu taemufwkdif;om;rsm;tm; tdE´d,taMumif;
yxrOD;qkH;aom rsufjrifvufawGU rSwfwrf;udk ay;cJhonf/
ar*gpoif;eufpftqdkt& yg#vdykwåonf **Fgjrpf\ awmif
buf urf;ajcwpfavQmuf us,fjyefYpGmwnf&SdNyD; opfom;(NrdKU½dk;)
wHwdkif;onf t&Snf 15 uDvdkrDwm? tus,f 2 'or 5 uDvdk
rDwm&Sdvsuf rDwm 200 tus,f 15 rDwmteuf&Sd usKH;BuD;jzihf
um&Hxm;onf/ opfom;jzihfjyKvkyfxm;aom tkwfNrdKU½dk;wHwdkif;rsm;
onf 0ifayguf 64-ckESihf arQmfpifaygif; 570 &Sdonf/
1915-16 ckESpfrsm;wGif ywåem;NrKdU&xm;blwm½kHajrmufbuf
AkvE´db, (t&yf)ü wl;azmfjcif;rsm;t& tvGefYtvGef tHhMozG,f
jyKjyif xdef;odrf;rItajctaejzihf tqdkygopfom;NrdKU½dk;BuD;\ tpdwf
 234 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tydkif;rsm;udk wl;azmfawGU&SdcJhonf/ 4 'or 5 rDwmxlxJaom
eH&HwHwdkif;rsm;udk av;vHBuD;rm;onhf axmifvkdufopfwkH; rsm;jzihf
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ rlvajrnDtqihf\atmufwGif 1 'or 5
rDwmcefYjrKyf0ifaeonf/ BuD;rm;onhf oHrIdr,fewdkYjzihf ½dkufESuf
wGJpyfxm;onf/ wl;azmfjcif;r&yfem;rDaemufqkH;ü 205 rDwmwl;
azmfawGU&SdcJhonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u NrdKU½dk;onf
uDvdkrDwmaygif;rsm;pGm &Snfvsm;rnf[kcefYrSef;Muonf/
&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef ywåem;NrdKUokdY a&mufoGm;aomtcg
taomurif;BuD;\ eef;awmftysuftpD;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ ysuf
pD;aeonhf tajctaerSmyif (,if;eef;awmfonf) vlom;vGef wef
cdk;pGrf;&nfjzihf wnfaqmufcJhonf[k '@m&DykHjyifrsm; ay:xGufae
onhftxdyif BuD;rm;vSonf ],cktcg a&S;a[mif; (eef;awmf
aqmif) tjzpfwnf&SdqJjzpfonfh NrdKUawmftv,f&Sd bk&ifheef;awmf
ESihf eH&Htm;vkH;udk ¤if;(taomrif;BuD;) cefYtyfxm;onfh ewfa'0g
wdkYu aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;(ewfa'0g)wdkYonf ausmufwkH;rsm;
udk pkykHMuonf/ tkwfwHwdkif;rsm; 0ifayguf*dwfrsm;udk axmifrwf
Muonf/ oyf&yfvSyonhf ½kyfwGif;rsm;ESihf pDjc,fxm;onhf yef;yk
vuf&mrsm;udk þurÇmavmu&Sd vlom;wdkY\vufjzihf NyD;ajrmuf
atmif raqmif½GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;jzifh aqmif½GufMuonf}/
&[ef;awmf zm[D,efonf taomurif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJh
onhf apwDwpfqlESihf &[ef;awmf 700-cefY oDwif;okH;aeonhf
ausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfckudkvnf; awGUcJhonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; tm;
vkH;rSm 0denf;av;pm;jcif; todynm <u,f0jcif;wkdYaMumifh ausm
Mum;onf/ zm[D,efonf ouúwbmomudk NyD;jynfhpkHatmif oif
,ljcif;? yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ul;,ljcif;wdkYjzihf ywåem;wGif okH;ESpf
Mum oDwif;okH;cJhonf/
ywåem; 235
ywåem;odkY ajrmufbufrS oGm;a&muf&ef jzpfap? NrdKUawmfrS awmif
bufodkY OD;wnfxGuf&ef jzpfap **Fgjrpfudk rvGJraoG ausmfjzwf&
onf/ **Fgjrpfonf xdk(ausmfjzwfonhf)ae&mü tvGefus,f0ef;
onf/ Ak'¨onf aemufqkH;c&D;tjzpf ywåem;NrdKUrS xGufcGmaomtcg
&Sifawmfjrwftm; ydkYaqmifEIwfquf&ef vlxky&dowfBuD; vdkufyg
Muonf/ Ak'¨tm; ylaZmf*kPfjyKonfhtaejzihf Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf ul;
jzwfaomae&mudk a*gwrwdw¬ (a*gwrqdyfurf;)[k trnfay;
&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ xdkae&monf xdktrnfudk &mpkESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwfürl (xdkae&m
udk) &SmazGrawGY&Sdao;ay/ aESmif;acwf ouúwpmayt& ywåem;
NrdKUü avSazmifwpfckonf jrpfudk aygif;ul;xm;aMumif; od&onf/
,aeYacwfwGif bk&m;zl;onf r[wår*E´DwHwm;opfjzihf
(**Fg)jrpfudk jzwful;Edkifonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
ukrm&[m&
a&S;a[mif; yg#vdykwf\ t&mtm;vkH;eD;yg;rQudk ,aeYttcsdeüf
rawGUEdkifawmhay/ tcsKdUonf **FgjrpfxJodkY ygoGm;jcif;jzpfNyD; a&
arsmyg roGm;ao;onhf t&mrsm;rSmvnf; acwfopfNrdKUawmf\
atmufwGif jrKyfaeqJjzpfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ukrm&[m& (t&yf)
wGif taomueef;awmf tpdwftykdif;rsm; tvGefeD;uyfpGmjzpfEdkif
onhf {&mrausmufwdkifBuD;rsm;yg&Sdaom cef;raqmifwpfck\
tysuftpD; t<uif;tusefrsm;udk wl;azmfawGU&Sdxm;NyD jzpfonf/
þae&mwGif 1912-13 ckESpfu wl;azmfrIrsm;t& *kwåacwfvuf
&mrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onhf tkwftaqmufttkHrsm;udk xkwf
azmfawGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;\atmufwnhfwnfüh ae&mtESHUwGif axmihf
rSef a&jyifnD (rwfaxmifaeonhf) ykdufvkH;oP²mef xlxJonhf rD;
240 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wdkufü emvE´m? *E¨m&? Mo&dóESihf tdE´d,awmifydkif; em*y¥ef
t&yfwdkYrS Ak'¨bmom yef;ykvuf&mrsm;udkvnf; jyoxm;onf/
ywåem;jywdkufonf NrdKUv,fteD; Ak'¨rm&*wGif&SdNyD; eHeuf 10;30
rS nae 4;40 txdzGifhNyD; wevFmaeYESihf trsm;jynfol ½kH;ydwf
&ufrsm;wGif ydwfonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
ywåem;onf *,m? &mZN*dK[fNrdKUrsm;odkY &xm;vrf;jzihf qufoG,f
xm;NyD; &mZN*dK[frS bwfpfum;jzifhvnf; oGm; a&mufEdkifonf/
ywåem;0ef;usif
[*sdyl&NrdKU
a&S;acwfu yg#vd*grrS **FgjrpfudkjzwfoGm;NyD;aemuf jrpfwpf
bufü c&D;oGm;yk*¾Kdvf yxrqkH; a&muf&SdonhfNrdKUrSm ,cktcg [*ds
yl& (Hajipur) [kac:onhf OuúapvNrdKUjzpfonf/ acwfopf [*sd
yl&NrdKUonf jrpfaMumif;rsm; tpOfrjywfajymif;vJrIaMumihf a&S;acwf
uxufyí dk **FgjrpfrS a0;uGmonf/ þNrdKU\ Ouúapv trnf&SdykH
udk (t|uxmq&mBuD;) t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo rax&fu twef
i,f,kH&cufonhf jzpf&yfwpfckjzihf azmfjyxm;onf/ t&Sifjrwf
tvdkt& NrdKUwnfaqmufaepOftwGif; wpfnü ig;axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmwdkY jrpfqdyfodkY arsmygvmMuonf/ ½Gmom;rsm;onf t0wf
pkwf(apv)tydkif;tprsm;jzihf rD;wkwf (Ouúm)rsm;jyKvkyfNyD; ,if;
wdkYudk qDwGifESpfvsuf ,if;rDwkwf\tvif;a&mifjzihf ig;tm;vkH;udk
zrf;,lMuonf[k qdkonf (r-| 2? 166)/ Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwfonf
OuúapvNrdKUü tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm oDwif;okH; odkYr[kwf (,if;NrdKUrS)
jzwfoef; <uoGm;awmfrlcJhonf/ a'opm&D c&D;pOfrsm;teuf wpf
ckwGif Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwfonf OuúapvNrKd Uü plVa*gygvuokwfudk
a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;okwfawmfwGif (Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu)
ywåem; 237
vJusoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ taMumif;rl tvsm;vdkufvJus
vsufawGU&NyD; ,if;(tajctae)u ,if;ausmufwdkifBuD; ajrBuD;
twGif; jrKyf0ifroGm;ap&ef umuG,fxm;cJhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
ausmufwdkifonf 4 'or 34 rDwm &SnNf yD; ausmufwdkifwpfckvkH;
acsmrGwfajymifvufaeonf/ ausmufwdkiftajconf acsmrGwfaomf
vnf; ajymifvufjcif;r&Sd/ yef;&efq&m\ trSwftom;rsm;[k ,l
q&aom pdwf0ifpm;zG,f trSwftom;rsm;pGm yg&Sdonf/ ,if; t
rSwftom;rsm;teuf rsm;pGmonf tapmydkif; yg&Sef*lAdrmefrsm;wGif
awGU&aom trSwftom;rsm;ESihf wlnDaeonf/ þonfrSm yg&Sef
vuform;rsm;udk eef;awmfu(iSm;,l) cefYtyfcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;
onhf om"ujzpfonf/ bk&m;zl;onf ausmufwdkif atmufajcrS
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rsm;tm;vkH;onf ausmufwdkifudko,f,lpOf BudK;csnf&ef tokH;jyKcJh
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ausmufwdkifrsm;yg&Sdonhf cef;rteD;wGif jywdkufi,fwpfck &Sd
onf/ ,if;ü ukrm&[m&wGif awGU&Sd&onhf a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGuf
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ywåem;jywkduf
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pnf;jyoxm;onf/ tawmftwef a[mif;EGrf;onhf vu©Pm&SdNyD;
238 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tvif;a&miftm;enf;aomfvnf; oGm;a&mufMunhf½Ioihfonf/ þ
jywdkuüf tausmfMum;qkH;aomt&mrSm arm&d,acwfvuf&m
apm&d(pmr&Dom;NrD;,yf)o,faqmifol ½kyfwkjzpfonf/ þ½kyfwk
onf eef;awmft0if0wGif wnf&SdcJhonfh (½kyfwk)wpfpkHteuf wpf
ckjzpfzG,f&dSonf/ ½kyfwkrSm yuwd ouf&Sdt½G,ftpm;jzpfNyD; o½kyf
rSeftwdkif;xGif;xkxm;vsuf tqihfjrifhpGm ajymifvufacsmrGwfae
onf/ ajccsif;ESihf vufarmif;ay:rS vufMuyfwdkYrSm BuD;rm; wkwf
cdkifonf/ tdE´d,trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfqifaeMuqJ vufaumuf p
onfESihfrwlacs/ nmbufvufu tcrf;tem;okH; pmr&Dom;NrD;
,yfwpfck udkifaqmifxm;onf/ a&S;acwf tdE´d,wGif apm&d
(pmr&D)om;NrD;,yf ESpfckudkifaqmifol vkdufygNcH&HcH&jcif;rSm tmPm
ESihf vlUtqifhtwef;\ oauFwjzpfonf/
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfck (jywdkuf – Acc No. 752)\ tjcm;wpf
bufwGifxm;onhf t0avmudawoGm& qif;wkwpfqlESihf arawå
,sqif;wkwpfqlwdkYrSm txift&Sm; oyÜm,fonf/ qif;wkawmf
ESpfckvkH;rSm ta&mifaysmh ESrf;zwfausmufjzihf xGif;xkxm;NyD;
ajcwpfacsmif; acgufxm;onhf (t'¨yv’uF)[efjzihfxdkifaeNyD; 12
&mpk vuf&mjzpfonf/ rsufESmrsm;onf aAm"dowåESpfqlwdkY\
wuf<urIESihf u½kPmw&m;ESihf ywfoufrIwdkYudk o½kyfazmfaom
twG;tjrifudk tjynfht0 azmfjyonf/ qif;wkrsm;wGif tb,
rkj'm[ef nmvufrsm;&SdNyD; vufacsmif;? vufaumuf0wfESifh
vnfyif;ywfvnfwdkYü &wemrsm; qif,ifxm;onf/ yckH;rsm;ay:
wGif ayghyg;pGm wGJavmif;csxm;onhf qHyifacGrsm;yg&SdMuonf/
OD;acgif;wefqmjzifh ayGUydkufxm;aom apwDawmfaMumifh xif&mS ;
aom arawå,sbk&m;avmif;ykHonf em*auo&yef;udk udkifxm;
vsuf OD;acgif;wefqmwGif Ak'¨wpfql&Sdonhf t0avmudawoGm&
ywåem; 239
um; yGifhvef;aeonhf {&mrMumyef;wpfyGifh udkifaqmifxm;onf/
,if; aAm"dowåESpfqlESihf ¤if;wdkY\Ak'¨aemufodkY vkdufygaeonhf
(ykH)udk *,m&Sd Ad&SEkyl&t&yfwGif awGU&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
jywdkuf\ 'kwd,xyfjycef;wGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf
tdE´d,EdkifiHom; Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmf &m[kvm oHupöm,e
1930-ck ESpfrsm;twGif; wdAufüc&D;oGm;pOf&&SdcJhonhf xuF
(thanka) trsm;tjym;udk pkaqmif; jyoxm;rIyg0ifonf/ 0rf;enf;
zG,faumif;onfrSm xuFrsm;udk tyl&SdefESihf pdkxkdif;rI(wdkYtwGuf)
aumif;pGm pDrH xm;jcif;r&SdbJ xdefodrf;a&;ruRrf;usifrIrsm;aMumihf
trsm;tjym;ysufpD;ukefonf/ 'kwd,xyf tjcm;jycef;wGif 1930-
ckESpfu uk&ud[m&(Kurkihar)t&yfwGif awGU&SdcJhonfh ausmfMum;
aom aMu;(qif;wk)trsm;tjym; (jyoxm;onf)/
Ak'¨bmomrsm; txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,ft&mwpfckudk 'kwd,xyf
&Sd a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGufjycef;wGif awGUEdkifonf/ ,if;rSm ukrm&
[m&ausmufcsyf[kac:NyD; Ak'¨*,mr[maAm"dapwDawmf jzpfykH&
onhft&mudk o½kyfazmf (xGif;xk)xm;aom½kyfykHyg a&S;a[mif;
tkwfcGuf0dkif;wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufcsyfonf bk&m;zll;tm;
wnfaqmufcgp tcsdefu apwDawmfBuD;\ ykHyef;oP²mef rnf
odkY&SdcJhrnfudk aumif;pGmcefYrSef;rI wpf&yf&&Sdaponf/ ,if;ausmuf
jym;ay:wGif &Sif;vif;pGmowdxm;rdEdkifaom tcsKdUt&mrsm;udk acwf
opfr[maAm"dapwDawmfü awGUjrifEdkifao;onf/ twGif;buf
yifrapwDawmftxGwf? apwDawmfywfvnf&Sd vuf&ef;ponf
wdkYjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tkwfcGufygapwDykHu (rlvapwD\ykHoP²mef
rSm) t"dutm;jzihf ajymif;vJoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;vnf; &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyonf/ rkcfckH;tcef;ykHonf ,cktcgvkH;0rwluGJjym;aeNyD;
axmifhpGef;&Sd apwD&Hav;ql xnhfoGif;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ þpdwf
0ifpm;zG,f tkwfcGufudk ukrm&[mt&yfü awGU&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ jy
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prÜmNrdKUom; jAm[®P (ykPÖm;)rsm;ESihf olaX;ol<u,frsm;onf tkyfpk
vkdufta&twGufrsm;pGm NrdKUawmfrSxGufí **¾&m (trnf&Sdaom)
Mum yef;tdkifodkY xGufcGmMuonf ('D 1? 104)/
rZÑdra'o\ ta&SUzsm;tpGef;wGif t*Fwdkif;&Sdonf/ wpfcgu vGwf
vyfcJhaom þEdkifiHonf aemiftcgwGif r*"wdkif;twGif;odkY yl;
aygif;jcif;cH&ojzifh yd#uwfusrf;pmrsm;ü t*F-r*"wdkif;tjzpf
&nñTTef;azmfjyonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ t*Fwdkif;\NrdKUawmf prÜmonf
**Fgjrpf\ awmifydkif;urf;ajcwGif wnf&SdNyD; jrpf\ta&;ygonhf
qdyfurf;ESihf ukefoG,frIA[dkXmersm;teuf wpfcktygt0if jzpf
onf/ Zmwfawmfrsm;ü prÜmNrdKUudk *dwfaygufrsm;? arQmfpifrsm; yg&Sd
onhf ckdkifcHhaom tkwfwHwdkif;rsm;jzihf 0ef;&Hxm;aMumif; azmfjyonf
(Zm-| 4? 32)/ þtcsufudk rMumrDuyif a&S;a[mif; okawoe
ynm&Sifrsm;u tckdiftrm axmufcHMuonf/ t&SifAk'¨aCmo\
tvdkt& NrdKUawmf\y wf0ef;usifwGif aygufa&mufaeonhf prÜu
(pHum;)yifrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí prÜmNrdKU [laomtrnf udk&onf
(r-| 3? 1)/ prÜmyGifhrsm;rSm BudKifvIdif oif;ysHUonhf &eHYaMumifh
xif&Sm;onf/
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tBudrfrsm;pGmyif a'opm&D<ua&mufawmf rlcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ trSef
pifppf (,ck) &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifonfrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf <uawmfrlcJh
onfh ta&SUbuf tpGeftzsm;ae&m jzpfonf/ tqdkygae&mü
oDwif;okH;awmfrlpOf aomP'@okwf ('D 1? 102)? u&@0okwf
(tH 3? 14)ESihf u&E´uokwf (r 2? 1)rsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrl
onf/ aemufqkH; u&@uokwfwGif ayótrnf &Sdqifxdef;u
xufjrufaomfvnf; vdrfvnfvSnhfzsm;wwfonfh vlUobm0ESihf
ywfoufaom ¤if;\rSwfcsufrsm;udk Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfxH wifjycJh
ywåem; 241
þae&ma'oESihf vkdufavsmnDaxGjyKvsuf **Fgjrpfudk jzwfoef;í
uRJEGm;rsm;udk armif;ESif&jcif;\ cufcJykHudk OyrmjyK a[mMum;awmf
rlonf (oH 2? 455)/ t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef
wdkY y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlí rMumjrifhrD jrwf Ak'¨onf OuúapvNrdKUü
w&m;a'oem a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ þw&m;awmfü jrwfAk'¨
onf udk,fawmfjrwf\ t*¾om0uESpfyg;tay: xm;&Sdonhf euf
½dIif;aom av;pm;rIESihf t&SifjrwfESpfyg; y&dedAÁmefpHjcif; twGuf
qkH;½IH;&ykHudk xkwfazmf >ruf[awmfrlonf ]&[ef;wdkY? om&dykwå&m
ESihf arm*¾v’mefwdkY y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;NyD; jzpfonhf þ(usef&Sdaom) y&d
owfum; trSefwu,fyif qdwfokOf;vSacs\} (oH 3? 142)/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tjrwfEdk;tyfqkH;aom wynhfom0ujzpf
onfh (nDawmf)t&SiftmeE´m\ aemufqkH;aeYrsm;ESihf y&dedAÁmefpH
awmfrlykHtaMumif; yd#uwfygVdawmfü wpfpGef;wpfp jyqdkxm;jcif;
r&SdonfrSm xl;jcm;onf/ odkY&mwGif tpOftvmt& t&Sifjrwf
onf OuúapvNrdKUteD;ü y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlaMumif; qdkonf/
zm[D,efa&m [l,ifqefygESpfyg;vkH; (Ouúapv)NrdKUü t&SiftmeE´m
\"mwfawmfudk Xmyem(xnhfoGif;)xm;onhf apwDwpfqlESihf (,if;
NrdKUESihf) rsufESmcsif;qdkif jrpfwpfbufurf;ü (vnf;t&Sifjrwf\)
"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;onhf apwDwpfql zl;jrifcJhMu&onf/
þapwDESpfqlESihf ywfoufonhf xdkw½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf
ESpfyg; Mum;odcJh&aom jzpf&yfrSm þodkYjzpfonf ]t&SiftmeE´m
onf rdrd\ b0oufwrf; aemufqkH;tcsdef eD;uyfvmaMumif;
odjrifawmfrlaomtcg t&Sifjrwfonf r*"wdkif;rS ajrmufpl;pl;odkY
c&D;xGufcGmawmfrlonf/ þowif;udk Mum;od&jcif;ü tZmw
owåKrif;onf ppfonfAdkvfyg tenf;i,fjcH&Hvsuf t&SiftmeE´m
tm; r*"NrdKUawmfwGif oDwif;okH;&ef awmif;yefrnhf &nf½G,fcsuf
 242 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
NyD; t&Sifjrwf\aemufodkY vdkufoGm;onf/ aemufqkH; tZmwowåK
bk&ifESifhtzGJU olawmfpift&Sifjrwfudk awGUaomtcg t&SifjrwfrSm
**Fgjrpfudkjzwful;rnfh avSazmifay:odkY a&muf&SdaeNyD;jzpfonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif 0ZÆDwdkif;om;vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ydkifeuf
e,fy,ftwGif;odkY t&SiftmeE´mrax&fjrwf <uvmaeaMumif;Mum;
od&ojzihf t&Sifjrwfudk BudKqdk&ef jrpfurf;odkY pka0;a&muf&Sd
vmMuonf/ t&SiftmeE´m jrpfv,fodkY a&muf&SdoGm;csdefü wpf
bufurf;rS (r*"wdkif;om;) y&dowfuvnf; ¤if;wdkYbufurf;odkY
<ua&muf awmfrl&ef awmif;yef avQmufxm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfí
rnfonhf OygoumtkyfpkrQ pdwfrcsrf;rom rjzpfMuap&efESihf ½Iyf
axG;rnfh tajctaeudk a&SmifvTJ&eftvdkYiSm t&Sifjrwfonf
aumif;uifodkY <uawmfrlvsuf rD;awmufrD;vQHMum;wGif aysmuf
uG,foGm;onf24/ "mwfawmfwpf0ufonf jrpfwpfbufurf;odkYus
vmNyD; tjcm;wpf0ufrSm tjcm;wpfbufurf;odkY usa&mufoGm;
vsuf ,if;odkYjzihf apwDESpfqlwnfxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ tvm;wl
jzpf&yftaMumif;t&mudk "r®y't|uxmü awGU&aomfvnf; ,if;
ü þjzpf&yfonf a&m[deDjrpfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaMumif; uGJjym;
jcm;em;pGm jyqdkonf ("r®y'-| 1? 342)/ jzpf&yf tcsKdUt0ufrSm
'@m&D qefEdkifaomfvnf; ,if;'@m&Donf t&SiftmeE´mtaejzihf
r*"ESihf 0ZÆDwdkif;e,fjcm;a'oteD; y&dedAÁmefpHonfqdkjcif;ESihf t&Sif
jrwf\"mwfawmfudk a0,l&ef ESpfEdkifiHtMum; pDpOfrItcsKdU &SdcJhonf
[laom ordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk rGrf;rHajymqdkjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkif
onf/ xdkYjyif t&SiftmeE´monf aus;Zl;uwdpum;t& c&D;<u
awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; vlyk*¾Kdvftcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;jcif;\ taMumif;
24
þodkYxl;jcm;pGm y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlonfrSm t&SiftmeE´mwpfyg;wnf; r[kwfay/
O'ge? pm-191 udk ½Iyg (pma&;ol)/
ywåem; 243
w&m;jzpfvm&ef <uoGm;awmfrljcif; r[kwf[laom t&SiftmeE´m\
yk*¾Kdvfa&;taMumif; uREkfyfwdkYod&onfESihf tawmftwef nDñw G f
rnfvnf;jzpfonf/
**Fgjzpf\awmifbufurf;wGif wnfxm;cJhaom apwDawmfrSm
MumjrifhpGmuyif uG,faysmufoGm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;wpf
bufurf;rS apwDawmfudkrl rMumrDu &SmazGawGU&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
,aeYacwfwGif t&SiftmeE´m\apwDrSm ywf0ef;aeaom aps;
O,smOfrsm;rS jrifhrm;aeonhf jrufcsKHxlxyfaom awmifydkYBuD;jzpf
onf/ auyD*s,qGmvokwoeodyÜHu þe,fajrwGif rMumrDu
wlazmfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhojzihf bDpD 1000 ausmftcsdefrSpí vlol
aexkdifcJhonhfae&m jzpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;awGU&SdcJhonf/
tqdkygjrufxlawmifukef;ay:&Sd [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;aMumifh apwD
ysufae&mudkrl uHraumif;pGm wl;azmfEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhacs/ tmeE´m
apwDysufae&modkY oGm;a&muf&ef [*sdyl&NrdKUv,frS ,if;NrdKUtydkif
&rfacsm& (Ramchaura)e,fodkYa&mufaom vrf;twdkif; oGm;NyD;
&rfacsm&bk&m;ausmif;udk ar;jref;yg/ [*sdyl&onf **Fgjrpfwpf
buf&Sd ywåem;NrdKUrS 10 uDvkdrDwmcefY tuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/
248 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
yef;tdkifodkY <uaa&muf oDwif;okH;pOf y&dowfaxmifaygif; rsm;pGm
teuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ oyÜm,frI? ½Tef;awmufrIESihf wnfNidrfrI
wdkYaMumihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; csufcsif;yif cGJjcm;½Ijrif(í Ak'¨*kPf
udk azmfusL;onhf *gxmrsm;zGJUoD)EdkifcJhonf (oH 1? 196)/
0de,yd#uwGif &[ef;awmftkyfpkwpfckonf Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
**¾&ma&uefü oDwif;okH;aeaMumif;Mum; od&ojzihf jrwfAk'¨ukd
zl;ajrmf&ef umodwdkif;rS uDvdkrDwmokH;&mcefYa0;onhf c&D;pOfjzihf
prÜmNrdKUodkY<uvmMuaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf (0d 3? 433)/ Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwfonf wpfcgwpf&H **¾&mMumyef;tdkiüf vaygif;rsm;pGm
Mumonfxd oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhaMumif; þtcsufu ñTefjyonf/
Ak'¨0HoygVdawmft& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ a&oEkyfawmfudk prÜmNrdKU&Sd
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfckwGif odrf;qnf;xm;aMumif; od&onf (Ak'¨
0Ho? "mwkbmZeD,uxm? 14-*gxm)/ þtcsufonfvnf; Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwfonf **¾&ma&uefü a&okH;oyfawmfral vh&SdcJhaMumif;
azmfjyonf/ ,aeYacwfwGif **¾&mMumyef;tdkif\ a&xkyrmPrSm
rsm;pGm Ekef;wif wdrfaumoGm;NyD; prÜmNrdKUpGefwpfae&m&Sd xif&Sm;
onhf *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;wpfckteD;ü wnf&Sdvsuf qma&m0e (Sa-
rovana)[k ac:wGifonf/ ESpfq,f&mpk tapmydkif;umvu þa&
uefrS ½THUñTefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;&ef BudK;yrf;pOftwGif; tvkyform;
rsm;onf vSyoyÜm,fonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; awGU&SdcJhaomfvnf;
,if;qif;wkawmf rsm;ESihfywfoufí rnfodkYrnfykH jzpfoGm;onfudk
,cktcgü rod&awmhacs/ **¾&mMumyef;tdkifodkY oGm;a&muf&ef
usOf;ajrmif;onfhvrf;rsm;? vloGm;vrf;rsm;rS wpfqifh qma&me
wvmb (Sarovana Talarb) udkar;jref;yg/
pyÜmNrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf&ef
prÜmNrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf&ef **FgjrpfaMumif;twkdif; pkHqif;oGm;onhf
um; vrf;rBuD;twdkif; oGm;? odkYr[kwf ywåem;NrdKUrS ta&SUbuf
prÜmNrdKU 245
onf ]vlom;wdkYonf auGUaumufvSnhfywfwwfNyD; wd&pämefrsm;
um; yGifhvif;ajzmihfpif;Muonf/ wynhfawmfonf avhusifhay;
aepOftwGif; qifwpfaumifudk aumif;pGm armif;ESifEdkifygonf/
xdkumvtwGif; ,if;(avhusifhqJqif)onf (prÜmNrdKU)rS c&D;xGuf
oGm;NyD; prÜmNrdKUodkY jyefvmEdkifygonf/ xdk(avhusihfqJ)qifonf
y&d,m,frm,m? vdrfnm? ausmufuspf? uvdrfusrI rsKd;pkHukd
azmfjyygonf/ odkY&mwGif wynhfawmf\ aus;uRefrsm;? owif;
ydkYolrsm;? 0efxrf;rsm;rSmrl ajymwpfrsKd; vkyfwpfjcm;ESihf pdwfxJu
tjcm;wpfckudk MuHpnfpOf;pm;aeMuygonf}/ Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwfonf
pyÜmNrdKUwGif ta&;ygonhf 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;pGmudk ynwfawmf
rlcJhonf (0d 1? 83)/ t&Sifom&dykwå&m rax&fjrwfonfvnf;
prÜmNrdKUawmfü oDwif;okH;awmfrlpOftwGif; 'okwå&okwåef ('D 3?
225)udk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
prÜmNrdKUESihfywfoufonhf pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm; tenf;
tusOf;rQomusef&Sdojzihf NrdKUawmf\ aESmif;acwfordkif;pOfrSm vkH;0
eD;yg;aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; rqdkpavmufaom a&S;a[mif;okawoe
qdkif&mvkyfief;rQudkom aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ taomurif;BuD;\
r,fawmf okb&*Ð(Subharangi)onf prÜmNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhaMumif;
qdkonf/ at'D okH;&mpkcefYwGif prÜmNrdKUom;ukefonfrsm;ESihf &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf ,aeYacwf AD,uferf awmifydkif;a'owGif udkvdkeD
e,fy,frsm;wnfaxmifMuNyD; xdke,fy,fudk 4if;wdkY\ arG;&yfNrKd U
trnf (prÜm)[k trnfrSnfhac:Muonf/ þprÜmudkvdkeDe,fonf
&mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmMumonftxd tif'dkcsKdif;em;a'oü tdE´d,
,Ofaus;rI txl;ojzihf Ak'¨0g'udkjzefYcsd&ef A[dktcsuftcsm ae&m
tjzpfwnf&SdcJhonf/ &[ef;awmfzm[D,efonf prÜmNrdKUodkY tvnf
tywfa&mufcJhNyD; prÜmNrdKUtaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf ]wpfcgu
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif oDwif;okH;cJhNyD; acgufwkHYacgufjyef vrf;avQmufcJhonhf
246 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ae&m .. xdkae&mawmfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif apwDawmfrsm; wnfxm;NyD;
xdkae&mrsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexkdifMuqJjzpfonf}/
bk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf (zm[D,ef)onf prÜmNrdKUrS atmufbuf
**Fgjrpf0wGif&Sdaom wr&mvdywd(NrdKU)odkY oabFmjzihf c&D;ESifcJhonf/
(þtcsufonf) wpfcsdefu prÜmNrdKU\ oabFmqdyfurf;NrdKUtjzpf
ta&;ygrIudk azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefurl ydkrdktao;pdwfus
onhf tcsuftcsKdUudkazmfjycJhonf ]þ(prÜm)NrdKUonf t0dkif;t0ef;
tm;jzihf vDaygif; 4000-cefY&Sd\/ NrdKUawmfonf ajrmufbufü
**Fgjrpfjzihf ausm½dk;jyKxm;NyD; vDaygif; 40 cefYus,f0ef;onf/ ajr
jyifnDnmNyD; ajrMoZmaumif;rGefonf/ ykHrSef(&moDtvdkuf) pdkufysKd;
EdkifNyD; pdkufysKd; oD;ESHrsm; txGufaumif;onf/ tyl&Sdefrjyif;xefbJ
aEG;axG;onf/ vltrsm;\trlt&mrSm yGifhvif;½dk;om;Muonf/ NrKd U
awmfprÜmwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkuf trsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ t
rsm;pkrSm ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeNyD; &[ef;awmf 200-cefY&Sdonf/ xdk
&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm ,mOfi,f ([de,me)tqkH;trudk vkdufemMu
onf .. NrdKUawmfwHwdkif;udk tkwfjzihf wnfaqmufxm;NyD; ayaygif;
rsm;pGmjrifhonf/ wHwdkif;tkwfjrpfrsm;onf jrifhrm;onhf tkwfwH
wdkif; urf;yg;,Hay:rS &efolwdkY wdkufcdkufvmrIudk umuG,fEdkif&ef
jzpfonf}/ at'D 9 &mpkESihf 12 &mpk tMum;prÜmNrdKUawmfonf
wEÅ& Ak'¨0g'\ ta&;ygonhf tcsuftcsmae&m jzpfvmonf/ od'¨
ac: wEÅ&*dkPf;0if ynm&Sifaygif; 84 OD;\ tw¬KyÜwådudk a&;om;cJh
ol tb,'wåonf prÜmNrdKUawmfZmwd jzpfouJhodkY ¤if;\pmay
vuf&mrsm;pGmudkvnf; prÜmNrdKUwGif a&;om;cJhonf/
prÜm[laom trnfemronf &mpkESpfaygif;rsmpGm Mumonf
txd rajymif;rvJcdkifrmpGm <uif;usefaecJhonf/ a&S;a[mif; ajr
ae&m&SdNrdKUonf ,cktcg prÜme*&trnfjzihf wnf&SdqJjzpfonf/ xdk
ae&mü 1960 aESmif;ydkif;ESihf 1970 ESpfOD;ydkif;rsm;ü a&S;a[mif;
prÜmNrdKU 247
okawoeqdkif&m wl;azmfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; NrdKU½dk;tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;ESihf ta&;rBuD;vSonhf a&S;a[mif;ypönf;tenf;i,frQ
udkom awGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf a½TUajymif;(vIyf&Sm;)Edkifaom
udk,fvuf tpdwftydkif;rsm;yg&Sdvsuf xl;jcm;onhf qifpG,f ½kyfwk
i,frsm;? vdyfcGHjzihf jyKvkyfxm;onhf uav;upm;p&m vSnf;rsm;
yg&Sdonf/ **Fgjrpfonf prÜmNrdKUteD;rS pD;qif;cJhaomfvnf; ESpfq,f
&mpk tpydkif;wGif **FgjrpfaMumif;onf acwfopfprÜmNrdKU\ ajrmuf
buf wpfuDvdkrDwmcefYtuGmxd vuf&SdjrpfaMumif;twdkif; a½TU
ajymif;oGm;cJhonf/ ESpfq,f&mpk 'kwd,ESpf0uftapmydkif; umv
txd reumreemxbk&m;ausmif;\ awmifbufae&mwGif Ak'¨
qif;wkawmf trsm;tjym;&SdcJhaomfvnf; (,cktcg) ,if;wdkY tm;
vkH; aysmufqkH;oGm;NyDjzpfonf/
Munhf½IzG,f
**¾&mMumyef; tdkif
a&SUacwftdE´d,wGif vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;onhf vkyfaqmif
rItaejzihf a&wGif;a&uefBuD;rsm; wl;azmf&ef aiGaMu;vª'gef;ay;
urf;rIrSm rif;nDrif;om;rsm;? ukefonftkyfpkrsm;tzdkY tawmf
twef acwfpm;aom vkyf&yfjzpfonf/ vltrsm;onf ,if;odYk
aom a&uefrsm;udk aomufa&? avQmfzGyfaomufokH;a&ESihf aEG&m
oDwGif aumufyifpdkufysKd;&ef qnfa&tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonf/
,aeYwkdifvnf; ,if;odkY aqmif½GufMuqJjzpfonf/ prÜmNrdKUwGif
tvª&Sifrdzk&m; **¾&m\trnfudk tpGJjyKí (**¾&m)ac:a0:aom a&
uefBuD;rSm uefxJwGif aygufa&mufaeonhf vSyaomMumyef;
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaMumihfa&m? uefaygifwGif aygufa&mufaeonhf
prÜm(pHum;)awmudk taMumif;jyKí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf pyÜmNrdKUodkY
<ua&mufpOf ESpfoufpGm oDwif;okH;&mXme jzpfjcif;aMumihfyg ausmf
Mum;vSonf/ uAsmq&m&[ef;awmf t&Sif0*Ðoonf **¾&m Mum
 252 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
bk&ifonf 0duúroDvmtygt0if ausmif;wkdufBuD; rsm;pGmudk
tvsiftjref tcdkiftrm umuG,fxm;NyD; ppfonfawmfrsm;tm;
,if;(ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;)twGif; wyfpcef;csxm;onf/ odkY&m
wGif ,if;tpDtrHrSm tajcrvScJhay/ at'D 1205 cefYwGif 0duúr
oDvmonf nufnufaMuNyD; ausmif;wkduf&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;
towfcH& odkY[kwf armif;xkwfcH&vsuf (ausmif;wkduf\) tkwf
jrpfausmufom;rsm;rSm **FgjrpftwGif;odkY arQmypfjcif;cH&onf/
aemufqkH; ausmif;tkyfq&mawmf ousoD&dbj'\b0aemufqkH;
tcsdefrsm;onf wdAufESihf uuf&SrD,m;a'orsm;ü ukefvGefonf/
ouú&mZf 1901 ckESpfwGif EkE´vmva' (Nundalal De)trnf&Sd
yk*¾Kdvfu 0duúrodvmonf {&mrawmifydkYBuD;rsm;ESihf Ak'¨qif;wk
awmftykdif;tprsm;pGm&Sdonhf yxm&Cw (Patharaghat)½GmteD;ü
&SdEdkifonf[k tqdkjyKcJhonf/ yxm&C&½Gmonfyif ajrmufydkif;udk
**Fgjrpfa&wdkufpm;cHxm;&onhf ausmufom;xlxyfaom awmif
ukef;jzpfNyD; ,if;awmifukef;xdyfrS **Fgjrpfudk om,mvSypGm &Ijrif
Edkifonf/ xdka'oodkY a&mufoGm;ygu bk&m;zl;onf ausmufxl
xyfNyD;a&jynhfaeaom csdKifh0Srf;ab;wGif wl;xm;onfh *lwGif;rsm;
wpfwef;udk owdjyKrdygvdrhfrnf/ xdka'o&Sdvlrsm;\ yg;pyf&mZ0if
t& tqdkygvQKdU0Sufqef;Mu,fonhf vdkPfacgif;rsm;rSm a&S;acwfu
owåKwl;azmfrIaMumihf jzpfonf[k qdkonf/ odkYaomf ,if;wdkY\
&if;jrpfESihf&nf½G,fcsuftppftrSefudk rod&acs/ teD;&Sdyanmifyif
&if;wGif vSyonhf wm&m(Tara)25½kyfwkwpfck? t"d|mef(ausmuf)
apwDtcsKdUESihf tjcm;yef;ykvuf&m tydkif;tprsm;&Sdonf/ awmif
ukef;ab; wpfavQmuf twefi,fa0;onhf ae&mwGif aAmaxqGm
25
wm&m (Tara)[lonf t0avmudawoGm*& (w½kwf uGef,ifr,fawmf) \ wdAuf
ykHpH jzpfonf (The Seeker's Golssory of Buddhism – p 606)/
prÜmNrdKU 249
bm*vyl& (Bhagalpur)NrdKUodkYoGm;onhf &xm;udkpD;yg/ pkpkaygif;
uDvdkrDwm 150 cefYa0;onf/ aemufwpfenf;rSm e0g'g (Na-
wada)rS *srktd (Jamui)? wm&yl& (Tarapur)ESifhqlvwef*efZ (Sul-
tanganj)wdkYudk jzwfí bm*vmyl&odkYoGm;aom vrf;twdkif; oGm;
a&mufEdkifonf/ ,ckacwf prÜm[kac:onhf prÜmem*&onf bm
*vyl&\ taemufbuf 4 uDvdkrDwmcefY tuGmwGif&Sdonf/ vrf;
ESpfrsKd;vkH;wGif um;vrf;rSm oGm;vmEdkifonfh tajctaerS tvGef
qdk;onhftajctaejzihf wef;pDaeonf/ bm*vmyl&onf ajymif
ajymifwif;wif; Oya'pdkrdk;rI enf;onhf a'ojzpfNyD; narSmifNyD;
aemuf um;armif;oGm;vQif vkHNcKHrIr&Sday/
prÜmNrdKU0ef;usif
0duúrodvmwuúodkvf
at'D *-&mpk odkYr[kwf 9-&mpkcefYrSpí tdE´d,Ak'¨bmom\ ,me
okH;rsKd;teuf aemufqkH;jzpfNyD; aemiftcg wEÅ&,metjzpf xif&Sm;
vmrnfh Ak'0¨ g'ykHpHopfwpfck pwifwdk;wufcJhonf/ tpueOD;ykdif;
wGif þAk'¨0g'qdkif&m t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrI ykHpHopfonf a&S;½dk;
pOfvm bdu©K bdu©KeDrsm;\ qeYfusifrIESihf BuHK&ojzihf "r®ygvrif;
(at'D 775-812)u wEÅ&,me Ak'¨0g'udk txl;jyKoifMum;&ef
0duúroDvm[kac:wGifonhf ausmif;wkdufwpfck wnfaxmifcJhonf/
wdAufrSwfwrf;wpfckü þ0duúroDvmwuúodkvftaMumif; azmfjy
csufwpf&yf yg&Sdonf ]oD&d0duúroDvm (ausmif;wkduf)udk r*"NrdKU
awmf ajrmufbuf **Fgjrpfurf;ay:&Sd awmifukef;xdyfay:ü wnf
aqmufxm;\/ ausmif;wkduf\ tv,fA[dkwGif r[maAm"d ½kyf
yGm;awmf\ykHwl yuwdouf&Sdt½G,f Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql udef;
0yfonhf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck wnfaqmufxm;onf/ þbk&m;
ausmif;BuD; ywfvnfwGif *k,SorZÆwEÅ&(0g')udk avhvmoif
Mum;&ef bk&m;ausmif;i,f ig;q,fhokH;aqmifESihf tjcm; omref
 250 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ausmif;aqmifi,f wpfaqmif&Sdonf/ ,if;ausmif;aqmiftm;vkH;
udk tkwfwHwdkif;jzihf um&Hxm;onf/ odkY jzpfí ausmif;aqmifaygif;
108 aqmif&Sdonf/ ol("r®ygvrif;BuD;)onf y@dwf 108 a,muf
wdkY\ tokH;taqmif y&du©&mrsm;udk vnf; vª'gef;axmufyHhonf}/
tumt&H tkwfwHwdkif;onf *dwfaygufajcmufck xif&Sm;&SdNyD; yifr
bk&m;ausmif;odYk oGm;onhf 0ifayguf0wGif ½kyfwkESpfck&Sdonf/ wpf
ckrSm em*&ZÆKeykHjzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfckrSm twdqm\½kyfwkjzpfonf/
aemufrSwfwrf;wpfckwGif wdAufrStzGJUwpfzGJU ausmif;wkdufBuD;
teD;odkY csOf;uyfoGm;rdaomtcg ¤if;wdkYonf ]aea&mifwGif
awmufyaeonfh ausmif;wdkuf\ a½Ta&miftxGwfrsm;udk cyfvSrf;
vSrf;rS yxrqkH;tBudrf zswfceJ awGU&ojzihftvGefyif pdwfvIyf
&Sm;oGm;Muonf}[k zwf½I&onf/
Ak'¨*,m&Sd (a&S;OD;)bkef;BuD;ausmif; wuúodkvfrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'\
tapmqkH;ykHoP²mefjzpfNyD;? emvE´m (wuúodkvf)rSm r[m,me jzpf
í 0duúroDvmrSm wEÅ&,mewdkYjzpfMuonf/ tqdkygausmif;wkduf
BuD;rsm;\ *dwfapmihf ynm&Sifrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm tdE´d,Ak'¨bmom
wGif xdkawmufyaomacwfumv\ tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom trnf
emrrsm;wGif yg0ifMuonf/ ¤if;yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;wGif oEÅdy? aZw&d?
&we0Zd&? Zeeod&drdMwESihf wdAufwGif ol\pmayudk (,aeYwkdif)
us,fjyefYpGm avhvmMuqJjzpfonhf ea&mywdkYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odYk
&mwGif 0duúroDvm\tBuD;us,fqkH;aom om;&wemrSm twdqm
(Atssa, 982-1054 A.D.)jzpfonf/ twdqmonf xufjrufonhf
ynm&Sif? pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;cJhonfh pma&;q&m? 0duúr
oDvmwuúodkvf\ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;opfudkvnf; wdk;wufatmif
BudK;yrf;oljzpfonhfjyif wuúodkvfausmif;om; &[ef;awmfrsm;
twGuf (aep&m)tcef;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufcJhvsuf xkdacwfu
tawmfqkH; ynm&Sifrsm;udk 0duúroDvmü vma&muf ydkYcs&ef zdwf
prÜmNrdKU 251
Mum;cJholjzpfonf/ twdqmonf rdrdb0\ aemufqkH;tcsdefudk
wdAufwGif ukefvGefcJhNyD; wdAufü Ak'¨bmom &SifoefjyefYyGm;atmif
aqmif ½GufcJhrItay: ,aeYwkdif av;pm;cH&qJjzpfonf/
at'D 8 &mpkESihf 10 &mpkESpfrsm;wGif; txGef;awmufqkH;
tcsdeüf 0duúroDvmonf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif; a'owpfvTm;? uuf
&SrD;,m;? *smAm;? eDaygESihf wdAufrS q&mrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;
rsm;pGmudk qGJaqmiftm; aumif;cJhonf/ 0duúroDvm\ ynm&Sif
rsm;teuf wpfOD;rSm *k,SorZÆ wEÅ&0g'taMumif; &Sif;vif;csuf
a&; om;cJhjcif;aMumihf ausmfMum;vSaom oD&dvuFm &[ef;awmf
vuFmZ,bj'rax&f jzpfonf/ at'D 11 &mpk tpydkif; &mrygv
rif;vufxufü 0duúroDvmwGif q&maygif; 160? ausmif;om;
aygif; 1000 &SdaMumif;qdkonf/ wEŽ0g'qdkif&m avhusifhtm;xkwf
rItcsKdUü xkH;pHr[kwfonfh tjyKtrlrsm;aMumihf raumif;owif;ysHU
ESHUrI&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;odkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk 0duúroDvmü onf;
cHcGifhvTwfjcif; r&Sdacs/ ausmif;wdkuftwGif;odkY 0dkift&uf o,f
aqmifvmrdaomaMumifh ESifxkwfcH&ol rdBwd*kwåtrnf&Sd &[ef;
awmfwpfyg;taMumif; zwf½I&onf/ xkH;pHESifhtnD xdk&[ef;
awmftm; yifr0ifayguf*dwfrS xGufoGm;cGifhjyKbJ tkwfwHwdkif;ay:rS
ausmfí (ausmif;wdkuftjyifodkY) xkwfypfvkdufonf/
at'D 13 &mpk tpydkif;wGif 0duúrvodvmonf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨
0g' tcsuftcsmae&mtm;vkH;\ uHMur®mESihf tvm;wlpGmyif MuHK
BudKuf&onf/ wdAuf'@m&Dwpfckü ynm&u©dwtrnf&Sd &[ef;
awmfonf wEÅ&ewfwpfyg;xH qkawmif;vkdufojzihf 0duúr
oDvmudk wdkufckdufMurnhf rlqvif ppfom;rsm;onf rdk;oufrkef
wdkif;BuD; wpfckaMumifh z½dkz&JNydKuGJoGm;aMumif; jyqdkonf/ tppf
trSefrSmrl (xdktqdkESihf) rsm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ usL;ausmfol
rlqvifppfom;rsm; ta&SUbufodkY eD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfvmaomtcg
 10/ a0omvD
xdktcsdeftcgü a0omvDonf csrf;om<u,f0\/ vlOD;a& jynfhESuf
aeNyD; vlxky&dowf pnfum;\/ pm;a&&du©m vG,fulpGm&Edkif\/
a0omvDNrdKUü ckepfaxmifckepf&m ckepfckaom cef;raqmifrsm;? ckepf
axmif ckepf&m ckepfckaom jymom'faqmifrsm;? ckepfaxmif ckepf&m
ckepfckaom yef;jcH O,smOfrsm;ESihf ckepfaxmif ckepf&mckepfckaom Mum
yef; (yGifh&m) a&uefomrsm;&Sd\ (0d 3? 356)/
a0omvDonf 0ZÆDr[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf aygif;pkxm;onhf vlrsKd;&Spfpk
wGif wpfpkjzpfonhf vdpä0Drif;rsKd;wdkY\NrdKUawmfjzpfNyD; r[mrdwf
NrdKUawmftjzpf xif&Sm;vmonf/ vlrsKd;pkaygif;rsm;pGm pkaygif;xm;
onfqdkaomfvnf; 0ZÆDrsm;onf nDñGwfrItqihfjrifh\/ 0ZÆDtzJUG
tpnf;onf ]nDñGwfpGm pnf;a0;NyD; nDñGwfpGm&yfem;\? udpö&yf
taxGaxGudk wpfnDwpfñGwfwnf; pkaygif;aqmif½Guf\}/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwfu ]tu,fí oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;onf 0ZÆDwdkY\ykHpHudk
vkdufemvQif t&SnfwnfwHhNyD; 0ZÆDrsm; BuD;yGm;csrf;omouJhoYdk
(oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;) wdk;wuf pnfyifrnfjzpfaMumif;} rdefY>rufawmf
rlcJhonf ('D 2? 62)/
a0omvDNrdKUudk tkwfwHwdkif; okH;xyf um&Hxm;aMumif;? (wH
wkdif;)wpfckESihfwpfck wpf*g0kwfuGma0;aMumif;ESihf (wHwdkif;)wpfck
pDwGif tapmihfarQmfpif&Sdonhf *dwfwpfckpD&SdaMumif; od&onf (Zm-
| 1? 504)/ vvdw 0dw¬m&usrf;t& ]<u,f0csrf;omNyD; *kPf,l
xdkufaom? ESpfoufMunfEl;zG,f ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom?
vlxky&dowfESihf pnfum;aom? taqmuftkHtrsKd;rsKd;? txyf
rsm;pGmygonhf jymom'frsm; arQmfpifygaom taqmufttkrH sm;?
eef;awmftaqmifrsm;ESihf crf;em;onhfrkcfOD;rsm;jzihf wefqmqif
xm;aom? NrdKUawmftwGif; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom O,smOfyef;jcH
twGif;rS yef;arGU&mrsm;jzihf cspfzG,faumif;aom} NrdKUawmftjzpf
azmfjyxm;onf/
prÜmNrdKU 253
&emx bk&m;ausmif;&Sdonf/ yifr0ifayguf\ twGif;ydkif;wGif Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;? wm&mESihf t0avmudawoGm& ½kyfwkrsm;&Sd
onf/ yxrbk&m;cef;t0if0ü aemufxyf wm&m½kyfwkwpfc&k Sd
ao;onf/ þbk&m;cef;tjyif awmifukef;eH&Hudk xGif;xm;aom
tcef;ESpfcef;ygonhf *lwpfck&SdNyD; bk&m;ausmif;\ taemufbuf
tjyif*dwfwGif tvm;wl *lwpfck&Sdonf/ bk&m;ausmif;tvGef&Sd
aemufxyf*lwpfckrSm BuD;rm;NyD; oyf&yfpGm xGif;vkyfxm;vsuf
rSefuluGufykH rsufESmMuuf&Sdonf/ awmifukef;ay:wGif obm0*l
trsm;tjym;ESihf a&S;a[mif; [dE´Lqif;wkrsm;pGmvnf;&Sdonf/
yxm&Cxonf tvGefxl;jcm; cefYnm;aom ae&mjzpfNyD;
xdka'o&Sd *lrsm;? Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;u ,if;
a'onf 0duúrodvmwuúodkvfrS &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf ynm&Sifrsm;
w&m;bm0em pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;twGuf xif&Sm;onhf ae&m
XmejzpfcJhaMumif; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefonf þae&modkY
a&mufcJhNyD; þae&mtaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf ]ausmuf
awmifudk xGif;í tdrf(ae&m)rsm; jyKvkyfxm;onf/ tdrfwdkif;rS
a&tvsOfrjywf pD;qif;aeaom prf;acsmif;i,frsm;odkY a&mufoGm;
onf/ tHhMozG,fopfyifrsm;ESihf yef;rsm;yGifhvef;aeonhf opfawm
rsm;&Sdonf/ ausmufawmifBuD;rsm;ESihf acsmufcsm;zG,f acsmuf
urf;yg;rsm;rSm todynmESihf udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;Muaom ol
awmfpifyk*¾Kdvfrsm; rMumcP oGm;a&mufonhf ae&mrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ þae&mudkMunhf½I&ef oGm;a&mufMuolrsm;rSm tdrfjyef
&efyif wGefYqkwfMuonf}/ acwfopfbk&m;zl;onf [l,ifqef\
azmfjycsufudk oabmwl acgif;ndwfrdrnf aocsmygonf/
yxm&Cw½Gm\ ta&SUawmifbuf okH;uDvdkrDwmcefY c&D;
qufoGm;vQif bk&m;zl;onf ,cktcg 0duúroDvmtjzpf owf
rSwfxm;aom tysuftpD; tpkta0; &Sd&modkY a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf/
 254 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o prÜmNrdKU 255
odkY&mwGif 1960 jynfhvGef ESpfrsm;u þae&mtwGif;ü jyK oGm;a&muf&ef
vkyfcJhaom wl;azmfrIrsm;ü 0duúroDvmtrnfudk twdtus azmf yxm&Cw½Gmonf bm*vmyl&NrdKUrS 58 uDvdkrDwma0;onf/
jyonhf ausmufpmta&;tom; wpfckwavrQ rawGU&SdcJhonf rjzpfraearmfawmf,mOfiSm;&rf;í oGm;&rnfh u[mva*ge (Kaha-
omru tysuftpD;rsm;onf wuúodkvfBuD;taMumif; a&S;acwf lgong) NrdKUrSwpfqifh bm*vmyl&NrdKodkYoGm;&onf/ 0duúroDvmodkY
u azmfjyxm;csufrsm;eSihf rsm;pGmnDñGwfrI r&Sdonfudkvnf; wdkuf½dkufa&mufoGm;onhfvrf;rSm oGm;vm&ef rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh
axmufjy&rnfjzpfonf/ us,fjyefYajzmihfwef;aeaom vrf;rwpfck yxm&Cw½GmrSwpfqifhoGm;yg/
onf ausmif;wdkuf\ yifr0ifaygufodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ wpf
csdefu 0ifaygufaqmiftrdk;udk cHaxmufxm;cJhonhf ausmufwdkif
BuD;rsm;\ t<uif;tusefrsm;udk 0J,mü awGUEdkifao;onf/ xdk
ausmufwdkifrsm;teuf wpfckrSm pwk&ef; av;aycefY&Sdonf/ *dwf
aygufudk jzwfoGm;NyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;onf &[ef;awmfrsm; oD
wif;okH;&m tcef;i,frsm;0ef;&Hxm;onhf us,fajymaom pwk*HykH
(taqmufttkH)odkY 0ifoGm;onf/ tkwfeH&Hrsm;\ xlxJrIu tcef;
i,frsm; ESpfck odkYr[kwf okH;ckyif&SdcJhEdkifaMumif; azmfjyonf/ a&S;
a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u ,if;tcef;i,frsm;twGif; jym
rsm;udk 6 vufrtxd awGU&ojzifh ausmif;wdkufonf rD;avmif
uRrf;rIaMumifh ysufpD;cJhaMumif; om"ursm;tjzpf rSwf,lMuonf/
pwk*HykH taqmufttkHBuD;\ tv,fwGif yifrbk&m;ausmif;
BuD; &Sdonf/ Muufajccwftkwfjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;vsuf
okH;qpfcsKd;jrihfwufaeNyD; t&yfav;rsufESm wpfckpDwGif bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;&Sdonf/ ajryef;tkd;ykHrsm;onf wpfcsdefu wpfqpfcsKd;
avSum;rsm;jzihf wefqmqifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg tenf;i,frQ
om <uif;usefawmhonf/ þyifr taqmufttkH ywfvnfwGif
wl;azmf&efapmifhqdkif;vsuf&dSaom tjcm;rsm;pGmaom tysuftpD;
rsm;&Sdvsuf ½kyfyGm;qif;wk tm;vkH;udk xnhfoGif;xm;onfh t
aqmufttkHwpfck awGU&aomfvnf; ,if;taqmufttkHudk tNrJ
wrf;aomhcwfxm;onf/
260 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf yxrESpfig;&mwGif
a0omvDonf NrdKUawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmf xif
&Sm;&SdpOfu ta&;ygonhfjzpf&yfrsm; txdrf;trSwfjyK apwDbk&m;
ausmif;rsm;twGufaMumihfa&m NrdKUawmfü&Sdaeaom ausmfMum;onhf
"mwfawmfarGawmfjzpfonhf jrwfAk'¨\qGrf;cHoydwfawmf twGuf
aMumihfyg bk&m;zl;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; (a&muf&Sdvmjcif;)jzihf xifay:vlod
rsm;cJhonf/ þ(oydwf)"mwfawmfudk BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSonhf
apwDawmfwpfqlwGif xnhfoGif;(Xmyem)xm;NyD; pepfwus pDpOf
usif;yonhf tcrf;tem;rsm;? yGJawmfrsm;jzihf ylaZmfMuonf/ at'D
2 &mpkwGif uedoQubk&ifonf a0omvDudk wdkufckdufNyD; Ak'¨
oydwfawmfudk rdrd\NrdKUawmf yuf&S0godkY a½TUajymif;cJhonf/ aemuf
xyfESpfaygif; &Spf&mausmfonftxd pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;u
þtzdk;wefvSonhf "mwfawmftaMumif;udk azmfjyMuNyD; tdE´d,
ajrmufzsm;a'oudk jzwfoef;vmMuaom w½kwfbk&m;zl;c&D;onf
rsm;uvnf; þ(Ak'¨oydwfawmf)udk zl;awGU&aMumif;jyqdkMuonf/
Ak'¨oydwfawmf Xmyemxm;onhf apwDawmfonf rlqvifwdkY usL;
ausmf0ifa&mufpOfu zsufqD;cHcJh&onf/ odkY&mwGif oydwfawmfrSm
rl rysufrpD; <uif;usef&pfcJhNyD; ,aeYacwfwGif tqdkyg (Ak'¨oydwf
awmf)udk tmz*efepöwefEdkifiH uE¨m&(Kandhara)NrdKU&Sd rlqvif AvD
ausmif;wpfcktwGif; zl;awGUEdkifao;onf/ ,ckaomf oydwfawmf\
tjyifrsufESmjyifü yg&Seftu©&mrsm;jzihf (a&;jcpfxm;onf)/
zm[D,efa&m [l,ifqefyg a0omvDNrdKUawmfudk a&mufcJhMu
onf/ [l,ifqefa&muf&Sdcsdefürl NrdKUawmfwpfckvkH; ysufpD;aeNyDjzpf
onf ]ajcvSrf;wdkif;wGif &moDOwk'PfESihf tcsdefumv MumjrifhrIwdkY
aMumifh vkH;0ysufpD;aeMuNyDjzpfonhf jrifhrm;ay:vGifaom ae&m
Xmersm;? tkwfjrpf&ma[mif;rsm;udk awGU&\/ opfawmrsm; jyKef;
wD;aeNyD; a&uefwdrfrsm; ajcmufaoGUvsuf teHYqdk;rsm;xGufae\/
a0omvD 257
&mZN*dK[fNrdKUwGif oDwif;okH;awmfrlNyD;aemuf Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
onf a0omvDodkY<ua&muf&ef yifhavQmufcsufudk vufcHawmfrl
onf/ bk&ifAdrÁdom&onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ a0omvDc&D; vG,f
ulap&ef &mZN*dK[fNrdKUrS **Fgjrpftxdwpfvrf;vkH;udk acsmrGwfajyjypf
atmif jyKjyifaponf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf **FgjrpfudkjzwfNyD; 0ZÆDe,f
ajrodkY a&mufaomtcg pdwftm;xufoefpGm BudKqdkaeMuonfh
vlxky&dowfESihf awGU&aMumif; (usrf;*efü) jyqdkonf/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwfonf aAm"dÓmPfudk&NyD;aemuf ig;Budrfajrmuf0gudk a0
omvDü ukefvGefaponf/ (xkdYjyif) tcgaygif;rsm;pGmvnf; (a0om
vDodkY) a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrlvsuf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrrlrD aemuf
qkH; 0gudkvnf; (a0omvD)NrdKUpGefae&m (a0VK0½Gm)ü ukefvGeaf wmfrl
onf/ a0omvDwGif oDwif;okH;awmfrlpOf jrwfAk'¨onf Oa'e
apwD? a*gwurapwD? owårÁapwD26 ponhfNrdKUawmf\ txifu&
ewfuGef;rsm;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlavh&Sdonf/ (odkYr[kwf) NrdKUjyif&Sd
b@*gr odkYr[kwf NrdKUawmfpGef;ae&mrS pwifNyD; [dr0EÅmawmifajc
odkYwkdif &Snfvsm;onhf r[m0kefawmpyfem;ae&mwdYük oDwif;okH;
awmfrlavh&Sdonf/ a0omvDNrKdUü a[mawmfrlonhf a'oemawmf
rsm;teuf ae0dZÆow k åef ('D 1? 221)? r[mvdokwåef ('D 1? 142)?
aw0dZÆ0päa*gwåokwåef (r 2? 147)ESihf xif&Sm;vSonhf &we
okwåef (okwåed ? 231) wdkYjzpfonf/
Ak'¨vufxufawmfu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf a0omvDodkY<ua&muf
pOf tvGefxif&Sm;NyD; crf;em;pGmusif;ycJhonhf jzpf&yfwpfckjzpfay:cJh
onf/ a&S;acwf tdE´d,wGif jynfhwefqmrsm;onf acsmarmvSyNyD;
26
þokH;rsKd;ü apwD[lonf "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;Xmyemxm;onhf apwD
udk rqdkvdkbJ vltrsm;udk;uG,f ylaZmfjcif; cH&onhfae&m odkYr[kwf ewfuGef;rsm;udk
qdkvdkonf (bmomjyefol)/
258 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
tqdktuü vdr®muRrf;usifvQif MoZmt&Sdeft0g&SdNyD; av;pm;cH&
vsuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; csrf;om<u,f0rIudk wdk;jrihfapEdkifonf/ a0
omvD\tvSyqkH;ESihf pGrf;&nft&SdqkH; jynhfwefqmum; trÁygvD
jzpf\/ trÁygvDonf NrdKUjyifwpfae&m&Sd rdrd\o&ufjcHü Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwf oDwif;okH;aeaMumif; Mum;od&aomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;
awGUqkH&ef jrif;&xm;pD;í xGufcJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]trÁ
ygvDtm; w&m;"r® a[mMum;awmfrlvsuf 0rf;ajrmufap? pdwf
vIyf&Sm;ap? pdwftm;xufoefap? ESpfouf½Tifvef;aponf}/ ,if;
aemuf trÁygvDonf jrwfAk'¨ESihf wynhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
aemufaeYqGrf;twGuf tdrfodkY<ua&muf&ef yifhavQmufojzihf Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwfu vufcHawmfrlonf/
rMumjrifhrDyif vdpä0Dtxufwef;vTm tkyfpkwpfpkonf trÁ
ygvDxHoGm;NyD; Ak'¨tm;aemufaeYqGrf; vª'gef;ylaZmfrIudk rdrdwdkYtm;
ay;Edkifrnfvm;[k ar;jref;onf/ trÁygvDu tojymaiG wpfodef;
ESihfyif rdrd\ (Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;) ylaZmfrIukd rpGefYvTwfEdkifyg
aMumif; jyefMum;vsuf jiif;qdkvkdufonf/ odkYjzpfí vdpä0DwdkYu
Ak'¨&Sifawmf jrwfxHcsOf;uyfNyD; ¤if;ukd,fwdkif avQmufMujyefonf/
odkYaomf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfuvnf; udk,fawmfjrwftaejzihf trÁygvD
\ yifhavQmufrIudk vufcHNyD;jzpfí ¤if;(vdpä0D)wdkY\ yifhzdwfrIudk
vufrcHEdkifawmhaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ aemufaeYwGif qGrf;
vª'gef;rINyD;aemuf trÁygvDu rdrd\o&ufO,smOfjcHudk Ak'¨&iS af wmff
jrwftm; vª'gef;onf/ (xdko&ufO,smOfü) rMumrD tcsdeftwGif;
ausmfMum;onhf ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfck jzpfxGef;vmcJhonf ('D 2?
96)/ b0aESmif;ydkif;wGif trÁygvDonf bdu©KeDjzpfvmNyD; uAsm
(ax&D*gxm) wpfckzGJUqdkcJhonf/ ,if;ax&D*gxmwGif trÁygvDu
rdrd\i,f½G,fEkysKdonhftvSw&m;udk tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;u zsufqD;
ypfvkdufykHudk awG;awmqifjcifjyxm;onf (ax&D*gxm? pm-407)/
a0omvD 259
þuAsmonf trsKd;orD;zGJUqdkonhf tdE´d,uAsmrsm;teuf a&S;
tusqkH; uAsmrsm;ü yg0ifavonf/
xdkYaemuf Ak'¨onf a&S;a[mif; t|uxmusrf;rsm; tvdkt&
a0omvDNrdKUawmfawmifbuf NrdKUawmf*dwf0teD;&Sd a0VK0½GmodkY <u
awmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t&SiftmeE´mtm; "r®udka[mMum;
&mü xdrfcsefxm;onhft&m? (ra[mMum;bJ) vQKdU0Sufxm;onhf
(tmp&d,rk|d) tqihfjrifhw&m;[lí r&SdaMumif; a[mMum;awmfrl
onfrSm þa0VK0½GmwGif jzpfonf/ ajrmufykdif;a'oodkY c&D;
quf&ef a0omvDrSxGufcGmaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf NrdKUawmf
udk aemufqkH;tBudrfMunhf½I&ef jyefvSnhfawmfrlonf ('D 2? 101)/
NrdKUawmf\tvSudk qifjcif&efESihf þNrdKUawmfESihfywfoufNyD; awGUBuKH
cHpm;&rIrsm;pGmudk NcKHikHjyefajymif;qifjcif&ef jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ &mpkESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm MumNyD;aemuf [l,ifqefonf þ(NrdKUawmfudk jyef
vSnhfMunhfonhf)jzpf&yf jzpfay:cJhonhfae&mtm; txdrf;trSwfjyK
(wnfxm;)onhf apwDi,fwpfqludk zl;ajrmf&onf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf ESpfwpf&mcefY
tMumwGif a0omvDonf 'kwd,oH*g,em wifonhf ae&mjzpfcJh
onf/ (a0omvDNrdKUawmfü usif;ycJhaom) þ'kwd,oH*g,emonf
yxrwGif 0de, pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihfywfoufonhf jyóemrsm;udk
Nidrf;ap&ef usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkjyóemESifhywfouf
onfh xkwfjyefrIrsm;udk twnfjyKNyD;aemuf <ua&mufawmfrlvm
Muonhf oHCmhy&dowfu "r®ESihf0de,udk pkaygif;½Gwfqdk (í
oH*g,emwif)cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ aumorÁDtxda0;uGmaoma'orS
&[ef;awmfrsm; þoH*g,emodkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ (þoH*g
,emü) t&SiftmeE´m\ o'¨d0d[m&wynfh&if;jzpfaMumif; tqkd
&SdNyD; xdktcsdefu urÇmay:wGif odu©m0gtBuD;&ihfqkH;[k ,kHMunf&
onhf orÁumrdrax&fvnf; yg0ifawmfrlcJhonf (0d 4? 505)/
264 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
awmfrsm;onf tzGifhcH&onhfvu©Pmudk ½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonf/
taxmuftxm; tm;vkH;u þapwDonf vdpä0DwdkY wnfcJhonhf
rlvapwDawmfjzpfaMumif;ESihf twGif;&Sd rD;uRrf;t½dk;rsm;rSm Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;jzpfaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
,if;("mwfawmfrsm;udkawGU&Sdjcif;)onf pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f &SmazGawGU
&SdrIwpf&yfjzpfaomfvnf; ydy&m[0gt&yfü awGU&Sd&jcif;rsm;uJhodkY
Ak'¨bmomavmuü pdwf0ifpm;rI vIdif;wHydk;udk rjzpfay:apbJ &Sd
onf/ ,if;(Ak'¨\)"mwfawmf (tppftrSef)rsm;onf ,cktcgwGif
ywåem;jywdkuf\ jrLzkef xlxyfaom jycef;rsm;ü ao;odrfpGm
wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf/
jcaoFhacgif;ausmufwkdif
rlvvrf;rBuD;odkYjyefvmNyD; wpfuDvdkrDwmcefY (ajrmufbufodkY)
qufvufíoGm;aomf bk&m;zl;onf eD;uyfaeonhf ausmufwdkif
wpfckESihf apwDysufBuD;wpfckodkY a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ þausmuf
wdkifudk a,bk,stm;jzihf taomurif; pdkufxlcJhonf[k ,lq&
aomfvnf; taomupdkufxlcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;aom ausmufpm
wdkifrsm; ESihf vGefpGmyif rwljcm;em;aomaMumihf ,if;xifjrifcsuf
rrSefuefEdkifacs/ ausmufpmwdkif\tvkH;onf xlxJNyD; yktdkifhtkdihfjzpf
onf/ taomuausmufpmwkdifrsm;\ ao;ao;oG,foG,f vkH;
ywfykHpHESihf ododomomjcm;em;onf/ þ(,ckjyqdkonhf)ausmuf
wdkifonf rxk&m(\) ta&mifwiftacsmudkifrI vuf&mrsm;vnf;
r&Sdacs/ wdkifxdyf&SdjcaoFh½kyfonf qGJaqmifrI&Sdaomfvnf; avm&d,
eE´me*&? &mryk&0 odkYr[kwf rd*'g0kefrS jcaoFh½kyfrsm;ESihf wlEkdif
aomtrsKd;tpm; trSwftom; bmrQr&Sdacs/ jcaoFhonf wdkifxdy&f Sd
av;axmihf ausmufjym;ay:ü wnf&Sdonf/ taomuausmufpm
wkdifrsm;ürI wdkifxdyfay:&Sd t0kdif;t0ef; (pnfykH) tMum;ay:ü wnf
&SdNyD; ,if;t0kdif;(jym;) ywfvnfwGif tNrJwrf; yef;qGJxm;onf/
a0omvD 261
rESpfNrdKUzG,f aqG;ajrU,kd,Gif;aeonhf tysuftpD;rsm;rSwpfyg; bm
wpfckrQ rSwfwrf;wifp&mr&Sdacs/ &Sifoefouf0ifqJ ausmif;wdkuf
rsm; &Sdao;aomfvnf; &[ef;oHCm tenf;i,frQom&Sd\}/
13-&mpk yxrESpf0ufü wdAuf&[ef;awmf "r®omrd <u
a&mufaomtcg NrdKUawmfü vloltrsm; jyefítajccsaexdkifMuNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; vltm;vkH;onf tcsdefra½G; 0ifa&mufwdkufckduf
awmhrnf[k ,lq&onfh rlvqvifwdkY &efaMumifh xGufajy;&ef
jyifqifaeMuonf/ "r®omrdu wefcdk;jym#d[m&Sdonf[k vltrsm;
,kHMunfMuNyD; NrdKUawmfüwnf&Sdonhf wm&m(Tara)qif;wktaMumif;
udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkqif;wk\ nmbufvufü &wem
okH;yg; udk,fpm;jyK trSwftom;udk ESvkH;om;ay:ü udkifaqmif
xm;NyD; rsufESmawmfum; zl;jrifrd½kHjzihf vdktifqE´ tm;vkH;rS vGwf
ajrmufoGm;ouJhodkY xif&avmufatmif wihfw,fcrf;em;vSonf/
Munhf½IzG,f
a0omvDeef;awmf
a0omvDywf0ef;usif e,fajronf teD;&Sd *E´mujrpfa&vTrf;rdk;cH
cJh&onf[k ,lq&onf/ &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwGif ykHrSef a&vTrf;rdk;
rIrsm;onf a&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmf tptetm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf
vdkufNyDjzpfonf/ aemifwGif us,fjyefYonhf wl;azmfrIrsm;jyKvkyfrnf
qdkygu tawmfrsm;rsm;udk wl;azmfawGU&SdrnfrSm aocsmonf/
bk&m;zl;onf a0omvDNrdKUudk awmifbufrS csOf;uyfrnfqdkvQif
,cktcg &mZ0domvuC& (a0omvDbk&ihfaetdrf)[kac:aom
jrufxlxyfonhf awmifukef;BuD;udk vrf;\b,fbufwGif awGUEdkif
onf/ awmifukef;onf t&Snf 481 rDwmtus,f 228 rDwm&Sd
pwk*HykHjzpfonf/ uefeif[rfvufxufu (awmifukef;\) axmifh
pGef;ae&mrsm;wGif arQmfpifrsm;&Sdonf/ odkYaomf ,cktcg ,if;
(arQmfpif)rsm; r&SdMuawmhacs/ ,if; awmifukef;onf 0ZÆDwdkY\pnf;
 262 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
a0;&mcef;r? aemifwGif eef;awmfjzpfoGm;NyD; aemufqkH;ü cHwyfjzpf
oGm;cJhonfh taqmufttkHBuD;\ tysuftpD;rsm; jzpfrnf[k ,kH
Munf&onf/ taemufawmifpGef;wGif apwDwpfql&SdNyD; ,ckaomf
(xdkapwD)xdyfay:ü qkzd pdefY (Sufi Saint)\ *lAdrmef&Sdonf/
0ZÆDwdkY\tbdodufcHonhfa&uef (cga&mPaygu©&)
þpwk*HykHa&uefBuD;udk 0ZÆDtkyfcsKyfol(rif;)rsm; tbdodufcH&mwGif
tokH;jyKonhf tbdaouaygu©&PD jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf
cga&mPaygu©PDa&uef urf;eab;wGif þa'otwGif;rS awGU&Sd
&onhf a&S;a[mif;ypönf; tenf;i,fudk pkaqmif; jyoxm;onhf
jywkduf&Sdonf/ yifr0ifayguf twGif;bufavmufwGif tjymeuf
a&mifausmufom;ay:ü xGif;xkxm;onhf blrdzórkj'm[ef OD;
acgif;ay:ü o&zljrihfjrifh wpfckygonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfq&l Sd
onf/ þqif;wkudk rlvu uGif;jyifwpfcküawGU&SdcJhNyD; aemifwGif
jcaoFhacgif;yg ausmufwdkifESihf uyfaeonhf apwDawmfxdyfwGif
wnfaqmufonhf bk&m;ausmif;wpfcküxm;&SdcJhonf/ qif;wk
awmfü a&;xGif;xm;onhf ausmufpmu þqif;wkudk rPdus
(trnf&Sdol)\om; pma&;q&m Oqbtrnf&Sdolu vª'gef;cJh
aMumif; azmfjyonf/ tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f vuf&mwpfckrSm jcH
pnf;½dk;vuf&ef;rS a'gifvkduf(ausmuf)wdkifwpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;
ausmufwkdifü aZw0efO,smOfudk 0,f,laeykHudk azmfjyxm;onf/
þa&S;a[mif; okawoejywdkufudk eHeuf 10 em&DrS nae 5
em&DtxdzGihfNyD; aomMumaeYwGifydwfonf/
vdpä0DwdkY\apwD
jywdkuf\ ta&SUajrmufbuf uyfvsufwGif ao;i,faomfvnf;
tvGefYtvGef ta&;ygonfh apwDawmfwpfql\ tysuftpD;rsm;&Sd
a0omvD 263
onf/ vdpä0Drsm;onf Ak'¨y&deAd ÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf Ak'¨\"mwfawmf
a0pkudk &&Sdolrsm;ü yg0ifMuonf ('D 2? 164)/ xkd"mwfawmfrsm;
udk Xmyem&ef vdpä0Drif;wdkY wnfcJhonhfapwDudk taomurif;
BuD;u jyefvnfzGifhvSpfNyD; "mwfawmftcsKdUudk ,lvsuf tifyg,m
twGif; wnfaqmufaeonhf apwDawmfrsm;ü XmyemEdkif&ef "mwf
awmfrsm;udk wpfckpDcGJa0ypfvkdufonf/ [l,ifqefu þjzpf&yfudk
axmufcHNyD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tao;pdwftcsKdUudk xyfavmif;azmfjy
onf ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf bk&ifwpfyg;onf
Ak'¨"mwfawmfa0pkudk &cJhNyD; ,if;"mwfawmfrsm;udk tjrifhjrwfqkH;
ylaZmfEdkif&ef þ(apwD)taqmufttkHudk wnfaqmufcJh\/ tdE´d,
rSwfwrf;rsm;u ]]þapwDwGif ,cifu wpfa'g[(a'gP)ESihf nDrQ
onhf "mwfawmf yrmP&Sdonf[k azmfjy\}}/ taomurif;BuD;
onf apwDawmfudkzGifhNyD; "mwfawmftm;vkH;\ q,fykHudk;ykHudk ,l
vsuf wpfykHudkomcsefxm;cJhonf/ aemiftcgwGif apwDawmfudk zGifh
vdkonhf bk&ifwpfyg; ay:vmjyefonf/ odkY&mwGif bk&ifu apwD
awmfudk pwifzGifhawmhrnfjyKaomcPü ajrBuD;wkefvIyfNyD; xkdkrif;
onf qufvufí rvkyf0Hhawmhacs}/
1958-ckESpfu þapwDawmfudk &SmazGawGU&SdNyD; wl;azmfvkduf
jcif;onf xdkjzpf&yfrsm;udk trSefwu,f (jzpfaMumif;) twnfjyK
ay;cJhonf/ rl&if;apwDawmfudk ½dkufESufxkaxmif;onhf ajrom;
(ajrnuf)jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onfudk awGU&onfrSm xdk(apwD)
tzdkY tvGefa&S;usaomumv\ oufaowpf&yfjzpfonf/ (apwD
XmyemwdkufrS) rD;uRrf;t½dk;rsm;? aMu;eDaiG'*Fg;wpfck? c½koif;cGH
i,fwpfck? zefaphESpfaphESihf a½Tjym;ESpfcsyf xnfhxm;onhf qyfjym
ausmufMuKwfi,fwpfck awGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;apwDudk wnfaqmuf
NyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 250 cefYtMumwGif jyefvnfrGrf;rHxm;NyD; wpf
zefaemufxyf ESpfBudrf (jyKjyifrGrf;rHonf)/ yxrESihf 'kwd,apwD
 268 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wm½kHausmif;wdkuf)udkomvQif a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&Sifrsm;
&SmazG awGU&SdEdkifao;onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü oðoyg0ewGifoDwif;okH;
awmfrlpOf udk,fawmfjrwf a[mawmfrlNyD;onhf w&m;awmfrsm;udk
vufawmfü&Sdonhf opf½Guftenf;i,fESihf,SOfNyD; awmtkyf&Sd rkef
nif;yifrsm;rS opf½Gufrsm;ESihf rdrdtrSefwu,fodcJhNyD;jzpfaom
w&m;awmfrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfjyawmfrlonf (oH 3? 382)/
xdkacwfu 0Howdkif;\bk&if Oa'eonf tjcm;bk&if{u&mZf
rsm;ESihfrwlbJ Ak'¨tm; vkH;0 rMunfnKdol jzpfonf/ Oa'eonf
oGefoifqkH;rrItopfESihf ywfoufí &efvkdrI&SdcJhonhf taxmuf
txm;rsm; awGU&onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;
aemuf Oa'e\ eef;wGif;oltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf t&SiftmeE´mtm;
ouFef;tpkHig;&m vª'gef;onf/ ,if;vª'gef;rINyD;aemuf oHCmawmf
rsm;tm; taxmuftyHhjyKjcif;jzihf aumif;rI&Sifrif;BuD;tm; (Ak'¨0g'
udk) ouf0if,kHMunfap&ef tcsdeftwefMumcJhonf (0d 4? 486)/
yxrqkH;tBudrf us,fjyefYonhf oHCmawmfrsm; oabmxm;
uGJjym;rIonf aumorÁDwGif jzpfay:cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ &[ef;
awmfrsm;tMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJrIonf oHCmhy&dowftm;vkH;
ESihf ywfoufoGm;onftxd BuD;xGm;oGm;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf ],Ofaus;rIr&SdbJ &efvdkNyD; tjiif;oefMuonf/ vQmvuf
eufjzihf rdrdwdkY tcsif;csif; 'Pf&m&atmif jyKMuonf}[kqdkonf/
jrwfAk'¨u ajyNidrf;atmif BudK;pm;aomtcg (&[ef;awmfrsm;u)
&Sifawmfjrwftm; 0ifa&muf pGufzufawmfrrl&ef wkH;wdwdavQmuf
xm;Muonf/ (,if;)jiif;ckHrIudk taMumif;jyKNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;udk
a&m (axmufcHol)Oygoumrsm;udkyg oabmrwlqefYusifaMumif;
jyawmfrlvdkojzihf atmufygtwdkif;rdefYMum;vsuf (Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwf)
aumor®DrS xGufcGmawmfrlonf -
]ighudk qJa&;NyD? ighudk ñSOf;qJNyD? ighukd qefYusifNyD? ighudk vk
a0omvD 265
(þ)ausmufwdkifü pma&;xGif;xm;jcif;r&Sd/ odkYaomf pmykHa&;jcpf
xm;rI trsm;tjym;awmh &Sdonf/ rMumrDu pkHprf;rIrsm;t&
ausmufpmwkdif\ pkpkaygif;t&SnfrSm atmufajcrS ausmufwdkif
xdyfzsm;txd 14 'or 6 rDwm&SnfaMumif;od&onf/ rDwm
aygif;rsm;pGm ajrBuD;xJü jrKyf0ifaeonf/ þausmufwdkifonf
taomuacwfxuf tenf;i,fa&S;usNyD; taomu ausmufpm
wkdifrsm;\ a&S;ajy;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
apwDawmf
jcaoFhacgif;ausmufwdkifESihf uyfvsufwGif tjrifh 4 'or 6
rDwm&SdNyD; tcsif;rDwm 20 cefY&Sdonfh apwDysuf BuD;wpfck&Sdonf/
[l,ifqefu þapwDudk bk&iftaomu wnfcJhaMumif; azmfjy
NyD;? 1976 ESifh 1978 ckESpf rsm;twGif; wl;azmfawGU&Sdjcif;rsm;u
þtqdkrSefuefaMumif; axmufcHonf/ þapwDudk arm&d,acwf
wGif yxrqkH;wnfaqmufcJhNyD; aemufxyfESpfBudrf jyefvnfwnf
aqmufjyKjyif rGrf;rHcJhaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/ twGif;ydkif;ü av;
axmifhykH tkwfjzihfjyKvkyfonfh "mwfawmfwkdufcef;wGif arm&d,
acwf tacsmudkifvuf&mESihf twefi,f tzdk;wefonhf ausmuf
rsufrsm;yg&Sdaom "mwfawmfMuKwfwpfck awGU&Sd&onf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
a0omvDonf ywåem;NrdKUajrmufbuf uDvdkrDwm 40 tuGmwGif
&SdNyD; xdkae&modkY um;vrf;twkdif; vG,fulpGm oGm;a&mufEdkifonf/
266 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
11/ aumorÁD

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf 0Howdkif;\NrdKUawmfaumorÁDodkY tBudrfaygif;

rsm;pGm <ua&mufawmfrlcJhonf/ aAm"dÓmPfudk &awmfrlNyD;aemuf
9 ckajrmuf0gudkvnf; NrdKUawmf(aumorÁD)ü ukefvGefapawmfrlcJh
onf/ 10-0gajrmuf 0gudkrl (aumorÁDNrdKU)teD;&Sd ygvdav,sawmü
oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonf/ rZÑdra'oodkY t0iftxGuf ukefoG,f
a&;vrf;ay:üwnf&Sdonfh r[mAsL[mtajctaeaMumihf aumorÁD
onf <u,f0aomNrdKUawmfjzpfonf/ aumovrS r*"odkY (oGm;
onhf) vrf;rBuD;rsm;teuf wpfckonf (aumorÁD)NrdKUawmfudk jzwf
oef;&onf (okwåed-| 2? 299)/ xdkYtwl 'ufuef (t&yf)rS vrf;
rBuD;wpfckvnf; (aumorÁD)NrdKUudk jzwfoef;oGm;onf/ tcgwpf
yg;ü t&SiftmeE´monf ywåem;qdyfurf;rS wufa&mufvdkuf
ygcJhzG,f&Sdonhf r*"(wdkif;)rS avSBuKHpD;NyD; jrpfnm&Sd aumorÁDNrdKUodkY
qefwufawmfrlaMumif; od&onf (0d 4? 487)/ (þtcsuo f nf)
NrdKUawmfteD;rS pD;qif;onhf ,rkefemjrpfonf ukefonfazmf (avS)
wdkYudk pkNyKHapvdrhfrnfjzpfaMumif;vnf; ñTefjyonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ aumorÁDodkY yxrqkH; a'opm&Dc&D;onf
aCmodw? ukuúK#ESihf yg0g&du[laom ukefonfrdwfaqG okH;
a,mufwdkY\ yihfavQmufrIaMumihfjzpfonf/ ¤if;(okH;a,muf)wdYk
onf jrwfAk'¨taMumif; Mum;odMuNyD; om0w¬dNrdKUodkY jrwfAk't ¨ m;
zl;ajrmf&ef oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf/ "r®udkMum;em&jcif;ü ¤if;wdkYonf
jrwfAk'¨ESihf wynhfom0ursm;tm; aumorÁDodkY yifhavQmufonf
txd MunfnKdoGm;cJhMuonf/ rdwfaqG okH;a,mufvkH;onf (jrwf
Ak'¨trª;&Sdonhf) oHCmawmfrsm;oDwif;okH;&ef O,smOfwpfckpD vª
'gef;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkY\trnfudk taMumif;jyKí O,smOfyef;jcHokH;ck
udkvnf; aCmodwm&mr? ukuúK#m&mr? yg0g&durÁ0e[k trnf
emr ay;cJhonf ('D-| 1? 282)/ ,if;wdkYteuf yxrqkH; (aCmod
 272 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Munhf½IzG,f
taomuausmufpmwdkif
vrf;ronf a&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmf\ uwkwf(NrdKU½dk;)udk jzwfoGm;NyD;
twefi,fa0;onfxd ,if;(NrdKU½dk;)twdkif; vkdufoGm;NyD;aemuf
bk&m;zl;onf vrf;\b,fbuf&Sd uGif;jyifxJwGif taomu
ausmufpmwdkifudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ausmufpmwkdifü pmr&Sdaomf
vnf; aESmif;acwfa&;jcpfxm;rI trsm;tjym;tjyif xl;jcm;onhf
t0kdif;ykH 'DZdkif;rsm;&Sdonf/ ausmufpmwkdifonf NrdKUawmfwnf&SdcJh
onhf ae&mwGifwnf&SdNyD; t"duusonhf vrf;qkHrsm; odkYr[kwf
&ifjyifwpfckwGif jzpf(pdkufxlxm;cJh)zG,f&Sdonf/ ausmufpmwdkif
ywfvnfü tdrfrsm; taqmufttkHrsm;\ tysuftpD;rsm;udk awGU
jrifEdkifao;onf/
aumorÁDNrdKU&Sd bmoma&;qkdif&m t&m&Sdrsm;odkYxkwfjyefonhf
trdefYpmygaom tjcm;taomu ausmufpmwkdifrsm;onf ,cktcg
tvm[mbwf cHwyfwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;ausmufpmwkdifrsm;
onf rlvu aCmodwm½kHausmif;wdkufxJü &SdcJhykHay:onf/ odkY&m
wGif zm[D,efa&m [l,ifqefyg aumorÁDü ausmufpmwdkifrsm;
awGUjrifchJ&aMumif; azmfjyjcif;r&Sday/
aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&m
taomuausmufpmwdkif\ ta&SUawmifbuf uDvkdrDwm0ufcefY
tuGm v,fuGif;rsm;wpfavQmufwGif aumorÁDodkY <ua&mufpOf
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonhf ae&mrsm;pGmteuf t
xif&Sm;qkH;ae&m wpfckjzpfaom aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&m &Sd
onf/ jrwfAk'¨onf Oyuúdavookwf (r 3? 190)? aumorÁd,
okwf (r 1? 395)? Zmvd,okwf ('D 1? 150) ESifh tjcm; rsm;pGm
aom a'oemawmfrsm;udk (aumorÁDNrdKUü) a[mawmfrlcJhonf/
aCmodwm½kHü t&SiftmeE´ma[mawmfrlonhf a'oemawmfrsm;pGm
aumorÁD 269
,ufNyD}[laom tMuHtpnfrsm;udk pGJudkifxm;Muolrsm;onf
trkef;w&m;udk rnfonhftcgrQ rNidrf;apEdkfif/
]ighudk qJa&;NyD? ighudk ñSOf;qJNyD? ighudk qefYusifNyD? ighudk vk
,ufNyD}[laom tMuHtpnfrsm;udk pGJudkif rxm;olrsm;onf
rMumcif trkef;w&m;udk Nidrf;apEdkfif\/
]taMumif;rl þavmuü trkef;w&m;udk ydkrkdrkef;wD;jcif;jzihf
rNidrf;apEdkif? trkef;udk atmifjrifonfrSm arwåmonfomjzpf
aomaMumifhwnf;/ þonfrSm xm0&trSefw&m;jzpfacs\}[k
a[mawmfrlonf (r 3? 192)/
bk&m;&Sifonf aumorÁD&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihfrwlbJ ]cifrif&if;
ESD;NyD; vkdufavsmnDaxG&SdMuvsuf EdkYESihfa&uJhodkY a&maESmMuukef
aom arwåmrsufvkH;jzihf tcsif;csif; Munhf½Iavh&SdMuonfh ]&[ef;
awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;awmfrl&m AmvuavmPum&½GmodkY xGufcGm
awmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu rnfodkYjyKí þrQ&if;ESD;pGmaexkdif
EdkifMuonfudk xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;teuf wpfyg;udk ar;jref;awmfrl
aomtcg &[ef;u þodkYajz\ ]þudpöESihfywfoufí ]]omoem
awmfü þuJhokdYaom oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;ESihftwl aexkdif&jcif;
onf ightzdkY trSefyif t&awmfay\/ trSefyif aumif;aom&jcif;
jzpf\}}[k pOf;pm;ygonf/ xdk(oDwif;okH;azmf)rsm;tay: rsuf
uG,frSma&m rsufarSmufrSmyg udk,fEIwfESvkH;okH;yg;jzihf cspfcifjrwf
Edk;onhf trlt&mrsm;udk avhusihfygonf/ ]]ighqE´rsm;udk ab;z,f
xm;NyD; ¤if;wdkY\ qE´udk bmaMumihf oabmrwlEdkifbJ&Sd&rnf
enf;}}[k pOf;pm;ygonf/ ¤if;aemuf ,if;odkY (awG;jrifxm;onfh)
twdkif; jyKrlygonf/ trSefpifppf wynhfawmfwdkYonf cE¨mukd,f
tm;jzihf uGJjym;aomfvnf; pdwftm;jzihf wpfckwnf;om jzpfyg
onfbk&m;} (r 3? 194)/
¤if;aemuf Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf ygvdav,sawmodkY xGufcGmawmf
270 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rlonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf aumorÁDNrdKU&Sd rESpfNrdKUzG,f ywf0ef;usifrS
(xGufcGmcJhNyD;aemuf) ygvdav,sawmwGif awm½dkif;wd&pämef[l
aom taygif;tazmfrsm;ESihf? BudKqdkaeonhf oufom&mjzpfaom
awmawmif\ wdwfqdwfrIrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ ygvdav,sawmü
oDwif;okH;awmfrlpOf jrwfAk'¨tm; arsmufESihfqifwdkYu awmwGif
(ae&mrsm;) &Sif;vif;ay;NyD tpm;tpmESifha&wdkYudk ,laqmifay;
vsuf jrwfAk'¨tm; jyKpkapmihfa&SmufMuaMumif; qdkonf/ xdt k csdef
wGif aumorÁDNrdKUom; Oygoumrsm;onf uGJjym;aeaom &[ef;
awmfrsm;tm; tvsiftjref owdoHa0*&aponf/ t|uxmtqdk
t& ]£wd0kwåuygVdawmf}wpfckvkH;onf aumorÁDNrdKUü a[m
awmfrlonfh a'oemawmf rsm;jzpfMuNyD; eef;wGif;tvkyftauR;
trsKd;orD; ckZÆKwå&mOygodumru pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef 0Howdkif;odkY a&mufoGm;pOf ausmif;
wkdufokH;ckrSm ysufpD;aeMuNyD; [dE´Lbmomw&m; vTr;f rdk;aeaomf
vnf; Ak'¨bmom&[ef; okH;&mcefY&Sdonf/ aumorÁDü zm[D,ef
onf tpOftvmt& Oa'erif;BuD; oGef;xkcJhNyD; Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
tm;vkH;\ rlva&SUajy;jzpfrnf[k ,lq&vsuf ausmfMum;vSonhf
pE´u;l om; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql udef;0yf&m 18 rDwmeD;yg; jrihf
aom bk&m;ausmif;BuD;wpfckudk awGUjrifcJhonf/ [l,ifqefonf
aCmodwolaX;\ tdrfae&m taqmufttkHysufrsm;ESihf ausm
Mum;vSonhf &[ef;awmf to*FESihf 0okAE¨K nDtpfudkwdkY oDwif;
okH;cJhNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ 'óeqdkif&m usrf;pmtcsKdU a&;om;cJhonhfae&m
trsm;tjym;udkvnf; awGU&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif NrdKUawmf(aumorÁD)\
a½Tacwfum; ukefqkH;avNyD/ [l,ifqef a&mufNyD;aemuf rMum
jrifhrD aumorÁDonf vkH;0pGefYypfcH (NrdKUawmf) jzpfoGm;cJhonf/
,aeYacwfwGif aumorÁDNrdKU½dk;onf ,rkefemjrpf\ awmifbuf
aumorÁD 271
jcrf;wGif t&Snf 6 uDvdkrDwmxuf renf;&Sdvsuf ykHrSef r[kwf
onhf pwk*HykHwnf&Sdonf/ tjrifhqkH;tydkif;wGif NrdKU½dk;wHwdkif;onf
15 rDwmtxdjrifhonf/ 1861 ckESpf? yxrqkH; tBudrftjzpf xdk
(NrdKU½dk;) tysuftpD;rsm;udk awGUjrif&pOfu uefeif[rf\ xifjrif
csufonf ,aeYwkdif oihfjrwfrSefuefqJjzpfonf/ ]tjyifu Munhf
½Iygu aumorÁDtysuftpD;rsm;onf qGJaqmifrI taumif;qkH;
aom ykHoP²mefjzpfonf/ uREkfyf\ yPmr pkHprf;(avhvm)rIrsm;
onf tkwfusKd;rsm;jzihf zkH;vTrf;aeonhf ayESpfq,fokH;q,fcefY jrihf
aom awmifukef;tysuftpD;tjzpf cefYrSef;&efomvQif &nf½G,fcJh
onf/ odkYjzpfí uREkfyftHhMo&onfrSm ta&SUajrmufbuf cyf;vSrf;
vSrf;ae&modkY (a&mufvkduf)onfESihf opfyiftrsm;pk jrihfrm;ouJhodkY
yif crf;em;vSonhf ajrom;awmifukef;wef;&Snfwpfckudk ESpfrdkifcefY
&Snfvsm;pGm awGUjrifvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf}/
uefeif[rfonf 1862-63 ckESpfrsm;ü aumorÁDodkY oGm;
a&mufNyD;aemuf aumqrf(Kosom)½GmESifh ¤if;ywf0ef;usif&Sd awmif
ydkYBuD;onf a&S;a[mif; aumorÁDNrdKUawmfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJh
onf/ Aifqifprpf (Vincent Smith)url ¤if;\xkH;pHtwdkif; armyrf;
EGrf;e,f (pdwfryghwyg)[efjzihf ,if;aMunmcsuftay: oHo,
&SdykHjycJhonf/ odkYjzihf 1922 txd raocsmra&&mrIwdkY &SdaecJhao;
onf/ xdkpOf a'gufwm qm[eD (Dr. Sahni)onf aumqrf½Gm
teD;rS pmwef;rsm;pGmudk awGU&SdcJhonf/ ,if;(pmwef;rsm;)onf
uefeif[rf\ rlvyxr awGU&SdcsufrSefuefaMumif; oufaojycJh
onf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif aumorÁDü wl;azmfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhNyD; 1949
ESihf 1957 ckESpfrsm;üvnf; xyfrHjyKvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;wl;azmfcsuf
rsm;u ,if;(aumorÁD) NrdKUawmfonf bDpD 1000 ausmfrSpí
wnf&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/
276 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o aumorÁD 273
udk axmuf½Ií (oH 2? 331) t&Sifjrwfonfvnf; aCmodwm
½kHodkY rMumcP<ua&mufawmfrlcJhrnfrSm aocsmonf/
þ (ausmif;awmf&m)ü awGU&onhf ausmufpmrsm;t& at'D
1 &mpkwGif zma*gv (Phagol)rnfaom &[ef;awmf wpfyg; onf
]jrwfAk'¨oDwif;okH;cJh&m aCmodwm½kHausmif;wdkufü oDwif;
okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;(taejzihf) bk&m;&Siftm;vkH;wdkYtm;
&Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;twGuf tokH;jyK&ef} yef;yk½kyfygausmufcsyf jym;wpf
ck vª'gef;cJhaMumif; od&onf/
uedoQurif;BuD; eef;pHESpf okH;ESpfajrmufwGif Ak'¨rdMwm
trnf&Sd bdu©KeDwpfyg;onf þausmif;wdkuftm; aAm"dowåqif;
wkrsm; vª'gef;cJhonf/ þ&ufa&mNyD; bmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;vSaom
trsKd;orD;onf rd*'g0kef&Sd ausmfMum;onhf aAm"dowåqif;wkwGif
a&;xGif;xm;aom ausmufpmyg &[ef;awmfAv\ wynfhtjzpf
azmfjyxm;onhf bdu©KeDESihf twlwlyifjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmf zm[D
,ef aumorÁDodkY <ua&mufaomtcg aCmodwm½kHausmif;wdkufü
oDwif;okH;aexdkifMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; csdeJYEGrf;vspGm awGU
&ao;aomfvnf; [l,ifqefacwfürl aCmwm½kHonf pGefYypfcH
tysuftpD;rsm; jzpfaeavNyD/ aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&mukd
1951 ckESpfwGif aumorÁDü pwifcJhonhf wl;azmfrIrsm;twGif;
awGU&SdcJhonf/ bDpDig;&mpkrS at'Dig;&mpktxd vloltajccs aexkdif
cJhaomfvnf; wl;azmfpOftwGif; awGU&SdcJhonhf jrKyfaeaomt&m
rsm;pGmonf pkHprf;od&Sd&ef cufcJaomtaqmufttkH toD;oD;ESihf
ywfoufaom tawG;tjrifrsm;udk azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif t"du
taqmufttkHrsm;rSmrl aumif;pGm&Sifvif;yDjyifonf/
þae&mü a&S;tusqkH; taqmufttkHrSm arm&d,acwf
twGif; yxrqkH;wnfaqmufcJhonhf 25_25 rDwm&Sdonhf apwD
BuD; jzpfonf/ þapwDawmfonf aCmodwm½kHausmif;wkduüf
274 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
&[ef;awmf[l,ifqef awGUcJh&aom apwDjzpfonf/ ¤if;u bk&if
taomu wnfaqmufcJhonf[kqdkaom 61 rDwm jrifhonhf
apwDawmf jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/ apwDawmf\ atmufajcrSm
rlvu av;axmihfykHjzpfaomfvnf; aESmif;acwfjyefvnf jyKjyif
wnfaqmufpOftwGif; tcef;i,frsm;xnhfoGif;NyD; oGifjyiftm;jzifh
A[k*HykHtjzpf jyKjyifcJhonf/ tao;pdwfpDrHxm;onhf a&Ekwf
ajrmif;pepfjzihf xyfjznhfxm;onf/ yifrapwDawmf\ ta&SUbuf
ra0;aomae&mwGif ydkrdkao;i,fonhf apwDawmfwpfql&SdNyD; pwk
*HykH oP²mef&Sdvsuf ¤if; (apwD)tay:odkYwufonhf avSum;ae&m
rsm;yg&Sdonf/ avSum;rsm;\ tjcm;wpfbuf&Sd apwD(&H) i,frsm;
ESihf qufoG,fxm;onfh bk&m;cef;rsm;yg &Sdonf/
apwDESihfuyfvsufwGif aumif;rGefpGm aqmufvkyfxm;onhf
bk&m;ausmif;i,fwpfck&SdNyD; ,if;(bk&m;ausmif;)xJwGif xkdifae
onhf [&dwd(Hariti)½kyfwkwpfck &Sdonf/ tpOftvmt& [&dwd
onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tqkH;trudk &&Sdonhf tcsdeftxd uav;
i,frsm;udk pm;ypfavh&Sdaom ,u©deD (bDvlr) jzpfonf/ wpfzef
(Ak'¨\ tqkH;trüwnf)NyD;aemuf [&dwdonf uav;i,frsm;\
olawmfpif acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,lqjcif;cHvm&onf/ w½kwb f &k m;
zl;rsm;onf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨bmomausmif;awmfrsm;twGif; [&dwd\
ae&mtaqmifrsm; awGUjrif&aMumif; rMumcP azmfjyMuonf/
,if;taqmufttkH tm;vkH;onf yifrausmif;wdkuf0if;
twGif;&SdNyD; awGU&SdEdkifqJjzpfonhf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&m
tcef;i,f 23 aqmifcefY ywf0ef;aeonf/ ausmif;wkduftwGif;odkY
yifr0ifaygufonf taemufajrmufbufü &Sdonf/ tjyeftvSef
tm;jzihf ausmif;wkdufukd ae&m (rsm;rsm;)wGif 4 rDwmeD;yg; xl;
uJonhf tkwfwHwkdif;jzihf um&Hxm;onf/ aCmodwm½kH ausmif;
wkdufonf aumorÁDNrdKU½dk;twGif;buf nmbufwnfhwnfh ta&SU
buf*dwfteD;wGif &Sdonf/ NrdKUjyifrSmr[kwfbJ twGif;rSm wnf&SdcJh
aumorÁD 275
onfh Ak'¨oufawmf xif&Sm;&SdpOfu wnfaqmufcJhaom ausmif;
wkdufrsm;teuf wpfckrQomjzpfonfrSm xl;jcm;onf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
taemufbufodkY (oGm;onhf) ta0;ajy;vrf;ay:&Sd tvm[mbwf
NrdKUrS 13 uDvdkrDwm tuGmwGif ref'ga&(NrdKU)odkY vrf;cGJ&Sdonf/ ,if;
vrf;cGJtvGefwGif aumorÁD&Sdonf/ tvm[mbwfrS pkpkaygif; 18
uDvdkrDwm a0;onf/ aumorÁDodkY bwfpfum; a&mufaomfvnf;
enf;yg;NyD; tm;rudk;&acs/ wuúpDiSm;vQif ydkrdk tqifajyonf/
y&abmoawmifukef;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ajcmufckajrmuf0gudk aumorÁDNrdKUteD; rukv
awmifü oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonf/ þawmifukef;ESihf ywfoufí
ygVdawmft|uxm (tH-| 2? 29) rsm;ü aumorÁD0ef;usifü &Sd
onfqdk½kHxufydkí owif;tptersm; azmfjyrxm;ay/ aumorÁD
NrdKU0ef;usifwpfcGiüf uDvdkrDwmrsm;pGm &Snfvsm;onfh jrifharmufae
&mqdkí y&abmoac: ausmufxlukef;jrihfwpfckom&dSaomaMumifh
,if;y&abmoudk rukvawmif[k aocsmpGm qdkEdkifonf/
y&abmoodkYoGm;a&muf&ef aumorÁD\ wm½dk; (ajruwkwf)
rsm;udk jzwfoGm;onhfvrf;odkY jyefvmNyD; b,fbufodkY csKd;auGU
vsuf taemufawmifodkY av;uDvkdrDwmcefY qufoGm;yg/ vrf;
onf uwå&mcif;rxm;aomfvnf; tajctaerqdk;yg/ y&abmo
onf aus;vuf0ef;usifa'owpfcGiüf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrihfarmuf
aeNyD; ukef;ay:rS ,rkefemjrpfudk awGU&onf/ ,aeYacwf ]oDwm
(rif;orD;avm)\ jywif;ayguf} [kac:onhf *lonf þae&modkY
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf <ua&mufawmfrlpOf oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonhf
ae&mjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmf [l,ifqef rukvawmifodkY vm
a&mufcJhpOf þ*ludk awGUjrifcJh&aMumif;? þ*lteD;ü apwDESpfql&Sd
 280 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
(&SmazGcJhonf)/ 1860-wGif w&m;½kH;taqmufttkHwpfck aqmuf
vkyfaepOf ½kyfwkrsm;? ausmufvuf&ef;rsm;? ausmufwdkifrsm;?
t"d|mefapwDrsm;ESihf ausmufxD;rsm;tygt0if yef;yk½kyfwktrsm;
tjym; awGU&SdcJhonf/ tdE´d,ü xkvkyfNyD;orQwGif toyÜm,fqkH;
qif;wkawmf wpfqljzpfzG,f&Sdonfh ausmfMum;vSaom ]r"k&mAk'¨
(qif;wkawmf)}udk awGU&SdcJhonfrSm þ(w&m;½kH;taqmufttkH
aqmufvkyfonhf) ae&mwGifjzpfonf/ þqif;wkawmfukd ,cktcg
e,l;a'vD&Sd &|ywdb*0ef(jywdkuf)ü odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; jynfol
trsm; zl;ajrmfcGihf r&acs/
r"k&mrS vGefuJxl;jcm;onhf a&S;a[mif;okawoeawGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;teuf aemufqkH; (awGU&SdrI)rSm 1976- ckESpfu r"k&m\
taemufbuf a&avSmifuefteD;wGif jzpfonf/ ukoeESihf *kwå
acwfrS rsm;jym;vSaom yef;ykvuf&m &wemrsm;udk awGU&SdcJhonf/
tvGefoyÜm,fNyD; (yef;yk)ynm&Sif\ trnfudk azmfjyxm;onf/
yuwdt½G,f Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql yg0if(onf)/ uHraumif;
onfrSm r"k&m\ rsm;pGmaom apwDawmfrsm;ESihf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;
udk ,aeYacwfwGif rawGU&awmhbJ ,if;wdkYtay:ü acwfopfNrdKU
awmfu vTrf;rdk;oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ r"k&m\ twdwfu crf;em;rIudk
Munh½f IvdkvQif NrdKUawmfjywdkufodkY oGm;a&muf&ef vdktyfonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
tpdk;&jywkduf
tpdk;&jywkdufonf tdE´d,\ taumif;qkH;jywdkufwpfckjzpfonfrSm
,kHrSm;zG,frvdkbJ Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m yef;yk vuf&mtrsm;tjym; pk
aqmif;xm;rIaMumihf (þjywdkufonf) Ak'¨bmom bk&m;zl;rsm;
tzdkY ydkrdk pdwf0ifpm; zG,faumif;onf/ jywdkuf&Sd toyÜm,fqkH;
vuf&mrSm yuwdt½G,f &yfawmfrl Ak'¨qif;wkawmf jzpfonf/ þ
aumorÁD 277
aMumif;? wpfqludk taomurif;BuD;wnfcJhNyD; tjcm;wpf*ül
jrwfAk'¨\qHawmf"mwfESihf vufonf;cGH"mwfawmfrsm; Xmyemxm;
onf[kqdkonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwfü tqdkygapwDawmfrsm;\
tptersm;udk rawGU&awmhacs/ *leH&Hü a&;xGif;xm;onhf zwfr&
awmhaom pmwef;rsm;u ]uóyd,*dkPf;0if&[EÅmrsm;} twGuf
wnfaqmufxm;onfh *lrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
aumorÁD0ef;usif
tvm[mbwfjywdkuf
þjywdkufwGif aumorÁDrSawGU&SdcJhonhf a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGufrsm;
ygaom Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m a&S;a[mif; ypönf;rsm;&Sdonf/ ,cktcg
tvm[mbwfcHwyfodkY a&mufaeonhf taomuausmufpmwkdif
xdyfydkif;atmufcHudkvnf; (jyoxm;onf)/ eHeuf 10 em&DrS nae
4;30 (arvrS ZGefvtwGif; eHeuf 7 em&DrS rGef;wnfh 12 em&D)
txd jywdkufzGifhNyD; Ak'¨[l;ESihf jynfoltm;vyf&ufrsm;ü ydwfonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf? a&S;a[mif;ordkif;XmeESihf
tvm[mbwfwuúodkvf
þjywkdufwGif wHqdyfrsm;? (ausmuf)pmrsm;? yef;ykvuf&mrsm;ESihf
aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&mudk wl;azmfpOfu &&Sdonfh tjcm;(a&S;
a[mif;)ypönf;rsm;udk jyoxm;onf/ eHeuf 10 em&DrS nae 4
em&D (ar ZGefwGif eHeuf 7 em&DrS rGef;wnfh 12 em&D) txdzGifhNyD;
we*FaEGaeYrsm;ESihf wuúodkvftm;vyf&ufrsm;wGif ydwfonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
tvm[mbwfonf Am&mPoDrS 122 uDvdkrDwmtuGm ta&SU
taemuf&xm;vrf;ray:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ jywdkufESihf wuúodkvf
wdkYonf þNrdKUtwGif; xif&Sm;onhf ae&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/

12/ r"k&mNrdKU
r"k&mNrdKUonf tm;enf;csuf(tjypf)ig;rsKd;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm–ajrjyifnDñGwf
rIr&Sdjcif;? jrLrIef xlxyfjcif;? acG;Murf;rsm; aomif;usef;jcif;? bDvl;qdk;
rsm;&Sdjcif;? qGrf;uGrf;&&ef cufcJjcif;wdkY jzpf\ (tH 2? 224)/
,cktcg rxk&m[k pmvkH;aygif; (ac:a0:)aom r"k&monf Ak'¨vuf
xufawmftcgu ol&aoeEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfcJhNyD; ,rkefemjrpf
urf;ay:ü wnf&Sdonf/ rZÑdra'o\ tjyifem;wGif&Sdojzihf Ak'¨
onfyif r"k&modkY tBudrftenf;i,fom <ua&mufawmfrlcJhonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ajrae&mESihfywfoufí tvGefaumif; rGef
aom (ae&mtjzpf) xifjrifcsuf&SdykH r&cJhacs/ t&Sifr[mupönf;
rax&f r"k&mNrdKUodkYa&mufaomtcg t&Sifjrwfonf jA[®P(ykPÖm;)
wdkY\ tjcm;Zmwf&Sdolrsm;xuf omvGefaMumif;tqdkudk jiif;y,fNyD;
(r"k&m)bk&iftm; r"k&mokwåef (r 2? 236)udk a[mMum;awmfrl
onf/ jrwfAk'¨ESihfa&m Ak'¨om0ursm;ESihfyg t"duywfoufjcif;
r&Sdaomfvnf; r"k&monf aESmif;ydkif; &mpkESpfrsm;wGif Ak'¨0g'\
tcsuftcsm ae&mtjzpfodkY wdk;wufcJhonf/ ukoe(ukoQef)ESihf
*kwåacwfrsm;twGif; r"k&m\ ausmufqpform;rsm;onf a'o
qdkif&m bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udka&m tdE´d,\tjcm;aome,fajrwGif;&Sd
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udkyg wefqmqif&ef tEkynmvuf&m trsKd;rsKd;
ta&twGufrsm;pGmudk xkvkyfcJhMuonf/
&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef r"k&mNrdKUodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg
ausmif;wdkufaygif; 20 ESihf &[ef;awmfaygif; 3000 ausmfawGUc&Jh
onf/ t&Sifom&dykMwm? t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mefESihf t&SiftmeE´mwdYk
tm; ylaZmfonhf apwDawmfrsm;ESihf 0denf;? okwåef? tbd"r®mudk yl
aZmfonhf ("r®)apwDrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ wpfESpfvQif wpfBudrf oD
wif;uRwfNyD;aemuf NrdKUvkH;uRwf yg0ifqifEGJonhf bmoma&;qkdif
&m yGJawmfBuD;wpfckvnf;&Sdonf ]&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH; tpnf;
r"k&mNrdKU 279
ta0;BuD;wpfckodkY pnf;½kH;a&muf&SdvmNyD; w&m;a[mMum;Mu
onf/ ¤if;aemuf yef;rsKd;pkH tarT;eHYomrsKd;pkH vª'gef;zG,f&mwdkYjzihf
t&Sifom&dykwå&m apwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; vª'gef;Muonf/ wpfn
vkH; qDrD;wdkifrsm;xGef;ñSdxm;NyD; yg0ifajzazsmf&eftwGuf pGrf;&nf
jynhf *Dwynm&Sifrsm; cefYtyfxm;onf .. ae&m tESHYrS bdu©KerD sm;
<ua&mufvmMuNyD; t&SiftmeE´mapwDawmfü tvª'gejyKMuonf/
taMumif;rSm t&SiftmeE´monf trsKd;orD;rsm; omoemhabmifokdY
0ifa&mufcGifh&a&;twGuf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfxH awmif;yefavQmuf
xm;cJhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ omraPtrsm;pkonf rsm;aomtm;
jzihf t&Sif&m[kvm\ (apwDawmf)tm; vª'gef;Muonf/ tbd"r®m
wwfuRrf;olrsm;u tbd"r®m(apwD)tm; vª'gef;MuNyD; 0denf;wwf
uRrf;olrsm;u 0de,(apwD)tm; vª'gef;Muonf}/ [l,ifqefu
vnf; ¤if;r"k&mNrdKUwGif oDwif;okH;pOftwGif; þyGJawmfudk awGUBuKH
&aMumif; azmfjyonf/ [l,ifqefonf taomurif;BuD; wnf
aqmufcJhonhf apwDawmfrsm;udkvnf; zl;awGUcJh&onf/
r"k&mAk'¨omoem\ &SifoefrIudk þNrdKUawmftwGif;tjyifü
ESpfwpf&mausmftwGif; aumif;pGmwl;azmfrIrsm;u Ak'¨0g'qdik &f m
a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;pGmudk wl;azmf&&SdcJhaomtcsufu oufaocH
csuf&Sdonf/ 1836- ckESpfwGif Adkvfrª;BuD; t,fvftm&f pwufpD
(L.R. Stacy)onf 'l;auG;&yfaeonhf &ifom;azmf trsKd;orD;½kyfwk
wpfckawGU&SdcJhonf/ yckH;ay:wGif iSufwpfaumifESihf nmvufwGif
iSufavSmiftdrfwpfck (yg&Sdonf)/ ,cktcg uvmuwåm; tdE´d,
jywkduf&Sd þESpfoufzG,f yef;ykvuf&monf pdwftm½kHudk rsm;pGm
qGJaqmifcJhojzihf taysmfwrf; a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;
onf xyfrH&&Sd&ef &SmazGMu&if; (r"k&mNrdKU) ywf0ef;usif&Sd awmif
ukef;rsm;udk pwifwl;azmfcJhMuonf/ uefeif[rfonf 1853-ckESpf
wGif þae&mudk &SmazGcJhNyD; 1862 ESihf 1871-ckESpfrsm;wGif wpfzef
284 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aMumif; odjrifjcif;ü touft½G,fBuD;&ifhvSNyD;jzpfonhf t&Sif
r[muóyonf awmifay:odkYwuf&ef &nf½G,fvsuf a0;vH
acgif;zsm;vSonhf awmifwef;wpfckodkY <uawmfrlonf/ vrf;wGif
ausmufeH&Hrsm; umqD;aeaomtcg ,if;wkdYudk awmifa0S;awmfjzihf
½dkufcwfawmfrlpOf ausmufvTmrsm; yGifhvif;oGm;ojzihf t&Sifjrwf
onf tjcm;wpfbufodkY <ua&mufawmfrlonf/ awmifxdyfay:oYdk
a&muf&SdoGm;aomtcg aemufxyf*lBuD;wpfck yGifhvif;oGm;onf/
t&Sifr[muóyonf ,if;*lBuD;xJodkY <u0ifawmfrv l suf psmef
ormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlonf/ ,if;aemuf ausmufwkH;rsm;onf
t&Sifjrwf\ywfvnfü ydwfzkH;oGm;onf/ tqdkyg0w¬Kü ed*kH;csKyf
azmfjyxm;onfrSm a0;uGmvSonhf tem*wfwpfcsdef urÇmay:ü
arawå,sbk&m;&Sif yGifhawmfrlaomtcg þbk&m;&Sifonf þ
awmifukef;ay:odkY <uvmawmfrlNyD; t&Sifr[muóytm; psmef
ormywfrS xapawmfrlvsuf t&Sifr[muóyxHrS (a*gwr)
bk&m;&Sif\ ESpfxyfouFef;udk vufcH &,lawmfrlNyD;aemuf om
oemawmftopfudk a[mMum;awmfrl&ef xdkae&mrS xGufcGmawmf
rlrnf[í l jzpfonf27/ þjzpf&yfrsm; jzpfay:cJhNyD; jzpfay:OD;rnfhae
&mudk *k½kyg'*d&d (q&mhajc&m awmifukef;) odkYr[kwf cRefarmuf
awmif xGwfokH;ckrSm MuufajcESifh ododomomwlaeojzifh ukuúK#
yg'*d&d (Muufajcawmifukef;) [k trsm;uac:wGifMuonf/
ukuúK#yg'*d&donf rMumrD &aoh&[ef; olawmfpifrsm;\ ae
&mtjzpf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmonf/ ukuúK#yg'*d&dESihf ywfouf
onhf rSwfwrf;wpfckü zwf½I&onfrSm ]xkd(tdE´d,)EdkifiHESihf tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;rS Ak'¨bmom0if bk&m;zl;rsm;onf t&Sifr[muóytm;
27
oH,kwft|uxm (oH-| 2? 183) tvdkt&rl Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf t&Sifr[muóyESihf
ESpfxyfouFef;csif; vJvS,f&jcif;rSm rdrd (Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf)r&Sdonhf aemufwGif t&Sif
jrwftm; rdrdae&mü xm;awmfrlvdkíom jzpfonf/
r"k&mNrdKU 281
qif;wkawmfonf at'Dig;&mpktv,fydkif;vuf&mjzpfNyD; atmuf
ajc(yv’if)&Sd pmwef;wGif ,o'dEétrnf&Sd &[ef;awmfu vª'gef;
cJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ ,cktcg aysmufqkH;aeNyDjzpfonfh nm
vufawmfonf aMumuf½GHUrI uif;rJhjcif; (tb,rkj'm)[efjzihf
a`rSmufcsDxm;NyD; b,fvufawmfrSmrl ouFef;pGef;udk udkifpGJxm;
onf/ cg; wGifywfxm;onhf cg;ywfawmfudk ouFef;atmufwGif
jrifawGUEdkifNyD; tay:½kH(ouFef;)ay:vGifNyD; wpf0uf ay:aeonf/ Oyg
oum ESpfa,mufonf jrwfAk'¨ajcaxmufawmf\ tjcm;wpfbuf
wGif 0yfwGm;'l;axmufaeMuonf/ (Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\) vufawmf?
rsufESmawmfESihf a&mifvQHpuf0ef;wdkYudk tvGefodrfarGUpGm xGif;xk
xm;NyD; qif;wkawmfwpfckvkH;tm; o½kyfrSefoabmw&m;jzihf azmf
jyxm;aomaMumifh tdE´d,yef;ykvuf&mrsm;teuf xl;jcm;onf/
tjcm;vSyonhf yef;ykvuf&mrSm r"k&mrS uDvkdrDwm tenf;
i,ftuGm&Sd umMx(t&yf)rS awGU&Sdonfh xdkifawmfrlAk'¨qif;wk jzpf
onf/ vkH;0 tjynhftpkH xdef;odrf;xm;onhf þqif;wkawmfonf
jcaoFhokH;aumif cHxm;onhf tajc(yv’if)wGif wifyv’ifacG xdkifae
onf/ at'DESpf&mpkvuf&mjzpfNyD; tajcü a&;xGif;xm;onhf pm
wef;t& Ak'¨bmombdu©KeD ]tarm[tod}onf ]owå0g tm;vkH;
\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf} vª'gef;cJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;
onf/ o&zlaqmif; OygoumESpfa,mufonf Ak'¨\aemufzufrS
acsmif;MunhfaeMuonf/ b,fbufwpfa,mufu &wemoydwf
udk ydkufxm;NyD; nmbufwpfa,ufu awmif;yefonhf[efjzihf
vufwpfbufudk a`rSmufcsDxm;onf/ ewfa'0g ESpfa,mufum;
a&mifvQHpuf0ef;ü ysH0JaeMuonf/ Ak'¨OD;acgif;awmf\ aemufbuf
wGif aAm"danmif½GufESihf tudkif;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm awGUEdkifonf/
Ak'¨\rsufvkH;awmfrsm;rSm yGifhaeNyD; 'l;ay:wGif ckdifNrJpGmwifxm;onhf
b,fbufvufrSm vkHYv0D&d,ESihf Edk;Mum;rIudk o½kyfazmfonf/
 282 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ordkif;t&qdkaomf jywdkuf&Sd ta&;tygqkH;aom yef;ykvuf
&mrSm bk&ifuedoQu\ ab;apmif;ykHjzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,\
rysufrpD; usef&pfcJhaom wpfckwnf;aom ordkif;0ifyk*¾Kdvfa&;
ab;apmif;ykHjzpfonf/ OD;acgif;(ykH) r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; jyefYum;
aomajcaxmuf? usKdif;udkudkifxm;onhf b,fvufESihf oefvsuf
udkpGJudkifxm;onhf nmvufwdkYu bk&ifuedoQutm; tjypfuif;
onhf {&mZfwpfa,muf r[kwfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonf/
½kyfxkatmufajc&Sd pmwef;wGif ]r[m&mZm rif;wumwdkY\rif;
ewfa'0gwdY\ k om; jzpfol uedoQu}[k yg&Sdonf/ ppfrIa&;&m<u,f
0oljzpfaMumif; þab;apmif;ykHu azmfjyaomfvnf; uedoQu
onf tEkynmcspfjrwfEdk;oljzpfonhfjyif Ak'¨omoemawmf wdk;wuf
jyefYyGm;atmif aqmif½Guf&mü taomurSwpfyg; tjcm;tm;vkH;
aom tdE´d,rif;rsm;xuf omvGefcJhonf/
tpdk;&jywdkufudk eHeuf 10;30 rS nae 4;30 xd zGihfNyD;
wevFmaeYrsm;ü ydwfonf/ {NyD 16 ESihf 30-&uf rsm;twGif;
zGifhcsdefrSm eHeuf 7;30 rS rGef;vGJ 12;30 txdjzpfonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
r"k&m (rxk&m)onf a'vDrS 145 uDvdkrDwm a0;NyD; t*&mNrdKUrS
58-uDvdkrDwma0;onf/ ,if;NrdKUawmf ESpfcktMum; qufoG,fxm;
onhf ta0;ajy;um;vrf;ESihf &xm;vrf;ay:wGif (&Sdonf)/ tpdk;&
jywdkufonf &xm;blwmrS wpfuDvdkrDwmcefYa0;onf/
13/ ukuúK#yg'*d&d
þausmufawmifrsm;onf a½GUvsm;aeaom eufjyma&mif rdk;wdrf
txGwfrsm;yrm crf;em;onhf taqmufttkHrsm;uJhodkY jzpfacs\/ qif
ajymif\ wGefjrnfoHjzihf avxkudkjynhfaponhfae&m þausmufawmif
wef;wdkYum; ighESvkH;udk ESpfoufapyg\ (ax&*gxm? 1065-*gxm)/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tausmfMum;qkH;ESifh ta&;tygqkH; wynhf om
0ursm;teuf wpfyg;rSm t&Sifr[muóy jzpfonf/ 0goem
t& NcdK;jcHNyD; tBudKufp½kduft& wif;Muyfawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf
onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf yxroH*g
,emudk OD;aqmifusif;yawmfrlvsuf jrwfAk'¨\ (wm0efudk) qufcH
oltjzpf xif&Sm;awmfrlonf/ tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm; ausmif;wdkuf
rsm;ü oDwif;okH;aexkdifNyD; vlOygoumrsm;ESihf qufoG,frI&&SdMu
pOfwGif t&Sifr[muóyrlum; (awmae)&[ef;b0udkom ykdrdk
ESpfoufawmfrlvsuf tcsdefrsm;pGmudk opfawmrsm;? awmifukef;
rsm;ü wpfudk,fwnf; ukefvGefawmfrlonf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHESihf
a&S;a[mif; t|uxmusrf;BuD;rsm;ü t&Sifr[muóytaMumif;
rsm;pGmyg&Sdaomfvnf; t&Sifjrwfonf rnfonhfae&mwGif rnhfonhf
tcsdefu rnfodkYrnfykH y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlcJhaMumif; wpfpGef;wpf
prQ azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sd onfrSm xl;jcm;vSonf/
odkY&mwGif oAÁw¬d0g'*kdPf; 0de,yd#uESihf 'dAsm0'geuJhodkYaom
a&S;a[mif;pmayrsm;ürl þjzpf&yfudk azmfjyMuonf/ y&dedAÁmef pH
awmfrrlrD Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrd\ESpfxyfouFef;awmfudk t&Sif
r[muóy\ ESpfxyfouFef;ESihf vJvS,fawmfrlonf27/ aemuf
xyf ESpfESpfq,fMumjrifhNyD;aemuf rdrdy&dedAÁmef pHvGefcsdef eD;uyfae
27
þtaMumif;t&mudk ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf (oH 1? 405) üvnf; azmfjyxm;onf
(bmomjyef ol)/
 288 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jyifü ajc&mESpfpkHygonfh ausmufwkH;wpfwkH;&SdNyD; ,if;tay:ü
q,f&mpkausmufpmrsm; a&;xGif;xm;onf/ a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom
0ifrsm;u ,if;ajc&mawmfrsm;rSm t&Sifr[muóy\ ajc&mawmf
rsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuNyD; ,ckacwfa'ocHrsm;url ,if;wdkYrSm
awmifapmihfewforD;\ ajc&mrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
bk&m;ausmif;rsm;\a&SUwGif rnDrnm ckwfjzwfxm;onhf ausmuf
wkH;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onhf av;axmihfykH {&mrtaqmuf ttkH
BuD;wpfck\ tkwfjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;onf tZmwowfrif;wnf
aqmufcJhonfqdkaom ausmfMum;xif&Sm;vSonhf ukuúK#yg'*d&d
apwD\t<uif;tusefrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ arawå,sbk&m;avmif;
\ ½kyfwkrsm;ü tNrJwrf;o&zlaqmif;í o½kyfazmf xm;onfrSm
þapwDawmfü jzpfonf/ tqdkyg[dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;wef;\ aemuf
bufwGif yv’acwfvuf&m vSyoyf&yfpGm xGif;xkxm;onhf
ausmufapwDokH;ql &Sdonf/ *k&yawmifxdyfrS ½Iajrmfcif;rSm tvGef
om,monf/ ta&SUESihf taemufbufrsm;ü *k&y\ tjcm;awmif
xGwf ESpfck&SdNyD; ajrmufbufwGif AD[mjynfe,f\ pdkufysKd;uGif;
rsm;&Sdvsuf awmifbufürl awmwef;rsm; wpfarQmfwpfac: rsuf
pdwpfqkH; a0;vH&Snfvsm;vSonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
*,mrS jrpfudkjzwfonhf wHwm;opfjzihf zmwdyl&NrdKUrSwpfqihf
zmwdyl&vrf;twdkif; *k&y½GmodkYoGm;yg/ vrf;rSm uwå&mcif;xm;
aomfvnf; zmwdyl&txd vrf;Murf;NyD; ,if;NrdKUvGefvQif uwå&m
r&Sdawmhacs/ pkpkaygif; 33-uDvdkrDwmcefY a0;onf/ *k&y½GmodkY
bwfpfum;rsm;r&Sdojzihf armfawmf,mOfiSm;&ef vdktyfonf/ *k&y
½GmrS &xm;vrf;udk jzwfvsuf *k&yawmifodkYoGm;onhf vrf;rsm;
teuf wpfckudk,í l ajcusifqufoGm;&onf/
ukuúK#yg'*d&d 285
&Sdcdk;ylaZmfMu&ef ESpfpOfvma&mufMuonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf
,kHrSm;rI(oHo,) zdpD;ESdyfpufaevQif &[EÅm olawmfpifrsm;\
atmuf&Sd aeewfom;rsm; wdkuf½kdufa&muf&SdvmMuNyD; bk&m;zl;
rsm;tm; w&m;a'oem a[mMum;vsuf ¤if;wdkY(bk&m;zl;rsm;)\
oHo,ESihf tcuftcJrsm;udk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf tvsiftjref aysmuf
uG,foGm;Muonf}/ þawmifukef;ay:ü aexdkifoGm;cJhMuaom
xif&Sm;ol yk*¾Kdvfrsm;pGmteuf ESpfOD;rSm tapmqkH;Ak'¨bmom ol
awmfpif omP0w¬du trnf&Sdyk*¾KdvfESihf r[m,meawG; ac:&Sif
to*FwdkYjzpfonf/ zm[D,efa&m [l,ifqefyg ESpfOD;vkH; þae
&modkY <ua&mufcJhMuNyD; [l,ifqefonf ,aeYwkdif rSefuefaeqJ
jzpfonhf ukuúK#yg'*d&dtaMumif; azmfjycsufwpf&yfudk a&;om;cJh
onf ]þawmif\eH&Hrsm;onf jrifhrm;NyD; Murf;wrf;\/ csKdihf0Srf;
vQKdajrmifrsm;rSm (wpfbufrS tjcm;wpfbufodkY) rxGif;azmuf
Edkifacs/ us,favmifonhf (toHjzihf) a&t,Ofrsm; awmifeH&H
atmufajcodkY pD;qif;Mu\/ xlxJaom awmeufrsm;u csKdihf0Srf;
rsm;udk ydwfzkH;xm;\/ euf½Idif;awmif0Srf;\ jrifhrm;aom ae&mrsm;
wpfavQmufwGif wGefYvdraf eonhf csKHykwfrsm; aygufa&mufaeMu
\/ rwfapmufaom txGwfokH;ckum; avxJodkY jrihfwufae\/
awmifxGwfxdyfrsm;wGif ewfbkHrSa&cdk;a&aiGUrsm; ywf&Hae\/
awmifxGwfrsm;\ toGifoP²mefonf rdk;wdrfwdkuf twGif;
aysmufqkH;ukefonf}/ r[muóyawmiftaMumif; Ak'¨bmom
tpOftvmpmayrsm;ü awGU&onf/ aemufqkH;wpfckrSm at'D
ajcmuf&mpktwGif;u þawmifukef;odkY acwåcPa&muf&SdcJhol
r[mc&D;onfBuD; Ak'¨*w k å\tw¬KyÜwådü azmfjyxm;csufjzpfonf/
19-&mpktwGif;u ukuúK#yg'*d&dudk tBudrfrsm;pGm BudK;pm;í
&SmazGchJMuonf/ uefeif[rfu uk&ud[m& ½GmteD;&Sd awmifukef;
edrfhwpfckjzpfEdkifonf[k xifrSwfcJhNyD; atm&,fpwdef; (Aurel Stein)
 286 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
url uk&ud[m&\ taemufawmifzuf ajcmufuDvkdrDwmcefY
tuGm&Sd aombemx (Sobnath)awmifukef;jzpfonf[k ,lqcJh
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;ESpf&yfvkH;rSm vufcHEdkifavmufonhf rSef;q
csufrsm;r[kwfacs/ aemufqkH; 1906-ckESpfü tm&f'D bem*sD; (R.
D. Banerjee)trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfonf ukuúK#yg'*d&dtaMumif; a&S;acwf
rSwfwrf;rsm;ESihf rsm;pGm xyfwlnDcJhaom *k&y(Gurpa)ac:onhf
*,mta&SUawmifzufrS awmifukef;wpfckudk awGU&SdcJhonf/ þ*k&y
trnfrSm þawmifjrwf\ trnf&Snf *k½kyg'\ twdkaumuf
jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m a&S;a[mif;ypön;f rsm;
awGU&Sd&NyD; a&S;acwfbk&m;zl;rsm; azmfjyxm;onhf*lrsm;? vQKdajrmif
Mum;rsm;ESifh awmifxGwfrsm;tm;vkH;udk þawmifü awGU&Sd&onf/
,cktcsdeüf *k&yonf xlxyfonhf opfawmrsm;jzihf ywf0ef;xm;
aomaMumihf jrwfAk'¨vufxufawmfutwdkif; ½Ijrif&onfESihf rsm;
pGmwlnDaeqJjzpfaom rZÑdra'o½Sd Ak'¨0ifae&mawmf tenf;i,f
teuf wpfckjzpfonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
*k&y (Gurpa) awmif
rDwm 300-cefYjrihfonhf *k&yawmifonf **Fgjzpf0Srf;a'otwGif;&dS
tjrihfqkH; awmifrsm;ü yg0ifonf/ bk&m;zl;onf awmifajcodkY
a&muf&ef *k&y½GmrS wpfuDvkdrSwmcefY&Snfvsm;aom opfawmudk
vrf;avQmufí jzwfoef;&onf/ awmifajcr ajcusifvloGm;vrf;
Murf;jzihf awmifxdyfodkYwuf&onf/ em&D0ufcefY BudK;pm;íwufNy;D
aemuf bk&m;zl;onf ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;&dS&m ausmufxlxyf
onhf [if;vif;jyifae&m uGufvyfwpfckodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/
ausmufawmifBuD; ESpfcktMum;ü Munfeufaoma&&Sdonhf a&
avSmifuefwpfck&dSonf/ vloGm;vrf;onf aemufqkH;ü ausmuf
awmif acsmufurf;yg;BuD; tajcodkY a&mufoGm;onftxd tay:
ukuúK#yg'*d&d 287
bufodkY auGU0dkufí wufoGm;onf/ nmbufü jzwfroGm;Ekdif
onhf *lwpfck&SdNyD; b,fbufwGif acsmufurf;yg; atmuf ajcrS
tay:xdyfodkY a&mufoGm;onfh ausmufawmiftufaMumif; vrf;
usOf;&Sdonf/ þawmifukef;ae&monf tpOftvmajymqdkcsuft&
t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD; ausmufawmifudk awmifa0S;jzihf
½dkufcwfpOf t&Sifjrwf wpfbufodkY jzwfausmfoGm;Edkifatmif yGifh
oGm;cJhaomae&m jzpfrnf[k,lq&onf/ þausmufawmifMum;
odkY0ifvsuf rDwm 70-cefY a&SUodkYqufoGm;jcif;ü bk&m;zl;onf
nmbufodkY csKd;auGUvdkufygu vkH;0arSmifrnf;aeaom *lwpfck
xJodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ vufESdyf"mwfrD;ygvQif a&SUodkY ydkrdk vG,f
ulpGm qufoGm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ ,if;*lonf tjcm;*lwpfck\t0ifodkY
ausmufwkH;rsm;udk jzwfí a&mufoGm;onhf aigxGufaeaom
acsmufurf;yg;pGef;qD a&mufonfxd [if;vif;yGifhaeonf/ þ
(tjcm;)*lrSm ausmufwkH;t&Sifwpfckudk jzwfxGif;xm;aom a&
avSmifuef\tpGef;&Sd ½IrNiD;zG,f a&wHcGefü qHk;oGm;onf/ ukuúK#
yg'*d&dokdY &[ef;awmf zm[D,ef a&mufoGm;aomtcg ¤if;tm;
t&Sifr[muóy a&csKd;avh&dScJhonf[k (a'ocHwdkY) ajymjyaom
a&udkawGU&NyD; bk&m;zl;rsm;onf aq;buf0ifypönf;[k ,lqí
,if;a&rS ½THUñTefrsm;udk ,lMuonf/ zm[D,ef &nfñTef;cJhonfrSm
þa&avSmifuefvm; odkYwnf;r[kwf awmifrSpD;qif;aom aemuf
xyf(tjcm;) ausmufa&uefwpfckvm;[lonfrSm r&Sif;vif;ay/
*l0ifaygufodkY vmvrf;twdkif;jyefvmNyD; qufítay:odkYwuf
oGm;vQif bk&m;zl;onf rMumrD awmifxGwfay:odkY qdkufa&muf
oGm;onf/ ,if;awmifxdyfay:ü cyfMurf;Murf; wnfaqmufxm;
aom [dE´Lbk&m; ausmif;wef;&Sdonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql?
wm&m½kyfwkwpfckESihf yef;yk½kyfxGif;ausmufwkH; tydkif;tp rsm;pGm
udk eH&Hü t*Fawjzihf uyfxm;onf/ aemufqkH;bk&m;cef;\ Murf;
292 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
NyD;NyD? odkYr [kwf þum; raumif;rIwnf;}}[k ajymqdkvsuf
rdrd\ raumif;aomtjyKtrlrsm;udkrl rjrifwwfMuacs/ odkY&m
wGif þ(rdrd\raumif;aom tajctae)udkum; jrif&ef cJ
,Of;vS\/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf þodkYawG;jrifoihf\ ]]þ
um; raumif;rIodkY? cufxefjcif;odkY? &ufpufrIodkY? pdwfqdk;
trsufxGufjcif;odkY? axmifvTm;jcif;odkY? jiLpl apmif;ajrmif;jcif;
okdY ydkYay;wwfaomt&mrsm; jzpfacs\/ xdk (raumif;rI) udpö
rsm;jzihf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd rysufpD;apoifh}}[k qifjcifoihf\/ xdkY
jyifvnf; wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf þodkY qifjcif&rnf ]]þ
trIonfum; þbaemifb0 csrf;omokcudk &&Sdap\}} ([k
qifjcif&rnf)/
]ewfwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol (rif;BuD;)u þodkYrdefY>ruf\ -
þ"r®jyefwrf;udk ig\eef;pHESpf 26-ESpf ajrmufwGif a&;(xGif;)
\/ ig\ &ZÆKu(rif;rIxrf;)rsm;onf vlom;wdkYtMum;? &m
aygif; axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;tMum; vkyfudkifaqmif
½GufaeMu\/ toem;cHpmrsm;? w&m;½kH;csKyfa&; (qdkif&m)
Mum;emrIrsm;udk ¤if;(&ZÆu)wdkYtwGuf xm;cJhNyD;jzpf\/ (þ
onfrSm) ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rdrdwdkY\wm0efudk ,kHMunfpdwfcspGm
raMumufr½GHY aqmif½GufEdkif&efESihf EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd vlxk
wpf&yfvkH;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omESihf tusKd;aus;Zl;wdkYtwGuf
(jzpf\)/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;(&ZÆKu)wdkYonf csrf;omqif;&Judk jzpf
ay:apaomt&mudk owd&&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif "r®udk jrwf
Edk;Muvsuf EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd vltaygif;tm; (xdkenf;twl
jyKrlap&ef) tm;ay;wdkufwGef;&rnf/ þodkYjzihf ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;
þb0 aemifb0csrf;omudk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpf\/ ,if;&ZÆKuwdkY
onf ightm; tvkyftauR;jyK&ef pdwftm;xufoefMu\/
,if;(&ZÆKu)wdkYonf ighqE´udk odMuukefaom? ig ESpfoufap
14/ avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKU
avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKUi,fonf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihfywfoufaMumif;
vlodrrsm;aomfvnf; ,if;NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd trSwfw&ypön;f rsm;
udkMunhfygu ,if;NrdKUonf a&S;acwfAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;tzdkY txl;
BuD;us,fcrf;em;onhf (ae&m)wpfckjzpfcJhrnfrSm aocsmonf/ NrdKU
ywf0ef;usifwGif jrufxlxyfonhf awmifwef; 20-cefY&SdNyD; wpf
ckrSm ta&SUrStaemufodkY xkd;xGufaeNyD; tjcm;wpfckrSm ajrmufrS
awmifodkYwef;aevsuf wpfckESihfwpfck rsOf;NydKiftaetxm; jzpf
onf/ ,if;awmifukef;rsm;rSm a&S;a[mif;apwDawmf&mrsm; jzpfEdkif
onf/ ,if;wdkYudk wl;azmfcsufrsm;t& ajrtdk;tusKd;tyJhrsm;? rD;
uRrf;t½dk;rsm; ay:xGufvmNyD; tjcm;wl;azmfcsufwpfckwGif a½T
acsmif;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;aom vlom;ykHpHi,fwpfck&&Sdonf/ apwD
awmfrsm;ü jyKjyifwnfaqmufxm;aom oGifjyiftaetxm;rsm;
rawGU&ojzihfh ,if;apwDrsm;rSm tvGefa&S;usaMumif; azmfjyvsuf
&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonhf avm&d
,eE´me*&NrdKU&Sd tjcm;awmifukef;ESpfck &Sdao;onf/
Munfh½IzG,f
taomuausmufpmwkdif
taomurif;w&m;BuD;onf rlvu ausmufpmwwdkifvkH;a& 40-
cefYpdkufxlcJhaMumif; ,kHMunf&aomfvnf; ,if;wdkYteufrS tenf;
i,fom rysufpD;bJ usef&Sdaeao;onf/ tcsKdUrSm rdk;BudK;cNyD; tcsKdU
rSm vJususKd;ysuf ukefMuonf/ tcsKdUrSmrl tjcm;ae&modkY qGJ,l
jcif;cH&NyD; qefcsDausmufpmwdkifuJhodkYaom tcsdKUrSm tjcm; &nf
½G,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;jzihf tokH;jyK&ef csKd;zsufjcif;cHcJh&onf/ avm&d,
eE´me*&NrdUK&Sd ausmufpmonfomvQif ausmufpmwdkifxdyfydkif;; e*dk
ykHrysufbJ rlvae&mü rysufrpD;wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY (wnf
&Sdjcif;)jzihf wpfcsdefu jyKvkyfcJhaom crf;em;vSonhf ,if;txdrf;t
290 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rSwfypönf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tiftm;aumif;onhf wpfaphwpf
apmif; xifjrifcsufwpf&yfudk &&Sdaponf/ ausmufpmwdkif vkH;
ywfrSm twGif;bufodkY wjznf;jznf; avQmapmif; ykH&SdNyD; 12 'or
8 rDwmjrihfonf/ odkY&mwGif &mpkESpfrsm;pGm Mumanmif;cJhNyDjzpfí
ajrBuD;xJodkY tenf;i,f jrKyf0ifoGm;Edkifonf/ ausmufpmwdkifxdyf
ydkif;onf rd*'g0kefausmufpmwdkifxdyfydkif;xuf tNrdwftpGef; ydkrsm;
vsuf ydkrdkyktdkifhtdkihfykHjzpfonf/ ¤if;\ (acgif;ydkif;) atmufbufwGif
0uftl&pfuGif; (azmif;&pf)yg&Sdonf/ ,if; (azmif;&pf)ay:wGif b,f
rSnmodkY ief;iSufajy;ae[ef yef;yk½kyfygonhf pnfykH(t0dkif;) yg&Sd
onf/ pnfykH(t0dkif;) ay:wGif oyf&yfaumif;rGefpGm xGif;xkxm;
aom pGrf;tifBuD;rm;NyD; r[mqefonh½f kyfykHrsm;ESihf 0yfaeonhf
jcaoFhwpfaumifygonf/ uHraumif;jcif;rSm jcaoFhrsufESmykH aysmuf
qkH;aeonf/ 1660-ckESpf rpöwm *sLrvm (Mr. Jumla)\ ppfwyf
jzwfausmfpOf tajrmufqef xdrSefcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ bDpD 244
ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefcJhonhf taomuaMunmcsufajcmufckudk avm
&d,eE´e*&NrdKUausmufpmü a&;xGif;xm;onf/ taomurif;\
pDrHcefYcGJa&;tay: Ak'¨0g'EIef;pHrsm;udk tokH;csa&;twGuf taomu
\ BudK;yrf;rItwdkif;twmESihfywfoufonhf tawG;tjrifaumif;
wpf&yfudk ay;xm;aomaMumihf xdkausmufpm aMunmpmwrf;rsm;
udk tjynhftpkH udk;um;jy xkdufygonf –
]ewfwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol (rif;BuD;)u þodkYrdeYf>ruf\ -
þ"r®aMunmpmwrf;udk ig\eef;pH 26-ESpfajrmuf&Sdaomtcg
xkwfjyef\/ "r®udkcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;r&SdbJ rdrdudk,fudk ppfaq;jcif;?
av;pm;jcif;? (raumif;rIudk) aMumuf½GHUjcif;? (aumif;rIjyK&ef)
pdwftm; xufoefjcif;r&SdbJ þb0aemifb0 csrf;omrI[l
onfudk &&Sd&ef cJ,Of;\/ odkY&mwGif ig\oifMum;rIrSwpfqihf
"r®udk *½kpdkufjcif;? "r®udk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;wdkY aeYpOfaeYwdkif; wdk;
avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKU 291
wuf jyefYyGm;vmaeNyD; qufvufpnfyifaevdrfhOD;rnf/ ig\
tqihfjrifh tqihfedrfh tv,ftvwftqihf&Sd t&m&Sdrsm;onf
"r®udk (vufawGU) avhusihfvkdufemaeMuojzihf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;tm; xdkenf;twl (vdkufem)aqmif½Guf&ef pdwftm; xuf
oefaponhf pGrf;&nf&SdMuonf/ e,fjcm;a'o&Sd r[mrMw
(trwfBuD;)rsm;onf xdkenf;twl jyKusihfaeMu\/ ig\ ñTef
Mum;csufrsm;um; "r®ESihf (tnD) umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef? "r®
udk trSDjyKí (udk,fpdwf)csrf;omrIudk aqmif½Guf&efESihf "r®ESihf
tnD xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&efwdkY jzpf\/
]ewfwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol yd,'óDrif;BuD;u þodkYrdefY>ruf
\ - "r®onf aumif;jrwfvS\/ odkYwNyD;um; "r®[lonf t
b,fenf;/ "r®[lonf raumif;rIenf;jcif;? aumif;rIrsm; jcif;?
oem;Muifemjcif;? &ufa&m (apwemaumif;)jcif;? rSefuef
aom opömw&m;&Sdjcif;? pifMu,fjcif;wdkYjzpf\/ igonf enf;
vrf;rsKd;pkHjzihf (tod)ynm'geudk ay;vªNyD;jzpf\/ ajcESpfacsmif;
ajcav;acsmif;&Sdaom owå0grsm;? iSufrsm;ESihf a&üaeaom
owå0grsm;tm; ZD0dw'getygt0if t&mtm;vkH;udk ay;vªNyD;
jzpf\/ xdkYjyif tjcm;rsm;pGmaom aumif;rIrsm;udk(vnf;) igjyK
vkyfNyD;jzpf\/ xdk(usihfpOf)udk vdkufemEdkifap&ef þ"r®jyefwrf;
udk a&;(xGif;)jcif; jzpfNyD; ,if;(aMunmpmwrf;)onf t"GefY
&SnfpGm wnfwHhEdkifygap/ þ(aMunmcsuf)udk vkdufemusihfokH;
olonf aumif;rIukodkvf w&m;rsm;udk oihfavsmfavsmuf
ywfpGm jyKvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnf/
]ewfwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf þodkYrdefY
>ruf\ - vltrsm;onf ]]igonf þaumif;aomtrIudk jyKNyD;
NyD}}[k ajymqdkvsuf rdrdwdkY\ aumif;aom tjyKtrlrsm;udkom
vQif jrifMu\/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYonf ]]igonf raumif;rIudk jyK
 296 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
aomfvnf; (,cifu) 457-rDwmeD;yg; t0dkif;t0ef;&Sdonf/ apwD
awmfatmufajcü (tkwfjrpf)onf tcef;BuD;rsm; tpDt&Djzihf jrifh
wufaeonf/ atmufajctqihfrsm;rSm A[k*HykH&SdNyD; tay:ydkif;rSm
t0dkif;ykHjzpfonf/ wl;azmfawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& apwDawmf\tlwdkifudk
ajrBuD;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;onf/ xdyfrSatmufodkY 11-rDwmteufwGif
ydkrdkao;i,fonhf apwDtjynhftpkH wpfqlawGU&NyD;? ,if;(apwD)
twGif; "mwfawmfrsm; rawGU&acs/ odkY&mwGif twGif;ydkif;apwD
ab;wGif bkZywfacguf&Snfwpfck xnhfxm;onhf MuKwfwpfck
awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;onf at'Dav;&mpku (bkZywfacguf)jzpfNyD;
Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m usrf;*efwpfckrS pmrsufESmwpfckjzpfonf/ þrQ
BuD;rm;onhf apwDawmftpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzihf ta&;ygonhf
"mwfawmfudk xnhfoGif;Xmyem&ef odkYr[kwf ta&;ygonhf tjzpf
tysufwpfckudk txdrf;trSwfjyK&ef wnfaqmufcJh&rnfjzpfaomf
vnf; rnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif; razmfxkwfEdkifao;bJ&Sdonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
avm&d,eE´m*&onf ywåem;ajrmufbuf um;vrf;rBuD;ay:ü&Sd
onhf aAwåd,m[ (Bettiah)rS 26-uDvdkrDwm tuGmwGif&Sdonf/
aAwåd,m[onf ywåem;rS 190-uDvdkrDwmtuGm armwd[m&d
(Motihari)ESihf rlZmzm (Muzaffa)yl&NrdKUrsm;rS wpfqifh oGm;&onf/
avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKU 293
&eftvdkYiSm &ZÆKuwdkYudk ñTefMum;Muaom tjcm;t&m&SdwdkY\
pum;udkvnf; emcHMu\/ vlwpfa,mufonf vdr®muRrf;usif
onfh uav;xdef;xH rdrd\uav;udk tyfESHxm;jcif;ü ]]þ
uav;xdef;onf ighuav;udk aumif;pGm apmifha&SmufEdkifvdrfh
rnf}}[kawG;xifNyD; ,kHMunfpdwfcsoGm;ouJhodkY xkdYtwlyif
&ZÆKuwdkYudk EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd vltaygif;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;
omtwGuf igcefYxm;awmfrl\/
]toem;cHpmESihf w&m;½kH;pDrHñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; Mum;erIudk
&ZÆKursm;twGuf xm;&rnf/ (þonfrSm) xdk(&ZÆKu)wdkY tae
jzifh ¤if;wdkY\wm0efudk taESmihft,Suf taMumuft½HGU r&SdbJ
,kHMunfpdwfcspGm aqmif½GufEdkif&efjzpf\/ Oya'ESihf jypf'Pfcs
rSwfrIonf xyfwlnD&rnfudk igtvdk&Sd\/ axmifwGif;&Sd ao
'Pfxm;jcif;cH&oltm; okH;&uf (touf&Sif) aexdkifcGihf ay;
tyfonftxdyif ig cGifhjyK\/ þ (okH;&uf)tcsdeftwGif; ¤if;
tusOf;om;wdkY\ (rdb) aqGrsKd;rsm;onf tusOf;om; touf
csrf;om&m &&Sd&ef toem;cHrIrsm;jyK (wifoGif;) Edkif\/ ¤if;wdkY
udk,fpm; awmif;yefrnhfol r&SdawmhvQif tusOf;om;rsm;onf
aemifb0 aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf tvª'gersm;jyKEdkif odkYr
[kwf OykofoDvrsm; apmihfokH;Edkif\/ tusOf;om;wpfa,muf
\toufonf tuefYtowf&SdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; þenf;vrf;
jzihf ¤if;wdkY aemifb0twGuf jyifqifEdkifrIudk trSefyif ig qE´
&Sd\/ þodkYjzihf vltrsm;\ "r®avhusihftm;xkwfrI? rdrdudk,fudk
xdef;csKyfrIESihf &ufa&mrIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmEdkif\/
]ewfwdkY cspfjrwfEdkf;jcif;cH&ol yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf þodkY rdefY
>ruf\ - ig\eef;pH 26-ESpf&Sdaomtcg pmuav;iSuf? omvd
um? t½kP(iSuf)? ief;eD? ief;½dkif;? eE´drkc (iSuf)? a*vw
(iSuf)? vif;EdkY? yk½Gufqdwfbk&ifr? a&csKdvdyfrsm;? t½dk;rJhig;rsm;?
294 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
a0'a&,u (ig;)? **Fykykwu (ig;)? ouØ, (ig;)? a&ief vdyf
rsm;? jzLaumif? &SOfh? orif? EGm;? Mouyd@? odk;½dkif;? yif*Gif;
½dkif;? tdrfarG; yif*Gif;½dkif;ESihf tokH;vnf;rus pm;vnf;rpm;
aumif;aom tajcav;acsmif; owå0grsm;[laom wd&pämef
trsKd;rsKd;tm; umuG,fapmifha&Smuf (ab;rJhay;)&ef aMunm
vdkuf\/ om;i,f odkYr[kwf om;i,frsm;tm; EdkYwdkufvsuf&Sd
Muonfh odk;xD; odk;rrsm;? 0ufrrsm;udkvnf; (umuG,f&
rnf)/ Muufzrsm;udk roif;uGyf&/ ouf&Sdowå0grsm;aexkdif&m
opfyif\ tcGHrsm;udk rD;r½IdU&/ taMumif;r&SdbJ ouf&Sdrsm;udk
owfjzwf&ef opfawmrsm;udk rD;r½IdU&/ wd&pämefwpfaumifudk
tjcm; wd&pämefwpfaumiftm; rauR;arG;&/ pwk&mrod okH;
&uf? wdom okH;&ufESihf Oykof (BudK) 14-&uf? 15-&uf (Oykof
aeY)rsm;twGif; ig;rsm;udk umuG,f&rnf/ a&mif;0,fjcif; rjyK
&/ xdk(azmfjyNyD;)&ufrsm;twGif; qifowf½kHrSmjzpfap? ig;owf
½kHrSmjzpfap wd&pämefrsm;udk rowf&/ wpfyu©\ *-&ufajrmuf
aeYrsm;? wdomykeAÁok&ufrsm;? 14-&ufESihf 15-&ufaeYrsm;
pwk&mr 3-&ufESihf tjcm;r*Fvm&ufrsm;ü EGm;rsm;udk roif;
uGyf&/ qdwfodk;? odk;xD;? awm0ufxD;ESihf ykHrSeftdrfarG;tjcm;
owå0grsm;tm;vnf; (oif;uGyfjcif;)rjyK&/ wdom? ykeAÁo?k
pwk&mrodaeYrsm;ESihf pwk&rmrod 4-&ufajrmufaeYrsm;ü jrif;
rsm;ESihf EGm;xD;rsm;udk (rD;yl) wHqdyfrcwfESdyf&/ ig eef;pHESpfrS
pí 26-ESpftwGif; tusOf;om;rsm;tm; tcsdefumv 25-rsKd;
ü vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihf ay;NyD;jzpf\/
]ewfwdkYcspfjrwfEdkf;jcif;cH&ol (rif;BuD;)onf þodkYrdefY>ruf\ -
ig\eef;pH 12-ESpf&Sdaomtcg igonf vltaygif; aumif;usKd;
csrf;omtwGuf "r®ausmufpmrsm;udk a&;om;xGif;xk&ef p
wif aqmif½GufapcJh\/ ,if;(jyefwrf;)rsm;udk rcsKd;azmufjcif;
avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKU 295
jzihfh ]]vltrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omudk igrnfodkY aqmifMuOf;
&rnfen;}}[k qifjcifvsuf "r®jzihf BuD;yGm;csrf;omEkdifMuap
&efjzpf\/ ig\aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;ESihf teD;ta0;ü aeMuol
tm;vkH;odkY &nfñTef;\/ þodkYjzihf igonf ¤if;wdkYtm; csrf;om
okcodkY aqmifMuOf;EdkifNyD;? ¤if;aemuf igonf vdkufavsm nD
axGpGm jyKrlaexkdifEdkif\/ igonf tm;vkH;aom (bmoma&;)
tkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; wef;wlnDrQ aqmif½Guf\/ igonf ylaZmfrIrsKd;
pkHjzihf bmomw&m; tm;vkH;tay: csD;a`rSmufrIjyK\/ odkY&mwGif
vlxky&dowfESihf udk,fwdkifawGUqkHrIudk ydkaumif;\[k igcH,l\/
þ"r®jyefwrf;udk igxD;eef;pdk;pHNyD;aemuf 26-ESpftMumwGif
a&;(xGif;)\}/
þjyefwrf;rsKd;udk ,cktcg a'vD&dS awmy& (Topra)ESihf rD;
½kwf(Meetut)ausmufpmrsm;ESihf tvm[mbwf ausmufpm? ESpfck
vkH; avm&d,eE´me*&ESihf ra0;vSaomae&mwGif&Sdonhf avm&d,
t&m&mZ(Lauriya Araraj) ESihf &mryk&0(Rampurva)wdkYüvnf; awGU
&onf/ taomu\jyefwrf;rsm;uJhodkYyif ausmufpmü acwf
a[mif; acwfopf ausmufxGif;yef;csDvuf&m trsm;tjym;vnf;
&Sdonf/ taomurif;BuD;onf ausmufpmpdkufxl&ef þae&mudk
bmaMumihfa½G;cs,fcJhaMumif; rod&aomfvnf; a&S;acwfu avm&d
,eE´me*&onf ywåem;rSvkrÁdeDodkY bk&m;zl;rsm;\ c&D;pOfwGif t"d
u(c&D;wpfaxmuf) &yfem;onhfae&mjzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;&onf/
apwD
taomuausmufpmwdkifrS wpfuDvdkrDwmcGJavmufwGif a'oqdkif
&m oMum;puf½kH\aemufbufü tdE´d,wGif wnfxm;cJhonhf
apwDrsm;teuf tBuD;us,fqkH; wpfckjzpfcJhonhfh (apwDawmf)\
t<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/ apwDonf ,cktcg 24-rDwmcefYomjrihf
300 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
xm;csufrSm tusOf;csKyfrQomjzpfonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
apwDawmf
ysufpD;,kd,Gif;onhf tajctaewGif&Sdaomfvnf; auo&d,NrdKU
apwDonf tvGefYtvGef qGJaqmiftm;aumif;aom jrifuGif;jzpf
onf/ uefeif[rfonf þapwDudk wkdif;xGmaomtcg vkH;ywf
1400-ay&SdNyD; 51-ayjrihfonf/ apwDawmf\udk,fxnfrSm rlvu
ay 70-cefY jrihfrnf[kvnf; cefYrSef;cJhonf/ ¤if;\aemufqkH;&Sm
azGawGU&SdcsufESihfywfoufí uefeif[rfu ]a&S;a[mif;okawoe
qdkif&m wl;azmfjcif;rsm;t& 10-ay pwk&ef;&Sdonhf bk&m;ausmif;
i,fwpfck\ tkwfeH&Hrsm;? &pfywfacGvdrfaeonhf qHyifykHpHyg&Sdaom
yrmPBuD;rm;onhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ OD;acgif;awmfESihf yckH;awmf
rsm; awGU&dS&onf}[ka&;om;cJhonf/ auo&d,NrdKUü oihfwihf
aom wl;azmfrIrsm;udk 1999-ckESpfwGifrS pwifcJhNyD; ,ckwdkif rNyD;
qkH;ao;bJ&Sdonf/ apwDawmfwGif tay:ü {&mrt0ef; (r@v)
ykHuJhodkY jzpfaeap&ef toD;oD; ykHoP²mefuGJjym;onhf trdk;ckH; ig;ck
jrifhwufaeonf/ trdk;ckH;wpfckpD\ab;wGif yuwd ouf&Sdt½G,f
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfig;ql udef;0yfonhfbk&m;cef;rsm; yg&Sdonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
auo&d,NrdKUonf a0omvDrS taemufajrmufbuf 55-uDvdk
rDwmcefY tuGmwGif&Sdonf/ a0omvDrS auo&d,NrdKUodkY oGm;
a&muf&ef rlZmzmyl& (Muzaffarpur)-armwd[&d (Motihari)vrf;rudk
,lNyD; ajrmufbufodkY qufoGm;vsuf ydy&m(Pipra)bufodkY csKd; yg/
vrf;tvGefqdk;aomaMumifh csmud, (Chakia)wGif yxrawGU&
onhf vrf;csKd;twdkif; roGm;ygESihf/ auo&d,onf ydy&mrS 20-
uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif&Sdonf/
15/ auo&d,NrdKU
auorkwå½Gmom; umvmr(rnfaomcwåd,vlrsKd;)wdkYonf ]ousrsKd;rS
awmxGufvmonhf omuD0if rif;om;&[ef;a*gwronf ,cktcg
auorkwå½GmodkYa&muf&SdaeaMumif;} Mum;odcJhMuonf (tH 1? 187)/
0ZÆDEdkifiH\ taemufajrmufzsm;wGif umvmrtrnf&Sd tawmf
twef vGwfvyfonhf vlrsKd;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ t"duNrdKUrSm auo
rkwåjzpfonf/ þNrdKU\ta&;ygrIonf *E¨u (Gandak)jrpfudk ausmf
jzwfonhf t"duae&mESihf eD;uyfaeaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf\ a&S;OD;q&mBuD;rsm;teuf wpfa,mufjzpfol tmV&
umvmronf þNrdKUZmwfdjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;
tygqkH; okwåefrsm;teufwpfckjzpfonhf ausmfMum;vSaom auo
rkwådokwfudk a[mMum;cJhonfrSm þauorkwåNrdKUodkY a'opm&D<u
awmfrlpOfwGif jzpfonf/ vSnhfvnfoGm;vmol y&dAdkZfq&mBuD;
rsm;pGmwdkYonf auorkwå½GmodkY a&muf&SdMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\0g' (t,l
tq)rsm;udk a[mMum;vsuf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tawG;tjrifrsm;
udkrl a0zefuJh&JUMuonf/ odkYjzpfí auorkwåNrdKUom;wdkYonf rnf
olYudk ,kHMunf&rnf[k ra0cGJEdkifbJ&SdMuonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfurl ¤if;wdkYukd,fwdkif\ awGUBuKHcHpm;od&Sd&rIudk
om tm;udk;Mu&ef tMuHjyKwdkufwGef;awmfrlonf ](umvmrwdkY)
oifwdkYonf oHo,jzpfoihfvS\/ (oifwdkYonf) ,kHrSm;zG,fudpöü
oHo, ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfay\/ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifu ay;
tyfonfqdkaom tqkH;trjzpfjcif;? wpfqifhpum; Mum;od&jcif;?
aqGrsKd;pOfquf ,kHMunf ukd;uG,fvmjcif;[laom taMumif;rsm;
aMumihf vufrcHMuESihf/ usrf;*eftqdkjzpfjcif;? ,kwådenf;us quf
pyfawG;awmrI jzpfjcif;wdkYaMumifhvnf; vufrcHMuESihf/ cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmjcif; odkYr[kwf MuHpnf pOf;pm;jcif;? jzpfEdkifajc&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf
]]olonf ighq&mjzpf\}}[laom todrsm;aMumihfvnf; vufrcHMu
298 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o auo&d,NrdKU 299
ESihf/ odkY&mwGif oifwdkYudk,fwdkif ]]þum; aumif;rGef\/ þum;
tjypfuif;\/ þum; ynm&dSdwdkYcsD;rGrf;tyf\/ (þtusihfudk) usihf
okH;ygu aumif;usKd;csrf;omodkY ydkYaqmifEdkif\}}[k odjrifaomtcg
,if;w&m;rsm;udk vufcHí vdkufemusihfokH;Muavmh}/
aESmif;acwf '@m&DykHjyifrsm;t&rl Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aemuf
qkH;c&D;tjzpf a0omvDNrdKUrS ukodem½kHodkY xGufcGmaomtcg 0ZÆDwdkif;
om;vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;tyfaom q&mt&Sif(Ak'¨)tm;
aemufxyfwpfzef vkH;0 zl;jrif&awmhrnf r[kwf[laom todudk
onf;rcHEdkifMubJ jrwfAk'¨\aemufodkY vdkufygMuonf/ jrwfAk'¨u
¤if;wdkYaetdrfodkY jyefoGm;Mu&ef tBudrfrsm;pGm rdefYMum;aomfvnf;
vdkufNrJvkdufMuonf/ bk&if;&Sif auorkwåNrdKUodkY qdkuf a&mufoGm;
aomtcg y&dowfbufodkY vSnhfNyD; aemufqkH; tBudrftjzpf vlxk
y&dowftm; udk,fawmfjrwfwpfyg;wnf; c&D;qufoGm;cGifhjyK&ef
wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/ y&dowfrSmrl jyefoGm;vdkjcif; r&SdMubJ
oabmwl vdkufavsmcJhNyD; wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,uf jyefvnf
xGufcGmMuonf/ 0ZÆDwdkif;om; vltrsm;udk oem;Muifem awmfrl
ojzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu rdrdudk,fpm; qGrf;cHoydwfawmfudk ¤if;
wdkYtm; ay;pGefYawmfrlonf/ ,if;oydwfawmfudk (0ZÆDwdkif;\NrKd U
awmf) a0omvDüapwDwnfí Xmyem(xnhfoGif;)xm;onf/ aemif
tcg þjzpf&yfudk txdrf;trSwfjyK&eftwGufa&m auorkwåd
okwfudk a[mMum;awmfrlonhf ae&mudk txdrf;trSwf jyK&ef
twGufyg auorkwåNrdKUü apwDwpfqlwnfxm;onf/ yg#vd
ykwåNrdKUrS vkrÁDeDodkYjzpfap ukodem½kHodkYjzpfap cGJxGufonhf yifrvrf;
rBuD;ay:wGif wnf&SdaomaMumihf xdkae&mESpfckodkY oGm;vdkonhf
bk&m;zl;onf auorkwåNrdKUwGif wpfaxmuf&yfem;&onf/ zm[D
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udk zl;ajrmf&aomfvnf; xdkapwDawmftaMumif; ¤if;wdkY\azmfjy
304 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
þpmudk rjrifEdkifatmifzkH;uG,fonhf BudK;yrf;rIrsm;&SdcJhonf/
aESmif;acwf þ*lwGifaeonhf tmZD0ursm;ESihf qefYusifbufrsm;
u (BudK;pm;cJhjcif;) jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ avmro&aoh*lESihf qk'gr*l ESpf
ckvkH;udk jzwfoGm;onfh cifwef;&Snf\ tjcm;wpfbufwGif uPÖ
aqmyg&*l&Sdonf/ þ*l\twGif;ykdif;wGif ,SOfwGJaeonhf tcef;
wpfckrygbJ q&m\xkdifckH odkY[kwf tdyf&m odkYr[kwf bk&m;cef;
wpfcktjzpf tokH;jyKcJhzG,f&Sdonhf taemufbufeH&Hudk ausmjyK
xm;aom jzwfvrf;i,fwpfckrSwpfyg; tjcm;*lESpfckESifh wlnDonf/
*lt0if0&Sd ausmufpmrSmvnf; taomujyefwrf;jzpfonf/ ]eef;pH
19-ESpfajrmufwGif yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf arGUavsmfzG,f cgvwdu
ukef;ay:&Sd þ*ludk rdk;&moDudk umuG,f&efvª'gef;cJhonf} [kazmfjy
xm;onf/ þausmufpmukdvnf; zsufqD;xm;onf/
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udk pyg;pdkufuGif; rsm;udk jzwfausmf csOf;uyfoGm;vkdufonfESihf
tvG,fwul awGUjrifEdkifonf/ a*gydumonf a&S;a[mif;*lrsm;
teuf tBuD;qkH;jzpfonf/ vdkPfcef;onf t&Snf 12 'or 3
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rsm;rSm NyD;jynfhpkHpGm pDrH xm;onf/ wpfzef rsufESmjyifwpfckvkH;udk
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ausmufaqmifrsm;ESihf ae&mwdkif;vdkvdkonf vSnhfvnfoGm;vmol
y&dAdkZfrsm;ESihf Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfrsm; usufpm;&ma'otjzpf
zefwD;cJhayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;awmifukef;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonhf
aumtma'gv(Kauadol)onf okwåedygwfusrf;vm yg&m,e0*f
(okwåed? pm-448)ü (azmfjyxm;onhf) jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfay:cJh&m ]ESpf
oufzG,f wifhw,fvSyonhf yoeuapwD(Pasanaka)} wnf&SdcJh
onhfae&m[k ,lq&onf/ awmifxdyfwGif [efcsufnDpGmwnf&Sd
aeonhf ausmufwkH;BuD;wpfck&SdNyD; jrihfrm;rwfapmufaom awmif
xGwf awmifukef;ay:wGif ,if;\wpfarQmf wpfac:ae&mrsm;ü Ak'¨
bmomqdkif&m tysuftpD;t<uif;tusef rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ,if;\
ajrmufbufrsufESmpm&Sd ausmufawmifrsm;ay:wGif xkdifawmfrlAk'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;tygt0if ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ausmufxGif;
½kyfykHrsm;&Sdonf/
uefeif[rfonf þae&mü {&mrAk'¨qif;wkawmfwpfwqludk
awGU&SdcJhonf/ ]þawmifukef; ta&SUbufjcrf;&Sd awmifpG,fwpfck
wGif(awGU&jcif;jzpf)NyD; ausmufwkdiftrsm;tjym; rwfaxmifaeqJ
jzpfaom bk&m;ausmif;BuD;wpfck\ t<uif;tusefrsm;Mum;wGif Ak'¨
*,mr[maAm"dyifatmufü ur®|mef;xdkifawmfrlpOf awGU&onhf
twdkif; Ak'¨avmif;vsm&aoh\ {&mrBuD;rm;aom½kyfykHwpfck&Sdonf/
,if;qif;wkonf uREkfyf(uefeif[rf) awGU&orQxJwGif tBuD;qkH;
jzpfonf/ udk,fxnfyif 8-ayjrifhNyD; yckH;awmftus,frSm 4-ay?
(wifyv’ifacG) 'l;ESpfbuftus,frSm 6-ay&Sdonf}/
odkYwap ,if;onf Am&Am&ESihf em*&ZÆKed awmifukef; ESpfck
302 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
teD;(awGU&onhf) txdrf;trSwfrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm tvG,f
ulqkH; a&mufEdkifNyD; bk&m;zl;tm; tqGJaqmifEdkifqkH;ae&mjzpfonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
avmro&aoh*l
tdE´d,&aohrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh *lrsm;twGif;aexdkifvdkMu
onf/ taMumif;rl *lrsm;onf aEG&moDwGif at;csrf;NyD; toHAvH
qlnHrI wdwfqdwfvsuf ur®|mef;½IrSwf&ef oihfavsmfMuaom
aMumihfjzpfonf/ obm0*lrsm;udk r&Edkifaomtcg vlzefwD;aom
*lrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifMuonf/ tdE´d,wGif þ(*lxGif;onhf) "avhonf
t,fvdk&m tm*sEÅm*lbk&m;ausmif;BuD;rsm;jzihf twGwftxdyfodkY
a&muf&SdcJhaom tEkynmwpf&yftjzpfodkY wdk;wufcJhonf/ Am&m
Am&awmifukef;rsm;&Sd vlzefwD;onhf *lrsm;onf þ(*lxGif;)tEk
ynm\ tapmykdif;umvudk ukd,fpm;jyKonf/ av;*lvkH;udk t
aomurif;BuD;u BuD;MuyfcJhNyD; jrwfAk'¨vufxufu ru©vda*g
omv wnfaxmifcJhNyD; ,cktcg uG,faysmufoGm;NyD;jzpfaom t
0wf r0wfonhf &aohtkyfpk0if tmZD0uwdkYtm; vª'gef;cJhykH&onf/
tqdkyg*lrsm;udk taomurif; vª'gef;cJhrIonf taomutaejzihf
Ak'¨0g'udk ESpfoufaomfvnf; tjcm;(bmoma&;) *dkPf;rsm;ESihf bm
omw&m;rsm;udkvnf; vª'gef;Edkifavmufatmif onf;cH (oabm
xm;jynhf0)qJjzpfaMumif; om"uwpf&yf jzpfonf/
Am&mAm&awmifukef;&Sd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f taumif;qkH; *lrSm
avmro&aoh*l jzpfonf/ *ltwGif;ydkif;wGif tpGef;wpfbufü
wJ0kdif;i,fwpfckESihfwlonhf cef;qG,fwpfckygaom pnfydkif;ykHckH;ae
onhf &Snfarsmarsm cef;rwpfck&Sdonf/ cef;r\eH&Hrsm;rSm tqihf
jrifhpGm acsmrGwfaeatmif zefwD;xm;onf/ trdk;ESihfcef;qG,fum;
rNyD;qkH;ao;bJ&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif þ*ltm; tvGefpdwf0ifpm;ap
onhft&mrSm ,if;\ a&SUrsufESmpmjzpfonf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨bmom
Am&mAm&ESifhe*&ZÆKedukef;rsm; 303
&[ef;awmfrsm; tygt0if &aohrsm;aexdkifavh&Sdonhf txGwfyg
opfom;ESihf oufi,frdk; wJrsm;udk ausmufjzihfwpfax&mwnf;
ykHwl jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ twGif;bufodkY tenf;i,f
,kdifaeonhf axmifrwfwkdifESpfvkH;onf yifr'dkif;ESpfckudk cHaqmif
xm;onf/ xdefxm;aomqif½kyfrsm; tpOfvkduf&Sdonf/ ,if; (ap
wD[l)onf Ak'¨bmomr[kwfonhf bmomw&m;rsm;wGifvnf;
t½dktaojyKcH t&m0w¬Krsm; jzpfaMumif; em;vnfoihfonf/ tay:
ydkif;rkcfckH;rsm;tMum;wGif rSefuluGufykH wHcg;wpfck&Sdonf/ ausmuf
qpform;onf *lwpfckvkH;udk (yuwd) opfom;wJESihf wlatmif
rSifwufoGm;avmufonhf vuf&mwkdif;\ tao;pdwfudk tvGef
*½kpdkufNyD; ykHwlxGif;xkcJhonf/ avmro&aoh*lonf arm&d,acwf
vuf&m jzpfaomfvnf; wHcg;ay:&Sd pmwef;udkrl *ludk wnfaqmuf
NyD;aemuf &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumNyD;aemufrS a&;xGif;cJhonf/
qk'grESihfuPÖaqmyg&*lrsm;
Am&mAm&awmifukef;wGif tjcm;*lokH;ck&Sdao;onf/ wpfckrSm vrf;
tjyifavmufwGif&SdNyD; aemuf*lESpfckrSm avmro&aoh*lteD;ü &Sd
onf/ avmro&aoh*l\ b,fbuf ra0;aomae&mwGif a&SU
rsufESmpm r&Sdaomfvnf; twGif;ydkif;ü tifrwef pGJvrf;zG,f
aumif;onhf qk'gr*l&Sdonf/ t"ducef;raqmifonf t&Snf q,f
rDwm? tus,fajcmufrDwm&Sdvsuf 3 'or 7 rDwmjrihfonf/
twGif;vkdPfwpfckvkH;udk vSypGm tacsmudkifxm;onf/ rsufESmjyif
udkxdonfh axmifhpGef;wef;rsm;onf jynhfpkH\/ cef;r\tqkH;wGif
aumuf½dk;ESihf 0g;twkykHjzihf ykHrSefr[kwfonhf axmifhrSefO,smOfrsm;
ESihf wJ0kdif;wpfck&Sdonf/ yifr0ifayguf\ eH&HwGif taomurif;
BuD;\ ausmufpmjyefwrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;rSm ]eef;pH ESpfq,fhESpfESpf
ajrmufwGif yd,'óDrif;BuD;onf þedaj*m"vdkPf*ludk tmZD0u
wdkYtm; vª'gef;cJhonf} [líjzpfonf/
 308 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o Am&mAm&ESifhe*&ZÆKedukef;rsm; 305
temxydPfonf om0w¬dodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg Ak'¨ oDwif; aom &aohrsm;\ ausmif;ocFrf;tjzpfjzihf xGif;xkapcJhonf}[k
okH;rnhfae&mudk &SmazGonf/ toihfawmfqkH;ae&monf om0w¬Nd rdKU od&onf/ *ltwGif;odYk oGm;onhf vrf;usOf;wGif aESmif;acwf
jyif&Sd aZwrif;om; ydkifqdkifonhf ESpfvdkzG,f O,smOfjcHjzpfaMumif; ausmufpm ta&;tom;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
awGU&Sd&onf/ temxydPfonf aZwrif;om;xH csOf;uyfNyD; xdk oGm;a&muf&ef
O,smOfjcHtwGuf rif;om;&vdkonhf aps;EIef;udk ar;onf/ odkYaomf *,majrmufbuf um;vrf;rtwdkif; 22 uDvdkrDwmoGm;NyD; aAv
rif;om;u O,smOfjcHudka&mif;&ef pdwfr0ifpm;aMumif; jyefMum; ajrmufydkif; &xm;blwmodkYoGm;onhf vrf;cGJwGif nmbufodkYcsdK;yg/
onf/ odkYaomf temxydPfonf aZwrif;om;tm; aps;wpfckudk vrf;cGJudk xif&Sm;pGm jyxm;onf/ ,if;vrf;cGJrS Am&mAm&ukef;
owfrSwfonftxd r&ruajymonf/ aemufqkH;ü aZwrif;om; onf 15 uDvdkrDwm tuGmwGif&SdNyD; ,if;c&D;tuGmta0; wpfck
onf pdwfqdk;NyD; temxydPf xGufcGmoGm;apvkdojzihf 0,fr,lEdkif vkH;udk *spfum;jzihfom jzwfoGm;Edkifonf/
avmufonhf EIef;xm;jzihf a½T'*Fg;wpfodef;[k ajymvdkufonf/
temxydPfu xdk(aps;EIef;)udk vufcHojzihf aZwrif;om;
tHhMooGm;&onf/ rMumrD (temxydPf\) tvkyform;rsm;onf
a½T('*Fg;rsm;)jynhfaeonhfvSnf;rsm;jzihf a&mufvmMuNyD; ,if;wdkYudk
ajrBuD;ay:BuJcsvdkufonf/ xdkpOf aZwrif;om;onf temxydPf
\ O,smOfjcHudk&&ef ckdifNrJonhfqkH;jzwfcsufudk oabmaygufoGm;
ojzihf vdkufavsmcJhNyD; (ay;&ef)usef&SdaomaiGudk ausmif;wdkufBuD;
aqmufvkyf&ef tokH;jyKonf/ 0de,yd#uü þausmif;wkdufwGif
cef;raqmifrsm;? ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;? (oHCmae) tcef;i,f
rsm;? rkcfOD;rsm;? uyÜd,ceff;rsm;? rD;zdkcef;rsm;? tdrfomrsm;? trdk;yg
pBuøvrf;(ewfvrf;)rsm;? a&wGif;rsm;? a&csKd;cef;rsm;? Mumyef;tdkif
rsm;ESihf wJ½kHrsm;yg&SdaMumif;azmfjyonf (0d 4? 307)/ þausmif;
wdkufBuD; ay:aygufvm&ef wm0ef&Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonhf yk*¾Kdvf ESpf
a,mufudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzihf xkdausmif;wdkufBuD;udk aZw0e
temxyd@dum&mr (aZw0efO,smOf temxydPfausmif;wkduf)
[k ac:a0:Muonf28/ aemufESpfrsm;wGif om0w¬dNrdKUawmf ywf0ef;
28
aZw0e = aZw0efjzihf þO,smOf\ yxrydkif&Sif aZwrif;om;udk &nfñTef;onf/
temxyd@dum&mr = temxydPf\ausmif;wdkufjzihf 'kwd,ydkif&Sif temxydPfolaX;

17/ om0w¬d
aumovwdkif;om;wdkY\ vSyaom NrdKUawmf?
pdwfvIyf&Sm;apNyD; rsufpdyom'udk jzpfap\/
em;yom'tm; toHq,frsKd;udk ay;pGrf;\?
NrdKUolNrdKUom;tm;vkH;tm; pm;eyf&du©m tvkHtavmufay;\/
(ck'´uygX-|? pm-93)
aumovwdkif;\NrdKUawmf om0w¬donf tvdk&Sd&mtm;vkH;udk &&SdEdkif
aomaMumifh (oAÁrw¬d) xkdtrnfudk &aMumif;jyqdkonf/ om0w¬d
onf rZÑdra'owGif t<u,f0qkH;ESifh pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f taumif;
qkH; NrdKUwpfNrdKUtrSefyifjzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aAm"dÓmPfudk
&NyD;aemuf ESpfq,fajrmufESpfwGif om0w¬dudk XmecsKyfae&mtjzpf
rjyKao;rDuwnf;u om0w¬dNrdKUodkY tBudrfrsm;pGm <ua&mufawmfrl
cJhzl;onf/ xdk(ESpfq,fhajcmufESpf)rSpí jrwfAk'¨onf aemufqkH;0grS
wpfyg; rdk;&moDumvwdkif;wGif om0w¬dNrdKUawmf ywf0ef;usifü oD
wif;okH;awmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcsdefü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf touf
t½G,fBuD;&ifh (xdktcsdefuoufawmf 56-ESpf&Sd)NyD; jzpfaomaMumihf
a'opm&D<ucsDjcif;udk uefYowf&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ NrKd U
awmfae t<u,f0qkH;aom olaX;ol<u,frsm;u &Sifawmfjrwftm;
&uf&ufa&ma&m axmufyHhMuaomaMumifh om0w¬dudk tajccHae
&mXmetjzpf a½G;cs,fcJhonfrSm aocsmaomtcsufjzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&;udpöjzihf &mZN*dK[fodkYa&muf&SdpOf temxydPfonf
¤if;\a,mufzxH 0ifa&mufvnfywfonf/ xdkpOf a,mufzjzpfol
u ykHrSeftwdkif; azmfa½Gaomtrlt&mjzihf temxydPftm;BudKqdk
&ef ysufuGufoGm;onftxd auR;arG;yGJwpfcktwGuf jyifqifrIudk
ta&;wBuD; aqmif½Gufaeonf ]þBuD;us,fonfh tcgor,
um; rnfonhftwGuf jzpfygovJ/ vufxyfr*FvmyGJayvm;/
bk&ifrif;BuD; tvnfvmrnfh (udpö)vm;}[k temxydPfu ar;
om0w¬d 307
jref;onf/ a,mufzjzpfolu rdrdonf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihf &[ef;
awmfrsm;twGuf qGrf;jyifaeaMumif;ajzMum;onf/ ]Ak'¨}[laom
toHudk Mum;½krH Qüyif temxydPfonf jrwfAk'¨tm; ,ckcsufcsif;
oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfvdkaMumif; xkwfazmfajymMum;onftxd ESpf
oufyDwdjynhfvQHoGm;onf/ ,cktcg roihfawmfaom tcdsefumv
jzpfaMumif; ajymjyojzihf temxydPfonf aemufaeYeHeuf vif;
tm;BuD;tcsdefa&mufrS oGm;a&mufawGUqkH&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/
temxydPfonf ntcsdefwGif rdk;vif;NyDtxifjzihf okH;BudrfEdk;xrd
onftxd aAm"dÓmPfudk NyD;jynfhpkHpGm &&SdNyD;jzpfonhf (r[m)vl
om; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; &awmihf&cJ awGUqkHcGifhtay: tvGeYf
tvGef aysmf½TifoGm;NyD; (zl;awGU&ef) arQmfvihfpdwf jyif;jyoGm;cJhonf/
aemufqkH;ü temxydPfonf t½kPfrwufrD Edk;xNyD; NrdKUrS xGuf
oGm;ojzihf awmpyfodkY0ifrdaomtcg tvif;a&mif rvmao;onhf
tcsdefjzpfaMumif; odjrifoGm;Nyd; xdwfvefYoGm;onf/ temxydPf
onf wkHYqdkif;oGm;NyD; aemufodkYjyefqkwf&ef pOf;pm;onf/ xdktcsdef
,u© (bDvl;)wpfa,muf ½kwfw&ufay:vmNyD; (a&mufaeonhf)
ae&mwpfckvkH;udk vif;apvsuf temxydPftm; a&SUodkYqufoGm;
&ef tm;ay;pum; qkdonf/
temxydPfESihf jrwfAk'w ¨ dkYonf eHeufvif;tm;BuD;tcsdefü
awGUqkHMuNyD;aemuf temxydPfu jrwfAk'¨tm; aemufvmrnhf 0g
wGif;umvrsm;udk om0w¬dü oDwif;okH;&ef avQmufxm;onf ]'g
,um temxydPf? bk&m;&SifwdkYrnfonf qdwfNidrf&mt&yfudk ESpf
oufawmfrlMu\}[k rdefYMum;vsuf (om0w¬dwGif)½dSpOf jrwfAk'¨ESihf
wynfhom0ursm; oDwif;okH;&ef qdwfNidrfonhfae&m &vdkaMumif;
temxydPftm; odomapNyD; (temxydPf avsmufxm;csufudk)
vufcHoabmwlawmfrlonf ]wynhfawmf em;vnf oabmayguf
ygNyD bkef;awmfBuD;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; (0d 4? 305)}/
312 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ESpfwdkifwdkif oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhonfudk ESvkH;oGif;rdMuojzihf (þ
ausmif;0d[mESihf) a0;uGmvSaomae&mEdkifiHü arG;zGm;Mu&jcif;tay:
rausrcsrf;jzpfrdMuonf/ e,fajrrsm;pGmudk ausmfjzwfvsuf rdrdwdkY
ESihftwl c&D;xGufcJhMuaom rdwfaqGtazmf(&[ef;)tcsKdUrSm jyef
oGm;cJhMuNyD; tcsKdUrSm aoqkH;oGm;MuNyD jzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨udk rzl;
awGU&awmhonhf ae&mawmfrsm;udk ai;armMunfh½IMu&if; ¤if;wdkY
(ESpfyg;)onf euf½Idif;pGm cHpm;rdMuNyD; vGrf;pdwf&if0,f jynfhvsuf
&SdMuonf/ xdk(aZw0ef)&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;u ¤if;(zm[D,ef)ESihf
wmtdkcsifwdkYudk vma&muf ar;jref;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYu ]]t&Sif
bk&m;wdkY tb,ft&yfu <uvmMuygoenf;}}[k ar;Muonf/
zm[D,efu ]]wynfhawmfwdkY w½kwfjynfu vmcJhygonfbk&m;}}
[k ajzonf/ ]]þrQa0;uGmonhfae&mrS yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf þrQ&Snf
vsm;onhf c&D;vrf;jzifh "r®udk&SmazG&ef <ua&mufvmMujcif;um;
tHhzG,faumif;pG}}[k xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;u tHhMopum; qdkMuonf/
xdkYaemuf xdk(tdE´d,)&[ef;rsm; tcsif;csif; ]]þ(aZw0ef)rSm a&S;
tcgupNyD; wynhfawmfwdkY\ q&m(rax&f)rsm;yif w½kwf&[ef;
awmf wpfyg;wavrQudk rjrifpzl;yg}}[k rSwfcsufjyKMuonf}/
&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef a&muf&SdoGm;csdefírl om0w¬da&m aZ
w0efyg vlolr&SdbJ tysuftpD;rsm;om &Sdawmhonf/ aZw0ef
ESihfywfoufí [l,ifqefu ](&[ef;awmfrsm;)aexdkifonhf ae&m
tm;vkH; zsufqD;cHxm;&NyDjzpfonf/ tysuftpD;rsm;tMum; wpfck
wnf;aom txD;usef tkwftaqmufttkHrSwpfyg; tkwfjrpfae
&mrsm;om usefawmhonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqlvnf; <uif;
usefaeao;onf}[k azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif a&S; a[mif;okaw
oeqdkif&m pkHprf;avhvmrIrsm;t& [l,ifqef <ua&mufNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrD tcsdeüf yif aZw0efO,smOftwGif;&Sd ausmif;aqmifrsm;
tm;vkH;udk jyefvnf xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; ausmif;aqmiftopfrsm;
om0w¬d 309
usiüf (aZw0efausmif;)ESihf nDrQaomtjcm;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ ykAÁm&mr (ta&SUydkif;ausmif;wkduf? ,cktcg
cgeAm&Daus;½Gmjzpfonf)ESihf &mZum&mrausmif;wkduf (oH 3?
314)wdkYjzpfNyD; þESpfausmif;rSm txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfvsuf Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwfonf a'oemawmftrsm;pkudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonfrSm om
0w¬d0ef;usif&Sd þausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf tjcm;ae&m a'orsm;
wGif jzpfonf/
Ak'¨vufxufawmfu om0w¬dwGif jzpfysufcJhonfh jzpf&yfrsm;
pGmteuf txif&Sm;qkH;rSm (ckd;om;BuD;)t*Fkvdrmv Ak'¨tqkH;tr
udk cH,loGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þckd;om;vlowform;onf vlaygif;
rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ (odkYjzpfí) uGmvSrf;onfh aus;
vufaevltrsm;onf rdrdydkifypönf;rsm;udk,lNyD; NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkY
ajymif;a½TUMu&onf/ towfcH&olwdkif;xHrS vufñId;wpfacsmif;
udkjzwfNyD; vnfyif;wGif vnfqGJ&wem(uJhodkY) csdwfqGJxm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh olYtrnf t*Fkvdrmv (vufñId;yef;)[kwGifonf/ þ
owif;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf Mum;odawmfrlaomtcg jrwfAk'¨onf
t*Fkvdrmv vIyf&Sm;aeonhfqdkaomae&modkY ¤if;(t*Fkvdrmv)ESihf
awGUqkH&ef txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf xGuf<uawmfrlonf/
vloluif;rJhaom vrf;wpfae&mü t*Fkvdrmvonf Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwfudk awGUjrifoGm;NyD; (Ak'¨xH) wpf&Sdefxdk; ajy;í vdkufonf/
udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ þausmif;wkdufukd aqmufvkyfpOf aZwrif;om;onf O,smOf
a&mif;&aiG 18-uka#jzihf udk;uka#pDwefonfh t0ifrkcfOD;wpfckESihf jymom'faqmif
wpfck vª'gef;onf/ xdkYjyif O,smOftwGif;&Sd tzdk;wefopfyif yef;rmeftm;vkH;udkvnf;
vª'gef;onf/ ausmif;wkdufBuD;twGif;&Sd ig;q,fhav;uka# wefzdk;rQ&Sdaom useft
aqmufttkHrsm;udk temxydPfu vª'ge;f onf/ þaumif;rI&SifESpfa,muf\ 'ge
aumif;rIudk aemifvmaemifom;wdkY twk,lEdkifap&ef t&SiftmeE´mrax&fu (yxr
oH*g,emwifpOftcgü) ]aZw0ae 0d[&wd temxyd@duó tm&mar}[k
rdefYawmfrljcif; jzpfonf (r-| 1? 61)/
310 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
t*Fkvdrmv tjrefqkH; ajy;aomfvnf; Ak'¨udk vkdufrrDbJjzpfae
onf/ odkYaomf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfrSm oufaomihfoufom avQmuf
vSrf;aejcif;omjzpfonf/ tm;tifukefcrf; armyef;oGm;NyD; tHhMo
oGm;ojzihf t*Fkvdrmvu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; ]&[ef;? &yfvdkuf}
[k vSrf;atmfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]ig&yfaeonf? t*Fkvdrmv
oif&yfyg}[kjyefí >rufqdkonf/ t*kFvdrmvu Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf\
&nf½G,fcsufudk ar;jref;onf/ jrwfAk'¨u rdrdonf owå0gawGudk
owfjzwfñSOf;yef;jcif;rS &yfpJcJhNyDjzpfNyD; t*Fkvdrmvvnf; enf; wl
(xdu k pd örS) &yfqdkif;oihfonf[k qdkvdkaMumif; rdefYawmfrlonf/ vl
owform;onf ¤if;\oefvsufudk ypfcsNyD; jrwfAk'¨\ajcawmf&if;
ü OD;ñGwfvsuf &[ef;jyKcGifhawmif;onf/ aemiftcg t*Fkvdrmv
onf &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf/ odkYwap ¤if;(t*Fkvdrmv)\ xdwfvefY
zG,f twdwfvkyf&yfudk owd&aeMuonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ü wnf&SdqJ
cHjyif;rI? apmfum;rIwdkYudk onf;cH&qJjzpf onf (r 2? 300)/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf r&Sdawmhonhfaemuf &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; om
0w¬donf qkwf,kwfoGm;cJhaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'\ ta&;ygonhf A[dk
Xmetjzpf quvufí wnf&SdaecJhonf/ &[ef;awmf zm[D,ef
om0w¬dodkYa&mufoGm;aomtcg NrKdUawmfonf qkwf,kwfaeNyDjzpfNyD;
tdrfaxmifpk ESpfaxmifcefYrQom aexdkifMuawmhonhf NrdKUi,fwpfckrQ
om jzpfawmhonf/ odkY&mwGif aZw0efonf &SifoefvIyf&Sm;vsuf
&Sdonhf tcsuftcsmae&mwpfck jzpfqJ&SdykH&onf ]¤if;(aZw0ef)\
0ifayguf*dwfonf ta&SUbufudk rsufESmrlaeNyD; ,if;(*dwfayguf)
onf tcef;i,f ESpfck&Sdvsuf xdktcef;i,frsm;a&SUü ausmufwkdif
ESpfwkdif&Sdonf/ b,fbuf ausmufwdkif\xdyfwGif "r®pMumbD;ykH
&SdNyD; nmbufausmufwdkifxdyfrsm;ürl EGm;vm;OobykH&Sdonf/ a&
uefa&onf MunfvifNyD; opfyif yef;refrsm; <u,f0vSonf/
om0w¬d 311
a&mifpkHyef;rsm;u ESpfoufzG,f ½IjrifuGif;udk zefwD;xm;onf}/
zm[D,efonf aZw0efausmif;awmftwGif;ü *E¨uk#dwdkuf
cef;jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh bk&m;ausmif;wpfck awGUonf/ ,if;bk&m;
ausmif;ü tvGefausmfMum;onhf pE´ul;eHYomom; Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
wpfql&Sdonf ]aZw0efausmif;awmfonf rlvu ckepfxyfjrihf
onf/ EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmrS bk&ifrsm;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf þ
(bk&m;ausmif;)ü vª'gef;ay;urf;rIrsm;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tNydKif
tqdkif aqmif½GufMuonf/ ydk;om;wHcGefrsm;? rsufESmMuufrsm;
csdwfqGJxm;NyD; yef;rsm;udk BuJcsvsuf Nidrf;roGm;apbJ aeYa&mnyg
xGef;vif;aeonhf rD;tdrfrsm; xGef;ñSdxm;Muonf/ ¤if;aemuf
<uufwpfaumifonf rD;tdrfwpfckrS rD;pmudk yg;pyfjzihf udkufcsD
oGm;ojzihf yef;rsm;? tvHwHcGefrsm;? rsufESmMuufrsm;udk rD;avmif
pGJonf/ ckepfxyf&Sd taqmufttkHBuD;onf rD;vQHxJygoGm;onf/
EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmrS bk&ifrsm;? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf qif;wkawmf
jrwfvnf; rD;coGm;vdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfNyD; tvGefpdwfrauif;
jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif av;ig;&ufMumNyD;aemuf ta&SUbuf&Sd
bk&m;aausmif;i,fwpfck\ wHcg;udk zGifhMunfhrdaomtcg rysuf
rpD;usef&Sdaeao;onhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfjrwfudk awGU&ojzihf thHMo
0rf;omjzpfoGm;Muonf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf (aZw0ef)ESpfxyf
ausmif;aqmifopf jyefvnfwnfaqmufMuNyD; qif;wkawmfudk
rlvae&modkY jyefvnf ajymif;a½TUxm;vdkufMuonf}/
zm[D,efu ¤if;ESihf¤if;\ tazmf&[ef;awmfwdkY Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf pBuøavQmufawmfrlcJhonhfae&mü pBuøavQmuf&jcif;twGuf
pdwfvIyf&Sm;&ykHESifh w½kwf&[ef;awmfrsm;udk yxrqkH; tBudrf
jrifawGU&ojzifh tdEd´,&[ef;awmfrsm; wtHhtMo jzpfaeMuykHudk
azmfjyxm;onf ]aZw0efausmif;awmfodkY a&mufoGm;jcif;ü zm[D
,efESihf wmtdkcsifwdkYonf þae&mü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf ESpfq,fhig;
316 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o om0w¬d 313
aiG)udk a&SmifvTJvdkcJhonf/ xdkYjyif zcifonf om;awmfarmif (em
rusef;ol)tm; ESpfodrfh (tm;ay;pum;qdk)&ef vma&mufMuol
rsm;tm; {nfhcHauR;arG;&ef tvdkr&Sdojzihf om;jzpfoltm; tdrf
tjyif (0&efwm)odkY xkwfxm;onf/ þowif;udk Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwf Mum;odawmfrlaomtcg r|uk@vD ruG,fvGefrD tcsdef
uav;ü Ak'¨onf r|uk@vD\a&SUü ukd,fxif&Sm;jyí r|uk@
vDonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;jrif&jcif;aMumifh tvGefaysmf½Tif
oGm;NyD; (uG,fvGefaomtcg) ewfjynfü jyefvnfarG;zGm;onf/
12/ trsKd;om;wpfa,mufu trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufudk vufxyf
&m xdktrsKd;orD;rSm om;orD;rarG;zGm;onhf tjrKHrjzpfaeonf/
odkYjzpfí xdktrsKd;om;onf aemufxyf ZeD;wpfa,muf &,l
onf/ r,m;BuD;u xdk(r,m;i,f)udk NydKifbuf&efoltjzpf,lq
NyD; r,m;i,ftay: 0efwdkpdwf tBuD;tus,f jzpfyGm;onf/
r,m;i,fudk,f0ef&Sdvmaomtcg r,m;BuD;u r,m;i,f om;
avQmatmif pDrHonf/ xdktrsKd;orD; ESpfa,mufonf ¤if;wdk\ Y
NydKifqdkifrIESihf trSefw&m;udk b0aygif;rsm;pGm aqmif,lcJhMuonf/
aemufqkH;ü jrwfAk'¨onf ESpfa,mufvkH;ESihf trSwfrxif awGUqkH
NyD; MumjrifhpGm wnf&SdcJhaom ¤if;wdkY\trSefw&m;u ¤if;wdkYESpf
a,muftm; qif;&J'ku©taxGaxGudk jzpfay:apcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;
a[mawmfrlvsuf ¤if;wdkY ESpfa,muftMum; jyefajzay;onf/
13/ jrwfAk'¨\ nDtpfudk0rf;uGJ awmfpyfNyD; aumufuspfol a'0
'wfonf b0qkH;cgeD;wGif ¤if;\tjyKtrlrsm;tay: aemifw&cJh
onf/ awmif;yefrIjyKEdkifa&;twGuf aZw0efausmif;awmfü oD
wif;okH;awmfrlaeaomjrwfAk'¨tm; zl;ajrmf&ef(rdrdtm;) ,laqmif
oGm;zdkY (¤if;\wynfhrsm;tm;) ajymqdkonf/ odkYaomf Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwftm; rzl;ajrmfvdkuf&rDyif a'0'wfuG,fvGefNyD; ajrBuD;ay:&Sd
wGif;eufwpfck\ 0g;rsKdoGm;jcif;cHcJh&onf/
 314 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
jyefvnf wnfaqmufvsuf ,if;(ausmif;wdkuf)onf at'D 12-
&mpkwdkifatmif qufvufí pnfyifxGef;um;cJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf
wGif aZw0efonf vloluif;rJhNyD; opfawmrsm; 0g;rsKdoGm;onf/
1863-ckESpfwGif zm[D,efESihf [l,ifqefwdkY\ c&D;oGm;rSwf
wrf;rsm;ü azmfjyxm;onhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tokH;
jyKvsuf uefeif[rfonf ,cktcg qma[x[kac:onhf aZw0ef
ausmif;awmf&mESihf ,cktcg ra[x[kac:onhf om0w¬dwdkYudk
awGU&SdcJhonf/ uefeif[rfonf wl;azmfrItcsKdUjyKvkyf&mwGif rdr\
(,if;odkY)xyfwlazmfjyrIudk oufaojyKonhf a&;om;csuftcsKdU
awGU&SdcJhNyD; 1876-ckESpfwGif xdkxufydkí jyKvkyfEdkif&ef wpfacgufjyef
vmcJhonf/ xdktcsdefupí aemifwGifa&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;
azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk av;ig;ajcmufBudrf jyKcJhonf/ aemufqkH;
tBudrfudk *syefa&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&Sifrsm;u 1980-ckESpf
rsm;ü aqmif½GufcJhonf/ ,cktcgwGif aZw0efausmif;awmf t
ysuftpD;rsm;udk aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;xm;onhf O,smOfjzihf 0ef;&H
xm;onf/ bk&m;zl;rsm; odkYr[kwf urÇmvSnhfc&D;onfrsm; þ
ae&modkY vma&mufaomaMumihf þ(aZw0efausmif;awmf&m) ae
&monf aumif;pGm qdwfNidrfat;csrf;NyD; taESmihftvSufuif;onhf
ywf0ef;usifjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H opfyifrsm; csKHykwfrsm;ü
arsmufrsm;ESihf Oa'gif;iSufrsm;udk awGU&onf/
Munhf½IzG,f
aZw0efausmif;awmfopf
a&S;a[mif;okawoe (uxdef;odrf;xm;onhf) O,smOfjcH yifr
0ifaygufrS vrf;wpfzufwnfhwnfhavmufwGif ]e0aZwd0er[m
0d[m&}&Sdonf/ (,if;onf) ausmfMum;onhf oD&dvuFm&[ef;
awmf t&Sifarwe0v oHC&we rax&f OD;pD;aqmufvkyfcJhaom
om0w¬d 315
ausmif;awmfjzpfonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sd bk&m;cef;twGif; tdE´d,
wGif awGU&onhf taumif;qkH; acwfopfyef;csDum;rsm;&Sdonf/
yef;csDtrsm;pkonf Ak'¨vufxufawmfu om0w¬dwGif jzpfay:cJh
onfh jzpf&yfrsm;udk a&;qGJxm;onf/ Ak'¨vufxufwGif jzpf
ay:cJhNyD; Ak'¨0g'ordkif;wGif ta&;vnf;ygaom tjzpftysufav;ck
yg0ifonf/ yef;csDum;csyfrsm;udk tMurf;zsif;azmfjy&aomf ¤if;wdkY
rSm atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf –
d 1/ aAmPdÓmPfr&rD rif;om;od'¨w¬\b0
2/ aAm"dÓPf&cgeD; rm&fewfu jzm;a,mif;jcif;
3/ rd*'g0keüf jrwfAk'¨ w&m;OD;a[mMum;jcif;
4/ ukodem½kHü jrwfAk'¨y&deAd ÁmefpHawmfrljcif;
5/ temxydPfolaX; Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihfawGUqkHjcif;
6-7/ aZw0efO,smOfudk 0,f,ljcif;
8/ t&SiftmeE´m aAm"dyifpdkufysKd;jcif;
9/ ykAÁm½kHausmif;wdkuf wnfaqmufjcif;
10/ pu©Kygvonf b0aESmif;ydkif;ü &[ef;jyKoGm;NyD; tjyif;txef
w&m; tm;xkwfvsuf t&[wår*fzdkvfudk &&Sdawmfrlonf/
odkYaomf twdwfb0wpfcku usL;vGefcJhaom tukodkvf aMumihf
rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;uG,faysmufcJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif rax&f
pBuøavQmufaepOf ydk;rTm;rsm;udk eif;rdojzihf ydk;rTm;rsm; aoukef
onf/ tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;u þudpöudk jrifaomtcg Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwftm; taMumif;pkHudk avQmufMum;Muonf/ jrwfAk'¨u
apwemygonhf usL;vGefrIonfom uH\ tusKd;oufa&muf
aMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
11/ r|uk@vDonf csrf;omaomfvnf; tvGefuyfap;ESJaomzcif
olaX;\ wpfOD;wnf;aom om;jzpfonf/ wpfaeY r|uk@vD
emrusef;jzpfonf/ zcifonf aq;orm;tm; ay;&rnfh (tzdk;
320 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
BuD;tm; awGUqkHNyD; Ak'¨tqkH;trü wnfaponf/
28/ tvufpE´mo*&dwfrif;udk qufcHolrsm;teuf wpfa,muf
jzpfonfh rdvdE´rif;BuD;onf t&Sifem*odefrax&fESihf ausmfMum;
vSonhf aqG;aEG;rINyD;aemuf Ak'¨bmomjzpfvmonf/
29/ tem*g&d"r®ygvESifh r[maAm"dapwD/
30/ tm;vkH;Zmwfedrfhrsm;jzpfMuonhf a'gufwm bifrfa&mif; trf
abum (Dr. Bimrao Ambedkar)ESifh oef;0ufrQaom aemufyg
rsm; 1955-ckESpf? atmufwdkbm 14-&ufaeYwGif [dE´L0g'udk
pGefYNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk cH,lMujcif;/ þjzpf&yfonf acwfopfAk'¨0g'
jyefvnf &Sifoefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif tBuD;us,ftcrf;em;qkH; jzpf
&yfwpfckjzpfonf/
31/ (q&mawmf) oHC&weESihf e0aZw0er[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf wnfaqmufqJumv ¤if;aexdkifcJhaom wJausmif;ESihf
tdE´d,'kor®w a'gufwm &Sefcg'g,,fvf&Sm&rmwdkY 1988-ckESpf
'DZifbm 31-wGif ausmif;wdkufopfudk zGifhvSpfjcif;- wdkYjzpfonf/
bk&m;ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 12
yifr0ifaygufrS aZw0efausmif;wdkufxJodkY 0ifoGm;vsuf vrf;
twdkif;qufvufoGm;NyD;aemuf b,fbufodkY csKd;vdkufygu bk&m;
zl;onf ausmif;aqmifi,fwpfckodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ þausmif;
aqmifwGif vuf,m&pf vSnhfvnfEdkifaom vloGm;vrf;wpfckESihf
tjcm;wpfbufwGif ydkrdkao;i,fonfh bk&m;cef;ESpfckygaom yifr
bk&m;aqmif wpfckyg0ifonf/ yifrbk&m;aqmifwGif Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfwpfql &SdcJhykH&NyD; tjcm;bk&m;cef;i,f ESpfcküvnf; t0avm
udawoGm&ESihf arawå,sqif;wkrsm; &SdcJhykH&onf/ þbk&m;
ausmif;udk wl;azmfpOf Murf;jyifwGif vlacgif;cGHwpfckESihf tjcm;
t½dk;rsm; awGU&Sdonf/
om0w¬d 317
14/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmESihf t&SiftmeE´mwdkY emrusef;jzpfaeaom &[ef;
wpfyg;tm; jyKpkaeMuykH
15/ ousvlrsKd;wdkYudk tpktjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfNyD;aemuf tjyef
c&D;wGif 0d##Lb\ ppfom;rsm; ajcmufaoGUoJaomifjyifü tdyf
armusaeMupOf ntcg ½kwfw&ufBuD;xGm;vmonhf a&vTrf;rdk;
rIaMumihf ysufpD;Mu&ykH
16/ qif;&Jom;wpfa,mufonf tvGefacsmarmvSyonhf ZeD;&Sd
ojzihf ,if;(ZeD;)tm; yaoe'Daumovrif;u rsufpdusoGm;
onf/ rif;BuD;onf xdkqif;&Jom;tm; rif;rIxrf;tjzpfcefYtyf
vdkufonf/ xdk (qif;&Jom;) a,mufsm;tm; owfypfNyD; 4if;\
r,m;acsmudk &,l&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzihf (,if;odkY cefYtyfjcif;jzpf
onf/ bk&ifu) qif;&Jom;a,mufsm;tm; raqmif½GufEdkifaom
udpöwpfckudk jyKvkyf&ef wm0efay;tyfNyD; þudpöudk NyD;atmif
raqmif½GufEdkifvQif ao'Pfay;cH&rnf[kqdkonf/ ¤if;aemuf
rdrdusL;vGef&ef &nf½Gnfxm;onhf raumif;rIudk awG;rdvsuf
aumovrif;BuD; tdyfraysmfjzpfaeonf/ eef;wGif;ykPÖm;rsm;u
rif;BuD; taejzihf BuD;us,fonfh (wd&pämefrsm;udk owfjzwfrnhf)
,ZfylaZmfrI jyKvkyfvQif xdkraumif;rIuHrS vGwfajrmufrnf[k
avQmufMum;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif aumovonf jrwfAk't ¨ m;
awGUqkHNyD; jrwfAk'¨u "r®udk a[mMum;aomtcg pdwfoufom
&m&oGm;onf/
17/ tcgwpfyg;ü rkqdk;wpfa,mufonf acG;rsm;ESihftwl trJ
vdkufxGufonf/ vrf;c&D;ü &[ef;awmf wpfyg;udk trSwfrxif
awGUrdonf/ ,if;odkY (zrf;r&jcif;)udk &[ef;ESihfawGU&aomaMumihf
[k tjypfwifonf/ tdrftjyefwGif xdk&[ef;udk awGU&jyefojzihf
a'goxGufNyD; acG;rsm;udk &[ef;xH vTwfay;vdkufonf/ &[ef;
onf acG;tEÅ&m,frS xGufajrmuf&ef opfyifay: wufajy;onf/
318 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
&[ef;\ouFef;onf rkqdk;ay:odkY (uRwf)us onfwGif acG;rsm;
onf rkqdk;udk &[ef;[kxifrSwfNyD; wdkufcdkufMuojzihf aemuf
qkH;ü (acG;udkuf) 'Pf&mjzihf rkqdk; aoqkH;oGm;onf/
18/ OyÜv0PÖmax&Dronf awmxJü ur®|mef;½IrSwí f aeonf/
þwGif rkqdk;wpfa,muf\ rk'drf;usifhjcif; cH&onf/ aemiftcg
rkqdk;onf rD;avmifuRrf;íaoqkH;onf/
19/ y#mpm&m\ cifyGef;onf a>rudkufí aoqkH;oGm;NyD; y#m
pm&mESihfom;i,fESpfa,mufwdkY rdbrsm;tdrfodkY jyefMuonf/ ¤if;
wdkYonf vrf;wGif a&vQHaeonhf tpd&0wDjrpfudk jzwf&onf/
y#mpm&monf om;BuD;udk rdrdac:rS vm&efrSmMum;vsuf jrpf
urf;wGifxm;cJhNyD; (arG;uif;p)om;i,fudk (urf;wpfbufodkY)
,laqmif oGm;NyD; ¤if;tm;wpfbufurf;ü xm;cJhonf/ y#mpm
&monf jrpfudk cJ,Of;pGm jyefíjzwful;vmpOf odef;iSufwpf
aumif xdk;qif;vmNyD; om;i,ftm; okwfcsDoGm;onf/ aqmuf
wnf&mr& jzpfjcif;ü y#mpm&monf xdkiSufudk acsmufvSefY&ef
vufudk xdwfveYfwMum;a0SY&ef;onf/ om;BuD;onf ,if;
(odkYvufudk a0SY&ef;jcif;)udk rdrdtm; ac:onf[k xifrSwfNyD;
jrpfxJckefqif;onf/ a&t,Ofonf om;BuD;tm; ,laqmifoGm;
awmhonf/ y#mpm&monf rdrdtdrfodkYa&mufoGm;&mwGif tdrfudk
rD;avmifojzihf rdbESpfyg;vkH; aoqkH;oGm;onfESihf MuHK&jyef
onf/ ,if;aMuuGJzG,f jzpf&yfrsm;onf y#mpm&mtm; oGuf
oGufcg ½l;oGyfoGm;aponf/ y#mpm&monf t0wfrygoavmuf
jzihf om0w¬dNrdKUü vSnfhvnfoGm;vmpOf jrwfAk'¨ESihfawGUonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu y#mpm&mtm; oufom&m&apNyD; w&m;"r®
oifMum;awmfrlonf/
20/ udoma*gwrDtrnf&Sd trsKd;orD;i,f wpfa,mufonf om;
aoudk jrwfAk'¨xH,lvmNyD; tultnD awmif;onf/ Ak'¨&iS af wmf
om0w¬d 319
jrwfu udoma*gwrDtm; vlraozl;aom tdrfrSrkefnif;aph
wpfaph &,l&efrdefYawmfrlonf/ udoma*gwrDonf rkefnif;aph
&Smaomtcg vlraozl;onhftdrfrS rkefnif;aph wpfaphwavrQyif
r&Ekdifojzifh aojcif;w&m;\ obm0rSefwjznf;jznf;ay:vmNyD;
aomuNidrf;at;oGm;onf/
21/ yaoe'Daumovonf ¤if;\rdzk&m;u om;rarG;bJ orD;
arG;zGm;aMumif; Mum;od&ojzihf pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfonf/ odkY
&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu orD;wpfa,mufonfvnf; om;
wpfa,mufuJhodkYyif atmifjrif ausmfMum; EdkifpGrf;&SdaMumif;
>rufMum;awmfrlonf/
22/ jrwfAk'¨aemufodkY t*Fkvdrmv (vufñId;jzwf&ef) vdkufjcif;/
23/ qefYusifbuf (wdw¬d)*dkPf;wpfckonf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf
tm; udk,f0eftwkvkyfNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; (ukd,f0ef\)
zciftjzpfjzihf y&dowftv,fü pGyfpGJ&ef aoG;xdk;ay;vsuf
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; txifrSm;atmif BudK;yrf;onf/ pGyfpGJrIjyK
aepOf <uufi,fwpfaumifu trsKd;orD;\cg;ü&Sdaom acgif;
tkH;udk csnfxm;onhf BudK;udkudkufjzwfvdkufonf/ (xdktrsKd;
orD;\) uvdrfusrI tjzpfrSefudk od&Sdrsm;NyD; Ak'¨&iS af wmftzdkY
trSefw&m;ay:vmonf/
24/ rdrdtm; ESdrfhcsajymqdkolrsm;ESihf qefYusifbuf (wdw¬d)*kdPf;rsm;
tm; ESdrfeif;&ef Ak'¨onf cE¨muk, d rf Sa&ESihf rD;xGufatmif
jyKvsuf tHhMozG,fwefcdk; jym#d[mudk jyawmfrlonf/
25/ &mZN*dK[fNrdKU yxroH*g,em/
26/ ywåem;NrdKU wwd,oH*g,em/
27/ taomurif;onf Ak'¨omoemawmfjyefYyGm;ap&ef om;awmf
r[dE´tm; oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY apvTwfawmfrlonf/ r[dE´onf
awmvdkufxGufvmonhf oD&dvuFmbk&if a'0geHyd,wdórif;
 324 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
usdef;puf tem;,l? ur®|mef;½IrSwfNyD; vma&muf zl;ajrmfolrsm;ESihf
pum;pjrnf ajymqdkawmfrlonhf opfom;oufi,frdk;wJi,f jzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/ aZw0efO,smOfudk 0,f,laeykH o½kyfazmfxm;onhf
bm&[kwapwDawmfrS(&&Sdonhf) ½kyf<uwpfckwGif aumor®u#k dudk
a&m *E¨uk#dudkygazmfjyonf/ (,if;½kyf<uonf) azmfjyNyD;taqmuf
ttkHykHpHESpfck rnfodkYykHoP²mef&Sdonf[laom tawG;tjrifudk ay;
onf/ aumorÁuk#donf teD;ü ½THUap;wHcGefygNyD; atmufajc
av;axmihfykH&Sd okH;axmihfcsKd;trdk;ESihf taqmufttkHi,f ykHoP²mef
awGU&onf/ þ(ausmif;i,f)ukd Mum&SnfcHrnfh owåKypönf;jzihf
wnfaqmufjcif; r[kwfí aemiftcg tkwftaqmufttkHjzihf
tpm;xdk;cJhonf/ þtaqmufttkH\ tkwfjrpfudk tpm;xkd;
(wnfaqmuf)onhf ,cktcgbk&m;zl;awGU&aom taqmufttkH
rSm 5 'or 75 _ 4 'or 45 rDwm&SdNyD; bk&m;cef; ygonf/
aumorÁuk#dudk wl;azmfaomtcg uefeif[rfonf yef;a&mif
oJausmufjzihf xkvkyfxm;onhf qif;wkawmfBuD; wpfqlawGU&Sd
cJhonf/ qif;wkawmfü a&;xGif;xm;onhfpmrSm rsm;pGmysufpD;ae
NyD; þqif;wkudk Avtrnf&Sd&[ef;awmfu aumorÁu#k dü
wnfxm;cJhaMumif; jyqdkonf/ þqif;wkawmfudk ,cktcg umv
uwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jywkduüf jyoxm;onf/
&[ef;awmf[l,ifqef þ(aZw0efausmif;awmf) ae&modkY
a&mufoGm;aomtcg þqif;wkawmfESihf aZw0ef ausmif;wkduf
twGif; rysufpD;ao;bJ a&S;a[mif;ykHpHtwkdif;wnf&Sdaeao;onhf
aumorÁuk#dwdkYudk awGUjrif&onf/ aumorÁu#k d\ a&SUwnhfwnfh
avmufwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf cE¨mudk,fvIyf&Sm;rI &&Sdap&ef n
ae tcsdefrsm;ü pMuøavQmufaeawmfrl&mXmeudk txdrf;trSwfjyK
onhf tkwfckH&Snfwpfck&Sdonf/
om0w¬d 321
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 9
vrf;qkH;wGif a&wGif;wpfckeSihf tcef;usOf;i,f ESpfq,hfwpfck 0ef;
&HaeaomjcH0if;ESihf ausmif;aqmif&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufjcrf;wGif vuf
,m&pfvSnhfvnfEdkifonhf vloGm;vrf;wpfckyg&Sdonhf bk&m;aqmif
wpfck&Sdonf/ þausmif;udk at'D 6-&mpkwGif yxtBudrf wnf
aqmufcJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf at'D 11 odkYr[kwf 12 &mpkwGif rl&if;
ausmif;aqmif tkwfjrpfykHpHüyif wpfzefjyefvnf wnfaqmufcJh
onf/ þausmif;aqmifü awGU&dS&onhf a&S;a[mif;ypön;f rsm;
teuf at'D *-&mpk odkYr[kwf 9-&mpkvuf&m t0avmud
awoGm& qif;wkwpfql? at'D 5-&mpk odkYr[kwf 6-&mpkvuf&m
Ak'¨qif;wkwpfqlyg&Sdonf/ eDndKa&miftkwfcGufjym; wpfck? teD
a&mif r"k&moJausmufjzihfjyKvkyfonhf ukaA&qif;wk wpfckESihf
*,mwGifawGU&onhf teufa&mif ausmufjzihfjyKvkyfxm; onhf
yef;ykqif;wk tydkif;tprsm;jzpfonf/
(&[ef;awmfrsm;\) tcef;usOf;wpfckwGif tkwfjzihfjyKvkyfxm;
onhf tdyf&mwpfckyg&SdNyD; tqkH;wpfbufürl acgif;tkH;ykHpHjzifh t
enf;i,fjrihfaeonf/ aemuftcef;usOf;wpfckrSmrl Murf;jyifwGif
wpf0ufjrKyfaeonfh ajrtdk;BuD; wpfckawGU&onf/ qef(ajymif;
ponf)udk odkrDS;odrf;qnf;&ef tokH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;
(ajrtdk;) ab;wGif aMu;cGufwpfckESihf oHa,mufrwpfck awGU&
onf/ odkY&mwGif þausmif;aqmifü awGU&onhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
taumif;qkH;rSm rd*'g0kef&Sd "r®puú&mZdausmif;wkdufudk (vª'gef;)
aqmufvkyfcJhonhf ukrm&a'0D\ cifyGef;jzpfol a*g0dE´p`E´rif;BuD;\
aMu;jym;pmwef;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMu;jym;pmwef;udk tcef;i,f
wpfck\ Murf;cif;atmufwGif jrKyfaeonhf ½THUaowåmtwGif; ao
csmpGm xkyfydk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ at'D 1130-ESpf? ZGefv
23-&ufESifh nDrQonhf &ufpGJjzihf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if; (aMu;jym;
 322 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rSwfwrf;)onf aZw0efausmif;awmfü aexdkifMuonhf Ak'¨bwåm
&utrnf&Sd ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfESihf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; aus;
½Gm 6-½GmESihf ,if; (aus;½Gm)wdkY\ tcGefawmfrsm;udkvª'gef;aMumif;
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ þay;tyfrIudk aocsmap&ef vltm;vkH;
tm;odaponf/ ]rif;om;rsm;? rdzk&m;rsm;? xD;eef;tarGqufcH
rnhfolrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? ykPÖm;rsm;? wHcg;apmihfrsm;? ppfAkdvfcsKyfrsm;?
b@mxdef;rsm;? rSwfwrf;xdef;odrf;olrsm;? aq;q&mrsm;? eu©wf
aA'ifq&mrsm;? &mjzwfyka&m[dwfrsm;? owif;ydkYaqmifolrsm;ESihf
qifjrif;NrdKU½GmESihf a½TwGif;rsm;qkdkif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;}[laom eef;
wGif;oleef;wGif;om;tm;vkH;\ a&SUarSmufü aMunmonf/ þaMu;
jym;pmwGif azmfjyxm;aom aus;½GmtcsKdU (,aeYwdkif)wnf&SdqJjzpf
NyD; ¤if;wdkY\a&S;a[mif; trnfemrtwdkif;yif xif&Sm;qJjzpfonf/
apwD&Spfql
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 8-\ ajrmufbuf ra0;aomae&mwGif tkwf
apwD&Spfql twGJvdkuf&Sdonf/ &mpkESpf wpfavQmufvkH; aZw0ef
ausmif;awmfwGif oDwif;okH;cJhMuaom av;pm;tyfonhf q&m
awmfBuD;rsm;\ (t½dk;)jymrsm;udk Xmyem&ef þapwDrsm;udk wnf
aqmufcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ apwDawmfwpfqlwGif at'D 5-&mpk[k
owfrSwfonhf Ak'¨a'0[laom trnfjzihf wHqdyfwpfck ygonf/
aAm"dyif
vrf;rBuD;twdkif; qufoGm;aomf tmeE´aAm"dyiftjzpf azmfjyaom
opfyif(anmifyif) wnf&Sdonhf taqmufttkHrsm;pGm\ tkwfjrpf
rsm; udkawGU&onf/ Zmwut|uxmt& vltrsm;onf aZw
0efausmif;awmfodkY Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; &Sdcdk;ylaZmf&ef a&mufvm
Muaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfr&Sdojzihf vlwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ yef;rsm;
yef;ukH;rsm;ESihf vª'gef;zG,f&mrsm;udk *E¨uk#dwdkufcef;a&SUwGif xm;
om0w¬d 323
ypfcJhMuonf/ temxydPfolaX;onf þudpöudkMum;od&aom t
cg olaX;u Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf r&SdcsdefwGif vltrsm;onf &Sifawmf
jrwfbk&m;udk,fpm; rnfodkY&Sdcdk;ylaZmf&rnfudk ar;avQmufonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu vª'gef;zG,f&mrsm;ukd aAm"dyifwGif csxm;vª'gef;
jcif;jzihf (tpm;xdk;ylaZmfrI) jyKedkifaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
odkYjzihf Ak'¨*,m&Sd aAm"dyifrS aAm"daphwpfck ,laqmifcJhNyD;BuD;
us,fonhf tcrf;tem;jzihf aZw0efausmif;awmf0if;twGif; pdkuf
ysKd;onf/ ,if;aAm"daphudk t&SiftmeE´mpdkufysKd;aomaMumihf tmeE´
aAm"d[k xif&Sm;vmonf (Zm-| 4? 228)/ odkY&mwGif aZw0ef
onf ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifeD;yg;rQ awmBuD;rsufrnf;tjzpf pGefYypf
cHxm;cJh&jcif;ESihf tmeE´aAm"donf rnhfonhfae&mwGif trSefw
u,f wnf&Sdonf[k ñTefjyonhf a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuf
txm; r&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumihf þ(vuf&Sd)aAm"dyiftm; rlv(tmeE´
aAm"d)tjzpf azmfjyonfrSm tawmftwef oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdae
onf/ Zmwut|uxmwGif tmeE´aAm"dyifudk ,ckvuf&Sd jrefrm
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;teD; wpfae&mwGif jzpfrnf[k ,lq&onhf
aZw0ef\yifr*dwfaygufteD;ü pdkufysKd;cJhaMumif; jyqdkxm;onf/
aumorÁuk#d
tmeE´aAm"dyif\ ajrmufbufuyfvsuf vrf;\b,fbufü aZw
0efausmif;wkduftwGif; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf ESpfoufNyD; rMumcP <u
a&mufonhf ae&mESpfckteuf wpfckjzpfonhf aumorÁu#k d\
tysuftpD;rsm; &Sdonf30/ rlvtaqmufttkHrSm Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwf
30
aZw0e0d[m&twGif; ua&&duk#d? aumorÁuk#d? *E¨uk#dESihf ovVm*g&[k t
aqmifBuD;av;ck&Sdonf/ wpfaqmifvQif tzkd;wpfodef;pD wefzdk;&Sdonf/ xdkwGif ov
Vm*g&udk aumovrif;u aqmufvkyfvª'gef;NyD; usefokH;aqmifrSmrl temxydPf ol
aX;\ ukodkvfjzpfonf ('D-| 2? 1)/
328 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
Mum;NyD;) ESpfodrfhpum; qdkaMumif;? xdkYaemuf t&SiftmeE´monf
(*E¨uk#d)wHcg;rsm;zGifhvsuf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfxdkifawmfrlcJhonhf ckwif
anmifapmif;udk zkefokwfNyD; ñID;EGrf;aeonhf yef;ukH;rsm;ESihf Murf;
jyifay: a<uusaeonhf yef;yGifhrsm;udk vSnf;usif;NyD;? ckwifanmif
apmif;wddkYudk t&Sifjrwftaejzihf Ak'¨touf&SdpOfu aeYpOfjyKaeus
twdkif; oihfawmf&mü xm;jyefaMumif;vnf; azmfjyonf/
apwDtrSwf 9
*E¨uk#d\ajrmufbufuyfvsuf vrf;\b,fbufwGif Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfjrwfwpfql awGU&Sd&onhf *kwåacwf aESmif;ydkif;vuf&m apwD
awmfi,fwpfql\ t<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/ qif;wkawmfrSm ao;
i,fNyD;(ÓmPfawmf) 50-pifwDrDwmrQomjrihfonf/ þAk'¨qif;wk
awmfonf aMumuf½GHUrIuif;rJh (tb,rkj'm)[ef vuftae t
xm;jzihf xdkifaeawmfrlykH a&mifvQHpufudk vkH;0yGifhaeonhf Mumyef;
ykHjzihf wefqmqifxm;onf/ (MumyGifh) yGifhcsyf\ wpfbufpGef;wGif
vQmxkwfxm;onhf jcaoFhESpfaumif&SdNyD; aAm"dowåudk,f pm;jyK
xdkifae[ef ½kyf<uwpfckESihf aemufwpfbufwGif yef;ukH;udkifaqmif
xm;onhf OyoumESpfa,muf 0ef;&Haeonf/ ½kyfwak tmufcHckH
ywfvnfwGif ukoeacwf aESmif;ydkif;tu©&mjzihf a&;om;xm;
onhf pmwef;wpfckygonf/ ]omauwNrdKUae yg0gNrdKUom; oD[a'0
\ MunfndKpGm (vª'gef;tyfaom)tvª}[k azmfjyonf/
þqif;wkawmfykHoP²mefESihf þqif;wkawmfudk xkvkyfonhf
ausmufom;ykHpHwdkYu þqif;wkudk r"k&mNrKdUwGif jyKvkyfcJhaMumif;
azmfjyonf/ oD[a'0onf qif;wkawmfudk 0,f,l&ef r"k&modYk
oGm;a&mufcJhNyD; ol bk&m;zl;c&D; vSnhfvnfaomtcg xdkqif;wkk
awmfudk aZw0efausmif;awmfodkY yihfaqmif cJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
þqif;wkawmfonf ,cktcg vyfcaemif; (NrdKU) jywkduüf &Sdonf/
om0w¬d 325
*E¨uk#dwdkuf
vrf;twdkif; a&SUqufoGm;aomf a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmomü txif&Sm;
qkH; taqmufttkHjzpfonhf eHYomwdkufcef;ac: *E¨u#k dausmif;
aqmif\ tkwfjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ bm&[kw½kyf<u(üazmfjyonhf) rlv
*E¨uk#dwdkufcef;onf aumorÁuk#dxufBuD;vsuf wpfykHpHwnf;
jzpfNyD; MuufajccwftkwfjrpfykHpHwGif wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ,aeY
bk&m;zl;rsm; zl;awGU&onhf tysuftpD;rsm;rSm *kwåacwf (vuf&m
taqmufttkH)jzpfonf/ avSum;rsm;ESihf pwk*HykH cef;qG,fwpfck
ESihf ta&SUbufü0ifayguf? cef;raqmifwpfck? 1 'or 8 rDwm
xlxJonhf eH&Hrsm;ESihf 2 'or 5 rDwm pwk&ef;&Sdonhf bk&m;cef;
wpfckyg&Sdonf/ þbk&m;cef;i,fonf rlv*E¨uk#dwdkufcef; ae&m
ay: aemufxyf wnfaqmufonhf *E¨uk#dwdkufcef; jzpfonfrSm
aocsmonf/ cef;rus,frSm aESmif;acwfusrS wdk;csJUwnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfvdrhfrnf/ 1907-8 ckESpfrsm;ü wl;azmfpOftwGif; (a&S;
a[mif;ypönf; wl;azmfol) Adka*gvf(Vogal)onf rlv*E¨uk#d
taqmufttkHykHpH tpteudkawGUí arQmfvihfcsufjzihf *E¨uk#w d dkuf
cef; atmufajcudk wl;cJhaomfvnf; rnfonhfypönf;rQ rawGU&acs/
*E¨uk#d[laomtrnfonf awGUaeus taqmufttkHwpfck
xufydkí taqmufttkH ykHyef;oP²mefudk azmfñTef;onf/ jrwf
Ak'¨twGuf yxrOD;qkH;aom tNrJae&m(taqmif)udk aZw0ef
ausmif;wdkuftwGif; wnfaqmufcJhNyD; vltrsm;onf yef;? pE´ul;
eHYomrsm; vª'gef;rIjyKMu&if; vma&mufMuaomaMumihf *E¨u#k d[l
aom trnfudk &&SdoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rMumrDtcsdefwGif Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwf twGufwnfaqmufaom odkYr[kwf jrwfAk'¨ tNrJoDwif;okH;
avh&Sdaom rnfonhf taqmufttkHudkrqdk xdk(*E¨uk#d)trnf
twdkif; uifyGef;wyfMuonf/ aESmif;acwf &mpkESpfrsm;wGif Ak'¨qif;
326 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o om0w¬d 327
wkawmfudef;0yfawmfrlonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sd rnfonhfbk&m;cef;
(bk&m;aqmif)udkrqdk tvm;wl *E¨uk#d[k trnfay;vmMu
onf/ a&S;a[mif;t|uxmrsm;ü aZw0efausmif;awmf&Sd *E¨uk#d
ukd aZw0efausmif;awmf\ tv,fA[dkwGif wnfaqmufxm;
aMumif; azmfjyxm;jyD; (Zm-| 1? 107)rSm a&S;a[mif;okawoe
ynm&Sifrsm;u rSefuefonf[kaxmufcHMuaom tcsufjzpfonf/
uefeif[rfonf *E¨uk#drS aZw0ef\ta&SUbuf*dwf0[k ,lq&
aom(ae&m)odkY oGm;onhf aumif;rGefpGm azmufvkyfxm;aom
vrf;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ (þonfrSm) þausmif;wdkufBuD; twGi;f
tqdkyg (*E¨uk#d)\ tv,fA[dük wnf&SdykHudk ñTefjyonf/
okr*Fv0dvmodeD ('D-| 1? 47)wGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ wpfaeY
wmvkyfief;pOfudk tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;NyD; Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwfonf
qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf *E¨uk#dwGif usdef;pufawmfrlaMumif;? w
&m;"r® a[mMum;&ef xdk(*E¨uk#d)rS <uawmfrlaMumif;? naecif;
tcsdef jrwfAk'¨ ajcqefYvdkaomtcg ,if;(*E¨uk#d)a&SUü acguw f kHY
acgufjyef pMuøavQmufawmfrlaMumif; azmfjyonf/ *E¨uk#dtwGif;
ü tcef;i,f(y&da0P)wpfck? a&csKd;cef;? (e[meaum|u)ESihf Ak'¨
onf pnf;a0;aeMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; wpfcgwpf&H &yf
vsuf acwåcP (pum;)rdefY>rufawmfrl&mjzpfonfh ,if;(a&csLd;
cef;)odkY oGm;aom &wempDavSum;wpfck(,if;avSum;udk &wem
trsm;tjym;jzihf wefqmqifxm;onf[k qdkvdk[efwlonf)/ okr*F
v0dvmodeD ('D-| 1? 7)wGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmf
rlNyD;aemuf vltrsm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfr&Sdjcif;twGuf ylaqG;
aomu jzpfMuvsuf *E¨uk#dwdkufywfvnfü pk½kH;a&muf&SdvmMu
aMumif;? t&SiftmeE´monf aZw0efausmif;awmfodkY jyefvmNyD; xdk
(idka<u;aeMuonhf) y&dowftm; t&mcyfodrf; rwnfNrJykH(udkrdefY
 18/ ukodem½kH
xdktcg t&SiftmeE´monf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ]&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;?
þ 0g;uyfumNrdKUodrfNrdKUi,f? (aus;)awmNrdKU? opfudkif;opfcuf(yrm)
NrdKUvufi,frSm y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrrlygESihfbk&m;}[k avQmufxm;onf
('D 2? 120)/
b0wpfoufwm\ aemufqkH;ESpfwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf &mZ
N*dK[fNrdKUrS xGufcGmNyD; ajrmufbufodkY OD;wnfvsuf aemufqkH;a'o
pm&D<ucsDawmfrlonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf emvE´m? ywåem;ESihf
a0omvDNrdKUrsm;udk jzwfoef;awmfrlonf/ (þc&D;pOfrSm) y&dedAÁmefpH
vGefawmfrrlrD aemufwpfBudrf uydv0w¬KNrdKUodkY <uawmfrl&ef &nf
½G,fcsufaMumihf(vnf;) jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ touft½G,fBuD;&ifhNyD;
tm;enf;aejcif;ü &Sifawmfjrwf<ucsDawmfrlonhf c&D;onf cufcJ
NyD; aES;auG;awmfrlayvdrfhrnf/ &SifawmfAk'¨udk,fwdkif þodkY >ruf
[awmfrl\ ]igbk&m;onf ,cktcgü touft½G,f BuD;&ifhvSNyD/
aqG;ajrUvSNyD/ ESpfumvawG Mumjrihf(tqkH;odkYa&muf)cJhNyD/ touf
&Spfq,fjynfhNyD;jzpfjcif;ü b0c&D;udk jzwfoef;cJhNyD/ igbk&m;onf
b0\tqkH;odkYa&mufaeNyD/ vSnf;tkdBuD;onf om;a&BudK;jzihf wkyf
aESmifzGJUcsnfxm;jcif;jzihfom a½GUvsm;aeouJhokdY igbk&m;\udk,fcE¨m
onfvnf; (t&[wåzvormywf[laom BudK;jzihf) wkyfaESmif
xm;jzihfom qufvufí a½GUvsm;ae&ay\} ('D 2? 85)/
Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihf aemufyg &[ef;awmfrsm;onf yg0gNrdKUodkY
ra&mufrD b@*gr (&SmazGí r&ao;)? [w¬d*gr ([maxmt NrKd U
teD;&Sd [xdcgv)? trÁ*gr (wruk[dNrdKU\taemufawmif 10-
uDvdkrDwmtuGm tr,m½Gm)? ZrÁK*gr([xdcgv\ taemufajrmuf
13-uDvdkrDwmtuGm&Sd Zrkem[dt&yf)ESihf abm*e*& (a'tdk&d,
c½dkif&Sd tr,mESihf zZdve*&wdkY\ taemufbuf 10-uDvdk
rDwmtuGm&Sd abm'a&me½Gm)wdkYudk jzwfausmfcJh&onf/ yg0gNrdKUae
a½Tyef;xdrfq&m pkE´onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; aemufqkH;qGrf;udk
om0w¬d 329
apwDtrSwf 8
apwDtrSwf 9 rS vrf;\tjcm;wpfbufwGif ydkrdkBuD;rm;onhf
aemufxyfapwDwpfql&Sdonf/ þapwDawmfonf rlvu 0dkif;0ef;
cJhaomfvnf; aESmif;acwf at'D 9-&mpkESihf 10-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;
av;axmifhykH jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhonf/ þapwDawmf\ 'kwd
,ykHoP²mefapwDawmfü qif;wkawmfwpfql\ atmufydkif; wpf
pdwfwpfa'o awGU&onf/ ½kyfwkckHüyg&Sdaom pmwef;rSm ukoe
acwfOD;ydkif;ta&;tom;jzpfNyD; ]om0w¬dNrdKU aZw0efausmif;awmfü
aAm"dowåqif;wkwpfqludk (wnfxm;onf)...ESifh 0dvdoQx (NrdKUrS
oDv"&? uoQBwd, nDtpfudkrsm;ESifh r"k&m(NrdKU)rS "r®eE´\om;rsm;
\tvª'ge(jzpfonf)/ pmayusrf;*ef ESHYpyfNyD; avmuDtm½kH\ tppf
trSef r[kwfjcif;ESihf b0\ rwnfNrJjcif;obm0udk (odem;vnf
jcif;ü) tvkH;pHkaom Ak'¨rsm;tm; ylaZmfonhftaejzihf owå0g tm;
vkH;\ aumif;usKd;twGuf ¤if;wdkY\ rdbrsm;tm; txl;&nfrSwfí
þb0aemifb0 b0ESpfwefü ukodkvfaumif;rIudk pkaqmif;rd&ef
tvdkYiSm þqif;wkawmfudk vª'gef;cJhonf/ þ(aAm"d owå)qif;wk
udk r"k&mNrdKUrS yef;ykq&m od0rdMwu xkvkyfcJhonf}[kazmfjyonf/
þ(azmfjyNyD;)pmwef; atmufbufwGif "r®pmawmftESpfcsKyf
udk at'D 8-&mpk odkYr[kwf 9-&mpktu©&mrsm;jzihf a&;xGif;xm;
onf/ qif;wkawmfonf apwDawmfü Xmyemuwnf;u usKd;
ysufaeNyD;jzpfykH&onf/ &Sdcdk;ylaZmf&ef rjzpfEdkifavmufatmif qdk;½Gm;
pGm ysufpD;aeaomaMumihfyif xkdqif;wkawmfudk apwDawmfxJü
xnfhoGif;(Xyem)cJhjcif;vnf; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ þqif;wkawmfjrwf
tm; (rD;yl;aZmfjcif;ponfjzihf) rpGefYypf&ufavmufatmif ½dkao
av;pm;aMumif;vnf; ,lqEdkifonf/ a&;xm;onhf pmwef;vnf;
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/ taMumif;rl þtcsufonf Ak'¨bm
om yef;ykvuf&mrsm; xkwfvkyfonhf tcsuftcsmae&mtjzpf r"k
330 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
&mNrdKU ta&;ygrI\ aemufxyf taxmuftxm;wpf&yf jzpfaom
aMumihfwnf;/ xdkYjyif ausmufpmonf &[ef;awmfrsm;omru Oyg
oumrsm;onfvnf; yd#uwfusrf;pmrsm;udk wwfuRrf;aMumif;
ñTefjyaomaMumihfvnf; ta&;ygjcif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1
tysuftpD;rsm;\ ajrmufzsm;wGif&Sd þ(ausmif;aqmiftrSwf 1)
taqmufttkHonf aZw0efausmif;awmfü awGUorQwGif tBuD;
qkH;jzpfNyD; at'D 10-&mpktwGif;u wnfaqmufcJhykH&onf/ 0if
aygufonf ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrlaeNyD; wdkifvkH;av;wdkifygonhf
cef;rwpfckodkY OD;wnfoGm;onf/ ausmif;0if;udk tcef;i,faygif;
35- cef;jzihf 0ef;&Hxm;NyD; tv,fü bk&m;aqmifwpfck&Sdonf/ aZ
w0efausmif;awmf&Sd bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;pGmuJhodkY þausmif;
aqmifonf rD;½IdUzsufqD;cH&onhf taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf/
a&uef
aZw0efausmif;awmf&m tysuftpD;rsm;rS taemufbuf*dwfrS
xGufcGmvsuf um;vrf;rtwdkif; taemufajrmufbufodkY quf
oGm;vQif bk&m;zl;onf rMumrD a&uefwpfckay:rS wHwm;udk
ausmfjzwf&vdrfhrnf/ O'geygVd(pm-51)t& Ak'¨onf qGrf;cHvSnhf
vnfpOf ig;rsm;udk ñSOf;qJaeMuonhf uav;i,fwpfodkufESihf
awGUonf/ Ak'¨u uav;i,frsm;tm; (rñSOf;qJ&ef) wkdufwGef;NyD;
emusifrIudk ESpfoufovm;[k vdrfrmuRrf;usifaom enf;jzifh
uav;i,frsm;tm; ar;jref;onf/ uav;i,frsm;u rESpfoufyg
aMumif; avQmufaomtcg Ak'¨u uav;wdkYtaejzihf rdrdudk,fwkdif
jyKrlqufqH cH&vdkonhfenf;wl tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tay: jyKrlqufqH
oihfaMumif; ñTefjyawmfrlonf/ O'geygVdawmfvm þawGUqkHrI
jzpf&yfonf om0w¬dESihf aZw0eftMum;wGif jzpfcJhaMumif; jyqdk
onf/ xdkae&mESpfck tMum;&Sd þ(a&uef)ae&monfomvQif a&&Sd
om0w¬d 331
onhfae&m jzpfaaomaMumihf ,if;tjzpftysufonf þa&uef
teD;jzpfay:cJh&rnfrSm aocsmonf/
om0w¬d (NrdKUa[mif;)
um;vrf;twdkif; ajrmufbufodkYqufoGm;vQif a&S;acwfom0w¬Nd rdKU
awmf ae&m&Sdonf/ NrdKUawmf\ uwkwf &ifwm;(NrdKU½dk;)rsm;onf
vjcrf;ykHoP²mef&SdNyD; ig;uDvdkrDwmcefY &Snfvsm;onf/ &yÜwjd rpf
onf wpfcsdefu NrdKU½dk;twGif;bufodkY auGUvsuf vrf;ab;twdkif;
pD;qif;cJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg ajrmufbufodkY 1 'or 5 uDvDrD
wmcefYrQom &Sdawmhonf/ NrdKUawmf\yifr*dwfonf NrdKU½kd;rsm;tMum;
,ckacwf um;vrf;jzwfonhfae&m\ vuf0Jbuf tenf;i,f
tuGm&Sd uGufvyfae&mjzpfaMumif; owfrSwfxm;onf/ a&SUoYdk
um;vrf;twdkif; tenf;i,f vkdufoGm;aomf bk&m;zl;onf tkwf
taqmufttkHBuD;ESpfckodkY a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ yxrtaqmuf
ttkHukd ,cktcg yuúduk#d[kac:NyD; 'kwd,taqmufttkHudk upäd
uk#d[kac:onf/ taqmufttkHESpfckvkH; rlvu apwDawmfrsm;om
jzpfzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; aESmif;acwfwGif tjcm;&nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf
tokH;jyKEkdif&ef jyefvnf ykHpHjyKaqmufvkyfxm;onf/ rdk;&moDwGif
upäduk#dxdyfay:rS om,mvSonhf [dr0EÅm½Icif;udk &&SdEdkifonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
a'ocHwdkYu qm&fAmpwD odkYr[kwf qma[xrma[x(Saheth
Maheth) [kac:onhf om0w¬donf Amvf½krfyk& (Balrumpur)NrdKUrS 17-
uDvdkrDwmcefY tuGmwGif&SdNyD; ¤if;rSwpfqifh bwfpfum; odkYr[kwf
jrif;&xm;jzihf aumif;pGm a&mufEdkifonf/ Amvf½krfyl&NrdKUudk vyfc
aemif;ESihf a*g&cyl&NrdKUrsm;rS &xm;jzihf tvG,fwul oGm;a&mufEdkif
onf/ ykHrSefwuúpDrsm;vnf; vyfcaemif;rS Amvf½kyfyl& NrdKUokYd
om0w¬dudk jzwfvsuf oGm;Muonf/
336 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
ruk#AE¨e apwDodkY xkwf,lNyD; rD;oN*ØK[fMuonf/
þazmfjyyg ta&;BuD;jzpf&yf jzpfay:cJhaomaMumihf ukodem½kH
onf bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; qGJaqmifcJhojzihf apmapmydkif;umv uyif
bk&m;zl;c&D;pOf\ tcsuftcsmae&mjzpfcJhonf/ &[ef;awmf [l,if
qef ukodem½kHodkY <ua&mufawmfrlpOfu (ukodem½kw H Gif&Sdonhf)
ausmif;wkdufrsm;ESihf bk&m;apwDrsm;rSm ysufpD;ukefMuNyDjzpfonf/
(þonfrSm) EdkifiHa&;uaomif;ueif; jzpfcJhonhf acwfwpfacwf
aMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefonf avsmif;awmfrl Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfwpfql&Sdonhf bk&m;ausmif;wpfckudk awGU&\/ ,if;bk&m;
ausmif;aqmif aemuf(ta&SUbuf)&Sd apwDwpfqlrSm ysufpD;ae
aomfvnf; 61-rDwmjrihfNyD; ,if;(apwDawmf)\a&SUwGif ausmuf
wdkifBuD;wpfck&Sdonf/ pkE´(yef;xdrfonf)\ tdrfae&mESihf okb'´
&[EÅmjzpfonhfae&m txdrf;trSwfjyK wnfxm;onhf apwDi,f
rsm;vnf;&Sd\/ udk&D;,m;vlrsKd; bk&m;zl;c&D;onf [a,csKd (Hye
Ch'o) at'D 725 cefY ukodem½kHodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg þ
(apwD)ae&mudk wpfpdwfwpfa'o jyKjyifxm;onf/ ]wpfvMum
oDwif;okH;cJhNyD;aemuf uREkfyf([a,csKd)onf ukodem½kHe,foYdk
a&mufoGm;onf/ þae&mum; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmef pHvGef
awmfrlaom ae&mjzpf\/ ukodem½kHonf pdkjynfpnfum;jcif;r&SdbJ
vlolraeawmhonhf ae&mjzpfonf/ þapwDudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
y&dedAÁmefjyKaomae&mü wnfxm;jcif;jzpf\/ þ(y&dedAÁmefjyKonhf)
ae&mudk oefY&Sif;pifMu,fatmif apmihfa&Smufaeonhf ur®|mef;jy
q&mwpfa,muf&Sd\/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; &Spfckajrmufv\ &Spf&uf
ajrmufaeYwGif &[ef;a,musfm;? &[ef;rdef;r? odu©rmef(omoem
jyK)rsm;ESihf vlOygoumrsm;onf þae&mudk ylaZmfrIjyK&ef pka0;
Muonf/ rdk;aumif;uifwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wHcGefukuúm;rsm;
vGihfysHaeNyD; (,if;wdkYudk) vltaygif; awGUjrifMu&onf/ xdkaeYrSmyif
ukodem½kH 333
qufuyfvª'gef;onf/ qGrf;bkef;ay;NyD;aomtcg ]bk&m;&Sifonf
aoG;yg0rf;avQmjcif;ESihf cHcufNyD; aoavmufaom emusifrIwdkYjzihf
jyif;xefonhf a&m*ga0'em uyfa&mufvmonf/ xdkYaemuf bk&m;
&Sifu t&SiftmeE´mtm; pkE´a½Tyef;xdrfonfxH wpfzefoGm;a&muf
NyD; ¤if;(pkE´) aemifwylyefjcif; rjzpf&atmif bk&m;&Sifwpfqltm;
aemufqkH;qGrf;udk vª'gef;&jcif;onf trGefjrwfqkH;aom tvª'ge
jzpfaMumif; ajymjy&ef rdefY>rufawmfrlonf} ('D 2? 136)/
tm;cGefAv jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmNyD;aemuf Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwf
onf ykuúKo(trnf&Sd) Oyoumudk awGUqkH&ef c&D;twefi,f
quf<uawmfrlonf/ ykuúKoonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; a½Tcsnfxdk;
ouFef;wpfpkH vª'gef;onf/ xdkouFef;udk t&SiftmeE´mu Ak'¨&iS f
awmfjrwf\ touft½G,f&ifha&mfvSNyD;jzpfaom emrusef;jzpfae
onhf udk,fcE¨may:ü 0wf½kHay;awmfrlaomtcg EIdif;,SOfrIt&
a½TouFef;a&mif arS;rSdefoGm;avmufaom a&mifjcnfwpfrsKd; jrwf
Ak'¨\½lyum,awmfü awmufyoGm;onf ('D 2? 134)/ jrwfpGm
bk&m;ESihf oHCmhy&dowfonf [d&n0wDjrpf (,cktcg [d&uDem&D
trnf&Sdacsmif;i,f)udk jzwfvsuf ukodem½kHodkY qdkufa&mufcJhMu
onf/ rv’mrif;wdkY\ NrdKUawmfjzpfaomfvnf; NrdKUi,fwpfNrdKUrQom
jzpfonf/ þtBudrfonf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwftzdkY ukodem½kHodkY yxr
OD;qkH;tBudrf r[kwfay/ ,ciftBudrfrsm;pGm a&mufcJhpOftwGif;
ukodem&okwf (tH 1? 274)? udEÅdokwf (r 2? 238)wdkYudk a[m
Mum;awmfrlNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rv’mrif;OaoQmiftzGJUu jrwf
Ak'¨ukodem½kHodkY <ua&mufvmpOf rBudKqdkrdol rnfolrqdk 'Pfwyf
cH&rnf[laom aMumnmcsuf xkwfjyefxm;onfxd jrwfAk'¨\
wynhfy&dowfrSm pdwftm; xufoefaeMuNyD; (ta&twGuf)
rsm;jym;vSonf (0d 4?246)/
334 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
,cktcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf jyefvnf <ua&mufawmfrlvmojzihf
rv’mrif;wdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmhrnf[laom
owif;udk Mum;Mu&jcif;ü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; aemufqH;k tBudrf
zl;ajrmf&jcif;jzpfrnf[k odxm;MuaomaMumifh Ak'¨vJavsmif;awmfrl
aeonhf tifMuif;O,smOfodkY pkNyKHa&muf&SdvmMuonf/ okb'´y&d
AkdZfonf ukdodem½kHe,fwGif&SdNyD; ausmfMum;oljzpfaMumif; rsm;pGm
Mum;zl;cJhaomfvnf; wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ udk,fwdkif rawGUzl;ao;onhf
Ak'¨a*gwronf ,aeYn y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; Mum;
odcJhojzihf ar;cGef;tcsdKU ar;jref;&ef arQmfvifhvsuf tifMuif;
O,smOfodkY okwfoD;okwfysm a&mufvmcJhonf/ Ak'¨tm;awGUqkH&ef
okb'´BudK;pm;aomtcg t&SiftmeE´mu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf yifyef;
EGrf;e,fvSaMumif; jyefMum;vsuf okb'´tm; jyefoGm;zdkYom wGif
wGifqdkonf/ jzpfysufykHudk Ak'¨odoGm;aomtcg udk,fawmfjrwfrSm
touf&Sif&ef em&Dykdif;rQom usefawmhaomfvnf; okb'´udk rdrd
xHac:,lawmfrlNyD; w&m;"r®a[mMum;awmfrlonf ('D 2? 149)/ v
tenf;i,ftvGefu Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu rdrdonf anmifapmif;jzihf
o,f,l&onftxd tdkrif;&ihfa&mfcsdefyif jzpfaeaomfvnf; "r®udk
a[mMum;&ef pGrf;&nf(ynm)&SdaMumif; rdefYawmfrlchJonhf twdkif;yif
ukodem½kHü y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlcgeD; vJavsmif;awmfrlaepOf rdrd
(>ruf[NyD;) pum;awmfESihftnD trSefwu,faqmif½Guf awmfrlcJh
onf (r 1? 117)/ ¤if;aemuf okb'´onf (jrwfAk'¨\) vrf;ñTef
csuf&&SdNyD; vIdufvSJpGm cH,lvsuf tjyif;txef ur®|mef; ½IrSwf
ojzihf t&[wåzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;onf/
b0ukefqkH;&ef eD;uyfvmaomtcg Ak'¨&iS af wmfjrwfonf
vufawGUusihfpOfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí aemufqkH; oifMum;awmfrl
onf/ ¤if;aemuf jrwfAk'¨u teD;tem;ü pka0;aeMuaom &[ef;
ukodem½kH 335
awmfrsm;tm; ukd,faawmfjrwftaejzihf vrf;ñTefa[mMum;rI rjyK
Edkifawmhaomfvnf; "r®ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuaMumif; rdefYawmf
rlonf ]tmeE´m? oifwdkYonf igbk&m;\ oifMum;csuf &yfpJoGm;
cJhNyD/ ,cktcg igwdkYq&mr&Sdawmhacs[k pOf;pm;rdEdkif\/ odkY&mwGif
þodkYrawG;Muvihf/ igbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf ig;bk&m; a[m
Mum; ynwfxm;NyD;jzpfonhf "r®ESihf0de,udk oifwdkY\q&mjyKMu
avmh ('D 2? 126)}/ ¤if;aemuf jrwfAk'¨onf aemufqkH;Mo0g'udk
>ruf[awmfrlonf ]&[ef;wdkY? ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf ysufpD;
jcif; oabm&Sd\/ vkHYvBudK;ukwftm;xkwf&pfMuavmh[k igbk&m;
onf oifwdkYudk rdefYMum;ay\ (0,"r®m ocFg&m tyÜrma'e orÜm
a'x)} ('D 2? 127)/
t&[wår*fzdkvfudk r&&Sdao;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf tvGefvsifjrefpGm y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlavjcif;/
tvGefvsifjrefpGm avmu\tvif; &SifyifAk'¨ y&deAd ÁmefpHvGefrlav
jcif;}[k ajymqdk idka<u;Muonf/ (tem*grf &[EÅm) t&d,m yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;url owdorÜZOfjzihf wnfNidrfpGm aeEdkifMuvsuf ylaqG;idka<u;
Muolrsm;tm; a[majymrIt&a&m pHerltm;jzihfyg Ak'¨a[mawmfrl
aomw&m;"r®jzihf owday;Mu\ ]t&Sif bk&m;wdkY? t&Sifbk&m;wdkY\
idka<u;ylaqG;rI oifhavmufygNyD/ aysmf½TifESpfoufzG,ft&mtm;vkH;
ajymif;vJjcif;oabm? uGJuGmNyD; wpfrsKd;wpfzkH jzpfjcif;oabm&Sd
aMumif; jrwfAk'¨a[mMum;awmfrlxm;onf r[kwfygavm} ('D 2?
129)/ xdkYaemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdkn\ <uif;usefaom
tcsdefudk w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;&if; ukefvGefMu\/ aemuf&uftenf;
i,fwGif rv’mrif;wdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ o&D&½kyfuvmyf
awmfudk rD;oN*FK[f&ef tao;pdwf pDpOfjyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyfMu
onf/ xdkYaemuf 7-&ufajrmufaeYwGif tavmif;awmfudk NrdKUxJrS
340 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
r[my&dedAÁmapwD
r[my&dedAÁmeausmif;\ aemufwnhfwnfh (ta&SUbuf uyfvsuf)
wGif tifMuif;yifysKdtpkHwdkYtMum; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpH0if
awmfrlcJhaomae&mü wnfxm;aom apwDawmf wnf&Sdonf/
tjcm;apwDawmf trsm;pkuJhodkYyif þapwDawmfonfvnf; apwD
wpfql\twGif;ü tjcm;apwDwpfql (ikí H wnfxm;jcif;tm;jzihf)
apwDtrsm;tjym;yg0ifonf/ vkH;0rysufpD;ao;aom a&S;tusqkH;
apwDawmf\twGif;ü rD;aoG;tydkif;tprsm;ESihf (rD;avmifxm;í)
rnf;aeaom ajrom;rsm;awGU&onf/ (,if;rD;aoG;ESihf ajrom;rsm;
rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk) rD;ylaZmfonhfae&mrSjzpfonfrSm ajrBuD;
vufcwfrvGJjzpfonf/ at'Dig;&mpkcefYwGif y&dedAÁmebk&m;ausmif;
ü qif;wkawmfudk vª'gef;cJhol [&dAv trnf&Sd&[ef;awmfu þ
apwDawmfudk jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhonf/
rxaum&bk&m;ausmif;
a&S;a[mif;okawoeO,smOfrS xGufcGmNyD; um;vrf;rawmifbuf
odkY qufvufqif;oGm;aomf bk&m;zl;onf um;vrf;auGUwGif
acwfopfbk&m;ausmif;wpfck awGU&vdrfhrnf/ þ bk&m;ausmif;udk
1927-ckESpfu þae&mü awGU&SdcJhaom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfBuD; udef;
0yf&ef jrefrmbk&m;zl;rsm;u wnfaqmufcJhonf/ þqif;wk
awmfonf um;vfav;vD wl;azmfawGU&SdpOfu ESpfykdif;usKd;jywf
aeNyD; rlvuausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfck\ bk&m;cef;twGif; &SdcJhonf/
,if;ausmif;wkduf\ tkwfjrpfrsm;udk ,ckwdkifawGUjrifEdkifao;onf/
qif;wkawmfoufouf 3 'or 05 rDwmjrihfNyD; blrdzórkj'm
[efjzpfonf/ qif;wkawmf\atmufajcwGif rsm;pGmysufpD;aeNyDjzpf
onhf pmwef;wpfckyg&Sdonf/ ,if;pmwef;t& þ(qif;wk)yef;yk
vuf&monf at'D 10-&mpk odkYr[kwf 12-&mpk vuf&mjzpfonf/
ukodem½kH 337
vltrsm;onf w&m;"r® (½IyGm;&ef) t"d|mefjyKMuonf}/ udk&D;,m;
c&D;onfu þae&mü oGm;vmvSnhfvnfaeMuaom tazmfryg
onhf c&D;oGm;onf wpfcgwpf&H usm;? MuHUwY\ dk wdkufckdufcH&
aMumif;vnf; azmfjyxm;onf/
[a,csKda&mufNyD;aemuf ukodem½kHESihfywfoufNyD; ordkif;
taxmuftxm;a&m pmaytaxmuftxm;yg Nidrfcsufom;
aumif;vSonf/ odkYjzihf rlqvifwdkY usL;ausmfrIrwdkifrD uwnf;
uyif Ak'¨0g'\tcsuftjcm ae&mtjzpfwnf&Sdjcif;rS jywfawmuf
oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ukodem½kH qkwf,kwfNyD;aemuf ,if;ukod
em½kHywf0ef;usiüf BuD;xGm;cJhaom½Gmudk ukod,m (ukqd,m)[k
ac:wGifvmvsuf (,if;ukod,mtrnfonfyif) þywf0ef;usi&f Sd
t<uif;tuseftysuftpD;rsm;\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;rItwGuf wpfck
wnf;aom t&dyft>ruf jzpfawmhonf/ 1854-ckeSpfwGif tdyfcsf
tdyfcsf 0Dvqif (H. H. Wilson)u ukod,monf ukodem½kH jzpf&
rnf[k aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfpGmyif wdkufwGef;cJhojzihf ,if;wkduf
wGef;csufudk txl;pdwf0ifpm;ol uefeif[rfonf 1861-62 wGif
þae&modkY a&mufvmcJhNyD; cdkifvkHonhf taxmuftxm; r&Sdao;
aomfvnf; 0Dvqif\tqdk rSefonf[k ,kHMunf&aMumif; vdkufí
qdkcJhonf/ 1876-ckESpfwGif uefeif[rf\ vufaxmuf um;vf
av;vD (Carlleyle)onf ukod,m0ef;usifwGif ae&mtESHY wl;azmfrI
jyKvkyfcJhonf/ um;vfav;vDu avsmif;awmfrl (y&dedAÁme)qif;wk
awmfBuD;udk awGU&SdcJhjcif;onf þae&mrSm ukodem½kHtrSefyifjzpf
onf[laom xifjrifcsufukd axmufcHchaJ omfvnf; ,if;udk ouf
aojy&ef ausmufpmta&;tom; r&&Sdao;bJjzpfaeonf/ 1904
ESihf 1912 ckESpfrsm;twGif; wl;azmfrIrsm;ü r[my&dedAÁme0d[m&ESihf
y&dedAÁmeapwDwdkYudk azmfjyxm;onhf wHqdyfrsm;ESihf aMu;jym; (ay:
a&;xm;onhf) ta&;tom;rsm; xGufay:vmcsdef usrSom ukod
338 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
,monf ukodem½kHjzpfaMumif; ,wdjywf oufaojyEdkifcJhonf/
1900-ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrm&[ef;awmf (&cdkiftrsKd;om;) OD;p`E´rek d
onf ukodem½kHodkY bk&m;zl;<uvmNyD; ukodem½kHü oDwif;okH;ae
xkdif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ OD;p`E´rkedonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;i,fwpf
aqmif aqmufvkyfcJhNyD; aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif pwifvma&mufvm
aeMuonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; apmifha&SmufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
tysuftpD;rsm;tMum; ½GmBuD;wpf½Gmjzpfay:vmNyD; ,aeYacwfwGif
bk&m;zl;onf aumif;pGmxdef;odrf;xm;onhf O,smOfrsm;wGif vSnfh
vnfEdkifNyD; y&dedAÁmeapwDudk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfvsuf þae&mü Ak'¨jrwfpmG
y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlchJay\[k ESvkH;oGif; atmufarhEdkifNyDjzpfonf/
Munhf½IzG,f
y&dedAÁmebk&m;ausmif;
tysuftpD;rsm;ywf0ef;aeonhf O,smOftv,fwGif 1956-ckESpfu
tdE´d,tpdk;&wnfaqmufcJhonhf acwfopf y&dedAÁmebk&m;ausmif;
&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif; wl;azmfcsufrsm;t& þae&m&Sdrlvbk&m;
ausmif;onf &Snfarsmarsm tcef;us,fwpfckyg0ifaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ taemufbufudk rsufESmrlvsuf ¤if;(bk&m;ausmif;)\ 0if
aygufESifh qufaeonhf tcef;wpfck &Sdonf/ trIdufo½dkufrsm;
tMum;awGU&Sd&onhf yef;yk½kyfxGif;rsufESmjyifyg&Sdaom tkwfcJtrsm;
tjym;u rlvbk&m;ausmif;rSm acwfopfbk&m;ausmif;ESihf rwl
aom pnfykHtxGwfyg&SdaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
þbk&m;ausmif;twGif; 6 'or 1 rDwm&Snfonhf avsmif;
awmfrl Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql udef;0yfNyD; eDMuifMuif oJausmuf
wpfwkH;wnf;jzihf xGif;xkxm;onf/ jrwfAk'¨onf ajrmufodkY OD;
acgif;jyKvsuf vuf,mbuf(eHawmif;)jzihf vJavsmif;aeonf/ nm
bufvufawmfudk OD;acgif;atmufwGif xm;NyD; b,fbufvuf
ukodem½kH 339
awmfudk aygifay:üwifxm;onf/ qif;wkawmfudef;0yfaeonhf
atmufcH (yv’if)ckH\ taemufbufjcrf;wGif uvdkifi,fokH;ckyg&Sd
vsuf ,if;txJü ½kyfwki,fwpfckpD&Sdonf/ b,fbuf½yk fwkonf
qHyif&SnfESihf aomua&mufaeykH xif&Sm;onfh trsdK;orD;ykHjzpfNyD;
rv’mrif;wdkY\aomuudk wifpm;jcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ tvvf½kyfwk
onf Munhf½IolbufodkY ausmay;NyD; ur®|mef;xkdifaeonhf &[ef;
awmfykHjzpfonf/ nmbuf&Sd½kyfykHrSm &[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ ykHyif jzpf
NyD; ,cktBudrfürl &[ef;awmfonf aomuzdpD;ojzihf nmvuf
ay:wGif OD;acgif;udk wifxm;onf/ þ½kyfwkESpfckrSm Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef
pHawmfrljcif;aMumifh idka<u;aeMuoltaygif;tm; wnfNidrf&ef (aom
u rjzpfMu&ef) owday;aeaom &[ef;awmfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyK
onfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ tv,f½kyfwk\ atmufbuf
avmufwGif wpfpdwfwpfa'o ysufpD;aeonhf pmwef;wpfckawGU&
onf/ ¤if;pm;wef;ü þodkYzwf½I&onf ]r[m0d[m&(ausmif;
wdkuf)rS &[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfonhf [&dAv\ aumif;rIjzpfonf/
'de ... (trnf&Sdol)u (þqif;wkawmfudk) oyÜm,fatmif aqmif
½Gufonf ...}/
þqif;wkawmfonf [l,ifqef <ua&mufpOfu zl;awGU&
onhf qif;wkawmfjzpfNyD; pmwef;yg pmaytu©&m[efjzihf owf
rSwfxm;csuft& at'Dig;&mpk vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ 1876-ckESpf
u um;vfav;vDonf y&dedAÁmebk&m;ausmif;udk wl;azmfaom
tcg þ(avsmif;awmfrl)qif;wkawmfBuD; vkH;0uGJysufaeNyD; jyef
vnfjyKjyif&ef BudK;pm;jcif;ESihfywfoufonhf taxmuftxm;rsm;
awGU&onf/ þqif;wkawmfrSm tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;ü awGU&orQ
aom Ak'¨\ (y&d)edAÁmeudk,fpm;jyK (qif;wkawmf) tenf;i,f
teuf wpfckyg0ifaMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f rSwfom;&onf/
344 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
]igum; Ak'¨jzpfay\} [k bk&m;&Sifu ajzMum;onf/
(oH 1? 346)/
yk*¾KdvfESpfOD;onf xdkifípum;pjrnf ajymqdkMuonf/ ajymqdk
rI NyD;qkH;aomtcg a'gPykPÖm;onf tem*grdzdkvfodkY qdkufa&muf
oGm;onf/ ykPÖm;onf ]a'gP*ZÆdw)trnf&Sd Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;
*kPfjyKonhf*gxmudk zGJUqdkjcif;jzih31f csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&aomfvnf; ,ck
tcg ,if;*gxmrsm;rSm aysmufqkH;oGm;NyDjzpfonf/
a'gPykPÖm;onf ukodem½kHü pk½kH;;vmMuol tm;vkH;\ ,kH
MunfrIudk txift&Sm;&&SdaomaMumifh ¤if;taejzihf rQwonf[k
,lqonhftwkdif; "mwfawmfrsm;udkcGJa0&ef oabmwlcJhMuonf/
¤if;\ aqmif½GufrI&vm'ftjzpf a'gPykPÖm;tm; "mwfawmf jcif
wG,fonhf jynfawmif;udk ay;Muonf/ a'gPonf ,if; jynf
awmif;udk aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHNyD; rdrdtaejzihf xdkjynfawmif;udk
xnhfoGif;Xmyemí apwD&ef aMunmvdkufonf/ a'gP\cGJa0rIukd
vlwkdif;ESpfouf auseyfMuonf/ ydyævd0et&yfrS arm&d,rif;wdkY
\ trwfwpfzGJU a&mufvmNyD; a0pkawmif;qdkMujyefojzihf a'gP
onf tcif;jzpfyGm;&modkY a&mufvmí aemufusrS a&mufvmol
rsm;tm; rD;oN*ØK[fonhfae&mrS rD;aoG;rsm;udk ay;a0&ef wdkuf
wGef;onf/ ,if;odkY pDrHaqmif½GufcJhojzihf yxrOD;qkH;aom Ak'¨bm
omqdkif&m apwDawmfq,fqludk wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhMuonf/
r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmfwGif a'gPykPÖm;tm; pGrf;&nfjynfh
"mwfawmfcGJa0oltjzpf wpfaphwpfapmif; azmfjyonf ]Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf\ w&m;awmft& onf;cH&rnfjzpfojzihf þxl;jrwfaom
31
jrwfAk'¨\ w&m;a'oemtqkH;ü r*fzdkvfokH;qihfodkYa&mufNyD; y'aygif; wpfaomif;ESpf
axmif (ESpfbmP0g&) wdkYjzifh ]a'gP*ZÆdw} rnfaom Ak'¨axmrem *gxmrsm;udk zGJUqdk
cJhonf (tH-| 2? 299)/
ukodem½kH 341
rl&if;bGJUtrnf rxaum&ESihfywfoufí (t"dyÜm,f razmfEdkifao;
bJ) wdrfjrKyfqJjzpfjcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/ uefeif[rfurl
]aoolrif;om;} (rw = aoaom? ukrm& = rif;om;)ESihf ywf
oufz, G f&Sdonf[k MuHqcJhonf/
awaZmrD;avmifuRrf;&mapwD
vrf;atmufbufodkY wpfuDvdkrDwmcGJavmuf aemufxyfqufoGm;
aomf bk&m;zl;onf Ak'¨\o&D&½kyfuvmyfawmfudk rD;oN*dK[fonhf
ae&mudk txdrf;trSwf jyKxm;onhf apwDawmfukd zl;awGUEdkifonf/
apwDawmf\ pnfykHonf rlvutcsif; 34 'or 14 rDwm&SdNyD;
tcsif; 47 'or 24 rDwm&Sdonhf atmufcHyv’if (zdeyf)awmf
ay:ü wnf&Sdonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
ukodem½kHonf a*g&cyl&\ ta&SUbuf 55 uDvdkrDwm tuGm
wGif&Sdonf/ um;jzihf vG,fulpGm oGm;a&mufEdkifonf/ tao;pdwf
qdk&aomf ukodem½kHrS 35 uDvdkrDwma0;NyD; Am&mPoDrS &xm;
jzifh qufoG,fxm;onhf a'tdk&d,m (NrdKU)rS wpfqifh oGm;a&muf
Edkifonf/

19/ a'gPNrdKU
&yfeD;&yfa0; yk*¾Kdvftm;vkH;wdkY zl;jrifedkifNyD; o'¨gw&m; wdk;yGm;Muap&ef
tvdkYiSm apwDawmfrsm; wnf xm; udk;uG,fMuygpdkY ('D 2? 136)/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk Xmyemí yxrqkH;
wnfxm;cJhonhf apwDq,fqlteuf wpfqlrSm "mwfawmfrsm;
udkxnfh&ef jcifwG,fcJhonfh jynfawmif;jzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfqlrSm
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ o&D½kyfuvmyfawmfudk rD;oN*ØK[f&m xif;rD;ykHrS
rD;aoG;(udkXmyemonhf) apwDjzpfonf/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmf
t& þtajctaetaMumif;t&mudk þodkYawGU&onf ]jrwfAk'¨y&d
edAÁmef pHNyD[laom owif;pum; ysHUESYH oGm;aomtcg EdkifiHrsm;pGmrS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eSihf vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf <uif;usefonhf "mwfawmf
rsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef ukodem½kHodkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ ous
(omuD0if)rsKd;wdkYuvnf; ¤if;wdkY\udk,fpm;vS,f ajymqdkonhf
twdkif; ]]wxm*w (jrwfAk'¨)onf igwdkYtrsKd;\ txGwfjrwfqkH;
yk*¾KdvfjzpfaomaMumihf}} ("mwfawmfa0pk)tcsKdU &vdkMuonf/ tZm
wowåKrif;BuD;\ trwfBuD;uvnf; rif;BuD;onf ]]Ak'¨&iS af wmf
jrwfuJhodkYyif ppfbk&ifrsKd; EG,fjzpfaomaMumifh}} "mwfawmfa0pk &
oifhaMumif;qdkonf/ þonfrSm r½dk;om;(roifhjrwf)aom wifjy
csuf jzpfaomfvnf; tZmwowåKonf xdktcsdefu tiftm;
taumif;qkH;ESihf txufjrufqkH; bk&if{u&mZfjzpfojzihf ¤if;\
awmif;qdkcsufrSm ta&;BuD;onf/ ukodem½kHNrdKUom; rv’mrif;rsm;
url w&m;rQwrI\ q,fykH udk;ykHrQ&Sdonhf ydkifqdkifrI½IaxmifhrS
awmif;qdkjcif;jzihf ]]xwm*wonf igwdkYNrdKU\ e,fedrdwftwGif;
y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;jzpfí "mwfawmfrsm;udk igwdkY pGefYvTwfrnfr[kwf}}
[kqdkonf ('D 2? 135)}/ tm;vkH;aom &Spfjynfaxmif rif;wdkYonf
tawmfrQwykHr&onhf þtjiif;yGm;rIü yg0ifywfoufcJhMuonf/
a'gPNrdKU 343
xkdtcsdefu (vltrsm;) tav;*½k jyKcH&onfh a'gPtrnf&Sd
ykPÖm;q&mBuD;wpfa,muf ukodem½kHwGif aexdkifonfESihf BuHK
BudKufcJhonf/ a'gP[laomtrnfrSm þykPÖm;\trnf&if; r
[kwfEdkifbJ aemufrSxif&Sm;vmonhf trnfemr jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
a'gP[laom ygVdpum;rSm jcifwG,fonfhcGuf odkYr[kwf jynf
awmif;[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
a'gPykPÖm;onf ,cifESpfrsm;tvGefu Ak'¨bk&m;&Siftm;
awGUqkHcJh&onf/ Ouú|ESihf aowAsNrdKUtMum;&Sd vrf;wGifc&D;oGm;pOf
oJcif;vrf;ü ajc&mrsm;udkawGU&NyD; ,if;ajc&mrsm;ü r*Fvm
trSwftom;rsm;udk owdjyKrdojzihf ajc&maemufodkYvdkuf&ef qkH;
jzwfcJhonf/ rMumrD opfyifwpfyifatmufü xdkifaeawmfrlaom
Ak'¨xHodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ ](a'gPonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;
MunfnKdESpfoufoGm;NyD; ,kHMunfo'¨gw&m; wdk;yGm;vmvsuf Nidrf
oufaompdwftm½kH wnfMunfaompdwfxm;jzihf tvkH;pkH ,Ofaus;
atmif qkH;rxm;NyD;aom qifajymifuJhodkY vkH;0 at;csrf;oGm;
onf}/ tHhMojcif;jynfhvQHaeaom ESvkH;om;jzihf a'gPykPÖm;u –
]toifu ewfa'0gayavm}[k ar;avQmufonf/
]ig ewfa'0g r[kwfbl; ykPÖm;} [k Ak'¨&Sifu ajzMum;onf/
]*E¨AÁewfayavm}
]r[kkwfygbl;}
],u© (ewfbDvl;)avm}
]r[kkwfygbl;}
]vlom;ayavm}
]ig vlom;vnf; r[kkwfygbl;}
]'gjzihf toifu bmvJ}[k a'gPonf a0cGJr&jzpfNyD;
toHus,fpGm qdkar;rdonf/
348 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
vª'gef;jcif;
tcsdKUaom Ak'¨bmomqdkif&mXmersm;ukd ]tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;okawo
eavhvma&;Xme}u csKyfudkifxm;aomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&H tysuf
tpD;rsm;tMum;&Sd apwDESihfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;ü tvªcHaowåmrsm;
xm;&Sdonf/ Oyrm ukodem½kHwGif jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom ae&m
rsm;ü vª'gef;jcif;rSm ykHrSeftm;jzihf tusKd;r&Sd tv[ó jzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;okawoetrIxrf;rsm;u (¤if;
wdkYudk)rac:bJ vrf;ñTeftjzpfaqmif½Guf&ef BudK;pm; avh&SdMuonf/
¤if;aemuf ydkufqH&&ef arQmfvifh odkY[kwf ajymifajymifwif;wif;
tcaMu;aiG awmif;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; ydkufqHpGefYBuJjcif;onf
vmbfpm;rIudk tm;ay;jcif;omjzpfNyD; aemufvmrnhfbk&m;zl;rsm;
tm; tawmif;cH&atmif zefwD;&ma&mufonf/ vª'gef;rIjyKvdkygvQif
Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfwkdif;ü qufoG,fywfoufaeonfh ouf0ifvIyf
&Sm;qJ Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü ,if;odkY (vª'gef;rI)jyKoihfyg
onf/
c&D;pOf
þpmtkyfwGifazmfjyxm;onhf Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;onf us,fajym
vSonhf e,fajrtwGif; usJjyefYaeaomfvnf; tdE´d,\us,fajym
vSonhf &xm;vrf;uGef&ufu ,if;ae&mrsm;udk wpfckESihfwpfck
tvG,fwul a&mufatmif aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Ak'¨0ifae&m
awmftoD;oD;\ yifrNrdKU odkYr[kwf NrKd Uawmftm;vkH;odkY &xm;jzihf
oGm;a&mufEdkifonf/ ,if;aemuf um;? wuúpD odkYr[kwf tcsdKU ae
&mrsm;wGif vefcsm;rsm;jzihf rdrdoGm;vdk&modkY qufvufoGm;a&muf
Edkifonf/ ae&mwdkif;odkY oGm;a&mufvdkaom bk&m;zl;rsm;twGuf
toihfavsmfqkH;aom c&D;pOfrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf –
1/ a'vDrS r"k&modkY um;jzihf?
a'gPNrdKU 345
yk*¾Kdvf\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk cJGa0jcif;rS ckduf&efjzpfyGm;rI jzpfay:cJhygu
roihfjrwfacs/ igwdkYtm;vkH; nDñGwfrIESihf Nidrf;csrf;rIwGif yg0if vuf
wGJMuygpdkY} ('D 2? 136)/ ]Ak'¨p&dwuAsm}wGif tóaCmo (t
rnf&Sd r[m,meynm&Sif &[ef;)u Nidrf;csrf;rI? wnfNidrfrIESihf xif
&Sm;onhf tm½kHcHpm;rIwdkYtwGuf pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f uAsm&Snfwpf
yk'fudk a'gPykPÖm;\ EIwfxJodkYxnhfí þjzpf&yftaMumif; azmf
jyxm;onf/ aESmif;acwfpmayrSwfwrf;rsm;ürl a'gPtm; "mwf
awmftcsKdUudk udk,fykdif&,l&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonhf vSnhfywfrItcsKdU &SdcJh
oltjzpf azmfjyMuonf/ okr*Fv0dvmodeD ('DCedum,f t|u
xm) tvdkt& a'gPonf "mwfawmfrsm;udk rQa0aepOf wpfOD;
wpfa,mufrQ apmihfMunhfjcif; r&Sdonfwdkif (tvpfudk) apmifhaeNyD;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ vuf,m pG,fawmfjrwfudk rdrd\ acgif;aygif;p
twGif; odk0Sufxm;cJhonf ('D-| 2? 200)/ tjcm; '@m&Dwpfck
t&rl a'gPonf "mwfawmfjcifonhf jynfawmif; twGif;ydkif;udk
ysm;&nf okwfvdrfxm;ojzihf (jynfawmif;ü)uyfaeonhf "mwf
awmfrsm;ukd wdwfwqdwf odk0Sufodrf;qnf;xm;onf[kqdkonf/
Munfh½IzG,f
a'gPapwD
a'gPykPÖm;\ "mwfawmfjcifonhf jynfawmif;udk XmyemcJhaom
apwDonf a&S;acwfbk&m;zl;rsm;\ t"du yef;wdkifwpfckjzpfcJh
onf/ at'D 2-&mpku a&;om;cJhonfh 'Dy0Housrf;ESihf tjcm; rsm;
pGmaom usrf;*efrsm;ü ,if;a'gPapwDtaMumif;udk azmfjyMu
onf/ [l,ifqefonf a'gPapwDudk zl;ajrmfcJh&NyD; (xdkpOfu)
apwD awmfjrwfrSm ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeNyDjzpfaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&H
a&mifjcnfrsm; uGefYjrL;qJjzpfonf/ þapwDawmfudk taomurif;
346 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
w&m;BuD;u jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhaMumif;vnf; [l,ifqeftm; (a'ocHwdkY
u) ajymjyMuonf/ ,aeYacwfü a'gPapwDonf a'gP½Gmi,f\
axmifhpGef; wpfae&mwGifwnf&Sdaom rjrihfvSonhf jrufxlaawmif
ukef;i,fwpfckjzpfNyD; ,if;awmifukef;xdyfü [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;
wpfausmif;&Sdonf/
vuf&SdawGUjrif&oavmufwGif apwDawmf\ tv,fA[dkrSm
tawmftwefjrifhaomfvnf; usKd;aMuoGm;NyD;jzpfvsuf ,if;rS
tkwfrsm;udk [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;aqmufvkyf&mü tokH;jyKcJhonf/
apwDawmfteD;wGif at'D 9-&mpkvuf&m teufa&mif ausmuf
om;jzihf odrfarGUpGm xGif;xkxm;onhf wm&m½kyfwk&Sonf/
oGm;a&muf&ef
a'gP½GmodkY oGm;a&muf&ef teD;qkH;jzpfonhft"duNrdKUrSm ukodem
½kH\ ta&SUawmifbuf 95-uDvdkrDwmcefYtuGm ywåem;rS jrpf
wpfbufurf;wnfhwnfh&Sd [*sdyl&NrdKUtaemufajrmufbuf ,if;
(95-uDvdkrDwm)rQtuGm&Sd od0e (Siwan)NrdKUjzpfonf/ vrf;ESpfckvkH;
tajctaetvGefqdk;onf/ od0erS taemufbufodkY qufoGm;NyD;
artd&0g (Mairawa)NrdKU ra&mufrDcefYwGif awmifbuf&Sd 'ga&mvD
(Darauli)NrdKUodkYoGm;onhf vrf;bufodkY csKd;auGUyg/ vrf;cGJrS &SpfuDvdk
rDwmtuGmwGif a'gP½Gm&Sdonf/
bk&m;zl;rsm;owdjyKzG,f
oabmxm;
tdE´d,onf c&D;oGm;vm&ef tNrJwrf;vG,fulonfh EdkifiHr[kwfacs/
vrf;rsm;qdk;ojzihf MuefYMumrIrsm;rSm BuHKaeusjzpfNyD; t&m&Sdrsm;rSm
½dkif;ysvsuf rulnDbJ&SdEdkifonf/ xkdYjyif tcsdKUoGm;a&muf vnfywf
olrsm;rSm tdE´d,\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk vufcH&ef jiif;qdkjcif;? tdE´d,
tm;rdrdwdkYEdkifiHESihf t&m&mEIdif;,SOfjcif;wdkYjzihf BuKHawGU&onfh tcuf
tcJrsm;udk aygif;pyfypfvdkufMuonf/ ,if;oabmxm;onf t
rsufxGufpdwfqdk;apaom pdwfxm;rsm;ESihf pdwfrcsrf;omjcif;wkdYukd
omjzpfay:aponf/ (xdkoabmxm;rsm;udk) vufcHEdkifjcif;? onf;
cH(wwf)jcif;ESihf [',½Tifvef;vdkrIwkdYonf bk&m;zl;\ c&D;pOfudk
ydkrdk aysmf½Tifapygvdrfhrnf/
c&D;oGm;tcsuftvuf
þpmtkyfwGif ADZm? ae&mxdkifcif;ESihf aiGaMu;p&dwfpu ponfwdkY
taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday/ þowif;tcsuftvufrsKd;
udk aemufqkH;ay: c&D;oGm;vrf;ñTefpmtkyfrS &,ljcif;onfom
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf taumif;qkH;rSm ]txD;usef
N*dK[f ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&;}rS jzefYcsdonfh ]tdE´d, c&D;oGm;tESpfcsKyf}
(India-A Traval Survival Kit) trnf&Sdpmapmif jzpfonf/ tdE´d,
tpdk;& urÇmvSnhfc&D;oGm;vma&;XmewGif &Edkifonhf (vrf;ñTef)
pmtkyfi,frsm;ESihf ajrykHrsm;onfvnf; tokH;0ifonf/ odkYaomf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm wpfcgwpf&H *½krjyKavmuf odkYr[kwf
raocsmacs/ tdE´d,tpdk;&qdkif&m pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm; (ajrykHrsm;?
vrf; trSwftom;rsm;? urÇmvSnhfc&D;rsm;XmerS vufurf;pm
apmifrsm;)onfyif wpfae&mESihfwpfae&m tuGmta0;ukd rwl
rnD azmfjywwfonf/ odkYjzpfí þpmtkyfü azmfjyxm;aom t
uGmta0;rsm;udk cefYrSef;ajcrsm; tjzpfomwQif rSwf,loihfonf/
 352 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o bk&m;zl;rsm;owdjyKzG,f 349
om;tmvyf&ufrsm;ESihf EdkifiHawmf tm;vyf&ufrsm;ü ydwfonf/ 2/ r"k&mrS tvm[mbwfodkY &xm;jzihf? (wpfzef)bwfpf
tcsdKUrSm wpfaeYydwfNyD;tcsKdUrSm tjcm;aeYü ydwfvsuf tcsKdUrl ESpf odkYr[kwf wuúpDjzihf aumorÁDodkY qufoGm;&ef?
&ufvkH;zGifhNyD; aemufaeY (usrS) ponfjzihf ydwfonf/ a&muf&Sd&m 3/ tvm[mbwfrS Am&mPoDodkY &xm;jzihf? bwfpf odkYr[kwf
a'owdkif;ü jywkdufrsm;udk ydwfxm;onfESihfom BuKHawGU&ojzihf vefcsm;jzihf rd*'g0kefodkY quf&ef?
c&D;pOfudk tvGeftaESmifht,Suf jzpfaponf/ þpmtkyfü rSefuef 4/ Am&mPoDrS *,modkY&xm;jzihf? Ak'¨*,modkY bwfpf odkYr[kwf
wdusaom tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd&ef BudK;yrf;Munfh vefcsm;jzihf qufoGm;&ef?
onfhtcg ae&mwkdif;wGif jzpfEdkiforQ a&S;OD;pGm BudKwifpkHprf;NyD; 5/ *,mrS &mZN*dK[fodkY bwfpf odkYr[kwf wuúpDjzihf?
jynfolYtm;vyf&ufrsm;udk odrSwfxm;jcif;onfom taumif; 6/ &mZN*dK[frS ywåem;odkY bwfpfum;jzihf?
qkH;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ 7/ ywåem;rS a0omvDESihf avm&d,eE´me*&NrdKUrsm;odkY bwfpf
odkYr[kwf wuúpDjzihf? ¤if;aemuf ywåem;odkY jyefvm?
tjcm;wpfenf;rSm ywåem;odkY jyefvmrnhftpm; a*gygv*Íö
eHeuf 9-em&D 27-rdepf? Zefe0g&Dv 1-&uf? 2001-wGif ESihf ukodem½kHrS wpfqifh a*g&cyl&odkY wdku½f dkufqufoGm;yg/
jrefrmjyefqkdNyD;pD;onf/ þ(c&D;pOf)udk wuúpDjzihfoGm;rSom jzpfEdkifonf/
8/ (ywåem;rS jrpfwpfbufurf;&Sd) aomPyl&rS a*g&cyl&odkY
t&Sifauvmo &xm;jzihf? ¤if;aemuf ukodem½kHodkY bwfp odkYr[kwf
wuúpDjzihf quf&ef/
9/ a*g&cyl&rS aemif*g;odkY &xm;jzihf? udv0w¬KodkY wuúpDjzihf
qufoGm;? aemif*g;rS vkrÁdeDodkYvnf; wuúpDiSm;í &Edkifonf/
10/ aemif*g;rS Amv&rfylodkY &xm;jzihf? om0w¬dodkY bwfpfjzihf
quf&ef/
11/ Amv&rfylrS a'vDodkY vyfcaemif;rSwpfqihf &xm;jzihfoGm;&ef/
tpDtpOf
uREkfyfwdkYESihfywfoufonhf Ak'¨0ifae&mawmftrsm;pkrSm rod&ao;
aomt&mrsm;jzpfojzihf tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif acwåcPwnf;cdak e
jcif;jzihfomvQif taumif;qkH;aom auseyfrIudk &&SdEdkifygonf/
350 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY ajy;vTm;vsuf urÇmvSnhfc&D;onfrsm;
pdwf0ifpm;onfh tdE´d,&Sdae&mrsm;pGmodkY oGm;a&mufjcif;rSm txdrf;
trSwfae&mrsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usifobm0
tajctaeudk vufvGwfqkH;½IH;oGm;rnhf t"dyÜm,frsKd;jzpfonf/ jzpf
EdkifvQif bk&m;zl;onf tenf;qkH; rd*'g0kef? &mZN*dK[fESihf om0w¬d
wdkYü ESpfn? Ak'¨*,mü okH;n tcsdef,loihfonf/ ,if; (odkYem;
aejcif;)jzihf ur®|mef;bm0em½IrSwf&ef? (bk&m;*kPfawmf) yGm;rsm;
&ef? Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;udk jznf;jznf;at;at; zl;ajrmf&efESihf tdE´d
,ü c&D;oGm;vmjcif;aMumifh jzpfNrJwkdif;aom yifyef;EGrf;e,fjcif;rS
tem;,l&ef tcsdef&ayvdrfhrnf/
jywdkufrsm;
bk&m;zl;trsm;pkonf tdE´d,odkY e,l;a'vD? umvuwåm;? odkY
r[kwf bkHabNrdKUrsm;rS 0ifa&muf odkYr[kwf xGufcGmMuvdrfhrnf/
xdkYNrdKUBuD;rsm;toD;oD;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tm; tvGefpdwf0ifpm;
aponhf jywdkufrsm;&Sdonf/ e,l;a'vD&Sd trsdK;om;jywdkuf
(National Museum)onf tdE´d,wGif taumif;qkH;jzpfNyD; urÇmay:&Sd
taumif;qkH; jywdkufrsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ þjy
wdkufwGif acwfaygif;pkHrS Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m yef;csDrsm;? ½kyfyGm;
qif;wkrsm;? ydk;om;yefcsDum;rsm;ESihf qmatmf&Jvfpwdkif; (Sir Aurel
Stine) tm&Stv,fydkif;wpfcGif pl;prf;avhvmpOf awGU&SdcJhonfh
pmtkyfrsm;ukd pkaqmif;jyoxm;onf/ jywdkuf&Sd rMumao;rDu
odrf;qnf;xm;onhfypönf;rSm 1989-ckESpfwGifrS qefaCmv
apwDrS (&&Sdonhf) vSypGmxGif;xkxm;aom ausmufvuf&ef;jzpf
onf/ tdE´d,trsKd;om;jywdkufonf Zeyx (Janpath)vrf;ay:wGif
wnf&Sdvsuf eHeuf 10-em&DrS nae 5-em&DxdzGifhNyD; wevFmaeY
wGif ydwfonf/ umvuwåm;&Sd tdE´d,jywkdufonf tdE´d,wdkuf
bk&m;zl;rsm;owdjyKzG,f 351
i,ftwGif; a&S;tusqkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf odrf;qnfjyo&ef
tajctaevdktyfao;aomfvnf; taumif;qkH;tjzpfwnf&SdqJjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m pkaqmif;jyocef;wGif ausmufvuf&ef;
rsm;? jycef;wpfckwnf;wGif tpkvdkufjyoxm;onhf bm&[kw
apwDrS t0if*dwfrkcfOD;ESihf ukoe? *E¨m&? *kwåEiS fh yv’acwfrsm;rS
yef;ykvuf&mrsm;yg0ifonf/ tdE´d,jywdkufonf *sm0g[mvmae½l;
vrf;wGif&SdNyD; eHeuf 10-em&DrS nae 4-em&DtxdzGifhvsuf
wevFmaeYwGif ydwfonf/ bkHab&Sd a0vrif;om;jywkdufonf
rZÑdra'o odkYr[kwf r[m&|(jynfe,f)rsm;rS Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m
yef;ykvuf&mrsm;r&Sdacs/ odkYaomf þjywdkufü taomrif;BuD;\
aqmyg& (Sopara) ausmufpmjyefwrf;ESifh us,fjyefYrsm;jym;vSonhf
wdAuftEkynmrsm;&Sdonf/ a0vrif;om;jywdkufonf a0vifwef
(Weligton)t0kdif;wGif&SdNyD; eHeuf 10-em&DrS nae 6-em&DtwGif;
zGifhvSpfonf/
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aomfvnf; azmfrjy&ao;onhf tjcm;jywkdufwpfckrSm vyfcaemif;
NrdKU&Sd jynfe,fjywkduf (State Museum)jzpfonf/ þjywdkufwGif
ukoeESihf *E¨m&acwf yef;ykvuf&m tajrmuftjrm;ESihf rjynfhpkH
aom taomuausmufpmwkdif\ xdyfydkif;? a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ qGrf;cHoydwfwdkYudk pkaqmif;jyoxm;onf/
jynfe,fjywdkufonf wd&pämefO,smOfajrtwGif;&Sd Am&mPoD bm*
[ vrf;wGif&SdNyD; eHeuf 10-em&DcGJrS nae 4-em&DcGJtxd zGifhvsuf
wevFmaeYwGif ydwfonf/
tdE´d,&Sdjywkdufrsm;rSm zGifhydwfcsdef txl;xl;taxGaxG rsm;
jym;pkHvifvSonf/ xkdYtwl rnfonhfaeYwGif jywkdufrsm;ydwfonf
[laom tcsufESihfywfoufívnf; wlnDrIr&Sdacs/ tcsKdUudk trsKd;
 356 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o
rSwfom;zG,ftu©&mpOf
y&aAm"d (aAm"dÓmPfrwkdifrD) 142
y&abmoawmifukef; 275 u
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ygvdav,sawm 263 uydv0w¬KNrdKUopf 77
yuúduk#d 327 uydv0w¬KNrdKUa[mif;ae&m 74
ydyÜvd*l 197 uydv0w¬KrSvkrÁdeDodkY tuGmta0; 77
A uAsm&SnfBuD;wpfyk'f 100
Amrd,efa'o (Bamiyan) 15 uvd*FEdkifiHtm; e,fcsJUppfyGJ 15
aAm"dÓmPf\csrf;omrI 86 uvsmPDausmufpm 8
aAm"d&u©dw (&[ef;awmf) 89 umZmupöwef 6
AdrÁdom&tusOfaxmif 201 umVodvmausmufaqmif 218
Ak'¨*,m 85 ukrm&a'0D 160
Ak'¨*,mapwDOya' 113 ukrm&[m& (t&yf) 235
Ak'¨*wk årax&f 285 ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rª;csKyf OD;oefY 59
Ak'¨rdBwm (bdu©KeD) 273 ukodem½kH 332
Ak'¨a&oEkyfawmf 249 auorkwåNrdKU 297
Ak'¨oydwfawmf 260 aumorÁuk#d 323
jA[®*,m 85 aumorÁDodkY yxrqkH; a'opm&D 267
jA[®a,med 182 uuf&SrD;a'oü pwkw¬oH*g,em 55
upäduk#d 327
b urÇmay:wGif a&S;tusqkH; opfyif 126
bm&wumvb0ef (jywdkuf) 171 urÇmavmu\ rlvblw 193
bm&[kw½kyf<u 86 ukuúK#yg'*d&d 285
bmomaygif;pkHygvDref 41 uóy*dkPf;0ifwdAufausmif; 62
bk&m;zl;ae&mawmf okH;q,fhESpfXme 12 usefppfom;rif; 101
r BuD;rm;aom em;½Gufrsm; (Ak'¨) 51
ruk#AE¨eapwD 335 MuufoGefOykH taqmufttkH 81
354 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef jrwfAk'¨yGifhawmfrl&mrZÑdra'o rSwfom;zG,ftu©&mpOf 355
c aqmc@D 261
ckZÆKwå&m 270 Z
ajcawmf&m (yg')apwD 115 Z,aoe (ur®|mef;q&m) 211
ajcovkH;tdrfwdkif [dE´Lbkef;BuD; 40 ZD0uo&ufO,smOf 202
* ZD;uGufiSufBuD; wpfaumif 203
*,mjywdkuf 185 x
*d&dAZ (awmifukef;cHwyf) 187 xuF (Thanka) 172
a*g0dE´p`E´ (rif;) 160
**¾&mMumyef;tdkif 247 '
'dAsm0'ge (usrf;pm) 283
*syef&[ef;awmf udkZef (Kozan) 40
a'vd*grokr*Fvax&f 37
*syef&[ef;awmf edcsdzlcsD 204
a'gPNrdKU 342
*syefvlrsKd; yef;csDq&m 167
a*sxde (v|d0e) 210 '@ygPd (ykPÖm;) 70
C "
aCm#rkc (ykPÖm;) 232 "r®usrf;pmtkyfa& okH;aomif; 99
aCmodwm½kHausmif;awmf&m 272 "r®pMumpuf0dkif;bD; 155
"r®puú&mZde (qif;wk) 161
p "r®&mZduapwD 153
pwk&ef;av;ckygonhf apwD (yÍöm,we) 155 "ar®uapwDawmfBuD; 158
pwkw¬ajrmuf0g (Ak'¨) 190 e
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