Argel M. Micosa Prof.

Ria Sagum
Intelligent Systems Nov. 11,
2010

Question 1.2. Read Turing's original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he
discusses several
potential objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which
objections
still carry some weight? Are his refutations valid? Can you think of new objections
arising from developments since he wrote the paper? In the paper, he predicts that,
by the
year 2000, a computer will have a 30% chance of passing a five-minute Turing Test
with an
unskilled interrogator. What chance do you think a computer would have today? In
another
50 years?

Objections of Turing like the theological objection still carry some weight today.
Some people especially Christians are rebuking those who are trying to “replace”
man with machines because they do believe that it somewhat object to God’s
purpose for men. Also the “Heads in the Sand” objection carry some weight
because it is somewhat related to his theological objection. The argument from
consciousness also do because we all know that machines can never learn how to
feel. Yes we can program it to express emotions but those are just program. They
are not real.

Today I think computers have a 70% passing rate of a five-minute Turing test.

Based on today’s performance of computers, I do think that 50 years or so from

now, a computer will have almost a 90% chance of passing a five-minute Turing
Test.

Question 1.7. Examine the AI literature to discover whether the following tasks
can currently be
solved by computers:

a. Playing a decent game of table tennis (ping-pong). Yes.

b. Driving in the center of Cairo. Yes.
c. Buying a week's worth of groceries at the market. Yes.
d. Buying a week’s worth of groceries on the web. Yes.
e. Playing a decent game of bridge at a competitive level. Yes.
f. Discovering and proving new mathematical theorems. Yes.
g. Writing an intentionally funny story. Yes.
h. Giving competent legal advice in a specialized area of law. Yes.
i. Translating spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time. Yes.
j. Performing a complex surgical operation. Yes.

NOTE: Proofs for such are found on the next pages.

RELATED STUDIES:

Objective:
To be able to discover or validate if the above tasks are possible in today’s
world of computer.

For tasks a & e:

Problem:
Is programming a game that will simulate the real one feasible?

Discoveries:

• Scripting
• Level Design
• Tool Programming
• Game play Programming

Scripting allows you to leverage the power of an entire gaming system, using a
simple, but flexible language created specifically for that platform. It is also a good
way to get into level design too; and most recent first person shooters have a way
in which gamers can create their own variants (or MODs), which can even be
considered games in their own right.
Game play Programming and Tool programming are the real nuts and bolts of the
game programming world. Usually they require in depth knowledge of a specific
technique and language. Graphics programmers, in particular, need a strong
mathematical background, knowledge of both a traditional programming language
and the platform specific instructions (most graphics functions now being farmed
out to the graphics cards in modern systems).
Tool Programmers spend their time creating software that allows the scripters and
level designers (and to some extent the Game play programmers) to manipulate
the video game universe in certain ways. This might include level editors,
compression tools and so on. Often it is a good way to get into video game
programming as it is seen more as a chore than part of developing the dream.
Using those processes playing a decent game, like playing the real one is now
possible. An application of this is the Wii, created by Nintendo. A distinguishing feature of
the console is its wireless controller, the Wii Remote, which can be used as a handheld pointing
device and detects movement in three dimensions. Another distinctive feature of the console
is WiiConnect24, which enables it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby
mode.

For task b:

Problem:
Can computers aid people on travelling (e.g. finding a specific place)?

Discoveries:

Global Positioning System

Military
As of 2009, military applications of GPS include:

Navigation: GPS allows soldiers to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar
territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the US armed forces,
commanders use the Commanders Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier
Digital Assistant.
Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential
ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile. These weapon systems pass
target coordinates to precision-guided munitions to allow them to engage targets
accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in air-to-ground roles, use GPS to find
targets (for example, gun camera video from AH-1 Cobras in Iraq show GPS co-
ordinates that can be viewed with special software.

Autopilot

Modern autopilots use computer software to control the aircraft. The software reads
the aircraft's current position, and controls a Flight Control System to guide the
aircraft. In such a system, besides classic flight controls, many autopilots
incorporate thrust control capabilities that can control throttles to optimize the air-
speed, and move fuel to different tanks to balance the aircraft in an optimal attitude
in the air. Although autopilots handle new or dangerous situations inflexibly, they
generally fly an aircraft with a lower fuel-consumption than a human pilot.

For tasks c & d:

Problem:
Today, is it possible for computers to aid on shopping?

Discoveries:

In the field of Robotics, robots are now made to do jobs for humans (i.e. shopping).
Thus computers help human in their day to day basis.

Nowadays, shoppers commonly use credit card to make payments, however some
systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as:

• Debit card
• Various types of electronic money
• Cash on delivery (C.O.D., offered by very few online stores)
• Check
• Wire transfer/delivery on payment
• Postal money order
• Reverse message billing to mobile phones
• Gift cards
• Direct debit in some countries

Online shopping is now available today. It is the process whereby consumers

directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary
service, over the Internet. If an intermediary service is present the process is called
electronic commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, internet shop, webshop,
webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying
products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. The
process is called Business-to-Consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business
buys from another business it is called Business-to-Business (B2B) online shopping.
Both B2C and B2B online shopping are forms of e-commerce.
For task f:

Problem:
Is it possible for a computer to help human proving or discovering new
mathematical theorems?

Discoveries:

These are some tools that can help mathematicians in proving or

discovering new theorems.

• DataFit nonlinear regression (curve fitting) and data plotting software

• DC Proof Online Freeware. A new learning aid to teach the fundamentals of
logic and proof. User constructs formal proofs by selecting axioms, rules of
inference, etc. from convenient, pull-down menus. Feedback is immediate.
Errors in logic impossible. Tutorial includes exercises with hints and full
solutions.
• Dino Numbers Windows arithmetic practice for ages 7-12 (DynoTech
Software)
• Autograph a dynamic graphing facility for coordinate geometry,
vectors,graphs, differential equations, transformations, probablity and
statistics.
• Geometry Expressions. The world's first interactive symbolic geometry
program. You sketch the geometry, Geometry Expressions creates the
Algebra.
• JavaView is a numerical software library with special focus on problems in
differential geometry.
• Calculators Calculators written in Java and Javascript. Complex
numbers,factorization, quadratic diophantine equation solver, and more.
• ZomeCAD ZomeCAD is a free program that simulates the zometool
manipulatives. Students can enjoy learning about 2D and 3D geometry by
interactively creating and viewing models with the program.
• Wheatworks Software Wheatworks Software, LLC has made financial math
easy since 1997 with financial calculators for consumers, real estate,
mortgage and financial professionals.

For tasks g, h & i:

Problem:
Can computers aid human for understanding words and giving advices?

Discoveries:

Expert System (ES)

An expert system is software that attempts to provide an answer to a problem, or
clarify uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be
consulted. Expert systems are most common in a specific problem domain, and is a
traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence (AI). A wide variety of
methods can be used to simulate the performance of the expert; however, common
to most or all are: 1) the creation of a knowledge base which uses some knowledge
representation structure to capture the knowledge of the Subject Matter Expert
(SME); 2) a process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it
according to the structure, which is called knowledge engineering; and 3) once the
system is developed, it is placed in the same real world problem solving situation as
the human SME, typically as an aid to human workers or as a supplement to some
information system. Expert systems may or may not have learning components.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language processing is a field of computer science and linguistics

concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural)
languages. In theory, natural-language processing is a very attractive method of
human-computer interaction.

Some NLP Tasks:

• Automatic summarization: Produce a readable summary of a chunk of text.

Often used to provide summaries of text of a known type, such as articles in
the financial section of a newspaper.
• Coreference resolution: Given a sentence or larger chunk of text, determine
which words ("mentions") refer to the same objects ("entities"). Anaphora
resolution is a specific example of this task, and is specifically concerned with
matching up pronouns with the nouns or names that they refer to. The more
general task of coreference resolution also includes identify so-called
"bridging relationships" involving referring expressions. For example, in a
sentence such as "He entered John's house through the front door", "the front
door" is a referring expression and the bridging relationship to be identified is
the fact that the door being referred to is the front door of John's house
(rather than of some other structure that might also be referred to).
• Discourse analysis: This rubric includes a number of related tasks. One task is
identifying the discourse structure of connected text, i.e. the nature of the
discourse relationships between sentences (e.g. elaboration, explanation,
contrast). Another possible task is recognizing and classifying the speech acts
in a chunk of text (e.g. Yes-no question, content question, statement,
assertion, etc.).
• Machine translation: Automatically translate text from one human language
to another. This is one of the most difficult problems, and is a member of a
class of problems colloquially termed "AI-complete", i.e. requiring all of the
different types of knowledge that humans possess (grammar, semantics,
facts about the real world, etc.) in order to solve properly.

For task j:

Problem:
 Nowadays, can computer help in the field of medicine especially in surgeries?

Discoveries:

Surgeons of the future will use robotics to perform surgical tasks. Robotics still
requires the expertise of the surgeon to operate, but the instruments used by
robotics improve the control, the precision, as well as often minimize the
invasiveness of surgical procedures.

Robotics is being used for things like gall bladder surgery, endoscopy, and many
other surgeries. Basically, here’s how robotics surgery works. The surgeon looks
into a viewfinder to see images being sent by a camera that’s inside the patient.
Images show the surgical site and the surgical instruments. Controls, much like a
joystick are used by the surgeon to manipulate the instruments and perform the
surgery.

Patients with robotics surgery have smaller incisions, shorter hospital stays, and
normally faster recovery time. This reduces costs and gives the patient the ability to
return to normal activities in a much shorter time span.

Surgical procedures aren’t the only place robotics can be used in medicine.
Developers are continuously working on new ways to allow robotics to perform
tasks. One area that’s especially promising in the control of disease and the
prevention of diseases being spread. Areas that could be harmful for hospital
personnel can be sterilized by using robotics. Some other types of procedures are
sterilizing floors, delivering lab specimens, pulling patients on stretchers to rooms.

Here are some robotic surgery tools:

Robot Submarine

According to the Telegraph, researchers have designed the world’s smallest motor,
allowing a robot submarine the width of two human hairs to potentially enter a
stroke victim’s bloodstream and travel to sensitive parts of the body.

Acrobot Sculptor

A robot that constrains a bone cutting tool to a pre-defined volume.

da Vinci Surgical System

The da Vinci Surgical System is a robotic surgical system made by Intuitive

Surgical and designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasive
approach. The system is controlled by a surgeon from a console. It is commonly
used for prostatectomies and increasingly for cardiac valve repair and gynecologic
surgical procedures.

Sensei Robotic Catheter System

This provide the physician with more stability and more force in catheter placement
with the Artisan sheath compared to manual techniques, allowing for more precise
manipulation with less radiation exposure to the doctor, commensurate with higher
procedural complications to the patient, including cardiac perforations, tamponade
and femoral artery injuries.

Recommendation:

Computers are widely used nowadays. It has many applications in today’s world.
During this age the word “innovation” is frequently used. It is good for us to have
such. Changes are healthy. We should be able invent things that will be more
usable than what we have today. Through that more and more tasks will be
possible, with the use of computer.