The General Circle Diagram of Electrical

Machinery
BY FREDERICK EMMONS TERMAN,* CECIL LOUIS FREEDMAN,t
Associate, A. I. E. E. Non-member
THEODORE LOUIS LENZEN,t and KENNETH ALFRED ROGERSt
Associate, A. I. E. E. Non-member

Synopsis.-The well known circle diagram of a transmission net-
work is applied to electrical machinery, giving circle diagrams of
alternators, synchronous motors, synchronous condensers, and
transformers. These diagrams give a graphical representation of
the machine performance under all possible conditions. Such
quantities as power loss, power input, power output, field current,
etc., for any operating condition can be obtained by inspection.
These diagrams have the same field of usefulness as the circle diagram
of the induction motor.
The transmission network circle diagram can be applied to the
induction motor, yielding in the approximate representation the
Heyland diagram, which is merely a special case of the more general
diagram. The transmission network method of attack gives a
straight-forward solution of many induction motor problems that
would otherwise be difficult to handle, such as a motor equipped with
a phase advancer.
Methods of obtaining network constants by measurements rather
than computations are described.

INTRODUCTION tive power is used when the sending end voltage is

ANY electrical network connecting two pairs of constant, while received power-reactive power co-
terminals can have its electrical characteristic ordinates go with a constant receiver voltage. Irn
expressed in terms of four constants A, B, C, and either case, the diagram can be readily constructed by
D through the equations laying out the proper system of power coordinates,
Es= A Er + B Ir computing the centers and radii of the desired circles
Is = C E, + D Ir the network constants according to formulas that
(1) from been
Or the equivalentIrtheequivalent
Cquations E+have derived,2 and doing the rest with a compass.
equations After this has been done the results can be gone over
Er = D Es-B Is for errors by applying a series of simple graphical
Ir = AI,s-CEs (2) checks.
The subscripts s and r denote sending and receiving and The circle diagram as described was developed for the
quantities, respectively. The coefficients A, B, C, and purpose of representing the properties of power lines and
D, which are known as network constants, take into transmission networks. In a highly specialized form
account the composition of the transmitting network this general circle diagram becomes the well known
and the frequency. They can be readily obtained for induction motor circle diagram. In both applications
any particular case by methods and formulas that have this graphical method has been of inestimable value
been worked out by Evans and Sels,1 or by the measure- because it shows on one drawing all possible conditions.
ments described in Appendix I. Only three of the four After the circles have once been laid out no further com-
constants are independent, since the relationship putations are necessary, and a complete visualization
A D = I + B C must always exist between them. of the network performance is easily obtained.
For a symmetrical network A = D. The circle diagram method of graphical representa-
When either the sending end or the receiving end tion can be used to show the performance of alternators,
voltage is constant, the electrical properties of the net- synchronous motors, transformers, and synchronous
work can be represented graphically by a circle diagram condensers with the same advantages that are already
consisting of families of circular loci drawn on a power- well known in the cases of the transmission line and the
reactive power coordinate system. This circle diagram induction motor. The transmission network circle
is a graphical representation of Equations (1) and (2), diagram is applied to such electrical equipment by
and when once drawn, an inspection of the one diagram substituting for the actual machine an equivalent
will give such quantities as power, current, admittance, electrical network for which a circle diagram is then
and power factor at both sending and receiving ends of drawn. The details of the transformation from ma-
the network, also efficiency of transmission, power lost chine to electrical network, and the special problems
in transmission, and so on almost without limit. involved are taken up in the following sections.
A coordinate system of sending end power and reac-
*Assistant Professor, Stanford University, Calif. CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSFORMER
tGraduate Student, Stanford Uniiversity, Calif. The action that takes place in a transformer is
1. Evans and Sels, Power Limitations of Transmission Systems,
A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 43, 1926, p. 26. Also a series of articles 2. F. E. Terman, The Circle Diagram of a Transmission
by Evans and Sels in Electric Journal, 1921. Network, A. I. E. E. TRANS., VOl. 45, 1926, P. 1081.
374

30-4
Jan. 1930 TERMAN, FREEDMAN, LENZEN, AND ROGERS 375

accurately given by the well known network shown in posed to operate with substantially constant voltage
Fig. 1, which has the network constants at one terminal.
A = D = 1 + Z Y/2 The transformer is a very efficient piece of equipment,
B = Z (1 + Z Y/4) with small voltage drops and low losses. As a conse-
C = Y (3) quence some of the circles have large radii and appear to
Ratios of voltage transformation other than the unity be almost straight lines on the diagram. This is the
value to which Equations (3) apply can be taken into case with the secondary voltage and load power factor
account in the network constants. Calling the ratio loci in Fig. 2, and is ordinarily to be expected. Circles
of primary to secondary voltage N (N more than one too large for a beam compass can be readily drawn with
the aid of a piano wire.
Z12 Z/? In drawing circles giving power dissipated in the
2 > transformer, great care must be taken in computing the
circle radii, and it is necessary that the network con-
stants A and D be known to a number of significant
figures sufficient to incorporate to a fair accuracy the
FIG. 1-EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER effect of the Z Y term which they contain. Logarithm
Z-Series resistance and reactance representing primary and secondary tables of at least five places are usually advisable in
copper losses and leakage reactance
Y-Shunt admittance representing core loss and magnetizing current computations leading to the loss circles. Instead of
computing the loss circles in the usual manner, it is more
for a step-up ratio and N less than one for a step-down satisfactory under ordinary circumstances to obtain
transformer), then when the transformer leakage re- them by the much simpler method described in Appen-
actance Z and admittance Y are referred to the secon- dix II
dary side, the network constants have the values It is of course possible to use equivalent transformer
A = N (I + Z Y/2) circuits other than that shown in Fig. 1. For example,
A = N
B = NZ (1 + Z Y/2)
Z (1 + Z Y/4) the impedance Z can be considered as lumped in one
piece, and placed either on the sending or receiving side
C = Y/N
D (1 + Z Y/2)/N
=
(4a)
When Z and Y are referred to the primary side the
network constants become
A = N(1 +ZY/2) (
B (1+ Z Y/4)/IN CZ nar Vltgeii2 Kv.
C =YN 21
D =(1 +Z Y12)/IN (4b) >_
Equations (3) and (4) consider the leakage reactance Secondary Voltage 108 Ky
equally distributed between primary and secondary, > 200
which is the usual assumption. Network constants mz 6 1 06Kv.
for other divisions are readily obtained by using a_/
methods outlined by Evans and Sels. ?
The circle diagram of the transformer is a trans-
mission line type of circle diagram drawn for the net-
work constants given in Equations (4). When applied
to an actual exampletothe result isis as
the result as shown Fig. 2,2,
in Fig.
shown in 200 400
~~~~~~~PRIMARY POWER KILOWATTS 1200
600 800 1000
which has been drawn for a 1000 kv-a. transformer FIG. 2-CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 1000-KV-A. TRANSFORMER WITH
operating with constant primary voltage. To avoid PRIMARY VOLTAGE KEPT CONSTANT WITH 110 KV.
confusion, only power loss, power factor, and voltage
circles are shown, although of course many other types of the admittance Y. Such an equivalent circuit has
of loci can be drawn when desired. slightly simpler expressions for network constants than
The transformer circle diagram gives a complete and does Fig. 1, and involves only a slight approximation.
exact graphical representation of the properties of the In making approximations it is very necessary that the
network shown in Fig. 1, and therefore shows the network constants be exactly the constants of the net-
transformer performance to the same degree of pre- work in question. Simplifying the formulas for net-
cision as does the usual equivalent circuit. In con- work constants by dropping apparently insignificant
structing a circle diagram it is necessary that either the terms will sometimes yield amazing results. Thus
sending end (primary) voltage or the receiving end dropping the Z Y terms of A,B, andDin Equations (3)
(secondary) voltage be kept constant. This restriction introduces an error in these constants of only about one
ordinarily involves no limitation to the usefulness of per cent, but this omission is equivalent to neglecting
the diagram because transformers are normally sup- all of the iron loss, and affects practically nothing else.
376 GENERAL CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
The performance of a synchronous motor can be
shown by a circle diagram based on the equivalent
circuit of Fig. 3, which represents one phase of the
machine. In this figure Er is the actual induced phase
voltage, as determined by air-gap flux, E, is the sending
or terminal phase voltage, which is constant in the case
of a motor, Xa and Ra are the armature leakage reac-
tance and effective a-c. resistance (including armature
copper and stray load losses), respectively, per phase,
Ra Xa
ES G Er
FIG. 3-EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Ra - Series resistance representing armature copper and load losses
Xa - Series reactance representing armature reactance
G - Shunt conductance representing iron losses
Es - Terminal voltage
Er - Induced voltage
while the iron losses are accounted for by the conduc-
tance G. The motor is thus reduced to a transmission
network through which power is transmitted with a
sending end voltage of E, and a receiving voltage of Er
The power which in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 3 is
delivered to the receiving voltage is the mechanical
power produced by the motor and so is the shaft output
plus the windage and friction. The motor losses ex-
clusive of field loss are the losses in the equivalent circuit
plus the windage and friction.
The network constants corresponding to Fig. 3 are
A + (Ra +Xa)
B =Ra +Xa
C G
D=1
In a given machine the usual stray power test will give
Ra, G, windage, and friction. The iron losses can be
represented by a conductance placed as shown in Fig. 3
because these losses are very nearly proportional to the
square of induced voltage (and hence of air-gap flux).
Since Fig. 3 applies to only one phase of the machine,
in a polyphase motor the total iron losses are divided
equally among the phases. An iron loss of Pi watts at
an induced voltage of Er accordingly leads to a conduc-
tance G = (Pi/N)/Er'2 in a machine with N phases.
The leakage reactance Xa can be computed, or can be
obtained approximately by measurement. The fidelity
of the circle diagram is fortunately not appreciably
affected by reasonable uncertainties in the value of Xe.
The circle diagram of the synchronous motor is based
on the network constants of Equations (5), and is
constructed in the usual way using a constant terminal
voltage and a system of input power-reactive power
coordinates. There is, however, considerable flexibility
possible in the labeling of the diagram. Thus, although
the equivalent circuit and hence the diagram obtained
Transactions A. I. E. E.
from it apply only to a single phase, it is possible to
label this single-phase diagram with the corresponding
three-phase quantities. The practical way of doing
this is to compute the circle centers and radii on the
single-phase basis, then lay out a coordinate system
calibrated directly in three-phase power quantities and
draw the circles using radii and center coordinates three
times the calculated single-phase values. The circles
themselves can also be marked with the corresponding
three-phase values. Thus a circle representing a single-
phase loss of 10 kw. can be marked 30 kw. on the three-
phase diagram, and will then represent total three-
phase loss.
The circle diagram as derived from Fig. 3 does not
include windage and friction losses, but can be made to
AND do so byasmle
by a simp expedient. Since these losses repre-
sent mechanical power developed in the machine, but
not available at the shaft, they can be taken into ac-
count by suitably labeling the diagram. That is, a loss
circle would be drawn to represent a certain network loss
but would be labeled with this loss plus the windage and
friction loss, and an output power (receiver power)
circle drawn representing a certain mechanical power
output would be labeled with this power minus windage
and friction, to give actual net shaft power.
The circle diagram of a 100-hp. synchronous motor is
shown in Figs. 4 and 5, in which the labeling is in terms
of three-phase quantities, and concludes windage and
wi 80
__
6 |___
___
,, __
d4
40_
_ __owe
E 4j
- - -
r Loss Center o _ ___
!5 1
40 -
60 80 .
01 1 I
KILOWATT INPUT
FIG. 4-CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 100-HP. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
friction. The motor diagram has been divided into
two parts to avoid confusion, but by the use of colored
inks all necessary loci could satisfactorily go on one
figure. It is of course understood that Figs. 4 and 5 do
not show all the circular loci that could be drawn.
Loci giving input current, induced voltage, angle be-
tween terminal and induced voltage, etc., could have
been included.
The usefulness of the synchronous motor circle di-
agram is greatly increased by superimposing constant
field current lines upon the power-reactive power
Jan. 1930 TERMAN, FREEDMAN, LENZEN, AND ROGERS 377

coordinate system, as has been done in Fig. 5. The the approximate and simple method of drawing loss
location of these lines can be obtained by either mea- circles, given in Appendix II, is recommended as being
suring or computing the combinations of reactive and the most satisfactory.
real power that with the field current in question will CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF THE SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
give the terminal voltage for which the diagram is SInCE the On cds iS CONouS
Snet esnhooscnesri
drawn. The field current loci are approximately ycrnu
dirawn.r Thes, fid ourrbeenactlociarclhe apo mat motor operated without a shaft load, the circle in Figs. 4
ture rreaction
cuar earcs,o anuld wouldbe
could be ttruly
r rexactlies arma-ue
if the
replaced by an armature and 5 for zero output represents synchronous condenser
reactance of constant value, action. The entire discussion on the motor applies
The circle diagram as described does not take into here without change, and so need not be repeated.
account field copper loss. It is possible, however, to CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF THE ALTERNATOR
mark each field current line with the corresponding Since an alternator is merely a synchronous motor
operated backwards, that is with power supplied to the
shaft rather than taken from it, a circle diagram similar
tuy i_ rOtZ to that of the motor can be drawn for the alternator.
E 80 The equivalent circuit of the alternator is given in
Fig. 6, and the corresponding network constants are
60 A 1
B Ra± +Xa

,E20
a-
t 4a < S notation is the same asexlie
-qutonG()
The enetowt
1Si O\|\g
\ .I The alternator circle diagram is drawn from these
= 1l K~o% , a,i 91 inR
network constants a manner similar to that followed
with the synchronlous motor. As in the case of the
g:20Ct
motor the final diagram c:an be labeled to represent
40 20_____ 40 60 806_____ 10 ____ ________ three-phase quantities although the actual computa-
KILOWATT INPUT tions are on the basis of one-phase. Windage and
FIG. 5-CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 100-HP. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR friction losses, although not taken care of in the equiva-
(FIG. 4 CONTINUED) lent circuit, can be included by proper labeling. Thus
the shaft driving power equals the windage and friction
field loss, and in this way to obtain from the circle loss plus the three-phase sending end power of the
diagram the total power loss of the alternator for a given equivalent circuit, and the total machine power loss is
load power and power factor. The procedure is to
locate the point on the coordinate system corresponding XA
to the desired load conditions. The field current line f _ .
passing through this point shows the field power and the s Ri Er
loss circle at the point gives the other losses (i. e., iu by' i
locatethe
windage, pont on armature
friction, he cordinatcopper,systecorrepondig
load, and iron) so -Shncodtae reResntn irnose

that the total loss is the sum of these components. :FIG. 6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ALTERNATOR
It is also possible to draw total loss loci, several of Ra - Seriesresistancerepresenting armature opper and load losses
which are shown in Fig. 5. These lines are computed Xa - Seriesoreactance rresenting armature reactance
point by point from the loss circles and field current E-nInducedvoltage
lines, and are almost but not exactly circular. Er - Terminal voltage
The accuracy of the motor circle diagram is approxi-
mately that of the usual stray power test method. The the windage and friction plus the three-phase loss ndi-
fundamental assumptions are: (1) iron losses are con- cated onthelosscircle.
sidered proportional to the square of the induced volt- As in the case of the motor, lines of constant field
agei and pendento armature current; (2) load currentccan bepdrawnton the coordinate system. These
losses are assumed proportional to the square of the lines must be corputed point by point, and are approxi-
armature current; and (3) the armature is assumed to mately but not exactly circular arcs. They can be
have a constant leakage reactance. None of these marked with the field copper loss they represent, and in
assumptions introducesappreciable error. this way the diagram readily gives total loss exactly
In constructing the motor circle diagram some dif- as in the case of themotor.
ficulty will be experienced in determining the radii of The circle diagram of a 25,000-ky-a, alternator is
loss circles unless at least five place tables are used in shown in Fig. 7. This diagram is drawn for a constant
computing radii and network constants. In most cases terminal voltage and so utilizes a coordinate system of
378 GENERAL CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY Transactions A. I. E. E.

load (or receiver) power and reactive power. The
labeling gives three-phase quantities and takes into
account windage and friction losses. Thus, as the
windage and friction is 122 kw., a loss circle computed
for a single-phase loss of 76 kw. is marked as
3 X 76 + 122 = 350 kw. Only power loss and in-
duced voltage circles are shown on Fig. 7, although
many other types of circles could be added if desired.
The entire discussion given in connection with the
motor circle diagram applies to the alternator diagram
the equivalent induction motor circuit, a circle drawn
for a unity power factor load is the operating circle
of the usual motor diagram.
The equivalent circuit of the induction motor as
used by different investigators varies somewhat, ac-
cording to the assumptions made. The basis of the
Heyland diagram is the equivalent circuit of Fig. 8A,
which is only approximately correct. The more cor-
rect equivalent circuit of Fig. 8B also leads to a circle
diagram, but one more difficult to draw.
The network constants corresponding to Fig. 8A are
A=1

cc :: Loss
~~~~~~~~B
Cswhilethoseapplyng
~Z Z(1Z Y
tig 8 are
_Ac

UM ~~~~D1+ZrYZ (7a)

8 ____ °ni
___ A transmission line type of cirleb diagram may b e
J
Iv
LOD
1 X
THUAD OF KIOWTT
a ~~~~~~~drawn
for either of these equivalent circuits, or for
F 12> I_ ___ / |_ V;oltaged any modified arrangement, using a constant terminal

o
C
5
I___ ___ ____ 2 _wh
126O 20 24
t In any case, the circle representing a unity power factor
oad is the operating circle of the motor,
4 oll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ef and the inter-
0 4 0prcn

FIG. 7-CSIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 25,000-KV-A. ALTERNATOR

with only minor and obvious modifications. Inpar- s Lle1 I'Qz Aa

ticular, the method given in Appendix II will generally
w ed~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ||||| | / | {|
be ofconsiderable assistance in drawing loss circles.E 0 1 1 |ff0pret ,/
CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF '00e
THE INDUCTOR MOTOR 10
>~~~~~~~~~~~~ F
voltage,~~~~and_ __- Si=
inputLIEPWRPRaHS-Al
poe- %>
_ercentepo erceodnats
The classical induction motor circle diagram is d
merely a special applicationi of they~~ ~~circle~Isecioseof
more~general an this circle riheffiientigy,iitpower loss, towr

FIG.-CIRLE DAGto saOr Zr00-VA fLTRicTiOnR ;;9cRlLEiAGAh S0 2,400 Ef 70percenti oe

o }, FIG. 9 CIRCLE DIAGRAMOF A SMALL INDUTCTION- MOTOR

_OADT_ loutheoet., circles o the motor, performance.

(b) Also, since each load resistance in the equivalent circuit

Y
FIG. 8-EQUIVALENT INDUCTION MOTOR NETWORKS
Zr=RotorimeacrdcdottrieWe
Shunt mian
= Stator impedance
v iron losses, windage and
~corresponds
~ ~(or conductance) certaincan
to a circles value of slip,to load
be labeled
h ewr fFg 8A and the network con-
areused the resulting dg
resistance
give slip.

ticular, exacty m d g n in AHeyland diagram, which is

diagram of a transmission network. This follows from accordingly only a special case of the general trans-
the fact that the equivalent circuit of the induction mission network diagram, and the geometrical construc-
motor is that of- a transformer operating with a resis- tions commonly used to get slip, efficiency, etc., on the
tance load. Starting with the network constants of Heyland diagram are merely graphical means of
Jan. 1930 TERMAN, FREEDMAN, LENZEN, AND ROGERS 379

determining where different power loss, slip, and other by the phase angle of the impedance Rr + Z, where Rr is
circles intersect the unity power factor load arc. the rotor resistance. This circle is the operating circle
A typical example of an induction motor circle dia- of the motor when equipped with a phase advancer of
gram drawn by the transmission network method is the type mentioned. Slip, shaft power of the induction
shown in Fig. 9, which is based on the equivalent circuit and commutator motors, etc., can be represented on the
of Fig. 8B, and is similar to the Heyland diagram, but diagram by methods that are readily devised. An
slightly more accurate. By rotating Fig. 9 a quarter adequate discussion of this and similar cases would
turn it will be readily recognized as an induction motor require a separate paper, however, and it is merely in-
diagram. tended at this time to point out the possibilities of the
Although any induction motor diagram can be drawn transmission network method of attacking induction
by following the transmission network mode of attack motor problems, particularly those out of the ordinary.
that has been outlined, such a procedure is not advisable Induction generator action is represented by the
where the usual Heyland diagram based on blocked negative power portion of the motor diagram so that the
rotor and no load tests will do. For this usual case, the discussion that has been entered into applies to the
clssical procedure is so satisfactory and so well stand- induction generator with obvious modifications.
ardized that there is no incentive to replace it by some- REPRESENTATION OF MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS ON A
thing different, even if equally good. POWER COORDINATE SYSTEM
The transmission network method of approach does, In representing the relation between two variables
however, have a considerable field of usefulness in in- it is customary to use a coordinate system in which one
duction motor problems. For example, it gives a of these variables is plotted as a function of the other.
straightforward way of obtaining the operating circle Thus in a synchronous motor, one might plot efficiency
when equivalent motor circuits other than that Of as a function of shaft load, there being one such curve
Fig. 8A are used. Again, the usual construction for for each value of field current. Where a very compre-
obtaining slip on the Heyland diagram is not accurate hensive picture of machine performance is desired,
when the effective rotor resistance depends upon the however, it is preferable to use a power-reactive
slip frequency. This variation can be correctly taken power coordinate system and to superimpose the de-
into account in the network constant method of attack. sired loci upon this as has been done to a limited
The procedure is to assume a slip, and then draw a load extent in Figs. 2, 4, 5, and 7. Lines representing such
conductance circle for a load resistance computed from loci may be either circular or non-circular, depending
the rotor resistance at the slip in question. The inter- upon the circumstances, but no matter how much
section with the operating circle gives the operating saturation, etc., is present it is always possible to show
point for the slip in question. correctly the complete performance of the apparatus on
An important use of the transmission network method a single diagram.
of viewing the induction motor is in the analysis of The use of a power coordinate system to show char-
problems where electromotive forces are introduced acteristics has the advantage of permitting a ready
into the rotor circuit by commutator machines.iii.
*tro
The aceitc haof the
performance of induction motors equipped in this way visualization
Prom such a
th entire
diagram
adatg
it is
of under
behavior
possible
pemttn
to
aed
all conditions.
determine quanti-
can ordinarily be represented by some sort of a circle tatively the operating characteristics of a piece of
diagram, the exact nature of which depends upon the equipment for a given set of conditions by inspection.
characteristics of the electromotive force generated by Thus in the case of a synchronous motor which is to
the commutator motor. e carry a certain load at a certain power factor, the point
An example that illustrates the power of the network on the coordinate
constant method of attack is the case ofinductionmotor dition can be system that corresponds to this con-
readily
in which a series commutator motor driven at constant load power loci usingfound from the power factor and
Fig. 4. The input power, field
speed is inserted in the rotor circuit. Such a machine, current, total power lost, efficiency, etc., are then given
commonly called a phase advancer, is at its terminals by the various loci lines passing through the operating
equivalent to an impedance that is fixed both in magni- point, using diagrams such as Figs 4 and 5
tude and phase angle by the machine construction,
and is independent of frequency. To incorporate in the CONCLUSION
circle diagram the effect of a phase advancer equivalent The principles presented in this paper have been put
to a vector impedance Z one computes the network to laboratory test4 as far as the university facilities allow
constants of the motor circuit assuming the rotor re- and satisfactory agreement of theoretical and experi-
sistance is zero. Using these constants a circle is mental results was found in all cases.
draw corespodingto aloadpowe facor rpresnte 4. The results are to be found in the following Stanford
3. For example, see John I. Hull, Theory of Speed and Power University theses: T. L. Lenzen and K. A. Rogers, A pplication of
Factor Control of Large Induction Motors by Neutralized Polyphase the Transmission Line Circle Diagram to Transformers and
A-C. Commutator Machines, A. I. E. E. TRANS., Vol. 39, 1920, Alternators; C. L. Freedman, Application of the Transmission
p. 1135. Line Circle Diagram to the Induction Motor.
380 GENERAL CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
The circle diagram of a transmission network, de-
veloped to solve transmission line problems, seems to be
the fundamental circle diagram, applying to many
varieties of electrical circuits and machinery. Its use in
connection with transformers and synchronous motors,
generators, and condensers leads to circle diagrams fully
as useful as the classical induction motor diagram.
The authors wish to express their appreciation for
the assistance rendered by Mr. Monges of the General
Electric Company in supplying data on commercial
equipment.
Appendix I
DETERMINATION OF NETWORK CONSTANTS BY
MEASUREMENT
Direct Measurement of A. From Equation (1) it is
seen that with the receiver open:
A = Es/Er (8)
The vector ratio Es/Er can be measured in both magni-
tude and phase by the three-voltmeter method, or by
successive applications of the three-voltmeter method.
The phase can also be measured by a wattmeter in
which the current in each of the coils is proportional to
one of the two voltages.
Direct Measurement of B. From Equation (1) it is
seen that with the receiver terminals short circuited:
B E, Ir (9)
The phase of B can be determined by the use of a watt-
meter in which E, is applied to the voltage coil and Ir
flows through the current coil.
Measurement of C. From Equation (1) it is seen
that when the receiver terminals are open circuited:
C = Is/Er (10)
This vector ratio can be readily obtained by the use of
ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter.
Measurement of D. With power supplied at the
receiver terminals, and with the sending end terminal
open, Equation (2) shows:
D = Er/Es (11)
Measurement of Constants When Both Ends of Net-
work are not Available at One Point. An example of
Transactions A. I. E. E.
this is a transmission line. Since there are three inde-
pendent network constants any three independent
measurements are sufficient. The measurements most
easily made are:
(1) Sending end impedance Z1 with receiver open.
(2) Sending end impedance Z2 with receiver shorted.
(3) Impedance Z3 at receiver with sending end open.
(4) Impedance Z4 at receiver with sending end
shorted.
According to Equations (1) and (2) these impedances
are related to the network constants as follows:
Zi A/C
=
Z2 = B/D
Z3 = D/C
Z4 = B/A (12)
The simultaneous solution of any three of these four
equations together with the relation A D = 1 + B C
will enable the four network constants to be computed.
The four equations of (12) cannot be simultaneously
solved themselves to give the four network constants
because only three of these constants are independent.
Appendix II
APPROXIMATE METHOD OF COMPUTING Loss RADII
ReferE To previous LOSS Rcle
Reference to a previous article2 shows that loss circle
a
radii are given by an equation of the form
Radius = m VL-
where m and Lo are constants that can be computed
from the network constants and the terminal voltage.
In these computations, however, Lo is difficult to
determine accurately as it is the small difference of two
nearly equal quantities.
In the case of equipment such as the transformer,
alternator, etc., where the minimum possible loss with
the fixed terminal voltage is for all practical purposes
the no-load loss, it is permissible to substitute the no-
load losses for the quantity Lo. This is because the
loss Lo is the minimum possible loss with the fixed
terminal voltage being used. With this simplification
the loss radii may be easily computed with satisfactory
accuracy.