WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ANSWER
Activity 1
(a) electricity, (b) molten, (c) aqueous, (d) solution, (e) chemical, (f) changes, (g) electricity, (h)
molten (i) aqueous (j) moving ions (k) molecules, (l) moving ions, (m) moving ions.

Electrolyte Non-electrolyte
molten aluminium oxide Solid lead(II) chloride
lead(II) nitrate solution solid sodium chloride
sodium chloride solution magnesium
molten lead(II) chloride glucose solution
dilute ethanoic acid glacial ethanoic acid
sodium hydroxide solution molten naphthalene
aqueous ammonia ethanol
silver
tetrachloromethane

Activity 2
(a) molten, (b) aqueous, (c) elements, (d) electricity, (e) positive, (f) negative, (g) battery, (h)
switch, (i) carbon, (j) carbon, (k) molten lead(II) bromide

Activity 3
1. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed position and
not freely moving.
2. In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a
lattice.
3. Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct electricity.
4. During electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the
anode.
5. Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting wires and
movement of ions in the solution.
6. If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease because there
will be an increase in internal resistance.

Activity 4
1
Electrolyte (Molten) Cation Anion
Name Formula Name Formula
Sodium chloride Sodium ion Na+ Chloride ion Cl–
Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) ion Pb2+ Oxide ion O2–
Potassium bromide Potassium ion K+ Bromide ion Br–

2.
Substance discharged at the electrodes
Electrolyte and the half equation
(molten) Anode Cathode
(i) Aluminium oxide Oxygen gas Aluminium
Half equation:2O2–  O2 + 4e Half equation: Al3+ + 3e  Al

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Substance discharged at the electrodes

Electrolyte and the half equation
(molten) Anode Cathode
(ii) Potassium iodide Iodine Potassium
Half equation : 2I–  I2 + 2e Half equation: K+ + e  K
(iii) Sodium chloride Chlorine gas Sodium
Half equation: 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e Half equation: Na+ + e  Na

(iv) Zinc bromide Bromine gas Zinc

Half equation: 2Br–  Br2 + 2e Half equation: Zn2+ + 2e  Zn

Activity 5
1. Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
(a) Lead(II) ions and bromide ions (or Pb2+ and Br– ions), (b) Bromide ions (or Br– ions), (c)
Lead(II) ions or (Pb2+ ions), (d) 2Br–  Br2 + 2e, (e) Pb2+ + 2e  Pb, (f) bromine gas, (g) lead
metal.

2. Electrolysis of molten zinc chloride

Note: The flow chart is similar to that shown in question 1.
Name of substance: Molten ZnCl2, (a) Zn2+ and Cl– ions, (b) Cl– ions, (c) Zn2+ ions,
(d) 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e, (e) Zn2+ + 2e  Zn, (f) chlorine gas, (g) zinc metal.

Activity 6
1 (a) Position of ions in the electrochemical series
(b) Concentration of ions in the electrolysis
(c) Types of electrodes used in the electrolysis
2 hydrogen H+ ; hydroxide, OH—
3. Cation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+
Anion: F- , SO42- , NO3- , Cl- , Br - , I- , OH-
4. (a) lower, selectively (b) high, selectively discharged (c) solution, corrode, dissolved

Activity 7
(a) Cations: copper(II) ion, Cu2+ and hydrogen ion, H+
Anions: sulphate ion, SO42– and hydroxide ion, OH–
(b) Anode: electrode K Cathode: electrode J
(c) (i) hydroxide ion, OH–
(ii) hydroxide ion is lower than sulphate ion in the electrochemical series.
(iii) Gas bubbles
(iv) Place a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube containing the gas. If splinter
rekindles, then the gas is confirmed to be oxygen.
(v) 4OH-  H2O + O2 + 4e
(d) (i) copper(II) ion, Cu2+
(ii) The position of copper(II) ion is lower than hydrogen ion in the electrochemical series
(or concentration of copper(II) ion is higher than the concentration of hydrogen ion)
(iii) Brown solid deposited on the electrode
(iv)Cu2+ + 2e  Cu
(e) Blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution become paler.

Activity 8

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1
2

3 Na+, Cl–, H+ , OH– Na+, Cl–, H+ , OH– Cu2+, SO42–, H+, OH–
4 Na+, H+ Na+, H+ Cu2+, H+
5 2H+ + 2e  H2 2H+ + 2e  H2 Cu+ + 2e  Cu
6 Gas bubbles are formed Gas bubbles are formed Brown solid deposited on the
cathode
7 Cl–, OH– ions Cl–, OH– ions SO42–, OH–
8 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e 4OH–  2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu  Cu2+ + 2e
9 Gas bubbles are formed Gas bubbles are formed Copper plate becomes thinner

Activity 9
1. (a) extraction of metals, (b) purification of metals, (c) electroplating of metals, (d) carbon, (e)
cryolite, (f) cathode, (g) anode, (h) electroplating metal, (i) object/substance, (j) electroplated, (k)
attractive, (l) resistant.

2. Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the blanks.

Extraction of Purification of copper Electroplating of

aluminium from from impure mined iron spoon with
bauxites copper silver
1. Substance used as Cathode: Carbon Cathode: Pure copper Cathode: iron
cathode and anode Anode: carbon Anode: impure copper spoon
Anode: silver
2. Electrolyte used Aluminium oxide and Copper(II) sulphate Silver nitrate
cryolite solution solution
3. Half equation Cathode: Cathode: Cathode:
representing the Al3+ + 3e  Al Cu2+ + 2e  Cu Ag+ + e  Ag
process. Anode: Anode: Anode:
2O2–  O2 + 4e Cu  Cu2+ + 2e Ag  Ag+ + e

Activity 10

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

1. different, electrolyte, wires

2. chemical, electrical
3.
Cation formed and number of electrons
Electrochemical series of metals
released during the process
K K+ + e
Na Na+ + e
Ca Ca2+ + 2e
Mg Tendency Mg2+ + 2e
of metal
Al atoms to Al3+ + 3e
Zn donate Zn2+ + 2e
electrons
Fe to form ions Fe2+ + 2e
Sn increases Sn2+ + 2e
Pb Pb2+ + 2e
H H+ + e
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Ag Ag+ + e
[ One way (mnemonic) to remember the ECS: Kalau Nak Cari Makan, Ali, Zainal, Fee-fee
Sentiasa Pergi Hutan Cari Argentum]

4. (a) An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium ribbon and a copper plate immersed
in dilute sodium chloride solution.
(b) Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the electrochemical series.
(c) Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a copper atom and the
magnesium strip act as the negative terminal of the cell.
(d) At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons and the Mg2+
formed moved into the solution.
Mg(s)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2e
(e) The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate through the wire
and this results in the flow of electrical current.
(e) At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are accepted by the H+
ions in sodium chloride solution.
2H+ + 2e  H2 (g)
(g) The overall equation for the reaction is given as follows.
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Activity 11

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

1.(a)

(b) (i) Zinc

(ii) Tendency of zinc to donate electrons is higher than copper. (Zinc is more
electropositive than copper)
(iii) Zn  Zn2+ + 2e

(c) Cu2+ +2e  Cu

(d) (i) Zinc strip becomes thinner
(ii) Brown solids deposited (copper strip becomes thicker)
(e) 1. To allow ions to flow into the beakers and maintain electrical neutrality of the solutions
2. To complete the circuit.

2. Please refer to page 106 of the Form Four Chemistry Text Book for answer to question 2

Activity 12

DIFFERENCES
Electrolytic cell Aspect Chemical cell

It requires a source of electric current Source of It does not require a source of electric
electric current
current
The electrical energy causes The chemical reactions that occur at the
chemical reactions to occur at the Conversion electrodes produce an electric current.
electrodes. of energy Chemical energy  electrical energy
Electrical energy  chemical energy
The electrodes may be of the same Type of The electrodes must be of two different

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

DIFFERENCES
Electrolytic cell Aspect Chemical cell
material such as carbon electrodes metals
Electrons flow from the positive Electrons flow from the more
Direction of
electrode (anode) to the negative electropositive metal (negative terminal)
flow of
electrode (cathode). to the less electropositive metal (positive
electrons
terminal).
Ions donate electrons at the positive Type of Ions receive electrons at the positive
electrode. reaction at electrode.
(Oxidation) positive (Reduction)
terminal
Ions receive electrons at the negative Type of Atoms donate electrons at the negative
electrode. reaction at electrode.
(Reduction) negative (Oxidation)
terminal

Activity 13
(a) Experiment I = 1.6 V Experiment II = 0.8 V Experiment III = 3.2V
(b)

Experiment Negative Positive Voltmeter

terminal terminal reading (V)
I P Q 1.6
II S Q 0.8
III S T 3.2 Note: Must have at least
three headings consisting (i) Experiment, (ii) Negative terminal or positive and (iii)
voltmeter reading, V

(c) Apparatus: Voltmeter, 100 cm3 beakers, copper wires with crocodile clips
Materials: Sodium nitrate solution,1.0 mol dm-3, sandpaper, metal P, metal Q, metal R, metal
S, metal T

(d) 1. Manipulated variable: Pair of metals (or distance between two metals in the
electrochemical series)
2. Responding variable: Voltmeter reading
3. Controlled variable: Concentration of sodium nitrate solution (or 1.0 mol dm-3
sodium nitrate solution)

(e) The further the distance between two metals in the electrochemical series, the higher the
voltmeter reading.
(f) Metal P is more electropositive than Q. (or metal P is placed higher than metal Q in the
electrochemical series.)
(g) P  P2+ + 2e
(h) P, S, Q, T
(i) 2.4 V
(j) No, because metal X is less electropositive than S.
(k) Cu + 2TNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2T
(l) Please refer to page 109 of the Form Four Chemistry Text Book.