TRANSLATION

OJ!' !flUl

SURYA SIDDHANTA:

BY

PUNDIT ~A:PU' D,EV A. SKSTRI, .

.AlIID OJ!' !fJIE

SIDDHANTA SIRGMANI

liT TnE LA.TlII

LANCELOT WILKINSON, ESQ., C. S.,

R'EVlSED BY

Rl11[OD BY 0, B. t.1IWI8, .6.'I! !fHll BAl"I!I8r mSSIOl![ :r.u •• 1861.

·

TRANSLATION

OFTHlil

SURY.A. SIDDHA'NTA.

CONTENTS.

• Pap CHAPnB I.-Called MADlIYA.OATI which treats of tho Bules

for finding tho mean pb",:911 oC tho planets, '" ••• 1

~EB .II."'-Called SPlIUTA.OATI which treats of the BnlCB

for finding the true places of the planets, 13

CllUTEB I1I.-Called the TRIPBAS'lIA, which treats of tho

. BulCB for resolving tho questions on time, the position of

plaoca, and directions'.n . 26

,fHAPTEB IV.-On tho Eclipses of the Moon, 41

CHAPTEB V.-On ~he EclipsCB 01 tho Sun, 48

CHAPTER VI.-On tho projection of Solar and Lunp Eclipses, 52 CUAl'TER VII.-On tbe conjunction of the planets, 50 CHAPTElI VIII.-On tho conjunction of tho planets with the

a\ars, ••• ... ... ... •. 61 0

CHAPTER IX.-On the heliaoal rising and setting of the planets

and .tars,... 6lS

CHAPTElI X.-On tho pbases of the Moon I\Ud the position of

the Moon's cusps, 60

CIIAPTllB XI.-Called P'(dDllIUBA, which treats of tho Bules

for finding the tlme at which the declination of the Sun

and Moon become equal, ... . '1:J>.

CHAPnB XII.-On Cosmographical matters, 76

CnAPTEB XIII .-On the construction of the a.rmillary sphere

• and other astronomical instruments, sV

CHAPnK XIV.-On kinds of time, • 91

"

Postscript by tho Translator, '.. •

90

• TRANSLA,TION OF SU/RYA-SIDDH~N1'A.·

CHAPTER I.

OaUed MADHYA-GA~'I which h-eatB of th" Tlflle. for fillding thtJ meun places of tile planets.

1" Salutation to that Supreme 1Ie.

Invooatiou. \

ing which is of i~ceivable and

imperceptible form,void of properties (ofall created things), the external source of wisdom and happiness, and the supporter oHhewholeworld in the shapes (of BBAHx.C, VISHNU and SIVA.)"

2 & S. Somo time beforo the end of the KIUTA YUGA, a great Demon named MAu, being desirous of obtaining the BOund, secret, .. excellent, sacred and complete knowledge of,A.stronomy, whic)l . is the best of the six sciences subordinate to the V lI:DA, praCtiscd the most difficult penance, the worship of tbe Sun. • " .

4. The selt'-delightful SUD, being gratified at such (difficult) penance of MAYA, bestowed on him the knowledge of the

science of Astronomy whic'h be was inquiring after. /

'I'he illustri3uB SUIl said. .-

5. (0 MAu,) I am informed of your intention (of attaining the knowledge of the science of A.stronomy) and pleased with your penance. I, therefore will graut you the great knowledge

of Astronomy which treat. of time. .

6. (But since) nobody can bear my light aud I have no time to teach you (the science,) this man who' partakes afmy natule') will impart to you the whole of the science •

•

Introductory.

B

T"IJllIllatilm of the

? . The God ~un, haring ,thus spoken. to,.and ordered the ~ !IItn bOni from hi1Ilsclf (to teach MA TA), disappeared. t That man spo'e te MAYA, who stood bonding and folding his hands closo, to his for;hood, in .he following manner.

S •• (O:M.m,), hear Mtenti;ely the excellont knowledge.(or the scilfnce of Astronomy) which the Sun himself formerly tQught to the great saints in each of the YUGAS.

9. I teach YOll the same anciout science, wbioh the Sun r hilnsolf formerly mught. (But) the difference (between the' present and the ancient works) is caused only by time, ou account of the revolution of the YUGAJI,

10, Time is of two kinds; the first (is eontinuous and endless wbich) destroys all animMe and inanimate t\llngs (which is also the cause ' of creation and ~servation), the second is that which can be knowD, This (latter kind of time) is also of two kinds; the one is called :M6BTA (measurable) Bod the other is AII6BTA (immeasurable, by reaaon of bnlkineu and smallness res~cotively),

:Kind. of lime.

'11. The,time called MU1lTA, begins .with PJUI!A (B portion of time which (lOD.taill~ four seconds,) and the time called A:MUBTA begins with Taui'I (0. very amall portion of time whioh is the ntn,th part ~ q. seoond.] The thne which coumins six l'u.(I!As is called a· P AU, aad that which contoins siJtty P ALAS is eslled B GBAl'lU,

\.audMOIIIb.

12. Tho'time, which conto.i~ sixty Gru.TI~8 is called B NA~JIA~ AuoJJ.m (8 aiderea1 day and night) and 8 NA1[8IU.TIIA IDu (8 aidereal' month) consists of thirty NWHATBA AHosATB.\S. TIrlrty S4V4llA (terre.trial) days (B terrestrial day being reckoned from sun-ria" to sun.lise) make a S,(VANA month.

13. Thirty lunar days we a InlW' I !!.'he lu~r,lD'ho1ar1QOlllh month, and a Bolar month is the time iIIId tile D&n1If Dar.

which the Bun requires to move from.

•

.

one sign* or the Zodiac to the next. A solar \YI!'"' c0l!ii,ts- of twelve so;u- Tl10~~; and t~i8 is' called a day of the Gods •• 14: An AllOBATIU. (day an~ ~:lJht} • The length of tb. y.... of of the Gods and tP'%t of the Demons

tb. God. aDd Demone. ,

• are mutually the reverse of ~ ot~er,

(viz. a day of the G9ds is the night of the Demons; • aud conversly, a night of the Gods is the day of the Demons). Sixty AllOBATRAS, multiplied by six, make a year of the Gods and

'"enemonr.

15 & 16. The time cont.l.iuing twelve The leJIgth of • grea6 thousand years of the Gods is culled a YUG ....

CIUTUBYUGA (the aggregate of the fonr

. YUGAS, Kliju, TalTA, DWAPARA and KALI).

These four YUGAS including their SANDIlYAt and SANDllYtOiS'A conta.l'n 4,320,000 Bolar years.

The numbers of years included in these fout' small TUGAI are proportionul to the numbers of the legs of DllAlIJU.t (virtue pelSOnified).

17. The tenth part of 4,820,000 Th. length of the {our the number of years in a great JUGA, IDIII1lYUG~.

multiplied by. 4, 3, 2, 1 respectively •

make up tbe years of each of the four YUClU, KlijTA and others, the years of each YUGA include their own sixth part, which is collectively the number of years of SANDHtA and SANDIlYAN&'A, (the periods at the commencement and expiration of each YUGA]:

The lougth of • period 18. (According to the toohniculity of

oaIled Mao' and that of it. the time culled MUIlTA,) 71 great JUGA II koBl. (contoiniug. 806,720,000 solar yeG.T~) constitpte a MANwAliTARA (a period from ~e beginning of' a

8

• It i. to be obeer.ed here tW the .igJuI Ariel, Taunu, 6:0., &I'll reokoned from IhI IItar ]by ... 1i (l' PieoiwD,) and • ooIIr 1- co ..... poDda to .lIidereal. JIAr. B.D.

t ThIN two worda will be uflained in the eequ.el. B. D. •

t It ia .bted that Dharma .lando with four lqp in the XII'" with three lap in IhI Talld, with two • in tbe D .. bRA aud witb one leg in $be JW.r. The:efon the number of IhI yean of the XlII'''' To", DlI'A'AlU,1IICl JW.r' .... proportional &0" "land 11'11J11Otiftly. B. lJ.

B 2

. Man" ~ ita Ill]-d) and at the end of it, 14726,000 the whole numbel' of the (solar) years of the ~1If'l'A, i8 oalled i~ SANDHI; u8.oi_t ~ the time when a universal deluge happens.

19. Fourteen such :M.uros with'

The lea~ or & Xd.rl.

.• their SuDSIS (a8 mentioned·bef'OVI),

CODBtii;U! a KALlA, at the beginning of w!rloh is the fifteenth SuDHI which contains 88 many years 88 a KBfrA does.

20. Thus a thousand of the great Th. leui\h. 01 • d.,. I"d YUGAI make a KALP A a period whictt

IIIcllt or lb. God BUHJrL '

destroys the whole world. It is a day

of the God Ba.UIX.l, and his_night is eqnaJ. to his day.

21. And the age of BJW[](.l eon&~!tt.~hiJ: uul sista of a hundred yeara-aeoording

to the enumeration of day and night (mentioned in the preceding S·LOn). One hall' of his age has elapsed, and this"present KALl'A is the first in the remaining half of his age.

'. 22. Out of this present KALPA six :MANus with their SuDHIS, BIld twenty-seven lUGU of the seventh Manu called VAiVAIWArA have passed away,

~ 28. Of the twenty-eighth great JUGA, the KJqu YUGA has passed away. Let (a calculator,) reckoning the time from the end of the KBITA compute the number oC years passed.

24. 47,400 years of the Gada have elapsed in the creation fiftlie God BlWId, of animate and inanimate things, of the planets, stars, Gada, Demons, &c.

• 26. Now the planet. (anch 88 the ~ the pllnelo IlIOn SF) being on their orbita, go very . rapidly and continually with the stan towards the west BIld hang down (Crom their places towards eBBt) at ~ eqnal diatance, (i. e. they describe eqaal spacea daily towards the east,)* as if oV8rJfwered bi the stars (by reason of their very rapid motion OBI18ed by the air oalled ,rUVAHA.)

• The BiIIdu AImnomon .UppDII thl' IU &hi pIaneII _ iD dMir onIIt

!lilb the Mm. 1'tIoII&,.. B. D. .

tJlt,rp.8iddh4",ta.

5

26. Th~ore, t\e motions of the platietR iappear ~wards the east, .d ,hetr daily moti'lnB d.rmined by thcir'revoluti~l's (by applying the rule of proportion to them) are unequal' to each other,' in ooneequeuce of the circumfe1'Mces: of their orbits; and by this unequal motion, they pass the si~ ~of the

Zodiac.) •

27. The planet which moves rapid.

olBhat. III.. or. IicIe!IIl re- Iy, requires a short time, to pass the

., u 1011.

'.. signs (of the Zodiac,) and the plaJfet

that moves slowly, passes the signs (of the Zodiac) in a'~g time. BIlAGA1!'A meane that revolution throug~ the signs (of the Zodiac which a planet makes·by passing round) up to the end of the true place of the star called RllvATI (' Pisoium, from

'which end they set out.) •

• 28. Sixty V1KAL.(S (seconds) make

The circular mealure.. • •

a Kal4 (& minute) and sixty minute~

constitute an A.n'A (a degree.) A.' rue! (a sign) consists of thirty degrees and just twelve ruS'IS (si~ make a B~ (revolution.)

29. In a great YUGA each of tho planets, the SUIl, Mercury, Venus and the S'{GHBOCHC!U. (i. e. the farthest point from the centre of the Earth in the orbit of ,each of the planets)-9!.. Mars, Satum and Jupiter moving towards the east make 4,320,000 revolutions (about the Earth).

30. There are 57,753,386 revolu •• tions of'the Moon and 2,296,832 revO. lutions of the planet Mars.

81. There are 17,937,060 revolu. or M"8I'OUI'7'IS'.luoohoha tions of the S'fGIDOCHCHA of the planet

IIId Jupiter. •

:M:8I'CIl1'Y* and 364,220 revelations of

The number of revoluliolll nUbe 8W1, Moroury, Ven .... and the 8'(gbl'OOboh. of. Marl, Salum and Jupiter In "gr.t YllaA.

or Moan Ind JlarI.

.

the planet Jupiter.

• The mollltioni of. tha BfcbI'OCbehIl or M"eren'1 and Venal corrtIpOIII1 to thIir _olutlon. about &be Sun. B. D.

6

Translatioo of the '

or Venus'. S'fghl'OChoha ,lrIIljiSalUl'l1.

.

82. There q 7,022,876 revolu-

. ,

tiona of tqe S'fGHIWC1ICHA of-the planet

Veuus* and 146,568 revolutions of

• the plan~t Saturn .•

38. III a great YUGA, there, are or 11;00'\,'0 Apogoo ond 488,203 revolutious' of the Moon's Node.

MAli:DOCBCHA (apogee,) and the number

of the retrograde revolutions of the Moon'a OBcen.ding node ..

is'232,238. . ~

The mode of finding the , No. of Luna, monlhl and . tbat of the additive monthe in I rlIOAo

84. There are 1,582,237,828 sidereal revolutious in a great YUGA (a sidereal revolution is tho time from one rising of a star to the next at the equator and itis B sidereal dey as mentioned ip. the twolfTh S'LOKA.) These sidereal revolutions diminished by each planet'"s own revolutions

•

(before mentioned) are its own risings in a great YUGA.

35. The number of Luna.r months is equal to the dift'erence between the revolutions of the Moon and those of the Snn; and the remainder of the

tuna.r Months lessened by the Solar months ia the number of ADm:KA8AS (additive months.)

86. If the SKVANA (terrestrial) deys

'The mode of finding Ibe b b _ ..... _.l fro h Lu d

hof .1Ibtracti •• day. in I e su trrau..... m t e nar aya,

':"iVeA aw! the de8nilion of the remainder constitute the deys • lerreohial da,..

called the TITHl .. KBHAYA (subtrs.otive

• "Jays.) There the SiVAU days are those in which a SAVANA dl.y or terrestrialt day.is eqAal to the time from sun-rise to SUD-rise (at the equator).

37. Therea.re 1,577,91'7,828 terre&~~ of temtlriahnd lour trial days and 1;608,000;080 lunar days in a great,TUGA .

Number of oidereal revoMiou. and the mode of lIodio! theollUlbel'of riliup or the planet. in I rlIG1.

• Tb8 molutionlof the Sighroohohu of Merourl and Villa oomlpond 10 their -mli ..... about the Bon. B. D.

t 1 terreotrial da7 ill that which the BngUab eo1l a ooIar da,., B. D.

Burya-Bid,IM,lia. 7

• 38. (In a great "UOA). thln'u' G1'8

No. additF. mon~. IIIId 1,592,836 additive months JUld, that of InbtriCtivo dllY"

25,082,252 subtractive days.. •

31l. There are °IH,840,080 Solar yu!t ~~: ",:;n:~1 k~o; mouths in a great Y11GA, aud,t9& terthe No. of terrestrial d.y •• , restrial days are tho sidereal days

diminished by the Sun's revolutions .

• 40. The revolutions of tho planets, the additive months, the 8ubt;aotive days, the sidereal days, the lunar days and the terrc~trial days (mentioned above) sepa.rately multiplied by 1000 make the revolutions, the additive months &0., in a K.u.PA, (because a KALPA consists of 1000 great TUGAS.)

, 41 & 42. In a KALPA, there are

No .. of lIeoolnliolll olthe 387 ~voll1tions of the Sun's A.pogee

A.pogeea of th. planol.. • °

(about tho Earth), 204 of Mars' apogee,

368 of Mercury's apogee, 900 of Jupitor's apogee, 535 of Venus' apogee and 39 of Saturn's apogee.

Now we proceed to mention the retrograde revolutions of the Nodes (of the planets Mars, &c.)

43 & 44. Thoro are 214, 488, 174, MS, 662 revolutions of the Nodes of tho planets MarK, lvlorcury, Jupitor, Venus and Saturn respectively. We have already mentioned the revolutions of the apogoe and node of the Moon.

- 45, 46 & 47. Collect together the

Tho number of til. I~la. years of the six MANUS with their six

Jears el.poed Uom tho Lime '

"hon Ihe planotarr motion. SANDHIS, and the SANDHI which lies in

eomlll8Dced, 10 Ibe ond of .I!' •

ti .. lui Krill Uti&. the beKlDmng of the KAJ.PA, those of

twenty -seven great Y11G.lS of the pre. sent MANl1 named VAIVASWATA and those of the KBlTA Yl1GAj Wld 8ubtJ.'IlCt from the Bum, the said number of years of the Gods, reduced to som yeaB, required (by the God Bm1mut) in the creation of the universe, (before the commencement-of the planetary montions,) and the l'tlIIlBinder 1,953,720,000 iH

i the number of Bolar years before tlio end of the KJijTA YUGA..

•

8

Tralllla!ion of tho

To find the.&K~B~A'l or 48. To 1,958,"20,1)00 the number

til, No. or tol'l'llltrial d"1' of elapset1. years, add the 'humber of

• from the ,tim. lb. piaIlOt.ry

motion. commenoed 10 the years elapsed (from the end of the last

p_t mi4'D1ght. KB(TA YUGA to the present yearj) reduce the sam.to months (by multiplying it by 12 j) to the resnlt'add the nuinber of lunar mouths from the begirmulg of the light half of tile OBAIrRA * (of the current year to the present lunar month.)

.49. Write down the result separately j multiply it by t!!e . number of additive months (in 110 YUGA) sud divide the pfoduct by thenumber of solsrmonths (in 110 YUGA) ; the quotient, (without the remsinder,) will be the elapsed additive months. Add the quotient (without the remainder) to the said result, reduce the sum to dsys (by multiplying it by thirty) and increase it by the nnmber of (lunar) days (pussed of the present,lunar month). •

./' 50 and 51. Write down the mount in two places; (in one place,) multiply it by the number of subtractive days (in 110 YUGA) ; divide tho product by the number of lunar days (in a YUGA) 'sud the quotient (without the remainder) will be the number of olapsed 8ubtractive days. 'l'ake the number of these days from tile amount (which is written in the other place) and the rema.inder will be the number of elapsed terrestrial dlloYs (from the time, when the planetary motions commenced) to the present midnight at LAlIu.t

• That lunar month which end .. "hen the Sun it in M.aA (.tello. Arie.) the ftr,t .i.l" of the Zodiac. io oallod Cs.u'rllA, and tbat "biob terminat" whell tho 80n II in VIIJIIUBlIA (Teum.) lhe IeOOIId lip or the Zodiac, io ealIod : YA~;'DU and ..... : Thu. tho lUIIII' mgnthl oomoRO"ding t4!. the lwei.. lipl -JIeoha (Arieo,) .:fBIllHAIIlIl (Ta,rno.l "Ml~R11II~ (Cinm,) :tuu ... (Canaer,) "liBRA ~)~."d (V~,tvruJJ.·(Libr .. ) "V&Ia'OKIXA (Bco~'o,y DII..ln

(Bogijlarino,) )Ul:ABA (Cap~rnDl.) XIllIBK'" (Aq'l'!!UI) and ... (Pioceo,) are tlJl@I!4, 'tAI!l'AICU. lTIIIITIIA, ~"911A, S'.tn¥A, K.iDlW'A»", vi b'wrIlA, K.hm4, M.I.&o"'(B8I1A, P .111111A, IU.ou and l'B.I.I.&lIl1 ....

U two lunar month. tormiDato "hen the Ban iI ODI~ in 0118 • or t.he Zodiac, the I8IlOlId or th_ it oallod A»BJ • .l1A (an additi .. or interOOa'1 month.) The BOth part of ai_ monlh il eollod Tithi (& lunar da7.) B. D.

t Tb~ jiJoot oUhe proceu for finding tIftIABARGln .t.ted .in the S'r.ous !'10m 4.lll1i 10 6ht "ill he 01 ... 1Jr nnderotOod from tho followiag otatommt.

In order to and the AKJJI9., ... , ~ th. number of Ibe Sow 7 .... olapoed be multiplied bJ 13, and th. prodaot. it tho number of e1apoed oo1or monthl 10 tho IIH moan 1.f ...... B.urEMlIIl (i. e. the tim. wben the _n Ilun tmIerI tbo ftrot .teIIar lip or tho ZodiID callod etollllr Arieo J) to tbillot tho DUlJlbor or puood

, '

From the n~~of these e1apae!l days, the Rulers.or, ~Il preeent der' 'month and year pan be known (bJ reckoniug t\le

. . ,

order of them) from the Sun. •

Divide the .nombel' or elapaed _.

To lIDd the Ruler of lhe reetrial da .... bv '1 and' reckonin .. the

pre.&.tde7. ,~- ~ , , ......

, . • remainder/rom the sun.day, th.,Ruler

or the preeent day will be f¢tu~.

"52. Divide the number or elapsed

To lind th. Bulen of II.. •

Fe.ent teMolriallllODlh and terrestrial days by the number or d .. ,.

,~.. in a month &Ud by tha.t in .. year (i. e.

by 30 &Ud 860) m.ultiply the quotients (~~ thl! remainders) by 2 &Ud 8 respectively, and increase the prodacita by 1. Divide the results by '1, and reckoning (the order ot:the Rulera) -from the Sun, the remainqera will gin the Rulers of the present (terreatri&l) mOnth &Ud year respeotivel[.

Inn .. 1II0nth. elIUm!!, &0., oomidering Ihem II eolar, be odc!od I the mm II tll, ellJllled eolar IIIOIdhI 'ap to the time whIID the Sun en"' .. the ltallar fign of tb. Zoai .. eo~atlin8 to the J'!""8nt lun .. monill. To 1IIIk. theae aoIar mautb. , 1",,"., let tl .. eIapiecIlCIdiUve IIIDIIthi be delermlued b1 ~ in the WIIowin. _ner.

AI the D1IIIIber of lola. month. 10 • BIU. '

I the Dumber of additive ma.the in the! period .

, , the Dumber of aoIar monU .. jUlt 1'0l1li11

I tl .. number of additive month. eIapIed. •

, If th_ add"i •• month. wilh Iheir .....wnder be .deIed to !he eoIa. montho e1apood, the lum wUl be the Dumber of IWIII' moniho to the end of the ooIar month I bat we nquire it to the end of tbe I... lunl. nlOlllh. And II till remainder of !he additiv. mont". Jieo between "'" end of tbe lunar monlh and· th.t of ill _",polldill~ IOlar month, 1M tbe whole Ilnmber of addiijrf month .. wilbont Ih. reuwnd •• , be added to the IOIar monlh, e1apled I and Iha ~ lum II Ihe Dumber of the lunlD' _thl _pel to the end of Ihe Iut lanar

~~ "

Thil DlIDIber of luar ~Ibl e1a~ multiplied bJ 80 and IDmued by the • IIlIIDhe. 0( the DUIIII lonar daJe tif h ,.._tla ••• 1II000ill, il tIf. ilumr.... of 1u""'1 eIap..a. To make lhilelUllUt!ll1l. IfrreoIrW. the ~ tubt-.

. &I,e de711;hoa1d be dele.mlued !l1 proportion .ronow.. ' . ..

AI"be lIumber oflanar clQI iD • BfA : ..' ,

I t .... numher ofsuhtnell" dl,., ill !bit period • . •

, I tb. Dumber of lanar del' Ja.11'oima ,

I Iha DalDber of mbtraoU" deYI elaDHCI. '

, It Ihaoe 'ulltl'llltl" dill' be lalmaoted rill ~'ftIIIIinIep from the In"'; clr.J .. 1ha ~ win he Iha 111IID __ oftlrnlldll deJa ~ to the end of

lhi lell, laQar de7 I bat '* II nqaiNd to ~Iit .iJa:m,hl. .AI tbt

ramaiadeao of the IerNIIrIal dan U. t1!8 end ollha'lImiir .,....... '

mid-lli~ Iha whole,~ fl onhii (wItboIIt Iha ....... l

lhouIcl bii latitl'lelad f!oai" 111 iIIi aDd ... ~ It, tit •

_"'·t.laitllllllNr tI~ ~ .. ' .• ~:'fI!-"""""

~~lIItIaI""'lIld. .. "~'.~:.' "'"

I ' ' . .

10

TI'(I.llIlahotl of tl,6 r.

5~. Multiply.. tps number of elapsed ftlrrestrial daya by th& number of a planet's rovolntions' (in a KALPA) ; divide $e product by. the number of terrestrial days (in a LL1:A) i and the quotient will be the ela.psod revolutions, signs, degrel!s &0. of the planet. Thus the mean pla.ce of OIIAlh of the planets can be foo nd.

To Ond the pia ... or tbe 04. In the same way, the mean

II'rghroohob .. , .pogeeo .Dd places of the S'iOBROCl[CHA .md MAN.

nod •• of tho planoto. •

DOC"IICHA (apogee) whose direct revo-

lutions (in a KALU) are mentioned before, a.nd those of the nodes of the planets can be found. But the places of the nodes, thus found, must be subtracted from twelve signs, because their motions a.re contrary to the, order of the signs.

55. Multiply the number of ela.psed To Gild th. pru\nt SAX. revolutions of Jupiter by 12· to the

nl'UlI.l. '

product add the number of the signs

from the stellar Aries to £hat occupied by Jupiter; divide the amount by 60, and reokoning the remainder from VUAYA,' you will find the present S.U£VA.TSABA.

Au ••• 1 method for lind.' 56. These proeessea are mentioned

ina the melD pi .... or tb. (from 45th S'Lon to Mth) in detail, but,

p1Auet.. • '-_ I t.

for convemence' salLl', et \an astrono.

~C?r) computing the elapsed terrestrial days from the beginning of the TliIT1 YUGA, find easily the mean places of the planets. 57. At the end of this KaiTA YUGA the mean. places of all

• the planets, except their nodes and apogees, coincide with I1ach other in the first peint oi'stellar Aries.

5S. (At the same instant) the place of the :Moon's apogee= nine signs, her ascending node=8ix signs, and the places of the othll1' slow moving apogeet and nodes, whose' revolutions are mell,tioned before, are not witho.t degrees (i. e. they contain I!Im .. signa and also degrees).

·.e

'f."

• A1trolGpn NDkoa 80 1Wn'.lTBUU, VU.ll'.l ""', whioh __ .DIIOIIfIftb to tboperiaclt nqalNcl by _lupIN. to _.ltum on. 011"1,1$1 .. """ .. B.:D.

". : (

:ro Ina the mOlln pl .... IIf tl,. planels al • gi,... mid.

• "'Phl.I.AX".(. .

11

Tbe leugtbl oBlilarlIP. 59. TJle diameter cf. the Earth.is

di.1IIIIer .. !\ita elroumfw. 1600 Yo.rANAS. Multiply the square,

. . .

en.... of the diameter by 10, the square-root'

of the produe] will be the oircumference of tae Earth. :

• 60. Th6 Earth's oircumfe~ mal-

Th. rectined ciroumf ....

en... of the Emh, 1114 tiplied by the sine of co-latit.me (of

D£I',b~£IU.· oorNCUon in the ..iven place) and divided by the

llliuutCl. c"

radius is the SPHllTA or reotified air.

oumfereIftle (i. e. the parallel of latitude) at that place.

Multiply the daily motion (in minutes) by the distande of the given place from the Middle Line of the Harth, and divide the product by the rectified circumference of the Harth.

61. Subtract the quotient in minutes from the place of the planet (which is found at the lIlid-night of LANd, as mentioned in SOLOn 58,) if the gi~en place be east of the Middle Line, but if it be west, add the quotient to it, aud (y~u will get) the plauet's place at (the mid-night of) the given place.

62. (The cities named) Rouil'AU, Kiddie lwo of 110. Elrth.

UJlAYlld, KUBUXSHBl'1U. &0. are at the

line betweon LAIrd and the north polo of the Earth, (this line is called the Middle Liae of the Earth,).

63,64 and 65. At the given place

To lind the terreolrial if th U , t to.! dark (' h

longitude of. pI.... e aOOn S 0 ness In er

eclipse) begins orends after the ius~t when it begins or ends at the Middle Line of the Earth, then the given place is BIldt of the Middle Line, (bnt if it begins or ends) before the instant (when it begins or euds at the Middle' Line, then) the given place is \'Illest of .the Middle LiRe.

i Find the dill'erence in GRATlxAa,between the times (of the i beginnings or ends of the Moen's total darknell at the given place and the mid-night, which dift'ereuce is called the DBS'oUr.

~ TAB! GRATInS.). •

, • D ... .b~£IU. i. the correction n_1I:I1 to be applied to the pia.. of a

, pl .... in aonlllJn8nOll of th. longitnde ol. pIaoe, riRoned hm t1.e Middle • : Liue or the Barth or the IIoridian ot iu..:'. :8. D,-

12

,

~ultiply the I rectified cil'9l1mference of th.e Ea.rth by this diJl'erence and divide the product }ly 60. The quotilnt will be the· east or wost distance (in YOlAllAS) of the given place from the MidQIe Line. •

:Apply. the minutes, found by this distance, to tho places of the p14nets (as directed before in S'LOKAs.60 and 61).

66. A dlly of the week begins at

To lind the instant .. h80 th D '1- G I.. A_ b

a da10rthe ... k begin.. 0 Ji8 ""',,ABA. l'IATIK"" a.""r or e·

• fore the mid.night at the given place

according as it is east or west of tho Middle Line.

67. (If you want to know the place

To 8nll tbe melo pleee fit . . _A

or • planet at • given tim.. 0 a P anet a a given tIme .... er or

before a given mid.uight,) multiply the dm1y motion oC the planet by ihe given time in GHATlKAs, divide the product by 60, lind add or subtract' the quotieut, in minutes, to or C:Om the place of the pOOet found at tbe gi?lln (mid.night,) and you have the place of the planet at tho given time after or before the given mid.night. Tho place of the planet, thus found, i. called its TATKALIKA or instantaneous place.

68. Tho Moon's deflection to the north and south from tho end of the declination of her corresponding point at tho Ecliptic is caused by her node. • The moasure of her grelltest deflection

is.~ual to the I', th p'aft of the minutes in a circle. ,

69. The measures of the greatest deflectious of Jupiter and :Mars caused by their nodes are respectively C and. of that

• of the Moon, and that of Meroury, Venus and Saturn is • of tlte MODn's greatest deflection."

70. Thus the mean greatest latitude& of the Moon, Mars, :Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn IIro declared to be 270, 90,120,60,120 and 120 ~utes respectively.

--I

End of the lat chapter Df SllBU.SIDDBAJlTA ca11ed YAilIlYA •

• oft, (whioh treats of the Rules for finding the mean plaoea of the pOOets.)

Burya-8lrldluinta.

]3

CHAP'fElt II.

o Culiurl SPBuT4-0.&;r1 whick treat» oj tke R ale. Jm' jirid·;'jy tlte true plucBB vf tk« planets.

1. The Deities, invisible (to hJlman sight), named S'{OHROCHCHA, MANDOCBCHA (Apogees) and P&TA (Nodes,) consisting of (continuous Bnd endlcss) time, being situated at the ecliptic, produce the motions of the pillnets.

2. The Deities, (S'CoBROcHcHAand M.UIDOCHCHA) Bttract the planets (from tileir 'uniform 'course) fastened by the reins of winds borne by the Deities towllrds themselves to the east or the west, with their right or left hllnels according liS they are to their right or lcft.*

8. (Besides this) a (great) wind called PRAUHA carries the planets (westward) which are also attracted toW81'ds their apogees. Thns the planets being attracted (at once) to tho CBSt and west get the various motions ••

4. The Deity called UCHCHA (apogee) draws the planet to the cast or west (frOID its uniform progress) according BS the Deity is cast or west of the planet at a distance less than 'oI!ix signs.

S. As many degrees &0., liS the planets, being attracted hy. their apogees, move to the east or the west, so mllny 8l'O called additive or subtractive (to or rtom thMr mean places).

6. In the same way, the Deity node named RAHU by its powor deflects the planet, snch liS the Moon, to the north or to the south from (the endo£) the declination (of its corrciponding

•

• The I!Iace of & pIano' recliftcd hJ the la' or 2nd equation la neafOJ' to ila higher apt •• (IrU!IDOCIICB~ or S'JGB8OCII0IIA) in ita orbit, 'lbln th, olanel'. unnotitlOd pIaoe. The ...... of lhi. Ia 'hal Ihe Delilea ha" hand. (uruiohed wilb 0 Nino of willdo .nd b.r II .. m thoJ .Itractlb. pIan., to_rd. thllllllll, ...

ThiI will IlXIII.iII II .. IIIIIIniDg or Ib, 2nd ICtoU. Do D.

Caw. of the pIanelal7 mo-

tion.. '

P, ulIIIlatitm of tke

p~iu" at t1le ecliptic). Thls de1lection .is ~aUed VncSHIliPA

(celestial latitude). • h

• 1. The Deity node draws the planet to the north or to the south (f~m the ecliptic) according as tho uodu is wu~t or UIiIIt of thq, pll"net at a distance 108s tban six signs.

8. '(Bnt in respect of Mercury and Venns) when their P.lus (or nodes) a.ro in the same direction at tho same distance (III! mentioned in the preceding SLon) from their S'foUaOCRCR.LS, tlioy deflect in the some manner (as mentioned befooo) by the attractions of their S'fOHllOCHCHAS.

9. The attraotion of the Sun (by its apogee) is very small by reason of the bulkiness of its body, but that of the Moon is greater than that of the Sun, on account of the smallness of the Moon's body'.

10. .As the bodies of the (fivo) minor planet~, Mars, &0. are very small, they· are attracted by the Deities S 'fOHllOCBCBA and MAWBOCBCBA very violently.

11. And for this reason, the additive or subtractive equation of the minor planets caused by their movement (wllich is produced by the a.ttraction by their UCBCBU) is very great. Th1lll, the minor planets, being attracted by their S'fOIlllCCBCBA and MAlliDOCRC1I.L and carried by the wind PKAVAHA, move in the heavens.

12. (And therofore) the motion of tbe planets is of eight kinds, i. e •

.vI. V AKa.( (decreasing retrograde motion).

'<rr, A'fIv.u[JIx (increalling retrograde motion).

-vIII. VIIW.x (statiouallY)'

IV. MOD.( (incrcasiDg direct motion less than the mean motion).

V. MAlliDATAnl (decreasi~g direct motion less than the

mean 1II0tion).

VI. SA_X (meall motion).

, vn. S·fOBJlATAJI.( or AT18'(OBJI.( (increasing direct motion greater than the mean motion).

Klad, or motion.

, 8urya-8iJ.dlIlJnttJ.

15

•

"VIII. S'fUBJUt. (dpeasing di~t motiou ~tcr ,than the

mean in~tioll). ,

la. Of theso kinds, the five motiollsATIS'{OIlUh S'1'bRBIt, MAl!ID~, MAl!IDATAR.( and SAlIK are direct till! tho two motions' Vo'-KBK and ATIV AXJUt are retrograde. ' •

14. (Now) r. explain carefnllythe Rnles forfindhigoihe true places (of the planets) in suoh a manner that the places found by the Rules coincide with those, determined by observation, of tho planets which move constantly with various motions ••

The Rule 'or lIndia!! the 15. The eighth part of the number

line. Cor 0'"'1 3t· .n. f . te "_! d' . (.

quadrant of lb. ciroIe "bOlO 0 mmu s con .... ne m a SIgn I. e.

Badiuo=8488. 1800) is the first sine. Divide the first sine by itself, subtract the quotient from that sine, and add the remainder to that sine: the sum will be the second sine,

16. In the same manner, divide BUecessively the sines (found) by the first sine; subtract (the sum of)"the quotients from the divisor Bud add the remainder to the sine last found and the suni will be the next sine.* Thus yon will get twenty- •

• Thil ?"othod ito ,ProYOd tIn ...

Let "". A-tlUI. 0 = eI, ; lin. S A--6in. A = d. ; lin. 3 A-liu, 2 4. =d.1

&0. =&!' •

• ill •• 4.-.i". (_1) A= dill

lin (o+I)4.-lin.,,4. = d. +1.

l'Ju:'1I DlJIC.'() al-d • .= Jverll A... .in A+ B; ".-d. = a ,.rIA •• iu Z A+ RI ",-01.= Z,erIA •• iIl3A+ BI & .. = &c.

d.-d.+. = I venA. lin II A + RI

"0 h ••• by .Illiitioll .

.. Z,., .. 4. .• +. s.+ +. A)

",-d. + • = -B-' liln. A liD. A ...... lID.. or,

, .'

lin. A + lin •• A.-lin. (. + 1) .\ = ~;" A (lin A. + lin. U ...... + din •• A)

,'. liD. (. + 1) A.= lin •• i + lin. A.

h;: A. (lin. A. + lin. II ~ ...... + liD •• .6..)

s..... A. "" .' w, .'. !.!e~ =.00iI8BlI = _!_, which i. Moabl, ,iTOn

.:a 188.1

in&heleJ.&"'~,

16 'Pratl.latiIYli of 11'8 •

folU' sin~ (in, quadrant of. .. circle whll88 ,radiu; is 8438). TheSo are BB 4'ollows.

•

17 to 22. 225,449,671,890,1105,

• 1315, 1520, 1719, 1910, 2093, 2267,

• 2431,2585, 2728, 2859, 2978, 3084, 3177, 3256, 3321, 837,2,

3409, 8'131, 8438. ,

Subtract these Bines separately from the Radius 8488 in the inverse order, the remaindcrs will be the versed Bines (for evevy 8tO).

..

• The,i":

28 to 27. Thero are 7, 29, 66, 117, 182, 261, 8M, 460, 579, 710, 853, 1007, 1171, 18'5, Ui28, 1719, 1918, 2123, 2333, 2548, 2767, 2989, 3213, 3488, versed Bines (in a quedrsnt),

28. The sine of the (mean) grelltest dcclinau"oll, (of each of tho pIBl1eta)=1807 (the sine of 240)'.

The Rule tor andi~g the Mnlilplytho sino (of the longitude of

~I.n.~" (m~.") docIiu.tioa a planet) hy tho said sine 1307 ; divide

from ,t.1oDgi1ude. •

the product by tho radius 3438; find

the arc whose sine is equal to tho quotient. This arc is tho (mean.) decliuation (of tho planet required).

29. Subtract the )llnc.o of the plauet from thORO of tho MANDOCRCHAt lind S'fOHIIO('HCIU: nnd the remrnnderRt aro tho KENDIW. From tho KWNDRA determino tllO quadrant (in which the Kendrll ends,) and the sines of the BUUJA, and Ko'fl§ (oribe KUDlA).

80. The Bine of the 'BRu1A (of the arc which terminates) in l1li odd quadrB!1t ( i. e. 1 st and Brd,) is' the sine of that part of

Tho ,oned linea.

• Th. 01 .... aeeUn.lion of. llline' II. tho d .. linltion of ito ...... pondin' point in ~ eo1iptio I but thllfom'l .. e... decliD.tion ie the II1II1 II hi. true Wn.lion. B. D.

, Ihnoc.eRA i. oquinl.llt to the hiahll' JpoU. The Sun', IIId 11'0011'.

M~IIDOO.CBU (lap. lpoidoe) IN lb. ..... II t1ioi." lpopeo while the otbee planeto' M..i.IlDOOlIClIIU IN eqln •• leoll.! lheir aphelion •• ' B. D.

t The a .. t I'II1Ilinder ie .. lied the lret XUD1l wblah _pond, with the lnomely, ~nd the I8OOIId, the oecond KUDIIM which ie equi .. lint to the com. mut.tlon added 10 or IUbVaoted from 180" II the lOCond XDlIII.l II ....... or 10 .. than l8O'. B. D.

• I The BDVII of ""1 p ora II Ihallll'O,leH than ooo,1he line of wbioh ie

equal 10 tl,. line of tIIIl p Ire I and the XIIJ'I of IIf1 UII ie the _plemeD&

of the Buel4 of thlt.... B. D.

• BUl'!/a-8id<lkJ"ta.

17

,

the given aro which .faIls in the q_uadrant wh~ ili ~ipatea, but tho sine of tAe Karl (of that arc) is the sine, of that 'aro

•

wbich it wants to oomplete the q_uadrant where the giVCIP Me

ends; and the sine of the BHIl'JA. (of the arc) which ends·in an even quadrant (i. B. 2nd and 4th) is the aine of that. &rc which it 'wants to ocmplete the quadrant whero the given ArQ'ends i but the sine of tho ~Orl (oC that arc) is the line of that part of the given arc whieh Calls in that quadrant where it terminate ••

• To 1In<\ Ille IIDe of tho 31. (Reduce the given degrees &e.,

lI',e" d.g ..... &0. to minutes.) Divide the minutes by

225: and the sine (in S'LOKAS 17-22) ocrrosponding to tho qnotient is called the OATA (the past) Bine, (and the next sino ill cl!'lled the OAHU to be past sine): multiply' (the remainder in the said division) by the difference between the OATA and OAHU sino and divicl!! the pioduct. by 225.

32. .Add tha quotient to tho sine past: (the sum will bo tho sino required). 'fhis is the Rulo for finding tho right Bines (of the given degrees &c.) In the BIIIDO way, the versed sines (of the given degrees &c.) can be fonnd.

GiVOA tho liD. 10 lIncl ita 33. Subtract tho (next lOBS) sine

arc. (Crom the givon sine) i multiply the re-

mainder by 225 and divide tho p~duct by tho dift'orenco (between tho next less and grootOl' sillOl!) : add tho quotient to the product of 225, and that number (which corresponds to the next 1088 sine) ; the sum will be (the number of minlltea cOJlo taWed in) the are (required).

Dimen.ionl of tho 1.1 . 84. There are Co~ degrees (0£ op"'~. 0' tho Bun and the concentric) in the periphery of tho

Moon m des ..... of tho de- , •

lenmI; or _trio. KAlIDA or first epicycle of the Sun, and

thirty-two degrees (in the periphery of the 1st epicycle) of tho Moon, when theBe epicycles are described at the end of an even q~t (of tho concentric or on the Line of the .Apsides.) But when they BI'B described at the end of an odd quadrant (of the concentric, or on the diameter of the ocncentrio perpendioular to the Line of tho .Apsides) the degrees in both BI'B'

D

" #D~

18

TramiatiM oj tllC •

,

diminis~od by .t~onty minutes; (thon th, dopes'in tho pe. riphery of the Sun's epicyolo"",, 13· 40' ana. in tyt of tho

MOoh's:;=Slo 40'.) ,

DimenlioqlOtthe IIUl'i. 35, There are 75, 80, 83, 12 and

lIJo1el .r til .. Man ~., in 49, (degrees of tho conoentrio in ~he

dep'eeI et llo.e _Ina. . h' f th fi . 1 f

• penp ones 0 e rat eplCYo es 0

Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Sat~ respectively) at tho end of an even quadrant (of tho concentrio, but) a.t the end of an.odd quadrant, thore are 72, 28, 32, 11, 48 (degree. of tho concentrio.)

Dimonlianl of the Ind 86, There are 235, 133, 70, 262

epicJoIce or MIll &0: and 39 (degrees of tho coucentric) in

the peripheries of the S'IGHIIA or second opicycles of Mars &c., a.t the end of an even quadrant (of the concentric).

87. At the end of an odd quadrant (of the concentrio,) thoro a.rc 232, 182, 72,' 260, 40 degrees of the conoentrio in the peri. pherioa of the second epicycles of Mars &0.

Ginn the XBlJDIU or • 88. i'a.ke tho dift'erenco between

pianet, 10 lind tbe dimon. th . h' f . I f ,-, t

lionl or the ....tifled poripheo 0 penp enos 0 eplCYc os 0 a p ... ne

1:7 of Ihe epicyale. at the ends of an even and an odd

quadrant; multiply it by the sino of the BUUJA (of the given KaNDu of the planet,) and divide the product by the radiUB. Add or snbtract the quotient to or from the periphery which is at the end of an evon quadrant according as it is loss or gre..~ than tha.t whioh is at the end of an odd quadrant: tho reault will be the Sl'HUTA. or rectified periphery (of tho epicycle of the planet.)

Ginn tho 101 or Ind 189. ,Mnltiply th~ sines of the Bau.

XuDlLl or • pllnet,lo lind lA and KoTI (of the given 1st and 2nd the lol or lind BulA .......

Ll andJ[cm.PR ... u aDd the KlNDBA of a planet) by the rectified

111 eqaatioD of t.he planeL periphery (of· the 1 at and 2nd epicyole of the planet), and divide' the prodncts by the degrees in a circle or,s60" (the quotients are oaJ\ca the 1 at or 2nd Bauu. PIIA.LA and KoTI·PHA.Ll respectively), Find the arc whose sine

• is equal to the tat BBUIA..PRALl: the nnmber of the minutes

• 86rya-8i,Wur.nta. 19

.

contained ~ this.arcois the XANDA:l'BALA* (or,the 1st .tiou

of tho pl~et,) , ".

T II d II 2 d I' 40. "Find the 2nd KOTl-PBAr.A tf;om

o 0 ,. n Ctjua Ion

of ~II. minor planet. Mill a planet's 2nd K",nRA as mentioned

~ before:) it is to be added to the radiuR '

when the Kendra is,less than S Bigns or greater than Ii signs, but when'the KENDRA is greater than 3 signs and less than 9, (thon the 2nd!KOTI-PHALA) is to be subtracted (from the radius).

41. "Add the sqllo.J'O of the result (just found) to tha. of the sine of the 2nd DRUJA-PIIALA: the square root of the sum is the S'faHRA-KAR~A or 2nd hypothenuse.t

Find tho (2nd) DBUJA-PRALA of the planet (as mentioned in S'LOU 39th j) mllltiply it by the radius and divide the product by tho 2ud llypothenuse (above found},

42. Find the' arc whose iine is equal. to the quotient (jUijt found) j tho number of the minutes oontsiJ!ed in the arc is called the S'{aIlRA-PIIALAt (or 2nd equation of the planet.)

The 2nd equation of Mars &0. is employed in the first and foarth operations (whioh will be explained in the sequel).

To IIml til. lruo 1'1.... of 43. (In order to find tho true places

til. lIun,lI .. MOOD and olher of the SIlU and Moon,) 0. single opo-

p1anou, •

ration called IIAIIDA (or operation of

finding tho first equation,) is to be employed (that iH to say, when you want to find the trlle places oC the San and Moon, find their first equation and apply it, 8S will be mentioned" in 45th S'LOKA, to their mean places: thus you have the trllo places oCtho Slln and Moon).

But in respect of Mars &0. 1st S'faBRA operation (or operatiou of finding the 2nd equation,pind M.:xDA operation, 3rd MAlIDA operation, and 4th S'faBu operation, are to be employed sllocessively.

• HAlIIU .• l'Ku.t. lillie II1II8 ~ 8qllltion 01 the _Ire ola plan.t. B. D. t The 1I'flllUU'Ua,.l or Bnd hJpolhenUII 1.1 equlva1ent to the Uiollnoo (in minalel> of the plauet ,_ &be Bonia'. _Ire. B. D.

~ 8S8R8.l'PJW.t. or Iud eqllllioll iI equiva1en1 to the 1II1lual ""raUn; of the • • apar!or planellJ IIId &be eIOnpiloA of the iDftrior planetl. B. D,

D II '

20

TTall,laUon of the •

44... 'Find the .second cqqation (from tJie JIlean ·.place of a .. plaJiet:) apply the half of it to tho mean place, mvl (to the • resUlt) apply the half of the' first equation (found from that .• result; from the aJI¥)l1nt) find the 1st equation again, and apply

• the whole ~f it to the mea.n place of the planet and (to tllat rectified mean place)* apply the whole of the 2nd equation (CollDd from the rectified mean place: thus yon will find the true place of the planet).

How the 1.6 and Ind 45. In the S'fOBRA. and. MAlIDA

lqualiOllI ~rthe pianola are operations, the (second or first) eqllll.

10 be applied. t' fl' . . to b

lon 0 a p Mlet m minutes lS e

additive when the (second or first) KXNDRA. (of the plenet) is less than 6 signs; but when it is greater thlln 6 signs, the (2nd or Ist) equation is to be Bubtractive.

The BBVl.b~'lI4t como- 46. Multiply tho diurnal motion

lion iu Illinuh..., of 0. planet by the nnmber of minutes

contained in the first equation of tho Sun, and divide the prot duct by tho number of minutes contained in a circle or 21600': ad~ 01' 8ubtroot the quotient, in minutes, according as the Sun's equation is additive or subtractive, to or from the place

• of tho pllmet (which is f,!und from the AKAIIG-"A at tho mean mid.ni~ht at LAlId, the result will be the place of the planet at the true mid.night at LANd.)

47. Subtract the diurnal motion of the Apogeo of the Moon from her mean diurnal motion; (the remainder will bo the Moon's motion from her apogee;) from this remainder ind the Ist equation of her motion (by the role which will be explainod further on). TJrla eCJ.uation is to be subtractive or additive to her mean motion (for finding the true motion of the moon).

8UI'II4-8iddkanta,

21

Find the. tl'llll WllI'IIII 48, In, the Jl'ANIl4 opcratiPn, find

motioRl of tho Bun ond tho (1iI'Bt) equation of Q plllllet's diumru.

Mooll and tt.e JulID .... 8phu. " ..'

'" motion. 01 the others. motion from the motion Itself, itI. the

same way in which the planet's fil'Bt oquatigu is foun~.

,('fake the differenee between the OATA and OAllYA ainea • which have boen·fo1\I1d in finding the sine of tho first KENDBA oC the plauet); by the difference between tho sines (OATA and OAIIU) multiply the (planet's mean) motion (from its apogee) and divide the product by 225.

49. 'l'he quotient multiplied by the (rectified) periphery of the first epicycle of tho planot and divided by 360· (becomos the fil'Bt equation of the planet's motion) in minutes. Add this equation (to the mean diurnal motion of the plauet) when the first KENDRA. is greater than 3 signs and leBa than 9; but when the first KENDRA is grcllter than 9 signs or les8 than 3, aubtract tho equation of the motion from it! (thus you have the true diurnal motious of the Sun and Moon, and tho JlANDASPHUTA motions of the otbe1'8 which a.re equivalent to their heliocentrio motions.)

To lind tbe tl'Dll diu"w 60. Subtract the IWTDA.SI'HUfA di-

motion or. minor plauet. uroal motion !If a (minor) plllnet from '

its S'(OHBOCJ(CUA'S dil11'DaI motion, and multiply the remainder by the difference between the radius* and the 2nd hypothenuse fouud in the 4th operation for finding tho 2nd equation.

51. Divide the product by the (said) 2ndhypothenuse, idd the- quotient (t" the lUNDA·BPUDTA motion of the planet) when the 2nd hypothenuse is greater than the radius;* but wheJl it is leiS than the radius subtrBD\ the quotient (from the lUNDA.8P11U'fA motion, the rea.fit will be the true motion of tho planet). (But in the latter ease), if the quotient be greater (than the KANDA-SI'HUTA motion,) aubtraot (the JIUDA-SI'HUTA motion from the quotient); the remainder will be' the retrograde motion of the plane£.

• Botta 011 &0 1IIIl1l1. Som. eomm8lltaton of the BuaY.!. IIDDu.(n1. UDder.~d bJ the term I'ICIiUl tWaiae 01 the hd equatioll fo1IIId in the ~ opano. tioJJ. D. D.

22

2lrll4l8lution of fi,e •

The .. uoe oHherclrogreB' 5~. When a pla~et is at a great

lIon'oflho ItlaQpto· distaneo (more than 3 signs), from its

S'[inbocllcBA and (therefore) its body is attracted by tho looso

• reins (borne by the,s'fo!IROcBCllA,) to its left or right, then the

• planet's n:otion becomes retrograde.

When' 'th: pl~n.1o bop" 53 and I),t, Thll planets Mars, and

to ... t~ and wh,en tll., others (i. e. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, loa,. their ... 11'OI .... lOn. V d Stu) t' th t grado

onus en a rn go e rc ro

motion about the same time when the degrees of (thrir 2nd) KnDus, found in the 4th operation, are equal to 164., B~, 130, 163 and 115 (respectively) : and when tbo degrees of (their 2nd) KnDlware equal to tbe remainders (196, 216, 230, 197 and 245,) found by subtracting the (said)' numbers (164, 144, 130, 163 and 115,) from 360· (separately,) the planets leave their

retrogression. •

55. Venns aAd Mars (leave their rotrogression about the same time) when (their 2nd KENnRA) is equal to 7 signs, on account of the greatness (of the rectified dimension) of their 2nd epicycle: so Jupiter and Mercury (leave their retrogression) when (their 2nd KENDRA) =8 signs, and Saturn leaves its retrogression when (its 2nd K;lI:NDRA)=9 signs.

To lind t.be latitude of II 56. Add or subtl'llCt the 2nd aqua-

pJanet. tiona of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter

(fonnd in the 4th operation) to or from their nodes oocording as the 2n~ equations applied to the (rectified mean) places of the planets: but in respect of Mercury and Venus add or sub· tract their Ist equations (found in the ~rd operation, to or from their nodes) aocordini lIS their 1 st equations a.re so.btraotive or additive respectively (the res~lts are the rectified nodes).

57. (For the a.rgument of latitude of each of the planetst Ma.rs, Jupiter and Saturn) ta~e its rectified node from its ~ue place: bo.t for (the argument of latitude of) Meroury or VenD take its rectified node from its S'fGHBoCHCIU.; find the sine (of

llfolao on 18 IllIcUT. It ia eridmlHh.Uho &IJ1Iment of latitude of Moh of °tb. planeta, found bare, equals t.be heIioetntrio p1aCe'IIf t.be planet climinllbed br the p_ of ill node, B. D.

• 8(llf?/a.8iddhr.illta. 23

• •

the argument «>! lo.J.itude of a planet); m~ltiply it . '" the

(greatest},latitndo of tho planet (mentionod in S'w)Ju 70tli of 1st Chaptor) and divide the pl'Muct by tho 2nd ]lypot]lIfnnso found in the 4th oporation; but in respoet pf the Moon divide it .by the radius: the quotient will be the latitude (oC the

planet). • •

To Snd the true declina· 51l. 'l'he (mean) declination (oC a

lion of a planet. plllnet or the doclination found by

comput,tion from its corresponding poiut in tho ocliptic) increased or diminished by its latitude, 'according liS thoy are both of the same or differont denominations, becomes tho truo (declination of the planet). But the Sun's (truo declination) is (the same as) his mean declination.

To lind the length of ,. 59. Multiply tho diurnal motion

piaDllt'. de,.. '. (in ininutes) of a planet by the number of PR'lfAB which the sign, in which the planob" is, takes in its rising (at a given place j) divide the product by 1800' (tho number of minutes w]lich oach sign of the ecliptic contains in itself,) add t.he quotient, in Pd1!AS, to the number of tho Pa.(~A8 contained in II (sidereal) day: tho sum will be the number of l'u1!AS contained in the. day and night of that planet (at the given place).

GireD Ih. declination, to 60. Find tho right and versed

lind ~he radius of the diur- sines of the declination (of a planet) : lIal OIrole. take the versed sine (just found) from the radius, the remainder will be the radius of the diurnal Dirclo south or north of the equinoctial. (This radius is called DYUIYA).

To II'ncl the _"iona! 61.' Multiply the sine of declination

d~oe. (above found) by the length (in digit!,)

of the equinoctial shadow,. divide tho product bY.12, the quotient is the KUJY~:t The Kun4 multiplied by the radius

•

• Tho equinoctial Ihadow il the .hadow ot. vertical gnomon of 11 diaill

.. beD the SUD it in the equiDoelialat tho Illid.deJ It • gi.OIl pI..... B. D.

t I:lIn.( is tho line of thai arc of • dlunlll c&cIe whioh is intercepled bet_ •

tho Bol'IIon &lid the iii: o'clock liDo. B. D. .

24

2TallBlation oj tho •

&nd !\ivi,dad by:~: DrUJYA (above found) Jleoomes tho si~o of the'ascensiOllal dift'llrence, i'bo arc of that s1ne (in minntos) is t'h" ascensional dift'erenoo in 'PKKIiAS,

" To lind ~ len Ih. or til,. 02, Add and subtract tho ascen-

day and night :f • piau", sional difference to and from the fourth and & Ib'ld ,tar, part of the length of the day and ni~ht of the planot (as fonnd in S'LOU 59) separately, the results will be lengths of the half day and half night respectively of

thll planot when its declination is norih, ,

03, Bnt whon tho planet's declination is sonth, the reverse of this takes place (i, e. the resnlts, just found, will be tho lengths of the half night and half day of the planet respec. tively). (In both cases,) twice the results are the lengths of the day and night (rospectively).

In the same way, the lengths of thll day and night of any futed star can be' determined from its declination which is to be found by adding or snbtracting its latitudo to or from the declination (of its corrosponding point in the ecliptio).

j ThoBKOO.lOr.l'iUIJIA' 64. Tho BHA·DUOOA (orthespa.ceof

!i'BAlDdmKL a NAK8HATBA or an Astorism) com_

800' minutes, and the B,Il00A of a TITHI (or the space whioh the Moon describes from the Sun in tithi or lunar day) contains

720' minntes.

To lind tho lI'D:IKA'l'Bl The place of a planet, redneed to

II! ;,h~b • pIaBet is .t a minutes, divided by the BRADDOO.!. or lI',en time. 800', gives the number of those Nu:. oBlIATRA or Asterisms (conntod from As'WiNf which are passed by the p!&net: &nd the remainder is that portion of tho present NAXtIHATBA. which is ~sed by the planet.) (This remainder divided) by the diurnal motion (of the pla.net) gives the quotient in the days, OHATlK,4IS, &C. w~ich the phi.not has taken to Pas that portion of tho present NAKSRATBA..

To Snd tho rOOA. at • 66. 'l'hO sum of tho pla.oos of the

given time. Bun and Moon (found at a givon time,)

• • YOGA ia • period DC lime in wlli"h tb. IWII or tho placao of the BIIII IIIIl lIoon w- bTU" 10' or 800'. B. D.

•

SUl'ya.Sidd1t.anta.

211

reduced to minu~os, .is to be divided by thq DUA.lrru>a.I. (or 800'.) The quotient is tho number of tho elapRed YOGAS (counted from V[SBKARUBHA): • (The remainder is oalle. tho OATA of the present YOGA, and the DBA.BI¥lOA (or SPO') dimi, , nilllted by the GATA is called the. Guru of that YOOA.) 'l'ho OATA and GAHU' of, the present YOUA multiplied by.oO nnd divided by the sum of the diurnal motions (of tho S~n and Moon) become tho nnmbers of tho Pllst and to be past GBATIK~S (respect~vely of the present YOOA at tho given time.)

To ftorl tile lunar day at I 66. Take tho place of the Sun from

giv.1l time. that of th~ Moon (found at a given

time); divide tho remainder, reduced to minutes, by the BUOOA (of It nrm or 720' j tho quotient is the number of the elapsed tithis or lun~r tIaY8.), (The remaintIer is tile GATA of tile present TITUI, and tho BUOIIA of a TlTIir diminished by tho GAT! is tho GAMYA of the present t'I'tBI.) 'l'he OATA ~nd GAlIY! oftlu) present rrnn, multiplied by 60 and divided by tho differenco between the diurnal motions (of tho Sun snd Moon) become tile numbers of the past and to bo pflKt GIlAflKXS (respectively of the present TlTIII at the given time).

67. The four invariable KARA.,-A!

Invariable IU.lUl'U.

called S'AKUNI, NItOA, CHATIJSHPADA and KINsTuauNA (always appropriate to themselves anceessively the hn.lvcs of the TITRlS,) fl'Om the In.ltcr half of vile fourteenth rmn of the dark half (cif a lunar month to tho first half of the first TITIIl of tho light half of tho next lunar month. inclusive) •

Variable lUUlfAl.

ellet other regulurly, month •

68. ' And the seven variabltfKARA. 'As/BAn* &0. afterwards suceeed through eight repetitions in a. Ounar)

.t: 1. BATA. t. BALTA. n. 7. BIIAIlXA. B. D.

JII

26

69, :.It ill to 11e known t~at all the KAJA~¥ answer succes. sively to hair of a TITlli.

:1 (0 MAu,) thus Ilmve oxpla~ned to you the Rules for finding

the tree ~looes of the heavenly bodies, the Snn &c.

~-""""

..

End of tlu(ind Chapter of tho SURu.SuiDII!l:NTA.

CHAPTEl_t III .

..

Oal'ed tl,8 TBIPIIAS'll'A, It'Mell IroafR of 11,8 Rules for resol'lliny tll8

2uC8tiOII8 0" Time, tIIo pOBition of plUlJI!JI, !llld .lireetionB.

• • jd' 1. On tile surface of a stone levelled

To detarmlDe tbo mer 1811 •

• nd OIlt Ind "011 line_ Ind wIth water or on the levelled floor of

• tbe point. or the HoriJon. . chnnam work, describe a circle with

I radius of 0. certain number of digits.

2 and 3. Place tho vertical Gnomon of 12 digits at its centre and mark the two points where the shadow (of the Gnomon) before and IIftor noon meets tho circumference of the circle: these two points are called the west and the ell8t points

• (respectively). .

Then, draw a line through, the TUIl* formed between the

• To draw • Une perpendiOl1"r to Ind bi,ecting' Ih. line joining t"o Iipoinll, il ia Ulual to deoeribo "'" arorfrom Ih. t"o gifen point. u _treo' with • 00lIIIIIOII radius, intorooolin .... h other in two point. I th8 line pIIIi. throuah ~ iollnOOling JlGin'. i. tho line .reqw.-010 In thia "."Notion, tbe _paoe eonl.lnod bJ"1O IDteneelin ..... ia ""Ilod"ma". 8ob," on .... anl vf ilofOrm. II ia eridenl lhallho Un, tinn Ibrouah tho ma formaci bot" ... 'two ·1Ii",,-

• poIIItI, mao' bo perpendIclIIar 10 IDd lriHot Ibe U ... "WDh joial CIae :P'IIII

polDlI. B. D. .

, Sur!la.Siddk471ICf.

27

(RIlid) east and W!st points, and it, will be the ,north ~a . Bouth line or tho Meridian Line.

4. And thus, draw 1\ line thlough the 'tIJU formed between the north and sonth points of the Meridian J..ine; this line will

. .

be.the east and west line,

In the same mllnn~r, dotermiue the intermediate di~ctions through the 'tIMI~ formed betweon the points of the determined directions (east, south &c.).

Given In. Ononlonic .h.. 5. (In order to find the direction

dow ami il. BROdA, 10 nud of a given shallow of tho Gnomon at a

II •• direclion of Ihe .hedow. , t' d ib 'rei' I

gIVen ime, escn e a CI o III t 10

plane of the Horizon with a. radius whose length is equal to that of the given shadow' lind lit its circumference determine tho points of the Horizon, tho Meridian and cast and wesb lines' as ml!~tioned befOl'C:) Then describe a sqllaro about the Baiil circle through the lines ~lrawn from tho centro (of the circle to the points of tho Horizon, in such a manner that the square shall touch the circlo at the cardinal points) and in this circle (towards the western or eastern part of it according as the given time is before or aftor noon), draw

8. line (as 1\ sino.) equal to Huuu* (o{ tho given slladow 8.lId • peepcudicular to the east and wcst line towards tho north 01' south according as tho HuwA. is north or south. '1'0 the end of this perpendicular, draw aline from tho centre], 'fhis (line) will denote the direction of the given shadow (at the given time).

6. Tho line representing the Primo VerHcal, the six o'clock· line or the equinoctial, passes throug~ the east lind west points

of the Horizon. '

• The distance (in digital ot tI.e end of Ihe .hld." ot the GDODIOJI (wlUoh is pJaoed II lbe intentoli", point of the lIeridian IIId IIIllIId .... 1 lino) ia called the BHun (ot the .bado. J.or:th 3. lOulb .... I'ding •• II .. eud of th •• b.do. ia DOI'IIj Or .... Ih of the ee.! Ind .... 1 line lind II .. dialln .. of Ih. ond of lb •• b.do,", ~ the Meridia" Line is ~ lhe Xorr (01 the ohado.) eaol or .... 11COOldina II the ond of Ih. ol,aduw II .11 or "III of the Ueridiom Line. B. V.

E 2'

28

2'ran,IIlUoII of lAo

To 8ncfthe .ine of ampli. 7.. (In the ~d C1,'rclo)* from the

tnde re<JuIled 10 Ih .. hypo- "

tllenu .. of the 1JiVl'lIlhldow. cast and west lme (to Its north) at a

• disttface equal to the equinoctitL! shadow, draw anoth~r line

• parallel to tho furplCl'; the distance botween the end of the

. .

• NotvOll tI •• ~thS'to:u. Let 1. ct N IT bo 1100 plano of ti •• M.ridian of Iho gi_ pl ... of norlh I.li· tudol anel in Ihat plnno I.t G A II b. tl.. alOmater. of 110. Horizon, Z Iho .."ilb, l' and Q 11.0 norl h and .oulb polr., E A F tI •• diam.lcr of the nquinoc· till, P A Q tI •• t ollhe ,i,

o'oIoek lioo, ZAN Ihat of C H

tho Primo verti.al, C .. D 11 •• 1 of ono of tho diurnal ti"do in "hiel. the Sun i. IUppo.od 10 rovol.o at Ih. given d8y and, Ihe projrc. tion oflho Sun'. pllCtj •• "d lot • " • 6 b. tb, prrpendi. oulars 10 Z N, G 11 ... pc.' ti •• ly.

Then, A • = Aeno or

the line ar the Sun', ODl- N

plitndol

S 6 = Slnu or tho oino of the Sun'. altitude I

•• or A I = BIIUJA ee th •• ino of lb. dislan.o of the Sun (rom Ih. Prim.

Vertital DIOI.ured on • groat eiroJa paaaing through Ihe Bun and nI right angl ..

Ia the Prim. Vertical. .

.6"" 8' jll'XUT.lU ovtho di.tance of the per~dicular drawn from tbe 811n's plaoe 10 tbe horizonlal plRne, from the lu .. (oaIlcd the UDAYAsU·BCTRA ill Illlllkrlt) in whieh tho plano of the 1I0rizon i"t. ..... t. tlrat of lb. wurual eirel •• Ind it is .,ido"t from tiro ftsure tl •• t

AIJ=ab±A6:

01' AGRA = S' AWKUTALJ. ± llRulA I

ill this the uppor ov lower Bign mnat evidentll bo uoed accordill/l 81 Ibe SIIll is Dorth or south oHhe Prime Vcrtioal.

, liow iftl ... e ASII, 8'ABJ[UTALA and BEUlA wlrich are in term. of Ibe radina of • groat circle, b. reduced to tho hypoth •• us. of tho gnomonic .hado" atlh. given timo, it io cloer tlrat the re 'iuoed BIlUlA will be equal to the dil.ta.eo of the end of the .l .. dow from tho out and freet line, but the redUlled S.u.xur.1.L4 will equallhe Equinoctial .hado.... II it showed tb .. :

let lI. = Ihe radiu. of. greel eirele :

A -= lb. bypolhou .. o of the .h.dow I 12l& theD, A: :a = 12: ,6, .'.,6 =-1 i

liow, in the triangl. I .. ',' L .. I 6 = the latitude of the Ki,en plaao 1

• 6 the line of Iatilude tI .. EquinooliAl tbadow

,'·-=----=-----1

, 6 tI •• COl, of Ialituli. 12'

Surya.Siddl"L'lla.

29

given shadow an~ tlvllattor line i.B equal to t~e sino of IPI1pli. tude (reduced to the hypot~enuse of the given slllw.ow).

Given the .I,.dow to find 8. 'I.'he square-root of tllO 8n~ of

ill h,potheDIII8o the squares (of t~e lengths) of the

GJ60mon and the given shadow is ~alled the hypothCl;use of the • shadow: from tao ~quare of tho hypothcnuso 8ub~rllct tho square of the Gnomon; tho square-root of tho remainder .will be equal to the shadow; and the length of tho Gnomon is to ho known (from the shadow) by tho inverse calculation.

Tho precession at tho 0. '1'110 circle of Asterisms librates

equinox... 600 times in 0. great YunA (that is to

say, all the AstoriSDlS, at first, move wostwl,rd 27'. Then returning from that limit they reach their fi,rmer places. 'fhen from thoso places thl'y move oestward tho same number of degreos; and rotnrl;ing the~ce como ngain to their own plllCes. Thus they complete one Iibration or rcvolutioll, as it is called. In this way the number ofrevolutions in 11 YUGA is 600 which answers to 600,000 in a KALPA).

Multiplying tho .AlIAIlGA~A (or tho number of elapsed days) by the said revolutions and dividing by the number of terres. trial days in a. KALI'A j the quotient is ~he elapsed rovolutions, •

signs, degrees, &c. .

10. (Rejecting the revolutions), find the RHUJA of the rest (i. e. signs, degrees &0. as mentioned in S'LOKA 30th of the 2nd Chapter). '1'ho BHI1JA (just found) multiplied by 3 lind dividod by 10* gives the degrees &0. called the ,AYANA (this is the SllmB with the a.mountt of tile precossion of the equinoxes),

A ' tb. Equinootial sl~o" '

01' l1li.1(-=-----1

12 B. 13

A

..... 6 )( - or 1111 reduced 9' UltVf.I,Ll = tho Equinoclial.hadow I

B .

... Th. redDCed line of amplitu~

"'" lb. E'luiuoolial ahadO" :t the reduced BuvlA; IhiJ esplainl lilt 1th B'IoOJ:!. B. D. '

, •• '1", fIO". B.D.

t 1'b1l II 'the cli.a11D0I of IIIi Slellar Ariel hom the "rDII cquinOl. D. D.

30

Tratl81ation of tA, <

Adll Qr Bubtra9t the Imou~t of the pre~ssion .of the eqainoxes (according as tho IIsterisms are moving onstward or westf.raru at tho given time) to'or from tho place of a planet: , from tho l,'Il8ult (wlPch is equivalent to tho longitnde of the planet) find tho declination,· the shadow of the Gnomon, tbe

tho I\s~in'si.onal difference &c. •

TjIis motion of the asterisms (or the precession of the eqninoxes) will be verified by the nctual observation of the Sun woon he is at the equinoctinl or tho solstitial points. I

11. According liS the Sun's trne place found by computa, tion (ns stated in tho 2nd Chaptor) is less or greater than that which is found by observation (i. o, the longitude of the Sun), the circle of estorisms is to tho ellst or west (from its ol-iginal place) as many degroe~ as these are in the difference (between the Sun's true place and tho longitude).

12. At Ii given place, when tile !rho equinoetial .bado ...

Sun comes to tho equinoctial, the sha-

dow (of the Gnomon of 12 digits) Cllst on tho Moridian Line at noon is called the P ALADU.( 01' tho equinoetial shadow (for that place).

G· 'h • oet· I L 13. Tho Radius multiplied by the

L,en • e equm 18 8na· .

dow, 10 find iho co·latiiude Gnomon (or 12) nnd the equinoctial

IIld latitude. had ( . .

s ow separately) and dlvided by

tho cquinoetinl hypothenuso* gives the cosine and sino of the latitude (respectivoly). Tho IIrcs of these sincs are tho co.lati. tnde and tho latitude which are always south] (at the given place from whose zenith the equinoctial circle is inclined to the

south). ,

Gi_ the Gnomon'. obe- 14 MI~ 15. The BIIUlA of the sha.

dow .t noon and Sun'. de. d •

clination, to lind the latitude ow of the Gnomon at noon is tlte

o£ihe pIaco. same 88 the sh~ow itsolf. Multiply

• The equinoctial h1POibeDuIO i. the hypollren1ll8 of tho oquiDoelw .hedow fouDd bJ taking the .quare·fOot of the .um of t.he .quare. of t.he equinoctial .hado .. IIId tho Gnomon (or Ill). B. D.

t The .. uth Jatitude. of Santkri* correopoDd to tho north latitudel of the 'B~ B.D.

• Surya.SiddlI111.1In.

31

tbo Radius by that J}HUJA aDd div~de the prod.uet by tI!e.hypo. thenuse of the 1I&1d shadow; tho quotiont will. boo the sine of tIle zeuith distance: the zenith'distance, found from that- sine in minutes, is north or south according 88 Johe lluulA is south or.north respectively (at a given place), }'illd the 8~m of the' zenith distanco and tile Sun'lf declination in minu\~ when they are both of the 'sarno namo, but when tlley are of contrary names, find the difference betweon them. 'l'his sum or diller. enco is,the latitude in minutes (at the given place).

To lind tl ••• quinootial 16. Find the sine of the latitude,

obadolf from the latitud.. (just found); tako tile square of tllat

sine from that of the Radius; tho square root of the remainder is tile cosine of the latitude. Tho sine of tho' latitude multiplied by 12 and divided by tho cosine of the latitude gives tho PALABltK or tho equinoctial :hadow.

Given tlto latitud. of the 17. Find the difference between tho

place and the 8un· ••• "ilb d f h' I . 1 ( . I) di.t."ce at noon to :lind bis egrccs 0 t e atltll( e at a gIVen pace

d""lh.ution eud iongitud.. and those of the Sun's zenith distance

at noon when they are both of tho same name, hut when they are of contrary names find the sum of them j tho result willlJe . tho Sun's declination: multiply its si~b by tho Radius.

18. Divide tho product hy the sine of tllO Sun's grcatcst declination (or 1397) : find tho arc (in signs &c. whoso sine is equal to the quotient, just found) ; this arc will be the longitude of the Sun when he is in tile first quarter of the Ecliptic: but when he is in the second or t1tird quarter, subtrllCt or add the signs &e. (contained in the a.nv from or to 6 signs; (the remainder or the sum will be the longitude of tho Sun).

19. And when tho Sun is in the fourth quarter of tho Ecliptic subtrllCt tllo signs &0. (which compose the arc) from' 12 signs; the remainder will he the true longitudo of the Sun

at noon. •

(To the longitude, just found, apply the amount of the pre. cession of the equinoxes inversely for the Sun's trrte place.)

32

Tl'all,luttUII of tile '

To In4 tbe Sun', mean (In order to fin~ the mean place of

pIeep !'rom llillrue place. the Sun from his true place above

fourftl,) find tho 1st equntion from tho true place of the Sun lind apply it illversely til tho place repeatedly, tho resnlt is the mean place of the Sun (that is, assume the true place as ilia mean plllJlc, find tIiIl ~un'8 first equation from it and a~d this equation to the tru~ place if the equation be subtractive, but if it be additive, subtract it from the true place; the result will be somewhat noorer to the exact m~o.n place of the Suu at the giVl','l noon; assnming this result as tho Hun's mean place apply tho said mode of calculction, and repeat the prooess until you get tho exact mean place of tho Sun).

Gi ••• tI,. latitude of the 20. Find tho sum of the Iatitude of

I'lnco and tho d •• lination of . I d tl S 'd I' .'

tho SUII to find hia zenith a glveu p nee an ie , un s eo ination

ai,tallc: at 1I00n. when they lire of tho same name, bllt when they are of coutrllry names find tho difference between them; the result will be. the zenith distance of the Sun (at

, noou). Findthe sino and cosine of the (found) zenith distaneo.

Oiven \h. Blln'. .eniLh 21. 'l'he sino Gnst fonnd) IIn,d the

di.t." ee 1111000, to find tho Radins multiplied by the length of the

lbado" and ill hypoLhetlllll8, '" • di '. ( b 1 "-) d di

unomon in Igt'S or y ~ lin I-

vided by tll~ cosine (above found] give the shadow of the Gnomon lind its bypothennse (respectively) lit noon.

Gi,en tho Sun'l d""lina. 22. 'l'he sine of tho Sun's decline-

lion and .haclow, to find loi. t' I . I' 1 b th . t' I b

amplitude and the line of ion mn tip leI y I) eqmnoc III y.

_plitudo reduced. pothennse and divided by 12 gives the

sine of the Sun's IImpli~"ldo. This sino multiplied by the hypothennsll of the Gnomonic sh\dow at noon, and divided ,by the Radius, becomes the sine of amplitude reduced to the , shadow's hypothenuse.

Oi"" the .quinooli.lob.. e3. To this reduced sine of the do .. and the ",ducod .ine or S' I"' d dd h ' '_I

ampJitude, to ADd the BHV. un s amp ItU eat e equiaoet ....

lA. shadow; the sum will be the north

BSU1A, (of tho shadow at the given time) when tho SUIl is

S3

in the southern helllisphere, but when ho is in tho n,or,thern hemisphere, take' the reduced si~e of amplitude. from the equinoctial shadow, and the tGmainder ,vill be the I:ftlrth

BUUJA. • •

, ~4. In the latter case, when tho reducecl sine of amplitude

is greator than the equinoctial shadow, subtract this' iiLadow from tho reduced sin~; tho remainder will bo tLe south DHJ1JA botween east and west line and the end of the shadow at tho given ~e. Every day tbe Bll11JA at noon equals tho Guo. mon's slutdow at that time.

25. Multiply tho cosine of the lati.

Giron lb. latitud. and

the Sun', declination, 10 fiud tudo by the Equinoctial shadow or tho

Iho l,ypolhonu •• of lb •• lIa· sine of the latitudo by 12; the product dow .t Ibo lime wl,en lb.

BunreachCl lbePrimoVerIl· (which is the samo in both cases)

•• r. dividod by the sine of the Snn's de. clination gives tho ilypotbenuse of the gnomonto shadow at tho time when the Sun reaches the prime vertiml.*

26. WIlen tho (Sun's) north doeliu,

ation is less than tile latitude, the hypothonuse of tho shadow at noon multiplied by the oquinoe, tial shadow and divided by the reduoed sino of amplitude at noon, gives the (K~me) hypothenuset (which is found in tho preceding S·LOn).

• Thi. ia .bo"n Ihus,

Let I = 1.lilud. of 11'0 plac. I t = Ii •• equinoclial.hado .. ;

d = lb. lin. of lb. Sun'. d .. lin~tion 11 when tI,. Bun ~. the l,rimo •

,,= .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .lllinde I t' cal

II = Ibe h,pothonu.. of II •• sbadow I '\u...

The.,oin 1,11=11., PI

and 11.'1'='" 1S;' •

lSoin ! • coa I

... .,= - =-- (beoa ... e .. I,Iin 1= 1S, lind .'. e, coal..:

" "18 .in I).

t rbi. is pro,ed Ihu ..

Let A = the l,ypolh.nu .. or II" ,hado", It noon ; .. = the Ii"o of aDlplitude redurad 10 lhel hn . .. 11.

.. - = lhe lin. of amplitude in tenna of Ibo radi" •• A

34

7'ru,llllalioli of t111i •

27 .. ':rhe sine, of the decli~ation (oC th4\ Sun) multiplied by the·radiul and divided by the cosine of the fa.titude becomes the line oC amplitude, Multiply this sine by the hypothenuse of the s~adow at ,a given timo and divido the product by the radius: .the quantity obtained is the sine oC amplitude.in digits' (reduoed to the liypothenuse of the shadow ab the given

ti~), ., '

28 and 29, Subtract the square of tho sino of amplitude from thl\ half of the squaro of the radius; multiply the romaindor by 144; divide the product by the half of the square of the gnomon (i. e. 72) inereased by the square of the equinoetial Ihadow, Le~ tho name 9f tho result be tho ~f. Let tho calculator writo down this n~bCl' (for future reference). '

30. Multiplt twelve times the equinoctial shadow by the sine of amplitude lind divide the product by ~he former divisor (i, e, 72 added to tho square of the equinoctial shadow), Let the result be ca.llod tho PHALA. Add the square of tho KAul'f to the PllALA aud take the square.l·oot of tho sum.

31 and 32. The square.root, Uust found), dimiuislied or increased by the PHAU according as tho Sun is south or north of the equinoctial, becomes the KOJ}II-s'anku* or the sino of

GinD tbe equinoeli.hha' dow IDd Ih. Su', ampli, tude, to find hi. .Ititiule when .ilualtld in the vertical circle of which the uimuU. dUtance io 45°,

• 11:&

Thea - :, (the .ine of lhe Sun'. Iltitude when he io .t the priDlil Tertical) I

= CIOII : UII 1 = • (equinoclial lhadow) I 11 J

, 1211B

... '=--1 A. I

IDd ... , .1 = 11 : " (Ih. hypothen". of the SUD'e ehadow w hili ho reaoheI lho prime mIIca1) :

liB 1.. I.

,', " = - = 11 B )C - -= - 1 IUppoUng the SUD', declination to

p 11 II B II UDdergO 110 cheng. duriua tho dal,

.·ThiI ie damonIt .. 1ed Ihn ..

Las. = the "'luinoctiallbedow, II = the tine of amplituda, . t = th't IUUlIf.

J = the l'Iu.u,

IIId ,,= Ihe Xo!r4·B'UItV.

35

altitude oBhe SlIn ..,hen situated. at an inte~ediate.vertical (intersecting the Horizon at the N. E. and S. W. or N. W. and S. E. points], If the aun bo south of the prime vertical, then the KOl.U.-B'ANB:U will be south-e&8b or. south-wejlt, but if h~ be north of it, then it will be north-e&8t or north-west. The square-root -of the difference between the squara:of the KO~AS'ANKU and that of the radius, is called the DaTOJY4 or the sine of the zenith distance.

33. ~ultiply the (said) sine of the zenith ilistance amI ~e radius by 12 and divide tho products by the KO~A-S'ANKU (above found); the quotients will be the shadow (ofthe gnomon) and its hypothenuso (respectively, when the Sun will come on an intermediate vertical) at tho proper place and time.

e

!rhea,1! , • = III , - III = B' "'lIX1I2!AL4 ( .. shown in thl note on 7th S'LOU) I

11

and lin .. it is m.nileol from the .amo not. that tho B' ... IlIl11TAU applied ."ilh the lino of amplitude by addition or lubt.aetion .... rding .1 tb. Sun il louth or north of tho equinoctial, b.oom •• BUill ... (i. e. tho lin. of tho SWI'. eliltaU" from the primo vertical),

•

• '. -1Il±IJ=Balll.l1

1S

but when tho Sun il N. E., N. W., S. E., or S. W., it is eqnidillant from tho . primo ,ortio.1 and the meridian. Thorofore the hypothonn.. DE a right.A"gl .. 1 manglo, Dr which 011. lido i, tho Balll.l and tho olhor eqnal to it, i. tho oino oE tho zenith diatance.

., .1 a.,

.'. byp.)' = I (- III +-")' = -,.' ± - IIJ + S ,,'.

1lI- 713

Now, ain .. tl.o .q ...... or tho line ot the •• nith distance addcd to tho square of tho oino oE tho aititllde is eqnal to the .quare or tho .. di.... .

,. (J •

. · .... +-.·±-IIl+lI .. ·=R·,

71 8 \

or (" +7l1)." ± 240 ... ., = 7Ill1'-14040"'1

24... 7IR'-140401l' 14040 Ii R' -II')

.·0 tI.:t --- II = ----- = ------.

,'+'72 •• +78 ,'+79

N ..... in Ihe foregoing equation it will be observed IIl.t tim pi ... of tl.8 lid. contoining the known quantitios if, .. het b .. boon already .poken of under " •• nom. DE X,ul!'f, and that t1o0 half of tha co·eJIIolent or II is whll hi. bosn alrrady .poken of ullder the nam. of l'B.lL.& •

. '. "':1;1/.,';"",

."biob gins III = vi /' + " sf. D. D.

r 2

36

n'alllll(~tion of 1110 •

Th.'Jatilude DC tk. pi... 3:!o. Add or .ubpraci the sine of

and. $he Bunll declination the asccnsional dift'erence to or from beiol.gi"", to Rnd the Sun'.

altitide, Zenith distan .. &0. the raifius IIClCOrding as the Sun is in

.t ginn ~ from noon; the northum or southam hemisphere. The result is called the And. From the A:l:rrJ. subtract t,be veraed.ske of the time from noon (rcducll~ to degrees) ; Multiply. the remsinder by the cosine of the deolination.

35 &lid 36. Divide the product, (thus found), by the radius; the quotient is eaUed. the CDHEDA; the CDHBDA multiplied by the cosine of latitude &lid divided by the radius becomes the S'AWEU. or the sine of the Sun's altitude (at the given time). SUbtract the SquBrc of the S'ANKU from that of the radius; the square root of the remainder is DRIO-JY'" or the sine of the zenith distance (~the given time). [From the S'ANKU andthe DRIG-JY"') find the shadow &lid its hypothcnuse as mentioned before (in S'LOKl32).

G• th , __ • Multiply the radius by the given

,yon • gnomon ....

,hadow and it. hypoth.ouoe, shadow (of the gnomon) and divide the

to Bnd tho tim. from noon. th

product by the shadow's hypo enuse.

• Thill will be mauiteot !hOI.

LH I = latitud. of the plac. north of the equator I d = Ihe SWI'. deolinatiou I

• = the .. "",sional dift'orenae,

, "" the time frolD'DOOn in do, .....

Illd III = the Bun'. altitude.

.Then .. ,I,BYO I.h. equation whiob il nr'! common,

_I. coal. oold± Il. Bin l.lind •

• in#t= .

Il" '

tan Z. tan "

(COl ':I: -'i-> coal. 00. d ,

=-----:g-----I

(001 , ± lin .) 001 I 001 d =--~--I

(B ~ lin. - Yen j) 801 d. COl"

=-'-"B--'B'

• It il to be obomrd 118I'e, that "hen Ihe latitudo of the place i .. north, tbe .in • beoomea plill Ol' miDue IIOCOrdillJ .. 1110 declinatiua iI norUI-or 101itb. B. D.

• 8ill'ya-Siddlllill!a.

37

37. The quoti~t )8 the DRIG-1!-' j the squ~rc-root o{ the square of the radius diminished by that of the DRJG.JY.{ Gust found), is the at AIIKU: multiply i~ by the radius and divide .ho product by the cosine of latitude (of tho pIBcV).

38 and 39. Tho result (thus found) is the CHIIEDA; inultiply the CHHBDA by tIle. ra~us; divide the product by the pOsino of the declination. Subtract the quotient from the AIITYA. apd tako the remainder. From the versed sines (given in S'LOKAS 23-27 tf the second chapter) find tIie arc whose versed sine equals the remainder: The minutes contained in the arc aro the PaA{!AlI in tho time before or after noon. *

Given tI.e latitude of Iho Multiply the cosine of Jatitude by

place and the reduced lino the given reduced sine of ampliarde of amplitude, to lind the

IlUD'S deoliDalion and longi. and divido the product by the given

Iwie. •

shadow's hypothenuso (at a givon

time).

40. The quotient, (thus fonnd), is tho sine of the Sun's declination; multiply it by the radius and divide tho product by the sino of the greatest decImation; find tho arc in signs, degrees, &c.; from this arc and that quarter of t110 ecliptic iu which tho Sun is situated at the given ti.mo the Sun's longitude. can be determined (as montioned bofore in S'LOKAS 18 and 19 of this Chapter).

To draw a line ill which 41. On any day place a verti~l

the Guomonic Ibado,,', ond gnomon on an horizontal plano; mlll'k ..... olvea. tho end of t11e shadow at throll different timos on the plano, and deBCl-ibe a circle posHing through. these points. Then the end of the .mlldow of that gnomon will revolve' in the cil·cumferedce of this circlo through that day·t

• Thb Rule iI &he eonmy of lb. proeeding one. Do D.

t Thil Rule iI re£ntocl by BduAliACIlAa'U In hia GoLADIlYAYA, and be i. right, "-1118 the end of the guomonioal aheOO" molJea in 10 hlperbola ill & b. pl8eoi btI_n lhe .tcliD alld llltare&ic cirolDt. B. D.

38

.

7'raJislution of lito ..

To- lind the riK\l' .ocen. . 42. (In or4er to find the right

lion. o(th.Iin' three ligoo ascensions of the ends of the three

onil. Ecliph.. fi t' of th 1! ti· A .

• rs klgns 0 OCllP C I. e. nes,

Taurus and Gcmini, find thc declinations of the -said ends) then multiply the sine; of one, two, and three sines by the cosilJ,e oj the Ifleatest declination of the Sun separately, and divide the p~ducts by the cosines of the decli~ations (above found), respectively: The quotients will be the sines of the arcs; find the IIrcs in minutes. (These arcs will be the right II!1censions of the ends of the three first signs of the ecliptic).

To lind 'h. riling pariodo 43. The number of minutes eon-

or th .... igos.ttbo Equator. tained in the first right IIScension.

(above found), is the number of P~AS which Aries takes it its rising at IJANK.( (or the equator); then take the first righl ascension from the sccond and tile second from the third; th( remainders in l\linutes will dcuote the numbers of Nl!AS it which Taurus and Gemini rise lit the equator.

(The numbers of the PRMl!AS, thuR found, contained in thE rising periods of Aries, Tllurus and Gemini at the cqllator are] 1670,1795 and 1935 (respectively).

To lind II .. riaing periodw (In order to find the rising period!

or tho •• ligna at a given of the first three signs of the celiptk placo. at a given place of N. L'J find III first the aBccnsienru differences of the ends of the said sigm at'that place lind subtl'llct the first aseensional difference fron the second lind the second from the third. Tbe first ascen

• sional difference lind these remainders are severally called tbl CUARAKUANJ;lAS of the sQid signs for the given place), Snb tract the CHARAKIUNJ;lAS (of tM first three signs) for the giVCD place fl'Om their rising periods at the equator: the remainderl will be the rising periods in PBJ:l!AS of the said signs at thl

given place. •

To lind the rial.g period! 44. The rising periods of tho firs

of the ratt. three signs of the ecliptic lit thl

Equater successively incrcllSed by tbeir CHARAKHAlI\WI give il

39

.

a contrary ordor the rising periods of tho following ·three

signs (i. e. Cancel, Leo and Verga)'. Tho luihgperjods or tho first 6 signs, thus found, answor ;n an inverse order to those of the latter six Libra, &0. for the given place.

45. }'rom the S~'s longitude lIS-

T" Snd tho Boro.copo or • d "0 0 . Ii h

the poinl oCth ... liplio.jll,1 eertaiue at ",,0 given time, nd t e

riIin, al a ,iron lime from DHUKTA and DHOOYA. times in P;,nIAs

lunftlMt. • J

(in the following manner, Find tho

sign in ,hich the Sun is and find tho BUUKTA degrees or the degrees which tho Sun has pessed and the DuooYA degrees or those which he hIlS to pass). MultIply the numbers of the BUUKTA and BnooYA degrees (separately) by the risiug period of the said sign (at the given place) and divide the products by:lO. (1'110 first quotiont is the BHUKTA time in l'aKl!"AS in which tho Sun has pasecd the BUUKTA degrees, and the latter is the DnOOYA time in l'utiAS in which he has to PIISS the BllllOYA dogreos.)

46 and 47. From the given time in l'Ul!"AS (lit the end of which ·the Horoscopo is to be found) suhtract tho DuooYA time in PJI.(tlAS and tho rising periods of tho next signs (to that in which the Sun is, as long lIS you can, then at last, you willlhul the sign, the rising period of which being greater than the remainder you will not be ablo to suhtnict, and which is consequently called the AS'UDDHA sign or the sign incapable' of being subtracted, and its rising period -tho AS'UDDHA rising). Multiply the remaiuder thus found by 30 and divide the product by the AS'UDDHA rising poriod: add the quotient, in degJ"OO8, to the preceding signs (to the AS'UDllllA sign) reekoned , from Aries: (and to the sum apply t~e amount of the precession of the equinoxes by subtrootion or addition according liS it will be additive 01' subtractive): the result, (tbus found), will be the pJaco of the Horoscope* at the ellstcrn horizon. If the time at the eud of which the Horoseo~o is to be. fonnd,

• Thua theN I ... two prooeaHl ;.,. Sadia, tI •• Bo~p., one when II.. given Ii ... i. lne. .un·riae Ind the oth.. when .1 i. before 1118·.ioo. and which "'" -'"'IuentIJ called XJu..... or tIireol and VdLKJUII4 or indirect pl"O<"I, ..... JUpeoIin!J. B. D.

2'rall.lalion oj the •

be f"en before sun-rille, then take the BlIl1KTA time (above foup.d) ana. the' rising periods of the preceding signs, to that

• wbich is occupied by the Sun~ in a contrary order from the given time; multiply the remainder by 80 and divide the product by the AS'UDDHA rising period; subt~t the qlloti,ent, in dll!p'eos, from the signs (reokoned Crom A.ries to the AS'UDDBA sign inolusive); the remainder (inversely applied with tho a~ount of the precession of the equinoxes) will bo the place of

the Horoscope at the eastern horizon. ~.

To Snd tb. oulmin.ting 48. From the time, in GBATIKAB,

point of tb. Ecliptic at the from noon, before or afier, the Bun's sim> time from nOOllo la Ii d • th . . d

P ee oun a. e gtven timo, an

the rising periods of the signs ascertained for tho equator, find the Bl'O, in signs, degreos, &C. (intercepted between the Sun and the meridian at tho given p18.ce) subtract or add tho signs &C. {just foun~ from or to the Sun's place (a.ccording as the given time is before or &fier noon); tllo resnlt will be the place of the culminating point of tho ecliptic (at the' given time).

61_ the pl_ 01 tb. 40. (Of the given place of the

Boroocope and that of Ih. H d tl t r tl S ) fi d

• BUD to Bud tha Lime from oroscope an la 0 10 un, n

~riIe. . the BReon time in P~lfAS, of tho lelfa and the BHl1XTA timo, in PRKlfAB of the greater, add togother these times and tho rising periods of the intermediate

. signs (betwecu those which are occupied by the Sun ana. tho Horosollpe); and you will find the time (from sun-riHe at tho

• end of which the given place of the Horoscope is just rising in

the eastorn horizon). ,

50. When the given place (If tho Horoscopo is less than that of the Sun, the time (above found) will be before sun-rise, but when it iB greater, the time win bo &fier sun-rise.

And when the given plBCll. of the H<ir08cope is greater than that of the Sun increased by 6 sign!!, the time found (118 mentioned before) from the place of the Horosoope and that of the

• Sun added to 6 signs will be &fier sun-set.

End of the third Chapter called the TRIPIU.B'NA.

. '

,n

CHAM'ER IY.

011 tile Ht-lilJ8V; oj 1110 M"ull.

r'l S 1. '1'ho diamotc; of tho SIIU'~ OI'b

1'~ dio1l1rtm 0 t 10 un

eud lIloo" ill l:uJ.JllAB and is 6,500 YOJANAS and that cJf tho

their ,,.,tiB"atiulI, ' , Moou's is ,t80 YOJANAB, '

2 and 3, Tho diamoters of tho Sun and Moon muItiplIml by thoi~ truo diurnal motiolls and divided by (thoh') moan iliurnal motions become tho SPBVrA or l'CCtifirid diameters.

d b B ')' ... _ Tho rectified diameter of tho Sun

To fill t 0 un I ( .. mawr

.t the 1110011 and thuir dia- multiplied by his revolutions (in a

1II.Ie, .. in UlinntOl. KAI.I'A) and divided by the Moon's

revolutions (in tlmt rycla), 01' multiplied by the pCl'iphOl'y nf tllo Moon's orbit and divided'by that of the Sun, bcccmos tho diameter of tho Sun ilt tile Moon'a orlrit,

'l'ho diamoter of t,he Sun at tho Moon's orbit RIIlI tho Mooll's rectified diameter Ilividcd by ] 5, give tho numbers of wiuutos contained ill tho dillluetol's (of tho discs of tho Sun and tho Moon respuctively),

4 lIud 5. 'Multiply the true diurnal • motion of tho'Moon hy tho Elll'th'a diameter (or ],600) and divido tho PI'Odllct by her mean diurnal motion; tho qUBntity obtained is called tho Sucul. Multiply the difference botwoon tho Nu.rth's diamoter and the rectifwd diumotcr of the Sun by tho mORn diametor of tho Moon (or 480) IIIId divide tho preduct by that. 01' tho SUIl (or 6,5UO) j suhtrnot the quotient from the !:llklll the l'Cwu.iJl(lcr will be tho diameter (in YOJANAS) of the HIII,th's shadow (at the moon); reduce it to minutes liS mentinned hefore (i. e, by dividing it by 15),

To lind lb. prob.blo lim.,. 6. The Earth's shadow (aJwlly~)

01 the oee .... " .... or ""lip"" reuluins at the distance oj'li gig-11M li'OlII

the Hun, WIlIJn the pleeo of the Moon's IIScendiug DUaO Oll"llls the pleee of the shadow or that of tho SUD, there will be BII •

To nnd tho di.motrr or tho E,.IJ,', ,hadow .t tho Alooll,

o

42

TI'a~BlatifJI~ oj 1110 •

ecliJl!!8 Qunar or solar). Or when that node is beyond or within the.place 01 the shadow or that of the Sun, Sy some degrees,

• theosame thing will tllke place:

7. The places ~f tho Sun and the Moon fo.und at the time of the new moon are eqnal (to each other) in signs, (degr~s) &c. B~d at the instant of the full moon they ~re at the distance

of p signs from each other. .

To redllC8 tb. places of 8. (Find the changes of the places of

tb. Sun, II .. )[oon and h.r the SUII the Moon and her Bjoonding

ur.ending node 81 given at .'. . .

mid-night to tb. inlt.nt of node III the IIIstBnt from mldmght to

&be ·1"11, the instant of the syzygy as mentioned in S·LOKA. 67th of 1st Chapter). To the places of the Sun and the Moon (lIS found at tho midnight) apply by subtraction or addition their changes n.ccording as the Instant of the syzygy is befure ur a.fter midnight: the results are called the 8A11.I,'-XA.LA. places uf the Sun and the Moon: But increase the place of the node (nt midnight) by its change, if the

, instant oCthe syzygy be before midnight, or dimiuish it if it be a.fter midnight.

What 00'''' the Sun and . 9. The Moon beiug like a cloud in

, th.)[ooD in Ib.ir ooIip.... . II lower sphere covers the Sun (in a

solar eclipse); bnt in a luuar ono the Moon moving eastward enters the Earth's shadow aut! (therefore) the shadow obscures her disc.

To lind the magnitude of . 1U. 'I'ake the Moon's latitude (at

1ft ecIi",.. the time of' syzygy) from half tho sum

, of the diameter of that which is to be covered and that of the coverer (in a lunar or .solar eclipse); the remainder is the greatest quantity of the eclip~eil part of the disc.

To laoenain the oeourrence 11. If this quantity should be

of a tot.~ per~ Dl' no greater than t111l diameter of thB disc e.lipoe. which is to lie eplipslld, the eclip8e will be a total one, otherwisB it will be partial. But if thr MoOn'S latitude be greater than balf the sum (mcntiolled in

• the precoding S'IoOU) thore cannot be an eclipse,

• S,IJo!lIl-SiMll1illla.

43

To 0",1 tbo holf dam!i.n 12. ~nd the balvc.B separa(o!y of

of Ih ... dip .. aud Ibal of the the sum and difference of tl1e diameter

total darkne... of that· which is to be covered .and •

that which is thlj coverer. Subtract the square of the (Moon's) latitude (as found at the time of the RYZYgy) severally from the squares of the. half sum and the half dilfurence twit take

the square-roots of the results. •

t:l. These roots multiplied by 60 and divided by the diurnal~otion of the Moon from the Sun give tho STHITYAIIDIIA the Imlf duration of the J<Jclipso and lIARDAKDIIA tho hlllt· duration of tho totRl darkness in GIIATlJ(AS (l"Cspcctively).

U l1IId 15. '!'hediurnal motions (of the Sun, the Mooll and Ilor ascending node] multiplied by the I::ll'HITYARDHA (above found) in OliATlds and divided by 60 give their CltaDgC~ in minutes. 1_'!tcn to find the first exact I::lTHITYARDlIA, subtract tho changes of the Sun l1IId tho MOOD frOID their plseea SDd add the node's chango to its place i from these appliod placea find the Mooll's latituou and tho STIiiTYARDIlA. 'l'his STHlTYAKDHA will be somDwwlt nearer the l'xact one, from thiH fiud the ehenges aad apply the. same mode of calculation (as lD.mtiolled before) snd repeat tho process until you get the SIlIUO S'rIIITYARDIIA ill overy repetition. 'I'his STHI1'fARDIiA will be the exact first STIII'rYARDHA. But to find the latter STHn'YAKDJlA add tho changes of ·the Son and Moon to thoir places snd subtract tho nodo's chango from its place; from these applied places Iiud tho Moou'l!. latitude and the STHITYARDlrA agaill o,nd repeat tho same process until tho exllCt latter STIJI'r_KDHA be found, In the same manner determine the first and second exact Ii"AKD.(RlllfAB by repeated calculations.

To lind tI,. l'Urt BTRIT1'· .lRDR.!. WId "A&D~BDHA.

To lind tbe time. or 11.8 16. At the end of the trno lunar

pll .... of an .. lip... W:y [i, e. at tbe time of tho full moon)

the middle of the eclipse takes placo; this time diminished by the exact first SrHITYABDHA leaves tho time of the beginning, •

02

·u

T,.anslll!iull r1 tl,e •

and inCrollScd b1 tho latter l!Xact STH1TYAnDlI~ gives tho time or tho end ••

14'. In tho same manner, the timc of tho middle of a total eclipse diminished, and increased (separately) by the exact first and second IIAllnAllDIIAS gives tho times of tho beginning and end o~ tho total darkness (respectively) •.

~ nOll the KfIF~ or tbo 18. Multiply the diurnal motion of

F:!~I~!tl~i~:~:""~r ~:; the Moon from tho. Sun by tho (first) .. lip .. to 0li.on time. STlIl'rYARDlIA diminished b~' given GlIATIxAS lind divido tho product by (10, tho quotient is the KOT! in minntes (01' tho perpendicular of tho right engled trianglo of which tho Moon's latitude iR the base and the distance betwoon the centres of that which iR the coverer and that which is to bo covered is tho hypothennac).

Ill. In lin eclipse of the Snu: the KOT' in minutes (abovo ronnd,) multipliBll hy tho mean S'J'Hl'l'UUDHA and divided by tho apparent* STBI1'YAIlDlIA bccomcs tho SrllU'fA or apparent KOTI in minutes.

To Rndthoquantity Or II,. 20. The Moon's latitmlo is tho

.. li~ ..... t at a gi ve n tim. B (b) 1 tl t dllrmg tbe Brit half of on nUIA or 118e am se sqnure-roo

eelil'''' , of the sum of tho ~qul1rl's of the KOTI aud BlIUJA is the hjpothenuao (of tho t~ongl0 as mentioned before iu S'LOKA 18th). Subtract the hypothennse from hulf tho sum of the diameters (as statcd iu S'J.OKA 10th); tho rcmainder will be tho quantity of t110 eclipsed part (of tho disc) at the time (at which the KOTI and BnUJA aro aaeertaincd},

• To Dnd tho quantity or the 21. IC it be required to know tho

eelipood rort .. 8 gi"'11 Ibn. X & t ' t' ft th

durLIIg t • l.tte. halt of on OTI C. a a given nne a cr e

ecUP'" middle" of the eclipse, Bubtract the

GllATIUS (between tho given time and the end of the eclipse) rrom the second STlIll'YAIIDIfA; from the remainder find the KOTI &C. liS montioned before. Tho obscured part fouud from the second STHITYABDlIA is the portion of the disc yet iu obscurity •

.

, • The mean IIIId .pparenl ITUITTABDUAB ... ill be ""plained in II .. ned

CUl,ter. D, D. •

• 8"~ry(f-8idd'l(ilitfl.

Given tho quantity of tl.o 22 IIntl ~;J. Subtl'lI~t the mlnutC'B

eclipsed part, 10 ihftI il. • d' h' 1! d

eo",,"ponding time. eonteino 1D t 0 grren ec .. psc plllt

from half the sum of tho diamct.er of that which is coveted and thllt which is.tlle coveror; from the sqlllV'6 of the remnindol' 'Subtract tho square of tho Moou's lutitudo nt tllllt time. Tho BIluare-root of th.e romninder is the KO'j'I in minutes (in the lunar eclipse). But in the Belar one tho remainder' (tl\ll~ Ionnd) multiplied by the npparent STIIlTYARllHA nud divided by tho meait S'fHITYARDJfA gives tho KOTI in minutes. Frem tho KeTI fiud tho time in GItATliCXS iu the same way that you found tho S'rIIITYARDHA (fl'om the square-root as mentioned ill S'LOKA 13). At this timo ~)eforc or after the middle of tho eolipso.) the quantity of the eclipsed part is eqnRI to the given one.

To fin,1 the VAr.l.II!B u • ..r 2i .• Find the zenith tlistanee* (in

in tb. proj<'("tiOD of celil"'" tho primo vertical of tho body whieh

is to be eclipsed], multiply its sine by the sin~ of tho latitudo of tho place, and divide the product by the radius. Find the arc whose sine is equal to tho quoticut; tho degrees contained in this are called the degrees of the (~K8HA or tho latitudi. nal) VALAN.A.: thoy lire north or south according as tho bouy ia in tho oastem or western hemisphere of the placo,

2&. FI'Cm the place of the (Raid) body increased by 3 signs lind the declination, (which is called ATANA or solRtitial VALANA). }'ind tho sum or difference of the dogroee of this declinati.on and those of the latitudinal VALANA, when those vnlanas aro of tho same name or of contrary names: (tho result is ealleil sphuta or true VALAN.(j. The sino of the true VALANA diviucd. • by 70 bPivos the VALAN& in tligits.t

,

• The di.t •• oe of the oil'Cl. of polilion (pUling through the bo(1,) from tho lIluilh of the placo i. called tho •• nill. disl.noo in tbel"ime 0 .. ,i.81 of tho body. Tho rough amount of tldl can be easily fouud by lb. following limplo llroportion.

A. half tho length or tbe day of th. body

: 90. •

:: the timo &om noon of the body nt a given time

: Ibo zenilh diatanoe in Ih. prime fert ... I., tho given time. D. D.

t In tbe projl'<tion of eel.,,""", .ftl.'l' d ... wing II,. IIi"" bf the body 10 bo • eclipled. lha uurtb and ,oulh and the cut aud wcot liu,'", "hiob liuL" will of

40

Tml1~llItiol1 of I7lt •

Td Gnd I h. AII'QUT,AB 01' ~O. Find the len~h of the day (01' lliMill oonl&in.~ in Ih. tho bolly which is to be eclipsed l1li

:~~I ~~ut::: .~~~i!:: montfoned in S'LOJWI 62 and 63 of tho lim. during 1111 .. lip .. ; second Chapter): ta this length add

its ~olf and the UNNATA time (or the half length wminisheQ by

cour .. 'ropre.ent tho circlo of po.ilion p ... ing througl. tho body (Iupp ... d on tho ecIIl'lic) and lh ••• condary 10 th.t oircl •• t 11,0 gi .... p ..... to lind tI,. direo~ioD of Ih. line rol._nling tho .. liptio in lb. diao or tho body on which the know· J.,I"" of lhe ..... t direclion. or the ph •••• of tho .. lip ••• d.peDdt, it is nee .... ry '0 know tho augl. formud by the eeid .... 1I~ry end the eellptio, 1"~is angl. or that arc of • groat oi",I •• 90· from the pia .. of the body "bi.h is iuterceptod boo tween the 81Ud II'com1ary or thu prime Tortical and the eclilltia is OIlIed the TAUlJ "or v.rialion (or tho ecliptic). AIIII .. it i .... y dilUcull to n,,~ thi •• ro.t once. it u divided into twu partl of which the one is that portion DC the gl'\. ... t circle (90· trenn tho pin .. of tho body) which i. iut.rcol.ted bot"oon tbe Primo •• rli •• l &lid tho Eq,inootialand the olhor is th.t portion oflho •• me oirol. which i. int.mopled betwoon tho llquinoctialBnd tllO oelil'ti.; tho •• Lwo portion. arc •• lled the KKIKA VAL ...... nd the Kuu'VALAU re.pecti.ely. Tb.II:KBnA TAL'''' ia •• Iled the north or south aucordlllg III tho Equinoctial oirolo meets the great circle (90- from the p .... of tb. bod1) on tho norlh or 8O"th or tho prim ... rli •• 1 """ard of tho body; and it is •• ill.nt feom thia th.t on tho northem I.tilude. when the holly ia in the eBlltern or we.tem l,cmi&pllortl the 'sKlnA. V,!J.AM'A will be the north or IDUth respe.tively, And Ih. Kn".·v.unior.nlled the north or lO"th ae cord. ing a. tho eclir,tic m.o"" tllO .uid great eirelo on tl.o norlh or .. uth of the Equinoctial to t ..... t of the body. aDd h.nce it i ... i~nt Ih.t whon tho d ee U· !lation of th. body'. pl ... in ... B .. d by 3 .igu. i. norl,h or south the "Yi .... VAL.,.A will b. tho north or BOuth reepeetiye1y. Frorn Ih. IUID of th ... TAans when the1 oro of the .. me namo or from the dilfortIJIC8 botween them wlum of contrary Hamea the arc wllich ia il1Lorce[lted between the prima vertical alld tbe e.liptio i. found and helloo it .. ill be north or .outh aooordinB II the ecIipu. meet. the aaid Bruit l.'irde on tho DOri.h or IOUt11 of tho primo vertical eutward of tllO body .. d it ia 'ometi",o, celled the BrAsn~A or "",tilled ULAlIIA.

Let A be the pl ... or Ih. body; B GOB

L II .. groat oirol. IJt,O frou. it; Jl A C tbo :\

eclil'ti.; D E F tho Eql1inoetial; E Ih.

Equiuocli.l point; G JI L the primo

Terticol j H tho iotmooting point or the

r.rioJO TelLicol .lld tho .KqulUoetial. and E

once the en., or welt poillt of the lloriIon a.at thurof ... G U equi •• 1on1 to lhe !euith di.tDnoo ill the tmmu '''rl ie.1.

Then tho oro G D = the AKsn T.AL.lll'A,

DB = the Ann.vuAn.

and G 11 = 1110 BI'ABUT4 or rectified TUUU"

i'h ....... oen be fOllnd a. folio .....

Let L = Iatilude .f the pI .

• = the lonith dillo in the primo

1'9rIieaJ,

I = th.lon~t.do of ti,e bod, • • = the obh,uitl o£lh. ,,"Iil,ti.,

d = tho de.h.llIon of tllO ho~ •

• = 1110 KllnA V ALAlIIA,

47

•

tho given time from the midday of tIlO bolly) i nnd hy the

'Iuotient divi,lo tB.e Moon's latitude, dillmot,er &c. illlllilluics j the results are the digits contsined in the latitude &c.

(End of the fourth Clmptcr.~

, :~ the KY.&lU..v.!.uirA, snd r -'" tI,O reclined, ALAIU.

1'hon in the aphericul trianglQ n n G

.inGDn: linDrrO=8inGH: liIlGD: horc,"11 G D H = un n D E = COl d,

sin D H G = ain LI

and lin GH =aintt,

:. coad: linL;;;linlt: lin ••

lin L. UDlt

:. UIIZ or the aino Ii the ..tKBHA VAUII'A = -- in which Iho Badine

il used for cal d in tho Icd COl d

ThiB VALAII A iB called north 01 south acoording al the (Joint D bo north or

lonth of tbo point G. •

Aud in tbo Iriangle DEB I

linBDE;linBED=linBE: linDB, COl d: line;;; 0011 : lin,

• ainl )C OOI!

:. ain , or the line of the /lYJ.lfA nUN.!. = --_ in whicJl the cold

lbdinl il used for COl II in the Iolt.

'lhil "LAn is 081led north or south I aooording II Iho point B be north 01 sout,h or tho point D.

And the rectined TALlll'.l. G B = G D + D B, when thc point D Un betwt'811 tho point. G and n, but ir tho point D be beyond tllom, the recli8ecl lALANA will be equal to tho dill'llI'CDCO bolween Iho A.k.hI8nd Ayans VAUIIAB. 1'his alan is called nortb or louth ss tho poinl B be north or loulll of the point O.

'ra matt Ihe sino of tho BPAlUl'! VUIIU in LIm (lrojl'Clion or Iho L'CiIPIIII il i. reduced 10 the circle wh08e r.dlUd iI 49 ciigitl in the tllli.

i. 0. R : lin • = 49 : reduced lino or Iho VALAN.l:

or

4!hin z 49 .inl liOl

... reduood aine of tbe V&1I4 =:; -:::: - ;;;--

R 3~3R 70

Thil reduced line in digita iI denomiosLod the YAWA in the telt. 1I. D.

48

CHAr'fl!lRV.

On f.ho Eclil'BCI of the Sull.

To lind the sine unci ee-

line of the itbodialaooo

• of the D "'mll.

Whero Iho JlIIrallox in 1. There is no parallax in longi-

longitlld •• nd Ih.t ill Jalituu. tuilo of tho Sun whcn his place equals

io nothing. h I f h . I A 1

" t e p ace 0 t o ,nonageHlma. III

w!lcn the (north) lutitnilo (of the place) iUlIl the north declinetion of the neuagosimnl aro equal to each other (i. 0: when the nonagcsimal coincides with thc zenith) there will be r.o paralm in latitude.

2. Now I will explain tho rules for finding tho parallax in latitude which takes pleee when tho connection of tim place and timo is different from that which is mentioned (in tho preceding S'LOKA,) and tho parallax in lougitudo which arises when the Sun is east or west (~t' tho nonagosimal},

To Ond tho Bine tr .mpli. 3. At tho end of tho time of con.

tude of the horo.cope. junction (from sunrise] in UIIA'rIKKs find the place of thc horoscope through the rising periods at a given place (and apply it wiih the amount of the precession of the equinoxes.) Its siue multiplied by tho sino of greatest declination (or sin 2 ~') and divided by thc eosine of latitudo gives a quantity culled the UDAl K (or tho sine of amplitude of the horoscope).

To Ond the lino of the 4. Then find the place of tho eul-

Senitll diatan.. of tb. 0111· " , f th 1" th h

minzting point of tho oolip. mlllatillg point 0 e eo Iptic roug

tie. tho rising periods at 'the equater us

, mentioncd beforo, and find the sum of tho declination of tho culminating point and the latitude of the pleee when they aro of the samc name, otherwise find tho difference between them.

o. Tho rosult (thus found] is tho Icnith.distanco of tho culminating point of the ecliptic. Tho sine of this zenith· distance is culled tho MADnlAJYK or tho middle sino,

Multiply tho MADnlAJTK by the UDAYK (above found,) divide the pro. duct by tho roW.us and square tho

quotient.

,

6, Suhtract t~o square from tl\e MAoIIYAJt;A': tile SqIlRI'C. l'ooL of tho romainder is (* noarly equal to) the OKIKBHIPA or tho siue of tho zenith. distance of tho nonagesimal (or tho sino of the latitllde of tho zenith), The IIqUI\rIl.root of tho dilfel'cllco between tho Sqlla.ros of tho DKIKSlJlIPA and tho radiua is tho S 'ANXU or the .sino of tho altitudo of the nenageiimal, 'J'his sine is called tho OJltOOATI,

7, (01') tho sine and cosine of tho zenith.distance (of the culminating point of the Ecliptic,) llro the rough DBIKBUIPA WlU DRtOOA'rl (l'c~pcctivoly,)

To finel ti,. Moon'. paral. Dividing the square of tho sine of

lu. in longiluclo frum 1100 one sign (or 30°) by the DRI(l(JATJ

SU" n.lWloolo a UATIKl8. , ,

. (ahov,o foulld,) the quantity ohtll.moil

is ('ailed the ClllIEDA or the divisor,

S, The sino of tho difference between the p'lICe of the Suu !lui! tho nonagesimal divided hy tho CUIlEDA gives the MOOIl'II pm'llllnx in longitude from tho Sun reduced to (savllnll) GilA. 'flaKe, whether the Sun bo 008t or wost (of tho nonagesimal,t)

• For, tl ... quIM.roOt of tho remaimlor multiplied by tl,. rocli •• an,1 ,Ii.id.<t • by 1110 oooino of the ooliplioal part int.roopllllj b.ht.un Ihe Jlonog.'.imal and Ih. <nionilllting point beoolll •• tho ouot DBluUJU'A or Iho .ino of ~ho laliluclo of Ihe Zenith. B. D,

t All Hindu .. I.rollomen IUppOlO tl,.t lifO!')' pl.n.t daily travenOllZOOO roulI4s nearJ.y in it. orbit and .. 110. part of I plaunt'. orbil inicrooplllll bot ...... th ••• ".ible and ",tional horizon i. equal to the oarlh' ••• mi·diullloler (or IiUO rOJAJI'AB which;;: n Ih of 120(0) 1I101..cOlll, tho oxlremo or hOI'i,outal VBrallo. "r 0 plan"1 iJ thoutht to b. equal 10 * port oC il. diur .. al motion: tb us lb. Moon'. horilOnlal porollu i. 69' 48" nearly IIIId II .. SUII'. 3' .. 66" IIIId 1m ... tho horilOnlal !"""'U"" of Ih. .Moon froDI lhe S.n is = l6~' ., 48'1 - (3' .. 56" ' = 48' •• 46'. And four GJUTWI in which tho Mo •• cIo.",ibo.o 4011' .,46" fro .. Ibo Sun is tI,. horizontal poralIu in tune.

Now, lui

I = tho I.titndo of II planet (Ih. Ann or MOOD),

d = tho diJf.ro".. botw •• n the plllCCl oIth. pIauot IDd the nonagooimel, " = the altilude of the nonagolimal,

p = tb. horizont.1 poraUax,

'" = lb. p.rallal in longitude,

, = tho poralla. in loti! .. ,

:rio ........ hayO the equation, •

aiu. lin (Ii + 41)

.=p----

B. 0010 (/ ~ I) which is common in .. I.ronowy.

B

;'0

TI'GlIsllliiun uf lite •

Tp'lInd the lcourat. paralo 9.. Subtract the 'parallax in time

I •• , II!d tl,!, 'apparenl tim. (just found) from tllO end of the true

or IWlDJUDellOn. ti "f . t' if th I f h

me 0 conJunc Ion e p see 0 t e

Bon be beyond t1Iat of the nonllgesimal; but if it be within, add ~ho parallax. At this applied time of conjunction 'find agailP tho perallax in time and with. it 'apply the end of the truo time of conjunction and repeat the same process of calculation until you have the same parallax and the applied time of conjunction in every repotition. (The parnllb: lastly found is the exact pnrnllax in time and the time of the conjunction is the middle of the Bolar cclipse.)

To Gnd th. Moon'. pan!- 10. Multiply tho DRTKSHRPA (or tho

lax in 1.liludo!rom tII.Snllo sine of tho ~ellith.dist.ance of the

nonegesimel) by tho mean diurnal motion of tho Moon from the Sun, and divide the product by fil\ecn times the radius: the quotient is' the parallax in latitude of the Moon fl'om the Sun.

11. Dividing the DRJKBHEr.& by 70, tllo quotient is the same ameunt of parallax (found in the preceding S'LOU) or multiplying tho DR(KSHEPA by 77 BUd- dividing by the radius (i. e. 8488), the quotiont is the same,

Othmrile.

12. Tho amonnt of the parallax ill latitudo (jost fouud) is sooth or north according as tho nonllgesimnl is sonth or nort~ (of tho zenith). Add this amount to the Moon's Iotitudo if they are oftha same

To nnel Ih. appal'Ollt lati. lude of til. )[oon.

ID Ihia, if w. t.ke r.,. oonveuien .. ', ,.k. ,in d fo. &in (tJ +:oJ and R. fo. ooe (I ± tI) on account 01 lb •• mallneo.c.of "', II and I in an .eli!> .. , then w. haft &ina. lind

II=p----

R'

Now, it is evident that if p b .... nmr,l, the ho.izontal pal'8l1o: of the Moon from tho Sun in tim. (or p = 11 GB4TlxAS) ., will b.1ha MOOD', pa1'llllu: in

Jongituda &om th. SUD, and th.u •

11 .in .. in .. .in d lin II

"'= ----=--=-

R' (1 B') ehhada. B. D.

51

nnme, bnt if of contl'lll'y namea, snLtract it. (Tbo reimlt is

the apparent latit;dc of the MOOD): • •

13. (In the solar eclipse] tltrongh tho appnrent lntihulo of tho Moon (just. fonnd) find tho STUITYAVDIIA* MAHIlAHIlUA Dln~nituda of the eclipse &c. as mentioned before: the VAloAN.C, the eclipsed portion. of the disc at any assigned tinio ,\0. oro found by the rulo mentioned in the Chapter on tho I~ru' eclipses.

14, 15, 16 lind 17. Fiml the )larallnxcs in longitude (converted int .. time) by repeated ClllcuhltiulI at the beginning of the eclipse fonnd by snbtracting tho liI'At "1'1IITYARDIIA (just fouud) fl'Om tho time of conjunction, alia lit tho end found by adding the sellond STUITYARDIIA. HUll! Hun ho cast of the nonageslmal and tho parallax at tho bt·ginning he gt'Catcr and that at the end be loss than till! plll'lllhlx lit the middle, or if the Sun be WCHt, anu the parallax lit the beginning bo less and tlillt at the end be greELtor than tho pELl'allax at the middle, add tho difference botween tho pllro.llllxeB at tho beginning and the middle, 01' at tho end and tho middle to tho fil'st or the second STUlTYARDJU (above found): otherwise Bubtl'aet the " difference. It is then when the Sun is eRst 01' wo~t of tho nouagcsimal at tho times both of the beginlling lind tho middle or of the middle and tho end, otherwise add tho sum of tho pafllllaxos (at tIle time of the beginning and middle or uf ille end and the middle] to the first or the second STIllTYARDHA (Thus you have tho apparent STUITYAILDIIAS and from thoRe tho' times of the beginning and the end of the eclipses of tho Sun.)

In tho same manner, find th!lapparont XARDXRDIIAS (aDd the times of the bChrillning and end of tho total darkness in the total eclipses of the Sun).

Euu of 'the fifth Chapter.

.

To find the .pPBl'l'llt 8THT.

TY!HDITAI and K.lBlJAaDH.lI in solar eolipo ...

• Tlti. U'Blfl'UDIlA iI .. Ued the moan mnnUIIII' in Ihe IOIar .. !ipso. B. D • •

H 2

uP

CHAI'XER VI.

On tlw Pr{ljcction oj SQlar and LltnarJjJcl~l8IJ/I.

1. Since tho phases of the l~nnr

o~. 'and solar Bclipses 'cannot bo wmctly

unaerstocd without their projoction, I therefore explain the oxcellent knowledgo of tho projection.

To a Mba Ihe circle in 2. Having marked at first a point

wbich tb 1an4 ia 10 be on the Boor levelled with water, de.

marlwd. scribe, on tho point as centre with 40

digits as radius, a circle in which the YALANA (lIS found in tho fourth Chapter) is to be marked.

Other Iwo oirc1eo eeneen- 3. (On tho same centro,) describe

lrio with the fIr,t. II second circle named tho SAl!A:YA with

the radius equnl to half tho sum of the diameters of that which is to be covercd and that which is the coveror, 111111 a third circle with the radius equal to the aemi-diemotor of that which is to bo covered.

TI,e direct,ionl of tho be-. 4. (In these circles determine tho runDing and end of th. north and south, sud tho oast and weRt UlI&I' &lid lolar 800(Il810 lines'" as mentioned before (in tho 31'u

Chapter).

In a lunar eclipso, the obscuration first begins to the east and it ends to the west, (but) in a solar one tho reverse of this . takes place, (Therefore in the projection of the lunar eclipse, the YALAHA: is to be markod as sino to tho eastern or western side of the outer circle above described accceding as it is found at the beginning or end of the eclipse, but in tho projection of the solar eclipse, the YALANA: found at the beginning or the eud of the eclipse is to be marked.to the wostern or eastern side of

the circle respectively.) •

• II II "idenl that th ... lin .. wnJ .. preoent tho rirel. of po.mem, and the • HOonderJ to il 1'8_ tbrough lb. bodJ II' bich ia to b. eclipood, B. D.

53

To mark tlto T~ in I). In a lnnar eclipse IDllrl( tho

!.ho Ont circle. VAtANK (11.8 directed hi tltt\ preceding

S'LOn) to the eastern side of thct outer cirelo from the eMt and west line to its nQl'th or south &Ceol'ding as tl!e VAI.ANA' is north

• or Honth, whon it is found !It tho boginning of the eclipse; but whcn it is found at th~ end of the eclipse, mark it to the Jvcst. ern side of the outer circle from tho Cllst and west lino to~1C south or north according as the VALANK is north or south. Anll in II 801111- eclipse mnrk the VALANA: invel'l!cly (i. e. mark it lit Lho bl'ginning or end of the eclipse to tho western 01' eastern ~it1o of the outer circle respectively in tho slime manner as mention. ed before).

To mark tb. I.lilnd •• foullt!.1 the bogioning .nd "0,1 of the oolil". in "" lecond circle.

G. From the end of the VALANA' (os drllw~ before) draw .. lino to tho eeutre, From tllis line drllw another Iino (per. pondiculur to the forJtJer and) 118 tho sino in the circle called tho SAlIA:SA, equal to tho ~[oon's latituiln found lit tho beginning or end of tho eclipso, (to tho north 01' south of the former line according as tho 1(ltitudo is north or south),

To S",I Iho di...,.Uon or tll(1 bcgiUlJillglLJ:ulOlul offhl ccfipse lD the dis. of tho the centre. Theu tho point, where tho

bu~y which is to 00 cov.red. '

body which is to becovered begius to. bo

obscured or quits tho obscuration, is the same where tho line drawn bofore cuts the circle represonting the disc of the body which is to be covered.

7. Again, draw 1\ line from tho I'nll of the latitude (liS drawn before) to

8 lind 9. In tho projoction of the solar eclipse, the Illtitudes of the Moon are alwllYs designated by thdr normal Dame, but in the projection of tho lunar ODO they are designated reversely.

To mark the nr .. ud.1 And in the lnnsr projection to tho

too middle or the eoIipao. northern or southern sido of the outer

cil'ele above doscribed, lICCording as the latit~de of tho Moon •

To d.torn,ioo tho di ... • tioll' of tho latitlld .. of the Muon in tho projootiono,

foun~'at tho middle of tho eclipse is considered north or south, mark the lAJ.AN.( detonninod at the middle ;f the eclipse from the.north end south line to ies cast, when the VAJ.ANK and the latitude lire of th~ snmo name; but when thy are of differont namos, maek tho VALANA: to the wost of the north and aeuth line. : And in the solar projcction the ,reverse of this takes pl'jl'.e.

To find tbo magllilnde or the ocI11'."

1 O. From the end of the YALANA:

Gnst marked) draw a line to th\! centre.

On this lino mark tho latitude (found at tho middle of the eclipse) from tho centre towards (the end of) tho VAJ.ANA:.

11. With the cud of tho latitude UURt marked) lIS a centre, and tho radinR equal to tho semi-diameter of the coverer, de. scribe II circle, 'l'he part of the third circle (as described before with tho radiua equal to the semi:diamoter of tllllt which is to J'1l eclipsed) oontsined in the circle abovo described will bo eclipsed.

12. In tho pl'Ojection (of tho lnnal' or solar eclipse) de. scribed on tho floor 01' board, reverse the positions of the points of the eastern and wcstern hulves of the horizon.

The limit of tho magni·, 13. To tho 12th part of tho Moon's

lu~o o~ lb. !""lip~d 1'0.1.011 disc the obscured portion is invisible 'Wlueh 181n'1I1ble III the 10·

la. or lnna. cclivoe. on account of the brightness of tho

Mooll's disc; and owing to tho do.zzling Hash of tho Sun's disc its eclipsed ptll't when 1I0t escecdiug 3 minutes, is not visible.

To S,.d lb. palb of ti,. H, 15 and 16. Call tho points

como.. at the ends of tho latitude (found at

the beginning, middle and thEfo end) (tiS marked before,) the first, the middlo, and the Illst points respectively, describe the TIlliS between the first end middle points and the middle and the 1IlBt and draw two lines through these two TInIS; with the iutersccting point of these two lin~s as a centre, describe such an nrc' as will pass through the three points. 'fhis are will be

• the path of the covcl'Or through which it will move.

55

To project "gt,ene,*pI8d 17, 18 !lnd 19. ~hcn you' want

portion. to project the eclipsed portion, tile

lIlagnitude of which is given a! tho time beforo or after"tho middle of the eolipse] subtract the given ~ortion (in digits) as found before from half tile sum of the coveror and that. which is to be coverc,d. From the centre (of tho three ~clcs 08 describecI before) draw a line equsl to tho romninder tOW~8 tho direction of the beginning or encI of tho eclipse according 08 tho given time is before or .after the middle, in ~\1ch a mannor that t.11C end of that line may be OD the path of the coveror: then with the end of that line 118 a centre, at tho distance 01)1In1 to the aeml-dismeter of the coveror, describe a circle : then that portion of the third oirele which fnlls within the circle ("bovo described) WilL be obscured. .'

To lind the direolion or 20 and 21. From the centre of tho

Ih. b.ginning of total dark· three circles, towards "tho direction of

..... bylho projoclioll. h b .. f I I' d

t c egmmng 0 t 10 OC Ip~C, I'IIW a

line equal to half tho differenco between tho diameters (of tho , coveror and that which ,is to bo covered) in such It manner t1.at its end fall on the coveror's path, About the end of that line describe a circle with an extent eqnal to the semi-diemctor of • the coverer. l'hen you will find the cIircction of tim beginning of total darkness where tho third circle touches internally tho circle above described,

To lind the direction of 22. In the same way draw tho said

II,. end of the Mal dark· line towBrds the end of the eclipse and describe a circle as above. l'hen you' will find tho cIirection of the end of total darkness jUl!t as

mentioned before, '

Tho colour of Ih ••• lipoed 23. When tho eclipsed portion of

portion at Ih. Moon. tho Moon's disc is less than the half, it

appears of a smoky colour, when it is greater than the i.nlf, it appears of a black colour: ancI when the Moon's eclipsed portion is greater than lths of the wllOlo it apJlCars of Ii dusky. copper hue, and in a total eclipse it nppcIII'll of a tawny hue.

n ....

56

Thi. 8cionce le Ycry lOOI't't. 2·t (0 M ayn) tlJis science, secret

. .' even to tho Gods, is not to be given

" to 6ny body, but to the well.emmined pupil who hus attended one whole year. •

End of tho sixth Chapter.

CHAPTER VII.

011 tlic cUlljUlldiulI of the 1,1m/dR.

1. 'l'he conjuuetion of tho five mi.

nor plalJots is considered their ligllt or l1J!Rocintion with each other (according to thl)ir light and position UK will t10 oxpllliuCllllftorwardH) : l.mt thcir conjunction with the Moon, is ccusidcecd their nssocilltion with her null with the Sun is their ASTAMANA disappeareuco,

To Rnd wllolh •• the tim. 2. 'l'he conjunction of two planote,

of oonjllDolion is poot or both moving eastward, iH past whon future. tho place of tho quick moving plllllet is beyond that of the slow-moving ouo, othorwiso (i. e, when the place of tho quick-moving planot is within that of the SIO)V.luovillg) their conjunction is futuro. But when both the pllllll'ts have retrograilc motions, tho revcrso of this takes place,

S. Whon, of tho two planets, (only) one is moving ClI8t •. ward and its place is beyond that of the other (which move to the west) their cenjunction' is past: but when tho place of the rotrograde is heyond that of the other (i. e. tho cast·· moving) tho conjunction is future.

To nnd tbe &imo or een- (Whon you want to know tho exact

junctiou £tom • gi.en tiw.. time of conjunction of two planets,

• find thoir true places at any given time ncar tho timo of conjunction:) (thon) multiply the difference in minutes betwoon

Xinds or conjunction.

57

the places (abov~ (onnd) by the di~ motions of the plrlnetli

in minutes (sep&l'IItely), •

4. And divide the two proddcts by the difference between the diurn&!. metiolls, when the motions of the. planets are both direct or both retrograde j but wben of tho plllllets one is rctrogl'llde, diviiIe the, two products (abovo found) by the sum of the -diurnol ~otions: (the results a.ro tho changes o~e

plsnots.] •

5. From the places of tho so two planets (fonnd at tho given time) subtract their changes whon the conjunction is past, but when it is fnturo add the changes to the places. (This rule applies when the planets move oastward,) but when thoy rotl'O. grade, tho reverse of this takes place, When one of tlle two planets is retrogrado, add or s~btract its ehango to or from its place (according 1\11 the conjuncsion is past or future).

6. Thus the places of the planets on tho tcliptic applied with thoir changes become equal (to eaeh other): divide the difference between the places of the planets (fonnd at the given time) by the divisor which is taken beforo in finding their changes, the quotient will be the interval in dnys, GUATIKKS &c (between tho given time and the timo of conjunction).

7. IIaving found tho lengths of tho day and nigl1t of tho places of the planets (found lit the time of conjunction) lind their latitudes in minutes, (determine for that timo), the time* from noon (i. e. fl'Om tho time when tho plllnet's place come~ to the meridian) and that from rising or setting of tho place ~f each of tho two planets with tho horoscope (lit that timo •

raccording as the planet's place is cast or west of the meridian of tho place).

The correction ca1led tb. 8. Multiply the latitude of the

XXBU4 DBIU4DlU. planet by the eqninoctiol shadow and

divide the product by 12 j ~he quantity obtained being 'multiplied by the time in GHATIKK& from noon of the planet's place

• Tho time can bo fOllnd bl lhe Bill. mentioned ill S'LOU 4911. or Ih. 3n1

Chopter. B. D. •

H

.

T,.an,1 afinll of tTle '

~d divided by. balf the longth of the day of .tl~e planet's place (III' fouud. before), gives the correction ce.lled the .KxsHA DBIX-

IA~.A. •

9. Subtract t\te correction from the planet's place when it is cast of the meridian, and add whon it is west: this holds wh? tlIe latitude of the planet is nort.h, but when it is sont 11 ~ the correction to the planet's place when it is east of tho

moridian 'and subtract wben it is west. .

Tho c.,....tion called lb. 10. Add 3 signs to tho phmet's

K~!.4 DIIQI:KAIIJI4.· place and find tho declination from tho

sum, Then the number of minutes contained in the planet's latitude multiplied ~y the number of degrees coutsined in the declination (abovo found) gives the correction in seconds (called the .KUNA DRIXKARlIA). Add or subtract thi~ correction (to or from the place of the planet) 'according as tho declination (above found) hlld the planot'~ latitude are of tho same nume or of different names.

Tho UIO 01 the DRlnAR' ] 1. In finding tho times of con-

.A in ftlldiJlg the .. nju"o. junctions of tho starK aud planets and

lion. &C. •

those of rising and setting of tho

plan9ts and in finding the phases of thc Moon, this DRIKKAK)IA correction must be applied (to the place of the planet) at first.

To Snd tho diltan .. of 12. (Thus apply tho two portions

t"o 1,lon.t, ill 11 .... mo cir. of the J,lRIXKAI!XA correction ubove ol.·oC poeitiou.

found, to tho equal places of the two

planets 119 fonnd in 6th s'r.oKA of this Chapter, 111111 from these . places applied, fiud tho apparent time of conjunction by the Rule as montioned in the S'LOKAS 21111 to 6th: lind repeat tho operation until you get tlIo time at which the places of the two

• DBIKK4BJ14 is tbe correction rtqai,ite to b •• ""lied to H,o plIC. oC a pia. lIet, lor Snding lb. poinl oC lho .elipti. on tho .in'l. of pOlition "hirh p .....

through the plan.t. Thi tion i. to be applied to tho pIa •• oC th. plan.t

by ..... n. 01 ill ,,,. pol'tio"., on lIod the (l.rAlIJ. DOIl<.1<48IU aDd th. oth ••

tlie &II8RA DRIU ... A. Tbe pl of a pla ne 1 "ilh tb. /l.YA7lA DRIUABIU

appli.d, gi ... tho poiDI 01 Ih. ecliptic on tho hour circl. "hich pa.... Ihrougla Ih. plaJlet I and Ibil ....... 100 lilace 01 the plan.lag.ill. "ilia tho KERR. DBlK'

" A .pplied, gi... Ih. point of tb. ecliptio on tho circle of po.itio .. "bieb

pu through Ih. planel. B. D.

59

planets with the two portions of the DIIIKKABHA. applied become equal to each oU;er. This time i~ the exnc~ apPlll'tnt time of conjunction of those two plauot!!.) Find again the place. of the planets (at tllil time of their exact appar~nt timo) and t~oir latitudes from them: then find the el.ift'm·ence between the latitudes when thoy are o! the 8110me name and tho sum when they are of dift'crcnt nn.mcs i tho result will be tho north and ~h distance (betwoen those two planets lit that time). •

Tho apparent diamoto .. of 1=3. The diametces of 1I!1IrS, 8u.-

tho pl.noUl in minut.,. turn, Mercury, Jupiter and Venus re-

duced to the Moon's orbit aro 30, 371, 45, 52! & 60 (yojanas respectively) .

H. 'fhcse diameters multiplied by 2 and the radius and divided by -the sum of tho radius III1d tile hypothenuse found in tho fourth operation (as ~cntioned in tho 2nd Chapter) become their rectifiod cJ.iametol'l!. Divide thesc'rectified diameters by 15, the quotients are the minutes contained iu tho apparent diametors of the planets.

15. On the levelled floor (place a

Olller •• lion of tho planet.. gnomon &) mark tho shadow (found

at any oSHigned time from the bottom of tile gnomon) to Ute • opposite side of tbe planet . then show the planet in the mirror placed at the end of the shadow (just mllrkcd): tho planet will be seen in the direction passing through the end of

the shadow and the reflocted ond of the gnomon. •

] 6. (When, at the time of eonjuuction of two planots, they will be above the horizon) erect two styles, five cubits long, . one cubit buried iu tho ground, in tho north and sooth line, at the disttnce equal to that 06 the two planets (as found in the 12th S'LOn of this Chapter, (reducod to dit,';ts by tho Rule as meutioned iu s'Lon 26th of the 4Ut Chapter).

17. Mark the shadows from the bottoms of the styles (as mentioned in s'LOn 15th) ·and draw lines from tile ends of the shadows to those of the styles: then the I18tronomor may show the planets in the lines (above drnwn).

B 2

60

T,.allslalioll of the •

]8. (Tbas).the planets :will be seen in ~o heaven at the ends of the styles.

1IIe light and ... o .... tior. In 'the conjunction of any two minor

of ~bo planetl. • planets, there is their fight callcd the

UWKUA (paring) wheu their disos only touch each other: but wh~ the discs cross each other, the figqt is called the nUKDA (~aking).

19. When in the conjunction, the rays of the two planets mix: with each other, it is their fight, called the AlIS'UVlIlARDA (the mixture of tIle rays).

When in the conjunction of the two planets, their distance (found in S',LOU ]2th) is 1('89 than one degree, it is thoir figllt called tho APASAVYA (tho contrary) if one of tho two planets be smaller i (otherwise t~e fight is not distinct).

20. (In the conjunction) whon the distance of the planets is grenter thldl one degree, it is their nssociation, if the discs of the planets are both large and bright i (otherwise the assooiation is indistinct).

~ioh planot i. oonqllOJ'o In the fight called APASAVYA that

eel m the IIgbt. planet is conquered which is obscure,

small and gloomy. ,

21. And that planot is OVOl'COruO which is rough, discoloured or south (of the othor).

And that is the conqueror of which Which i. Ihe conqneror.

the diso is the brighter and larger,

whether it be north or south (oCthe other).

• XincIa ofllghl. 22. If (in the CODjunction) the

planets both be very near to each other and bright, then their figlht is called the ~.((l.AllA: If both the planets be small or overpowered, thon the fight is called the K6'1'A or VIGBAHA (respoctively),

28. (In the fight of Venns with any other minor planet,) Venus is uaaally the conqueror whether sho be north or south (or the other).

SurVIl.SitUMIIIII.

61

Find the time of conjunction of the moon with Bny of the

. . ,

minor planets in the Barno way as mentioned before ..

240. 'rhis (i. c. the Msociatioh and fight of the planet~~ is (ou1y) imRb>inary. intended to foretel tbe ~d oud evil fortuno people, sinco the pleuets being distant fl'om caeh othoe move

in their own (separate) orbits, .

End of tho Seventh Cbapter called tho GIIAJIAYUTl ol·\tho

,

plauetary conjunctions. '

CllA.Pl'ER VIII.

O,~ tile col~lmctiun of tlw plallets with tllQ 8t(I/·8.

To lIud the longitudCl of 1. I dec1a.ro tho number of tho

tho plincipal'ltare of tho· minutes contained in the llHOOAS* of A.tenJowB. (all) the Asterisms (AS'WINf, HIIAHA~f, &c. except the U'l"l'ABASH'(DIIX, AUHlJIT, S'RAVAI1A and DBA.

• Dividing the numb", of minutCI contained in tl,o longitodo of the principal atar of II' Aiterillll by 800 and dividing the remainder by 10, the quotiuut obtained i. hllJ'8 .. lied tho BUOGA of tho AITnI8ll. B. D.

N OJ!' on V lIlo 9. For conveoienoo' •• k. tho iOllgilud .. of tho principal ,II" of tIii four A.lel'illlUI U1'rAll,uUADIIA, .huInl', 5'.ArAlIA and DU.UIIIUTU, only are given and the BllooA. of tho others from which Ih. 10ngiindOI of Ihe remaining prillcipal Biers can 1UilJ' be Colllld hI the rule mentioned in 10& 5'LOIU., are gireu.

The longitudee Ind latitudes ot the -sla.. mentioned here are Ihe apparent ones, The apparent longitude ot a .Iar ilille dillanee from Ihe origin of th. E.liplio to 11.. interaeollUg point of thil ei .. l. and lhe eircle ot deoIinatIon palaug throngh the atar: and the apparent Iatitndo of a ltar ia tho 10m or dill'oreuoo of ill true declinalion and the declination of the inlel'leoliu, poinl of tho Eoliplio and the oiroIe of latitude puling Ihrougb the ltar, according u tI .. .. id declinationl are of diJl'ereut IIIImea or of lb. "",e ,,"me.

TIle following table will oshihll th. Dim .. of tho Alten.1DI and of their princillal Biers U .upposed to be 1IUIIIIIt, Iheir apparent Iongiludao U loW be f~UDd &0111 their Blloo", and t118lr .pparenilitilud ...

62

Tm'lIsllltioli Uf 11,6 •

NJ~BTIIA). Multiply the HUOOA of each AstC1;SIII by 10 a.nd to the produc, add the spaces of tho lIutecedel:t Aslerisms (each of .,hich contuins 800 minutes' as mentioned iu S'LOKA fj.J.th of the second C_bapter), tlijj SQill is the ~ongitudq (of the principal 8~ of tI,e astel'is:O).

The BIlOOAl or the A.eto. 2. ('l'he numbcn of minutes in the

ri.y BUOGA of tile A~torislD called A'SWINt iar 48, (OrBHARA~Q ·iO, (of KRITTld) 65, (ofRoUI:~() 07, (of MRIOA) 58, (of ARDRA) 4, (of I'UNAltVABU) 78, (of PUSllYA) 76, and (of "S·LI!l~U.() H.

3. ('L'lie BUOGA, in minutes, .of MAonA iK) 1;4, (of PU1lVA.

PUAWUN() 6~, (of U'·U.R.(.I·IlALauN() &0, (of HASTA) 60, (of CHITRA) 40, (of BWA'ri) 7·1, (uf VIS'URA) 78, (and of ANURA. DBA) IH.

'YOGA'TAR'S or pri.. 4.pp .... nlloogi. 4.P'P ..... ,lalil•do,

"plll ".rI. IMde.,

•
.A"winl, • Arieti .. 0 8 0 10 N.
]lha .. !,,,, IIU.CIl, o 20 0 1~ N.
XrittikJ, .. i'.uri, Pleiadl'l, 1 7 30 s N.
Rolli,!, • Tauri, Aldoharau, 1 19 30 6 ....
:Mriga, AOriODi .. B 8 10 S.
• .AN", • Orion is, II 7 20 9 S.
Pnnarvalu. Il Gewinorum, 3 3 6 N.
Pushy .. I Omeri, 3 16 o N.
As'Jelh£, • 1 and I Caneri, 8 19 7 S.
:Mag"', • Leolli .. Regulu .. 4. 9 o N.
pu .. '.pluU~ I LoODiI, 4. 24. IS N.
UI~","pb , IlLooni .. II Ii 13 N.
Hu~ ')'or I Oo .. i, II 20 11 S.
Obi • Virgioio, Spica, 6 0 9 S.
S"AtI, • Booti.; .Areturua, 6 19 87 N.
, Vi'a6kl,£, • or]( Libra, 7 8 1 80' S.
.Anuridb" I SoorpiODi., '114 8 a
~bth£, • 8corpionla, Antare .. 7 19 ~ S.
41:., • Scorpionla, 8 1 9 S.
P6 .. hidM, I Sagitlarii, 8 14. Ii 80' S.
UItarUb6dbi, ., Sogillarii, 8 20 Ii S.
.Abhijit, .Lyri, 8204D' 60 N.
8' ....... • fiituilra, 9 10' 30 N.
Dhanilblh4 • D pbini, 9 20 86 N.
S'.ta~rokt ~Aquarii, II' 20 0 80' S.
P11nlbh£drapadi, .P8lJui, 10 28 J4 N.
Ultaribhidrlpodi, • Anilromedo, 11 3 lIS N.
BonU, r PJJOium, 11 89 II o 0 N, •
B.D. 8';l'!I".Si,1.11"illi'l.

63

4. (The BITOGl., in minutes, of.Jn:snTuA i...j t I" (of MIII.A)

6, nnd (of Pt1JIVASIfA:QHA) ·to 'l'he principal ster 111" U1'TAIi.(. RUAUDA is in tho middle of the silllce of PURv.bn.(Qllx (i. e. 'thu ' longitnde of tho principill stal' of lJ'l'TA RXRITA,ITX is 8 signs I\IUI 20 degrees). The principal at",r of ABIIIJlT is nt the end of the splice of l'URVA81lNUliK (i. c. the longitude of tho l'ril,~ip'LI ~tnl' of A 1I11lJl1' is 8 signs, 26 dogreos and ·to minutl'lIJ lind (t,lle principal star of) S'RAVAl!A is situuted at the end (ofthe ~pnc(·)

of U'J'TARASnADIlA (i. o, the longitude of tho principal stnr of S'RAVAl!A is 0 signs lind 10 degrees).

Ii. The principal star of f)IIANlsllrnx is at tho jnnction of tho third 111111 fourth qnartere of tho space of S'IIAVAl!A (i. e. tho longitude of tho principnl star of lJIIANISHTU.( is 9 signs and 20 dogrces). ('rho.DIIOIlA, in'miuutes, of H"A'I'ATliIlAKX is) 811 (of PUJIVA:'OnADltAJ',\I)N) :16, (lind of U'I·1'AI!AJlIlX~RAP.IJ)X) 22.

o to 0. (The BDOO.\ of REVAT( is) 70,

'I'he lntitudoa of tho principal Rtar~ oCtho ARteriHmR AM'WIN(, &.c. from tho ends of their mean declinations 111'0 111° N,. 12· N" 5° N., ';)0 H., 10· S., 9° S., 0° N" 0·., r S., U·., 12° N" 1:3° N., 11· R" 2· H., 37° N., l·~ S., :10 1::1., iO H" 90 s, 50! H" . 50 H., 110' N., 30' N., 36° N., A' s, 2·1,0 N" 2u· N., and O' I'e. spcetively,

'I'ho longitu<l.. and Intihllll'S or the 1101"8 Aa!8TYA, AhuUVYADU", AG"I u1IIl lJIU.UllllIltlDAYA.

10, 11 and 12. 1'1.0 stal' AOAR'!'YA (01' C,mopnij) is at tho end of tho sig'1I Gemini at 110 distance of 80· south

[from itH corresponrling poiut ill the ecliptic, i. o. tho longitlulu' 01' AnAS'rYA is 90· and its latitude is 80· S.) Bill1 the stnr lIIa(uA.

\ YXTlHA 0\' the Hunter (which' is evidently Sirius) is Ritnnt.cd in tho 211tJl degroo of the sign Gemini (i. o. its longitude is 2 signA and :W uegl'\les) and its llititude' from tho end of its mOIl11 decliuation (fl'om its ~rrespolldillgpoillt ill tho'ecliptic,) to tho south is 40·,

The stars called AGNI (or fJ '1'lInn) and DRAIIJlAURIJJAVA (01' Capellll) aro in tile 22nd degree of tho sign 'l'IIUI'UR (i. o. tho

64

7'ranslatiQn of ate •

longitude of bo~b of them is.l sign and 22° •• 'fbe latitudos of tlmao t,,.o Amra llro So Imd30· N. rospectively.

• 0

Htwing framed B spherical instrument emmine each of the

(said) I'Ipparcnt latitudes and longitudes.

Cro.,ing Lbo earl of Boo 13. That planet.will cross the cart

ur:~ (of the Astcris~) RoHI~f (io e. tho place of'Rohil}1 which is figmocdlls II cart) whieh is plllCedllt the 17th degree of tho sign 'l'aurus and of which tho south latitude is greater than 2'0

To Bnd Iho o."jnnclion of H. (W1ICn you want to know tho

a ph sn "1 wiLli a .I.r. time of coujunction Ot'll planet with 0.

stllr) find the longths of tho tIlly 111111 night of the star ns you found those of II planet (ill the p,roceding chapter) : and apply the XKSlIA.DIIlKKARlIA (only) to tho longitude of the star fiS mCII· tioucd before j tll('n proceed just in tho same wily !IS in finding them ill pla11etnl1 conjuuctione : and find the days (past or futufO

• from tho given timo to that of conjunction of tho planes with tho Htllr) from tho diurnal motion of the planot (only).

To knnw wh.lher tI,. limo 15. (At a given time), when tho

of conjunction i. paal or longitude of tho planet (with tho two

f"l"lV. ti f I 1) l' I)'

}lor Ions 0 t 10 ItjKKAIll!A app iec 111

less thnu tllflt of tho star (with the KXSHA.DUIKKABIIA applied) thl) conjunction is future: and when the longitude of tho planet is grcatE'l' tlmri that of. the star, the conjunction is past :

. (this holds when the planet is diroct) (but) when it is retrogI'lldo tho conjunction is contrariwise (i. e. when the longitude of tho planet is loss or grenter than t\tllt of the star tho conjullction is put or future).

16. 'l'he north star of (each of tho Astensms). PURVNPIJNLGUIII, UTTARN.

PHKLGUIII, PURV.( BHNDBAPADK, UTTAlUt BHADBAPAD« PURV"';· saA,H«, UTTARK8H&DIIA', VIsAnA, As'wlbTllmd MRfoA is called

• its YOGA.du. or the principal star.

Y GOA ·T.(a.(S or principal IIara of Ih. Allenama.

I

115

17, The star wllich is ncar to an9 w~st of the, north-westenl star of tile ASteriSM HASTA is ita YooA.dRA:; and tbo wcstopn star of the Asterism DHAlI'lSHTuA is its ¥OO.\-TKRK,

18. The middle star of (ollch of the Ast~sms) JYlSUTBA:, S'llAVA~A, ANUBKDHK, lind PUSHYA is ita YOGA-'l'KRA: Wid tho southern star of each, of the Asterisms nUARA~f, K"I'l"l'W, MAOJU, and REVATf is its YOOA-TNRK,

10, The eastern still' of oneh of tho Astt'risms nd"'l!f. p~_ NAIlVASU, MULA, lind As'I,EsuA is its YOGA-TAU and 'of the remaining Astcrisms that is tho Y GOA-dnA which is tho hl'ighte~t (in each Astcrism).

The longitudo and laU. 20. Tho star PllAJKrATI (AU1'i~,.'IIl)

lude or Ill. atar FBAlJ.PA~I, is II degrees to tho cast of tho star

lIuRAuHA-n"IDAYA, Its longitude is 1 sign and 27" nllll tho

IatitlHle is 3S" N. .

or the 11l1l'i Ap&m.vall. 21. Tho stfll' Ap.(H~VATSA (b 1. 2.

and Kp., 3) is situated in tho Astl'risDi ClllTaA

five degrees north (of its principol stal') (i. o. tho longitudo of • ArAlIvATSA is equal to that of tho principal still' of VIIlTRA or 180": and its latitude is 3· N.). (AmI in tho slime Astcrism) tho stllr ](1',\ (Virginia). somewhat larger than ArAII.vATSA, is • 1100·th of it at a distanco of O· (i, o. tho longitudo of ](I'A is 180·

lind the latitudo 0· N.) .

End of the eighth Chapter on tho conjunction of tho planetR with tho stlU'S.

CHAP'A1}R IX.

On the heliacal rising am! Bcttillg of tho p/41Iel, an,l ,laT'.

1. I now explain the ~oliacal rising lind fIIlttiug' of tho bodies (the moon and other plancts lind stars) which havo little light Bud (consequontly) disappoor on account of the brilliancy of tho sun (whon he approllches thenl).

'lhIllSIIl/ioli of lhe •

TI,o planets "Mob sct ~. Jupiter, 1\l11l'II and SlItUI'II Bet

heliDeally ill lb. w, .. toru h I' 11' I I' I

I,ori.on and' rile 1,.lim •• U, o IIIca y 11\ t ro western 10)',Z0I1 W IUn

in lb .... tem hoelson, their 'plooes nro beyond thllt of tho

san: snd they rise hcliacally in tho OI\~t(lI'11 horizon whon their plnees 111'0 within that of tho sun: lind tho slime thing takes plnoo with respect to Venus and M;ereury when they have rQtrogrnd,o motion.

3. Tho moon, whoso motion is quicker Ullin thnb of tho HIIII, unci Morcnry and Venus wlJ('1I thl'Y hnve quicker motion, Ret helincally in tho eash'rll horizon when thuil' pinel'S 111'0 within tho place of tho sun : nnd rise heliucally in tho western horizon when their places III'C bcyond it.

Tho planet. which ri.e in tho calltern horizon and &at in tb. w •• lorn benson,

To Oml the timo.t "loi"10 4. ' nVhcll you want to determiuo

:.s],mot ri ... or ... 18 hullu- tho time of tho hcliaeal rising 01' set-

s- ting of a planet), find (lit lilly given

day noar to that timo) tho true places of the sun and tho plllllct at tho SUIl'S setting, when tho pltlnct'H heliueul risillg 01' Rettillg is in t)1Il westorn horisou j (but) whon it is in tho CI~~t(!1'1I horizon, dotonnino tho places Rt tho I'i~illg of tho RUII : then apply the DJ,tIKKARMA correction to tho planet's place (as mentioned in the seventh Chnptor},

.5. (Wilon tho plltn!'t's heliacal riKing or setting is in tho eastern horizon) find tho time in PIlA~ASi from tho places (just fouud] of tho sun and tho planet (by tho rule mentioned in

, S'Lon 49th Chapter Ill.): (It will be tho timo from tho planet's rising to the rising of tho sun). Hut when the heliaecl rising or setting of tho plan"t is in the westel'll horizon, find the time, in l'R"'~AS, from tlte places of the sun nnd tho planot with 6 signs added: (It will be the time from the sotting of the planet to that of the son). flte time, in PRAtfAll, (thua found) divided by 60 gives the KALltNS'AS, the degrees of time (i, e. the time tlll'l1ed into degreoe at tho given rising or setting of the sun.)

67

Ii. ('rho degrees of timc lit which before the sun's rising or after the sun's settiug a heavenly bi'lly rises or seta hlliillClllly, 111'0 eallod tho KAdNS'Aij ofthllt bouy). 'l'lins tho K~I .. (N8·A,of Jupiter lire Il, oCSlItnrn 15 and ofMllrs 17. (i. c. when tho uegrees of time found by the rule mentioned 'in ~)'LOKA lith 8.1'0 11, 15 or 17 of Jupiter, Saturn 01' Alard respectively, tho planet will rise or set holiacally),

7. Venn» sets holiacally ill the western horizon hnu rises ill tho eastern horizon hy its 8 dogrees (0[' time) on account of tho grcotncsa of its disc (when it hua retrogrudc motion, hnt whon it has uirect motion) and honeo its disc becomes small, it sets holiaeully ill tho onstorn horizon and rises ill tho western horizon by 1 0 degrees (of time) .

8. '!'hus )icrclIl'Y l'ise's 01' sets holiacally lit tho !lisltlllco of J 2 dogroes of time from the 8\;n, whon it bU('OIIICH rctrognulo ] hilt whon H is moving quick it rises or sets htllillClIJIy lit tho iliHtnnee of 14 dcg'l"('cs,

9, When (at a given time) tho K.(I,ANS·AS (found from tho plueos of the plauota by tho rulo meutioncd in uth WI.OKA) nro h'l'oatm' thuu tho planet's own KA:LANH'AB WUHt mcntiomxl), tho plunots become visiblc ; (Lut) when loss, tho plunctK having' their > disC'K involved ill tho mys of tho sun, bocouio invisible 011 tho cnrth,

10. 1'11111 tho ,Jilfm'ellco, in minutes, betwcen tho KXI~NR'AB (i, e. KA:I.A:NS'AS found fl'OIll the plncu (If tho plnuot lit the gi~cn timo, and those which lire the plauot'e own as mentioned beforo): und divide it by tho diffomnco between tho diurnal lIIotiOI\K* of· the sun nud the planot ; tho ql1lllltity obtuined iH tho interval in !lIlYS, (ghn~ikaH) &0., between IIlto givon timo and that of tho pll1l1et'K heliacal rising or ~ot~illg. ('l'his hobls when tho plnllot ill u.iroct; but) when it is retrogrlldo, take tho KIlIIi of tho diurnal motions of tho Bun and thl' planet fOl' tho di!fcrellco of tho diurnal motions,

• nere motions .hould Orot bo turno<l mto time ( .. directo<l ill S'loOn 1 llh, to make th. dividoDd and di,i •• r limiJar. D, D.

I 2

68

T!.anslution of tlw •

11. Tho diurnru motions of the Bun and tho planet multi, plied hy \ho numbers of PBA~AS contained. U; tho rising periods of.tho signs occupied. by the Sun lind the planet, and. divided by 1,800, become tho motions in time. }'l:Pm these motions (turned into tim~ find the time PlISt or futuro in days, OllAflKAB &c" from the given time to tho time cf holiaoRl rising or

settin g of tho planot. '

'.

]2, Tho stars SWATl (ArohmIH), AIIARTYA (Canopus) M\tIOA-

VYADIIA (Sil·iIlS), CRITHA' (Rpica), JYESH'fUA (Antares), l'UNARVASU (~ Geminomm), Abhijit (a Lyl'w) lind. BHAlUlAlIRfDAYA (Cllpella). riso or Rct holiacally by 13 IICI,"1'008 of time,

13. Tho stars IIAsT.\ (8 Coni), S'IlAVA~A (a Alluilm) PURVAI'I!ALOUN( (8 Leonia), U'rTAM-I'lIXLQUNi (/H,conis), DUANISIITIIA' (a Dolphini), Uonr~( (a 'ranri), MAQUA (Regulus), VIS'A'KJlA' (a Libno) lind AS'WIN! (a ArictiN) rise (01' sct) heliaeullj' by 1 ~ dOhP1'OCS of tilD~,

14. Tho stars K\lIT'fIKK (or 'rIlUl~, Pleiades), ANURADIIA (3 Soorpionis), MULA (v Seorpionis), AS'LIIlSHA: (a 1 and 2 <Jancri), ARDIU (a Orionis) l'U&VKSlIA'DHX (8 Sugitturii) and. Ul'XWSUADBA' (T Sagcllarii) rieo (ur sot) by 1& degrees of time.

1&. The stars DHAl1.A.\yf (Musca), l)u811YA (8 Caneri) and M\lIOA (A Orionie), on account of their amallnesa, rise or set heliacally by 21 tlegt'l.lcs of time : and the others [i. e.I;'ATATKKA.K1 (A Aquarii), PUBVK-BllA'DRAPADA (a Pegasi), Ui'l'AR&BHADBAl'ADA (" .Andromedro), UEVATI (C Piscium), AONI (fJ

, Taurl), PJi.UAPATI (8 Aurigro), Ai'AUVATSA (b 1. 2. 3.) and K,PA (8 Virginis» rise 11IId. set by 17 dogrees of time.

. 16. The KALANs'.!.s (of a pla&.et and those which IIl'O fonnd at a given time from the place pf tho planet) multiplied by 1,800 and divid.ed. by the rising period of the sign which is occupied by the planet, giv~ the degrees of the ecliptio. (Then in S'LOK! 10th) take the degrees of the ecliptic for their corresponding degrees of time and from them find the time of

• heIiacal rising or setting of tho planet.

69

17. Tho said ,tars riso heliacfll~y in the cMt?rn horison IIIIlI set holiacolly in the westcrn. Apply the AK~ll.\-J)'.lIKKAR)IA to their longitudes and (through'thum) lind tho days )lus, 01' futuro from the Bivcn timo to tho time of ,holill'col rising. or setting of the stars from tho diurnal motion of tho sun only

(by the rule mo~tionc? in 10th S'LOKA). •

18. The stars ABRIJIT (II Lynn), llRAlIMA-ll'.lJDAVA (Cn,pcnl~ SWATf (Arcturus), S'RAVA~A (II Aquilw), DIlANI811Tli.( (II Del. phini) lind UTTARA-DHKDRAPADA (" Andromedm) IICvCl·disappcIlI· owing to tho sun's light on ncconnt of tho gl'l'lItncRs of thuir north latitudes (i. o, thl'su stars having gr<>ut nortl; latitudos novcr sot heliacnlly) in tho northcrn hemisphere, '

Bud of tho ninth Chapter on tho holiecal rising alllI scttillg of the plauets lind 8t~S.

CHAP'fl'lR X.

010 tllo phases of !TIC Mool~ IUlll tile positioll of the Mool~' d clIR1""

1. Find tho timo olso at which tho 1I100n will rise or sot 1l0lill001ly in tho samo way as mentioned before. Sho bcmllpcs visible in' tho western horizon and invisiblo in tho eastern horison by 12 degrees of time.

To lind the time of dailT 2. Find the truo placos of tho Sun'

lelting of the MOOD. and the Moon (at Sun.set of that day of

the light half of a lunar month at which you wllnt to know tbe time of daily setting of tho Moon) and apply the two por. tions of the D,IXUIlJU to the moon's plaeo) ; from those places, with 6 signs added, find tb.e time in PMWA8 (just in the samo way) as mentioned before (in lith S'LOU of the preceding Chapter). At theso l'IlKWAB after the Inn-set, tho Moon will set (on that day).

70

\

'1'0 6nd 1110 time 0' dnil,. ~. (!Jut when y~u want to know

riaillg uItll. ~.n: tho time of tho Muon's daily rising on

a wy of tho dnrk helf of a lun'o.r month) find the truo places of ,tho Sun and tJv! .Moon (at sun-set) and ~gus lo~o ' Snn's pioocj (Mid' apPlY tho two portions of tim DI,tIKKARMA to tho Moon's place); from these places, (i, -e, from the Sun's p!aco with 6 signs added and from tho MOOll'S place with tho DI,tIKlU.KlIA applied) find the timu in !'RII'~AS (in the same way as mentioned before ill 5th S'LOKA of tho preceding Obspter), At this time in P!(.(!!AS after sun-set the Moon will rise (on tllBt day).

To lind tllo pholOI 0' tho 4. (Whell you want to know the

Moon. phase of the moon on II day of tho first

quarter of a lunar month, lind tho tl110 deelinatious of tho Sun lind the 1IIoon at sun-sot 01' sun-rise of that dny) fiud tho differenco oftM sines of tho declinations (jURt found), when thoy 111'0 of tho 8111110 name, otherwise find the sum: to this result (the difference 01' tho SUID) give tho name of' tho same direction south 01' north lit which tho 1II00n i~ from tho SUllo

o. Multiply tho result by tho hypothcnuso of the gnomonio

• shlldow of tho Moon (lit tho same timo liS can he found by tho rule mentioned in tho thil'd Chapter}: find tho differenco botwoon tllo pl'oduct lind twelve times tho equinoctial shadow if ,tho result be north (hut) if it be south find tho sum of

them. •

6. The amount (fuus found) divided by tho sino !,C co-lati,

• tndo of tho place, gives the n.c1l17 or base (of II right angled trillnglo) : this is of the same name of which tho 1I11101111t is : ani! tho sine of the 1I1titude of tao Moon is tho KOTl (ur pCl'pendieular of the trianglo) , Tho aquarc-root of tho sum of tho squares oC tho llA:lIU a.nd KOTl is tho hypofuennso (of fuo

triangle). . •

7. Subtract the Sun's pleeo from thllt of the Moon. l.'1le minutt's oontainod in the remainder divided by 000 givo tho , illumiuateu Pll1't of the .Muon: 'fhis part multiplied by the

, .

71

Moon's disc (in lIlinl1tos) and divided by 12 broomes the SI'I\U-

fA or rectified illumiuatod part. • •

8. (OUII board or levelled flodr) 11IIving market! a point I'CP1'('Renting tho Suu,4.hmv from that point IIlil1c,equnl to tho B~l!u (above found) in tho slImo direction in which tim HAIlU is, and from the end of the B.plU n lino [perpendicular to it) ('l)uIII to tho KOTI (1\8 abovo found) to tho west, and drnw tho hypothollUHO between tho end of tho Kerr and tho point (t!clioting tho Sun),

!l. About the point whero the KOTT and tho hypothonuRo meet, doscribo tho disc of tho Moon (found at tho given time). In this disc snpposo tho directions (east, west &c,,) tlmlllgh ~ho lino of tho hypothonuso (i. o. in tho disc SIlPPOHO tho Cllst where tholino of the hypothcpuso cuts the ilisr, tho west whero tim same lino produced intersects it, lind. t110 north ana south whore 1\ line passing through tho ccntro of tho '!lise and heing perpoudicnler to the line of tho hypothenuso cuts the disc),

10. '1'lIke a plll't of tho hypothcnuse within tho disc from tho (I litter) intersection of the disc DUd. the 'hjpothcnuso equal to tho (l'uetilied) illuminutod pnl't: and between tho end of that part and tho north nnd south points of tho disc describe two· 'I'IMIS.

11. From the intersecting point of tho two lines, drown through the TIlliS, describe tho arc which will PIISS through ~ho throe points (tho ond of tho illuminated part o.ntl tho north and south points of tho disc], 'fho disc thus cut by tho arc wIllrcprcsent the form of tlte Moon 118 it will be scon on tho' evening of the givon day.

12. Marking tho dircctions in the disc throngh the KOTI (abovo drown), show tho horn elevated at the end. of the tl'l1nSverse line ; this figure will represent the phase of the Moen.

13. In the dark half of the lunar month subtract tlio place of the Sun with 0 signs added to it, from the MooD'splaco,lInd from the remainder find the dark pllrt of the Moon (in the same wily 118 you found 'the illuminated part in the 7th 8' LOn): •

72

\

(nn,] in the lIillgmm) ehMS" tho direction of the BAllu aull show the ~al'k portiull of tho Moon in the we~t,

1Ilnd of tho tenth Chapter CIilled S'nllgonnatl which treats of thq phasos of tho jnoon,

CIIAPTER XI.

Oullod PKTKDIJIKKRA. !!'1drli tI'OU/S of lito Rlllo8 for jiJltlill, illo tim~ ut w1dcll lito (/,'cltnatioll8 uf flu! Sill! (1111!

!lluu/! bc'cO'I/1tJ eq,,,,l.

1. It is called VAIDImfTA when tho Sun and. A[oon are in the same AYANA

· (i. e, when tlley llro both in tho asconding or descending \ signs), the sum 'of their longitndes equal to 12 signs (nearly) and their declinations equal.

2. It is called VYKTIrI(TA when tho

Moon lind tho Sun are in differeut AY~NA8, tho sum of their longitudes equal to 6 signs (ncarly)

• lind their Mnations oqual,

3. Tho Fire (namod l'KTA) which arises from tho mixturo of the rays of the sun and the moon iu equal quantities, being butnt by the air callelll'RA VARA. produces evil to mankind.

4. Sine'! the (l!IIid) PKTJ. frequently dcstroys people lit tho timo (when the declinations of tho Sun and :Uoon become equal)

• it is callod V Y K'r!PKorA, It is also called V AIDBSfu.

5. This NorA is of black colour and hard body, rod oyod Bnd gorbollied, dostroyer of all peoplo BIld horriWe: it happens freqnently.

a d t' t b' h tho 6. When the sum of tho plaees of

Ton ImelWI<'

tru.e doclin.tiolll of tho SWI tho Sun 8Ij1d Moon, IIpplied with the

IUd )looD. b_ "'luaL degrees of the precession of tho oqui-

UOXOB lIB fonnd by ousol'vatiotl, is 12 or G signs find their

• dllcliuatiolls.

73

7. Now, if the Moon's mean declination (i. e. the declina-

, --.

tion of her corresponding point in the ecliptic) with qer latitude

applied (i. e. her true declination) be greater tba.n that of .tbe Sun, when tho M,pon is in an odd (1st or 3fd) quarter of ,tho ecliptic, the rATA. (or the instant when the declinations of the ~nn and Moon become equal) is past.

S. And (if the Moon's declination bo) 108s, (tim r~TA is future. But when tho pleeo of tho Moon is in an even i. e. 2nd or 4th) quarter (of the ecliptic) the reverse of this tukes place (i. e. if the Moon's truo doclination be greater than that of tho Hun the r~TA is fnture, and if less the J>A:TA is }11I8t).

When tile Moon's (mean) declination is aubtractcd from her latitudo (for her trne deolination chango tho DalUO ot' the Moon's quarter,

!J, Multiply the sines of the declinations (as found in tho 6th S'LOKA) by tho radiua and divide the produbts ),y tho sine of tho greatost declination (i, e, 24°) : take tho arcs whose sines are equal to the quotients, and add tho llifferonce Of 11111£ tho diffcrenco of tho arcs to tho Moon's place when tho P"'TA is future, ('1'his result which is just applied to tho Mooll'~ place is called the moon's change].

10. But when the P""fA is past, suhtract tho }[oon'M chauge from her place, ']'he Moon's change multiplied 1Iy tho true daily motion of the !:11m and divided by that of tl;u MUOli gi~~8 ')he I:!~n'a'cllange; ai)l'ly it to tho Sun's place as in.tlre case of the Moon.

11. Find tho change oCthe IIloon'ij nKcending node in the' same wa.y (i. e. multiply the Mr,on's change by the daily motion of the node end divide the product by the Moon's true dllily motion): apply this cha.nge iuv!lr8ely to the Dodo's place. Find the declinations of tho Sun and the Moon again (frollt their places v.:ith their cJt.anges appliod) and apply €be Ba.me process (mentioned in the preceding S'LOKA8) repeatedly until you get their decli~ations equal.

s:

74

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To find .. hen a P.(TA i. ]2. '1'ho PXTA is tlillt instant lit

post.or to be ",,"1.' wllieh the declinatio~s (of the Sun and

• th" Moon) become equal. Now, according liS the Moon's truo pl,!co found lit thp PXT! by applying the Moon's change (liS montioned before) is les8 or greater thlln that found at mid. night (of that dllY), tho PA:U is before 01: after (tho mid.night.)

To find the truo time or 13. TIm difference, in minutes,

tho NT.!.. • b I U 'tru I ~ d

ctween t 1(' 'no~_!l"p~8 .'~nn

at the PATA and tile mitl.night, multiplied by GO and divided by tho ti·uo· daily motion of tho Moon gives thc GHATIXXS between the PKTA 'and tho mid-night, [Thou yon will get tho time of the PX1'A by aiJ.ling or subtracting tho OIlATIUS, JURt found, to or from the mid-night according aH the PKTA is past

or future), •

To fillllllalC the duration H. (Find tho somi.diameters, in

oCth.l''\Tn:AU. • minutes, of tho Sun lind tile Moon by

tho Rule mentioned in the 4th Chnpter.) Tho smu of' tho semi-diameters of tile Snn lind tho 1II00n multiplied by GO and divided by the 1IrOOn'8 true dllily motion from tho Sun gives hulf the duration of the PATA.dtA.*.

To fln<l tl>. b'gillning, 15. 'l'he trno time of the P XT!

D.id,U. .ud .odoC the PATA. (fonnti in the 13th fl'r.oxA) is called

tile mid.1le of the PATA; 'I'his time diminished hy IlOlf the dll~ntioll of the P.(\'A, just fOUDlI, gives the heginning of the P A'fA 8mI increased by Ilnl!' tho duration gives tile end of tho P.(l'A.

'. 16. The interval between tile heginning and end of It PAT! is horrible; being in tIle form of burning lire, all rites are prolIihited during its continuauee,

Form of the p.(u.x1u. 17. As long as the distance of nny

point of the sun's disc (from the equi, noctial) is equal to that of 8lly pohlt of the Mpon's disc, the

• Tho PA'Tl·U'LI, or dnration or Iho P~'Tl, iI the time during .. hiel. lb. declir.alion of 811)' point oC the Sun's dile'and 11I8t of 8111 point in Ih. Moon',

, IIfG equaL-B. D· •

75

l'ATA.du IIIStA apd destroys the ,(happy resu~t8 of) all l'ite~ (p<'rfol'weu during that timo).

IS. People get very great religious morits from ~ch (virtuous) acts lIS bathing, alms-giving, pl'1\}'ers, funeral coremonies, religious obligations, burnt otrel.rng~J &c. (pClfol·m(·tI in the P ATA-KALA), l1li well as from the knowledge of t1mt

time., •

19. When the (mean) dcclinntions of tho Sun Dnd tho'llfoon become equal, near the equinoctial points, tho ]'A'l'A of tho two kinds (i. o, V VATfI'A'l'A and VAIDHUCTA) happeua twice : contrariwise (i. e. when the mean declinations become equal near the solstitinl points, and the true declination of tho 1\[oon iM It'88 thnn thllt of tho Suu) no PATA happens,

20, 'l'here becomes a third PATA enlled (nlso) VYAT(PA"A* wheu the minutes, contained in tho sum of the plneoe ot' tho Moon 111111 tho Sun, divided hy tho 1luAIIIIOOA (or SOO) give II quotient which terminates ill 17 (i, e. which is 1II0re than ](j and l~~~ , than 17).

GAyV •• IIT .... nd BUAB.UIDRI. 21. 'rho last quarters of tho NAK-

SBA'!'UAHt As'LE8I1A', J YKRIITIIA' alltl" HEVATf a1'O cn1led tho BHA8ANDUl (01' junctions of NAKSIIATIIAS) and the first quarter of each of their followillg ones (i. e, l\loIUIIX, Milu lind AS\VINf) is called the GANI,IA:!lTA.

22. During tho three frightful VYATfl'A'R, GAN~NT,\S and BIiMANDHis (jUMt mentioned), all (joyful) acts nrc prohibited, 23. (0 Maya,) thus fllr have I told you tho excellent, ViJtll- • ous, useful secret and great knowlcilgo of Astronomy, wllllt more do you want to hear? ' •

End of the 11th Chapter called PATKDIIIKXIIA.

End of the First Part of the SilRYA-8IDDnANTA.

Third PATA,

• This il the YOGA or tho pcrio4 of limo in which the sum of the pl ..... of tho Sun and the Moon inc ...... bl800·. Thi. YOGA i. til. 17th reckoned from Y 18DUJlBIU. flee 66th B'LOU oUho ltOOod CIfA.TBB.-D. D.

t ThelO are the poriod. 9th, 18th alld 27th from As'WJ.f, t hey Ire fonnel • from the )4000'. plaoo bl tho :Bul. n,entiollecl ill eh. 6'111 S'IoOKA of lb. lind elfAnEB.-B. D.

K 2

76

CHAPTER XII.

o. OOlmograpMcal MatterB.

1. Noil', MA.YA'ABuRAjoining the palms of his hands, saluted (his teacher) the man who partakes of tile Sun's nature, and worshipping him with bis bcst respects asked this :-

Qllftltion about tboll.rlb. 2. ('fell me, 0 lilY) omnipotent

(master,) Whllt is the magnitudo of the Earth? what is its form? what supports it ? how is it divided ? and how are tho Beven PATALA.BHlllUB or lower regions situated

in it? .

S. How does the Sun CIIUSO day and night? How does he, enlighten• ing (all) tho worlds, circumvolve the Earth?

4. Why lire tho dRY and night of of tho (Gods) and ASURAS mutun.1ly

,the reverse of each other (i, e, why is it day to the Gods when it is night to the ASUBAS lind vice versa) : and how is it that the (said) day and night is equal to the time in which the Sun

completes one revolution? "-

5. By what rooson doos tile day and night of the 1'1Tll.IB consists of a lunar month and that of man consists of 60 OHATIKAS? . why are not the day and night of the same length everywhere?

6, Why are not the rulers of the days, yBRl'B, months and hours in the same order J how does the starry sphere with the planets revolve, and what is its support?

7, At what distances from \he Earth are the orbits of 1.118 planets and stars arranged one abo~e the other f what are the distances (between the ecnaeeutire) orbits? what are their

• dimensions? and in what order are they situated?

Q ••• tinn .bout tl. •• un', ro.olution.

Other que.Uonl.

,7

8. (Why is it ~at) tho Sun's rays are v('he~ent in summer nnd not so in winter: How fllr do the Sun's rays reooh ? How lI!any M,(NAs (i. e. kinds of time 8S solar, lunar &0.) are thcA'C, and what their USI?

9. 0 you omnipotent, who are acquai~ted with tho past, (present and fnture'evep.ts) remove my doubts (by answering my questions): (as) n~ one except you is omniscient and. remover (of doubts).

1U. Having heard the speech thus addressed by MAYA with his best respects, the man (who partakes of the Snn's natnre) related to him the secret Second Part of tho work.

11. 0 Maya, bear attentively the secrot knowledge called ADRYA'TMAN (or means of apprehension) which MllIIll tell YOII:

I have noUling which is not .to be given to those who aro exceedingly attsched to me.

The ... ret kno"ledgoeall. 12. 'I.'he Supremo being is called

<d ADHf.l.TJU;f. V"SUDIVA. 'I.'ho excellent sonl (PURU.

811A) partaking of the nature of VASUDEVA is imperceptible, void of all properties, calm, the spirit or lifo oC the universe and imporishable.

13. (This) all. pervading PURUSIIA called God SANKARSRA~A entering natnre made the water and pDt his influence in it.

B. 'fhis 6vater with that influence) became a goldcn Dgg involved in darkness: In this egg the eterna1.ANIKUDDIJA first became manifest.

15. This omnipotent ANIIIUDDHA is called IIIlIAtiYA·GARDHA in tho VEDAS (by reason oC his situation in tho golden egg) : lIe is called XDITYA from his first appearance snd (also) SURU on acconnt of the production (olthe universe from him).

]6. 'l'his Al!IIRUDDHA named SUIlTA and (also) SAVIT,( is excellent light for the destroction of darkness. This m~ker of the three states (UTPATTI birth or production, SfRlfl life or existence, and SAIl RAIlA death or destructiou) of animate (and inanimate) things, illuminating the world (in the golden egg),-

17. 'l'his self light Al!IlRUDDBA destroyer of darknGSS is

78

\

Ti.an8latiQII of llto •

denominated ~Anbt (intelligence): TIle J.4o- VIDA is his disc, SAIlA-VEDA his rays, and YAJUII-VEDAhisbody.

tS. '!'his omnipotent ANiKUDDIIA consisting of the threo VEDAS is time itvolf, causo of time, all-pCllVading, universal spirit, omnivagons and supreme soul and the wholo universe depends on him.

19. Riding on the CRr of the universe to which are attached tho w heei of the year lind tho horses of the seven metres, this ANIRUDDHA revolvos at all times.

20. 'l'bree-fourths of ANIRUIlDHA are hid in the heaveus and 0110 (fourth) is this IllRuifest universe. '!'hat able ANIRUDDIIA generated llulld consciousness (AHANKA!A) fOI' the crcation of the uni verse.

21. Now having bestowed tlJ,e excellent VEDAS on BRAud tho grandfuther of 0.11 people and placed him in the middle of the golden egg, ANIRUDDHA himself revolves and illuminates the universe.

22. 'l'hen DHAIIMA bearing tho form of couseionsncss tllongllt o(creation. Tho Moon sprung from (his) mind, am! the !;un, a treasure of lights, from (his) <'Ycs.

23. From llRAIIMX'S mind sprung ether, f11J1U cUa'r air, (from air) fire, (from fire) water, (and from wat~r) earth successively. 'rhus tile five primary elements wcre produced by the snperposltioa of quality.*

2t 'l'hJ Bon aud Moon are respectively of tile nature of firo and water, nnd the five (minor plauots) lIllI'S and othl'rs (i. e. Mars, Mereury, Jupitor, Venus, and Saturn) spmug severally from fire, earth, ether, wator, and air.

25. Agaiu BRAII)[X, of subdued passions, divided a circle, invented by himself, into 12 parts, naming it the RAS'l-VIlIT'l'A; and the same circle into 27 Pl'rts naming it the NUSHATRAVRITl'A •

• H •• iug prudUl'eil ether "ilh tho qualily of 10llDd, air.... formed b1 .&linl to ethl'l' Ibo qu.lity of toueh] 8relly Iddinglo .ir u.e quality of form,

• water by .dding to aro tho qUIUty of I •• te. IDd ""rlh by addblg to water Ih. quality of amelL-B. D.

I

79

26. Now llaving created thiugs of different nlllul'~s by compounding in ;arious proportions the bust,' mil\lllillg, aud worst qualities (i. o. principles 01' truth, pa.ssion, and darklll!l!K) HUAUIlA made the" universe containing Gods pd Ilnimate ~d inanimato things.

27 nnd 28. Having crested (Gods and animate nnd inanimute things) successively according to their qualjties and actiona, the able BRAllKA arranged the planets, asterisms, Ktnrs, tho earth, worlds, Gods, Demons, mcn, and SIDllil.ls, regul~l'ly nt proper placesend times in the way mentioned ill tho V EIl.IS.

29. This HS.\HMXN\I.\ (tho goldon egg sacred to 1l1!AIIM.<) is hollow: in this (tho world") HHca, BIIU\'All &c., nre sitnated, It is Iiko a SAMPUT" (a casket) formed by two KATXII.IS (fl'ying . vessels joined mouth ~ moutl~ and of II spherical shape.

O,-der oltho orbit. or the 81... and plonela ailulled the middle of tho BlUlIlIXNI}A. is called

one bduw tho olh.r. VYOIIAKAKSHA (the orbit of heaven],

In it (i. o, lla.lDlI.(N\lA) all tho stal'S revolve. Bencnth thorn • :-;"hll'n, Jupiter, Mars, tho HIIII, Venus, Mercury lInd the Moon revolve 0110 below the other, beneath them tho SIDJ)HA., tho • V IIJYAJ)J[A RA and clouds are situated.

30 nnd 31. '1.110 ci,cumfercnco of

An.,,·01'1 to 1110 que.tions .t.ted in 2nd S·J.OJU.

32. 'I.'he torrcstriol globo, posses. sing BRAHId!s most excellent power of steadiuoss, remains in space at the centro of tho BBA.udN~A. (which is) all around.

33. The seven P ATALA BHUKIS or infernol regions formed by tho concave strata of the earth are very beautiful, being inhabited by N.(GAS (serpents) alid AsullAs (demons) Bnd having the liquors of tho divino plants (which shine by their own light).

3+. The golden mountain MEBU, containing heaps of various preciona stones, pasres throngh the mtddle of the tcrre~trial globe (as an axis projecting on both aides at the poles).

!l'he poaition oC MUlT.

80

TJ'ltnal<d WII of tlte •

The inhabitant, 0' the ?5. The Gods with bDJ,l.A and tho

end. 011110 \taBu i. .. or the great holy sages inhabit the top of thu Iw~ pole.. Mull (i. o, the north pole) while tho

ASIlRAS lire lit th\! bottom (i. e. the south pole). 'fhey (i. e. tho Gods and ASIlRAB) hate each other.

Situation of tho great 36. The ~t, Ocean (the Ocean

O ... n. of salt water) encircles tho ME1W; it

is like a ;,poole (or Zone) to tho earth aud ' separates the regions of the Gods and the ASIlR!s (i. e. it is at tbe Equator lind divides the tel'metrilll globe into two hemispheres: tho north is sacred to the Gods lind the sonth to the ASIl8AS).

Th. rour .ili •• placed .1 37. Around the middle of tho

the Equator. M ERU in the di roctious of the Cllst &c.

and at equal distances in tile Oq(,1I1l are tho four cities mllde by the Gods in the (lifi'erent ])W{I'AS.

38. 'fo the ·ell.~t or the MERU (i. e. north pole) at a fourth part of the Earth's circumference in tim DIIADKAS'WA VARSHA (a division of a continent) is tho city called YAHA-KO'fl having golden ramparte and arched gateways.

39. So to the south in the BJiABATA.VAllSUA there is UIO great eity called ],ANKA: to tho west in the KSTUHALA-VAllSllA thero is the city called ROHAKA.

40. To the north in the KURU·VARSRA thoro is tho city called SfDDUA-PIlRf (or SIDDIIA-PURA). Liberal and devout men being free from pain inhabit that (city).

41. These (fonf cities) are situated at a distance equal to the fourth part of the Earth's circumference from each other: (and) the 'M IRU sacred to the Gods is north of them at the same distance.

There is DO rquinoctial 42. When the Sun is at the equi-

lhadow Illhe equalor. noctial, he passes throngh the zenith

of these (cities) and therofore, there is neither equinoctial ahadow, nor elevation of the terrestrial. axis at these cities.

43. On both sides of the Muu (i. e. the north and south poles of the

Th, poailioD of the pullr llolI.

8t

1·:arth) the two p~lar stars arc sit~ted in the I~el"'t'n at their zenith. These two stars are in tho horizon of. the eities sitna.ted on tho equinoctial rogiobs.

'41. Since thQ polar stars aro in the horjzon of the (saia) cities, there is 110 elevati?n of the terreetrial axis (but) tho co-latitude is 90·; .so ~Ile latitude at tho MEllO is !l00.

Tho be~inning or tho day 45. When tho Snn is abovo the

10 Ih. God. and ASl1lW. regions of the Gous* (i. o. tho northern

hemisphere) he first appeal'S to tho Gous at tho first poiut 01 A rics: but to the .ASOIUS (he first appears) lit the first poiut of Libra, when the sun is going above tho regions of tho ASUBAS (i. o. the southern hemisphere).

An, w or to lho quostion in 46. Owing to this (tho Snu's go-

8th ~'Iolm. • tl·1 d h ) I

lllg por lwar", lin sout Wllrd t 10

Sun'K rays nrc vehement in summer in tho GOlI~' regions and in winter in the AsulIAs'. Convorsely they aro oAllak (in summer in tho .!.sUIlAS' regions and in winter in the Gods'),

47. 'l'he Gods and .A.sUIlAS behold the Sun in the herizon at tho oquinoxes. '1'ho two periods in which the Sun is in tho northern lind southern hemispheres are mutually the day and uight to the Gous and AsullAs (i. o, when the Sun is in the " northem bemisphore it is day to tho Gods end night ,to tbo AlIUltAS, and vico versa).

48. Tho Sun at tho fil'st point of Aries, risen to the inhll;bitaut of the lbBu (i. c. to tho Gods) and pasHing the throe followillg sigua (i. e • .Aries, Taurus and Gemini), complotos tho lir~t hulf of the day (of the Gods).

4\1. So he (the Sun) passing (tho throe signs) Cllncer and others comp)otos the second half of the day. In tho samo uunmor (the Snn pllSHing) tho throe signs Libra, &c. and otllUr three (Japrieorn, &c. (c.omplotos 'he first and seconu halvos of tho day of tho .ASURAS).

AII'we. to th. qu .. tion. GO. Tllereforo their ~y and night

iu Ib.'lh S'MU". arll lIlutuaily reverse, and the lungth uf

• Soc tho 361b S'LOn o! tWo Chaptel'. B. D,

L

82

their Nycthempron ariscs from tho comploijon of the Sun's (onc) rev.olution.

81. 'j'hoir mid-dllY IInll mld-night (hlLppen) at tho timo of tho solstices revel'!oly (i. o, it is mid-day to tile Gods when it is tho mid-night to the ASIIRAS, and vico versa): 'l'!le Gods and the AsuRA8 consider themaelves each abqvo the other.

62. Tho others likewise who are situated diametrically opposed (at tho enrth's surface) as the inhabitanta of the BnADBKSWA and KETU)!XT.A (i. e. ofYAMAKOTIllnd ROllAKA) lind thoso of LANKA: and SIDDHAPUBA consider (themselves) one below tho other.

63. Thus ovorywllCro on (tho surfheo of) tho terrestrial globo, people supposo their own place highcr (than thllt of others) : beCI\UKO this globe is jll space whero thero is no nbovo IIIllI below.

6 to All pcople arcnnd their own place behold tho Earth, t1lOllgh globular, of tho form of II circular plain, on eecouut of tho amallnoss of their bodies.

6:;. This sto.i-ry sphere revolves

l'araUoland Righllphero... . .

horisontnlly (from fight) to loft. to tho

• Gods and (from left) to right to the AsuMs: But lit tho equator (it) always (revolvc") vcrtically (from east) to wost.

GO. At tho equator, therefore, (tho length of) the !lay is Ilh~lIyS of 30 OBATIKXS and tho ll'n!,rt,h of tho night is ulso tho Hamo: IIDllilt the regions of tho Gods and thosu of the AsuR.\~ (i. O.lIt tho northern aud tho southom hemisphere) tho day and

. night (excopt at the equinoxos) always incrcsso lind decreeso reversely (i. e. at tho northom regions tho dlly Increaeos and tho night decreases, whilo lit tho southern ones the day decroasea and the night inereesos, lind vico vorsA).

57. When the Sun is in tho (northern) sign~ Aries &c. tho increase of the length of the daX 1mll tho doercase of tllO longth of thQ night become more and moro (until the Son arrives at the trepic of Cancer anil. then they become less and less) at tho rogions of tho Gods: but at thoso of tho Asu&AS the reverse of this takes place •

.

B';l'y".8itlJluhda.

83

58. (Dut) wb~n tho Sun is in. tho (southern) Rigns Libra &e. the decrease and increase both of tho day' and, night are tho roverso. Tho knowledge 01 tbi~ (increaso or decrcllll('> lit every day from (Jiho equinoctial shadow 011 tho given pluco IIlId the Sun's decliuntion is described oe£ol'O (in the til ~t S'LOKA of tbe 2nd .cbapter).

liO, Mnltiply the Eartb's circumference by tho number of degrees of tho Sun's declination (of a b>'iven day) mid divido tho product by 360· (and take the quoticnt). 1_'be Sun (at that day) pnssca through the zenith (of the place, 1101·th or south of tho l~'inator according as tho lll!Clinatioll is nortl; 01' south) at a diHtllll(~e in YOJANAS equal to the quotienb (lIbo\'u fouud] from tho oquetor,

D.torminnlion o£lhol'l".o 60 and 61. In tho same l1lD.nUOI·

,.1,,·..., tho uny ur Ili~ht be- .fiud tho number of YIlJANAS fl'olll th"

('0111('11 of GO U HATI KAI1. •

. Suu's groal«,'Kt docliuatiou 0.1111 RUIt.

tract tho number from the fourth part of tho J~:lrth'R cir cruuferonco (mul tako tho remainder). 'i'hcn (IVI,l'u tho 8uII i") lit II solstice, tho day or night becomes of 60 unATIKA'S 011('0 (in a yenr) at the distance in YOJAN.\J! equal to tho remaiuder (above found) from tho equator (i. o. nt tho polar circles) in tho' I'egions of the Gods and tho ASURA~ rcvcrsnly (i. o. when tho HIm is nt hiK greatest distauco from tho equinoctial, tho lillY becomes of GO UlfATII\A:s at tho polnr circle in tho northern he. misphere, while thllnight becomes of the same length at illll polar circlo in tho southern one, and vice vorllA).

62. (At places) between them (i. e. tho equator and II polae ' circle on either sido of tile cqunter) tho dny and night increuse and decrease within the 60 G11AlllUIs. Beyond that (i. o. in tho polar regions) the starry aphero revolves in an opposite mannor (as regarda tho north pole and the south).

Tbe pOlition. where lOIDe 63. Find the TOlAIlAS (as above)

lip •• '" .11,"1' inywble. fro~ tho declination whieh arisos (rain

the sine of two signs* and SUBtract the TOlAN!S from the fourth • Tbo line of lwo signl ('~ o. 60") mullipliod b;r tbo 01.0 of tM gratelt dealin. atiou ODd di.ided b;r tb. Badi .. li_'lIIe sino of doclllillion. B. D.

L 2

84

'J1rdllsl"tiUJl 11 ti,e •

part of tho l~lIrth'd eirenmfbrcnce, At the. distance equal to tho re~aijling' YOJANAS from tim c'pmtor in tho rogions of tho UedR, tho I:IUII, situated at 'Sagittarius and Capricomus, is

DlWer soon. •

G t.. ]Jut in the regions of the ASUBAB (at the same distance from tile equator), (he is never visible) when situated in Ge. mini nnd Cancer. At that quarter of the ElII'th's eircumfer, enee in which the Earth's shadow is destroyed (i. e. never falls) tho Sun will bo soon,

Gti aud Gr.. From the fourth part of tho l~al'Lh's eircumforonce subtract tho YOJANAS found from the declination of one Aih'1l (30°). At tho distance of the remaining Y01AN.\S from tllo equator, tho Sun never appears ill t!lb regions of tho [lOlls wlJCU he is in Sagittarius, Cnpric,ornllR, Scorpio and Aquarius: but in tho rcgi.ons of tho ASURAS (at the snmo distullce from the rquntor, he"is never seen whon situated in the four signe 'J'lIuru8, &c. [i, e. Tnums, Gemini, Cancer, and Leo.),

li7. 'J'he Ilods at the lIh:RU behold the Sun constantly ns long 118 he is in (northern) six signs Ados, &c. so tho AsullAs as long ns ho is in (tho southern ones) Libra, &0.

liS. At the distance of tho fifteenth

!r"......trial tropic.

part of tho EIIl'th'A circumference (from tho oqnntor) in the rcgious 0(, the God~ or tho AsuRAs (i. o, at tho north or south torro~trial tl'Opic) tho Suu PUMSOS th;'Ongh the ~cl1ith WIJOll ho arrives at tho north or south solstitial point (respectively).

n.tcrminalio.. of the 60. (At placos) between them (i. e.

di ree tion of tho gnomoni. between tho equator lind the tropics]

.".dow ., noon. •

tho gnemomo shadow may be north or

south at noon. Beyond this limit it falls towards the ends of tho ~fJ.:uu (i. e, the north and 8011th poles) in tho northern lind southern hemisphero (reRpooth;ely).

AM_' to Ih. qll •• lion in 70. 'I'he Snu when Bl'rived at tho

lho8rdli'IAlXl, zenith of" BUADH,,{S'WA (or Yllmakoti)

, makes his rising in Bn,,{R,\r.!. (or LAlfu), mid.night in KITU. ,lI.ltLA. (or R,\Jwu) and aeUing in KURU (or SIOOAPURA).

71. In the same manner, (the Sun) rovolving from ('ast III west, (when he re:Chcs tho zenith o'C Ihi.CRA1'.\ OI'·IJANI'.q mukoa the mid-day, rising, mid-nigM a~ ~!'tting in tho VARSIIAS, Hlt.I!_ RATA and others, j. e. llU.{RA'r.I., KIiTUMALI, ,KURU and BIIA. DRAS\VA. respectively).

72. '1'0 ono who is going to tho

end of tile lIhnu (i. o. to the north or south pole feom the eqm~tor) the elevation of tho polar stilI' (north or south) aad the inclination of the starry sphere in. crease (more and moro as he npproachos tho lIhuu:) and to 01113 going towards tho equator the reverse is the CIISO with t11f1

inclination and elevation. ".

An." •• to the question in 73. Tho starry sphero, bound at its

110021111 half of tho 6tIl8'LO' two ~ol!'s (north and KOllth). being

Xl. IIt111l'k wit~~ t1:, jJ.WAIIA winds rovolves constantly: (RO) .10 tho Ol'bi~e plb.nets confined

within it in regullll' order, . J>'"

Answer to tile queslion in 74. (As) on the J']lIrth tho GUlis

Gil, :;'LOK.I.. amI the Asuu.\ij behold tho Sun con.

stnntly above tho horizon throughout half the yen!', alllI men throughout their day, (so) do tho 1'ITRI~ situated on tho upper pa!'t of tho Moon (behold tho SIIU) throughout a fortnigltt.

75. 'l'he orbit of tho upper (of any two planets] i~ grCIIlef than that of the lower: and the degrees of tho greater orbit

(in length) are greater than those of the smuller; .

76. A planet rovolving in II. smaller o!'bit passes the 12 RigllS iu II shorter time and one going in a greater orbit (pI1S~. 1'8 the 12 signs) in a longer time.

77. Therofore the Moon moving in a smaller orbit makes many revolutions while the S!NAISCIIAIIA (slow.moviug i, e. Saturn) going in a greater orbit makes a fow,

A h tion . 78. Every fourtlt oC tile planets

nswer to t e quel III •

tho finl half olillo 6111 (in the order of their orbits mentioned

S'LOU. in S'LOKA 31) reckoning from Saturn is the Hnler of a day (of the woek) in suceessicn (thus, the

Oblique .ph.ro.

86

\

Tran.latioll of I1le •

SUII, who i~ fourth from RBturn, is tho rulor of tIlo 1st dllY; tho Mooq, who is fourth' from tho Sun, is the ruler of the second dllY; Mars, the fourtA from tho Moon, is the ruler of t~o third lillY, an~ so on).

In tho same manner ovory third of tho planets, reckoning from Saturn (i. e. MBrs, Venus, tholfoon,.Jupitcr, &c. suocessively) is tho ruler ef a year (of 360 to~cstrial days).

79. Reckoning from tho Moon, tho plllllets above her (i. o.

Mercury, Vonus, the SUII, &c.) BrC called tho rulers of tho months (of 30 days) successively. And from Sliturn (tho planets situated) uno below tho other (i. o. Jupiter, Mill'S, tho !:iuu, &e.) are aneccsaircly the rulers of tho hours. *

An8WI'r to tho quetllion in 80. Tho Sun's orbit (in YOJ.\NAS to

71h S'LO"', bo smtell ill S'LOKA S6Ul) multiplied by

IiO givcs (tho length of) tho middle circle of the stlll'l, sphere, This circlo of tho stars of so many YOJ.\NAS revolves abovo all (tho planets).

81: Multiply the number of tIm ssid revolutions of the Moon ill a XAf.!'A by tho Moou's orbit (to bo declared ill S·WK.\ 80Ul) : the product is equal to the orbit of heaven (or tho

• circumference of tho middle of the llRAnllxNIlA) : to this ol'bit tho rays of tho Sun reach.

82, 'I'ho very slime (tile orbit of heaven) being divided by the number of rovolutions of 1\ planot in II KAJ.PA gives tho orbit of thllt planet] (1I1Il1 . dhiJing this orbit) by tho number oftorrestrilll tlllys in a. XALPA,

tho quotient is called the dllily motion (in YOJANAS) of a.ll tho plllnots to tho cast.

Of their d.il, motion. in 83, :aIl11tiply this number of YOJA·

nunule. or angUlar Inotions. NAS of tho dllily moticn (of all tho

D.t'MlIiIlRtinn of 1110 Dlmenli.n. of t h. orblte .c 11..' planelo oo.llhoi. d.ily motion ill YOoT.l.lru.

• y, 78 and 70, II is to bo known here·thal tho Ruler of a day (from mid. nighl to Dud.Dighl at L.llru) is tho lame .. that of tho 81'11t houp of Ih. day' and tI.o Rulor of • month or .YClIP i. 1110 limo .. tbat of tbo Jlnt day of th. mODlh or fClIr. D. D.

• 8urva-8id,llllilli".

87

plnnets) by the 1I00n's orbit anddivide tIlO prodnet by tho orbit of tho planct (of which tho tInily motion hi llIil\utc~ is to be known) : tho quotient bring nivitled by I I) gives tho numbel' of minutes of the motion (of that plnnet),

84. 'l'he orbits (of tho plnnets] multiplied by tho Earth's diameter and divided ~y tho circnmferenco of the Ellrth givo the diameters of tho orbits. '!'hesc (dinmetcl'll) diminished by tho Bllrth'~ diameter and divided by 2 give the diij£Bnecs 01' the planets (from tho Earth's centro],

8;;. '1'ho orbit of the Moon is 32,1,000 (VOJANM) and t1lat of the SIGIIROCIIEIU of Mercury, beyund the Moun is 1,!H:l,209.

I:lli. '1'hat of the SIGIIROCmmA of Von us is 2,li(i ~,(j;17 beyond tiwt., that of tho Sun, :Merclll'Y lind Vonus i~ ,~,!j:jl,;;OO.

87. 'l'bat onIars is 8,14G,!I~9 and thnt of tho 1II0uII's apogeo i~ 38,:328,.t8 J"

88. 'fhat of Jupiter is 51,37;),7IH and tlmt'of tllo Moon's ascending node is 80,;;7~,8(j t-

8!1. 'l'hat of Suturn is 127,668,255 und t1mt of tho fixct! still'S is 259,890,012.

011. '!'ho circumference of tho sphere of tho Ih:ATnI.(lIDF:K iu whieh tho Sun's rays spread, is 1871 :W8086·'OOOOOO YuJANA~ ••

End uf the twclth CIIAI'TElt.

CHAl'1'ER XIlI.

0" Ilw coll81'1'lIrlion tf 1110 al'lIIillar!l 81,llcl'c and OtlWI' ([.lroIlO,IIIcal IlIstrllllwllf~.

1 and 2. Now the teacher (of MAYA) being in a secret aIH1 IlOly place bathed, puro and adornod, and having worshipped faithfully tho Sun. tho planets, the astorisms and tho (lUflYAIlAS (8 kind of Demigods) explo.in~d clearly the knowledge which be had from his preceptor (the Sun) through traditional instruction, for the satisfllCtioll DC his pupil (MAYA).

88

TIllUHlillirill of lite •

The con.lruction or lb. :.I aua .~. I,et an utronomer make

anniUu'1 ~~h e ...:. U;o wonllcrful con;truction of the ar.

miliary ~phcro with that of ~IO NUl'th (lit its centre) •

. IIl\ving e[luso~ II WOOdOll terrestrial globe,to bo mooe of any desired sizo with II stnff representing tho MERU pllssing through tho (gloho's) centro Ilud projecting 011 both sides. (Let him fix) two circles (011 tho stan) called tho KDIIJJ:RA UKSII.( or tho 8upportiflg circle (Ilnslvol'ing to tho eolures) lIS 1I1so tho equi, noetinl,

'1110 diurIlai circles of the Ii. Let three circles marked with

12 .igD.. tho number of degrcea in the 12 signs

(or 3GO·) be prepared (to represent tho dim'III11 circles lit tho ends of tho 3 sigus Aries, 'rUllI'US lind Gomini) with radii an. BIVOI'iug to the respective diumul circles in proportion to the

E(luinoctinl. '

6, 7, 8 and S. Lot him fix tho threo circles for Aries and other signs respectively (on the two supporting circles) marked with the degroos of declinations north anJ south, ilL tho end ofrospcctivo declination (north of tho Erlniuuctial) (of the onda of the said signs). 'rho samo (circles) anslVer contrariwise to tho (threo sigll8) Cllncer und others (at tho ends of tho respectivo declinations of tho beginnings of the signs). 111 tho same mnuuer, lot him fix (othor) three circles in tho south. 0l'Il hemisphere, for Lillra aud others (and) cont1'll1-iwise for Capricorn and tho rest. Let him also fix circlos on both the sUPl'orting circles for the principal stars of tho

, IIsterisrus in both hemispheres as also for AnUIJIT (and LyruJ) aad for tho soven gront saints (i. e, the seven stars com. posing tho coastollation of UI'SII major), AOiSTYA (Canopus). BRAlld (Anrig-oD) and othor stllrs. In tho VCl'y middle of nil (theso circlos) is fixod the Equinoctial circle.

Detormination or "10 1 u Bnd 11. Let tho· tll'O solsticcs

plocOli of !be llllig .. in lhe be lIlW'kcd abovo tIle intersection of Iphore. tho Eqllinoctiai and ono of tho two supporting circles (i. e. lit tho distauco of the Sun's greatest

S9

declination from the intersection to the north snd sonth on tho

. . .

~npporting circl~) and tho two equinoxes (at tlie illterscctinll

of the equinoctial and tile othor'llUpporting circle).

Thon from the, equinox at the exact d!'gt'Jles of every sign (i. e. at every 80') the places of Aries and otlll'r signs should be dlltormined by tho transvorso strings (of tho circle),

• 'l'hero is another circle pllssing Irom

solstice to solstice.

12 and 13. ('('his circle) is called tho Ecliptic: in this, tho Sun, enlightening the worlds, a1wa.yS' revolves.

(But) the Moon and other (planets) being attracted from tho ecliptic by their nodes aituated in the ecliptic are seen lit the ends of (their respective) latitudes.

(TI!e point of the ecliptic) ill the

Tho IIoro8Cope. castern horizon is called tho LAON.I.

(the horoscope) and (tho point) just setting is \lullcd tho Asu I .. IONA. (or the setting LAONA) on account of its setting.

1 J.. 'rho poiut of tho ecliptic in

Th. MADHn LAnNA. or. • • •

tho rulmin.ting point of tho tllo middle of the vl81blo heaven (or

rrliplic. in the meridian i, e. tho culminating point of thoooliptic) ItS determined through tho rising periods" uf tho signs ascerteiued fer LANK-' (iu 48th S'LOKA of the 3rll Chapter) is called tho MA.DRYAMA (Lagna).

The .A.lrrr.(. (Supposo a line betwoen the two

intersections of the moridian of a givon place and a given diurnal circle), Tho string (or the portion of that Iino) intercepted between the meridian and' tho horizon (in terms of the radius of a great oircle) is called And.

The Ecliptio.

15. And a portion (of ,he same line) intercepted between (the plano 01') the six o'clock line and ~hat of the horizon (in toms of the radius of a great circle) is, it ia to be known, equal to the sine of the ascensional dift'erence.

The line or the _ion.! dilference.

110

(On the terrestriQl. globe) considering the given place as the higheRt, RlIl'ronncl tho sphere with thli horizon in its middlo (i. e. !loa rliHtRnt from the given place),

Tho ,oIr.l'I'vol,illg Spheric 16. 'rhns having snrrounded the

in.lrumont. . sphere (tho ax.is of which should be

elevated to the height of the pole) by the horizon (mndo as level as water) Bnd covered (in its lower half) by wax cloth, make it rotate by the force of the cnrrent of water for the knowledge of the passage of time.

17. (Or let an astronomcr) make the sphere (n. self-revolv, ing instrnment) by means of mercury,

Tho method (of constrnctillg the revolving instrnment) iN to be kept a secret, as by its dilfusion here it will be known to all (and then there will be no surprise in it).

Thorefore, frl>m tho instruction of the teacher construct tho excellent spheric instrument (so that it may be self. revolving) • (The knowledge of) this, the Bun's method is lost at the ond of every YUGA.

19. It arises again by the 1iIV0llr of somo one (great , astronomer) when be pleases,

So let other solf.rel·olving instruments be fumishod for measuring time.

~O. '1'0 (such) a surprising instrument let (nn astronomer) alone apply his contrivance, (in secret).

Other in.t_ta Cor moa- JJct smart (astronomors) from the

luring time. instruction of their teacher know the

hour (of the day) by the dial instrnments gnomon, staft', semi. circle and circle in various ways.

21. Let also (astronomers) determine the hour exactly by the water-clocks, clepsydra &c., and tbe !l&lld.clocks in the shape of peacock, man or monkey., •

22. (For the self.revolution of the said instruments) apply . the hollow spokes (half filled) with mercury, water, threads, ropes, mixture of oil and water, mercury and sand to them

!I.'he lIorizon. "

91

(i. e. tho instrumoft~), These app~cations are ~ery difficult of

attainment. •

KAf.u.~ Yantra or 01ep. 23.!.'he copper vessel (in \bo oyura. shape of the lower h~f of a water jar) which has a small hole in its bottom and being placed upon clean wuter in a basin ~ink8 exactly 60 times in a nyet.llOme. ron, is eelled the KAPAL.+. YAHTBA.

24. As also that instrnment the Gnomon is vory useful by day whon tho Sun is clear, and aa oxcellent means of ascertaining time by taking its jjhadows,

Til. Gnomon,

25. Having known oxu.ctly the science of the planets and sturs and the spheric, mnu attains (his residence at) tho spheres of the planets (Moon &0,) and beco~es eoquaiuted with tho spiritual knowledge by his regeneration, attains to sphituai knowledge in a subsequent birth,

Conclnaioll.

End of tho thirteenth Chaptol' called J rAU'flSllOl',\)I1S1!.lT,

CllAP'fER XIV.

0" killlls of ti1110.

1. Thore aTO nine ?trAnS (kindb v.

N amber or kinds or time.

time), the BdH)[A (that of BlIARX.(),

the DIVYA (that of the Gods), the PITRYA, the PIW.(PATYA, 88 also that of Jupiter, tho Solar, tho Terreatrial, the Lunar and the Siderial.

ThnwlAII which .. ""oed 2. Tho four xAliAS the solar, tho

bere, lunar, the sidoreal and tho terrlllltrieJ.

are (always) in uso in this world: tho .AIIA of Jupitcr is (used.

N 2

!I'I

...

hero) Cor knowiug the 00 S~IIVATS,UWl,* anc\ tho o~hor )lANA!! aro not alwllYs' (used).

-ale of IhOlola. II~NA. 3 ." The lengths of the day and

• night, the SBA\lAS;!TI.JlUKHAS, t tho

solstitial IIl1d eqninoctial times, and the holy time oC SAN. KII{IHI (i. e. the time oC tho en~ranco of ~he Sun into a sign at which a good action brings good desert to tho performer) are determined by tho solar NANA.

4. }]vory eighty.sixth (solart) dlw

Th. BIIA,U'iTi M:UEHA. ,

reckoned from the timo of TULADl

(i. e, from tho time at whioh the Sun enters ~he Jign Libra) is called SH~AB'{TI.KUKKA in succession. Those fOUL' days lie (in the four solar months) when the Sun is in the four signs of two natures (i. e, Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces).

TI, ... are (011. BR19U'ITi o. (The first SB~A8·iTI.xVJ[HA hap.

MUIWD 10 a 100••• pens when tho Sun is) at the 26th de.

gree of Sagittarius, (the second) at the 2~nd degroe of Piscos, (the thu'd) at the 18th degree of Gemini and (tho fourth) at 14th degreo of Virgo.

6. Then (after the fourth SIIAlIA8·{TI.HUKH,\) tho remaining

, 16 solar days of tho solar month at which the Sun is in Virgo, are equal to a BllCrifice (i. e. good actions porformed in these days givo groat morit equlIl to tlmt of a BllCrifiCC) and in theso days a gift given in honour of deceased ancestors is imperishabie (i. e. tho gift. gives infinite merit).

Fou. common point. or 7. In tho middle of tho starry

, Ih. eeliptio. sphore, the two equinoxes nrc diame.

trically opposed, 80 are the two solstices (in the ecliptic) j theee four points (of the ecliptic) are vory common.

It. olbel' point.. 8. Again, botween every two con.

~I'Mltive points (of them) two SANKRAN.

'. &l5lh B'wn or 11,. a .. 1 Chapter. II. D.

t:!Ii. wOld will be uplained in II,. following 8'r.oJ:A. B. D.

: :&1 a .oIa. dl1 i. b.ro mean\ the time ill whicb the SlID mo... one depoe of the Roliplw. B. D.

03

TI8 or tho beginniQgs of the signs are situated i,\ tho ocliptic : (And of tho twelvo points of the ecliptic, just mentiooed), tho points which are next to the (rour common) points (i. e, tho beginnings of the Conr signs Tanrlls, Leo, Scerpio and Aquarius) llro called the VISJI~U-PADf.

Two balm of 8 troplaal • 9. From (the timo of) tho Sun's year. ontrance into Capricorn tho six solar months are the UrTAR.(YA~A (tho northing of the Run'): in tho same manner from the t'me of the cntranco of tho Sun into Cancer, the six solar. months aro tho DAKSHI\j'irANA (tho southing or the Snn).

Too 1ICII8Olll, months and 10. From that time (i. e, tho

year. winter solstice) the periods, iu each of

which tho Sun remains iu tho li,IVO signs are tho seeaons S'JSIR!. (tho very oold season) &0.* lind tho twelvo periods in which the Snn romains in the 12 signs Aries, &c.,'· are the solar months and a year is equal to the aggregato of those months.

Tho holy time of BAli" 11. 'I.'be number of minutes con.

KaAN!I. mined in the SllD'S disc multiplied by

60 and divided by (his) daily motion (givos a certain number of , OIlATIK.CS.) Hlllf these GHATIKAS, before as well as afl;cr tho SANKR.(NTI (or tho time of the Sun's passllgo from one sign

into IInother) is IlOly. -I

12. 'l'be time 'in which tile Moon, being sep0,1'IIte from the Sun (after 0. eonjllllotion), movos daily to the east is tho lunar XA:iA. Tho time in which tho 1I100n describes 12 degrees (froiD tho Sun) is a lunar day.

The lulI81' x111A.

13. The 'I'ITlll (lunar day), tho KARA~A (half oCa TITHI), the time of marriage, shaving and all other acts, B8 also (the timl's .of)

UIIO of t4e )unarJdIlA.

• A. 80Jar Joar i. di,idod into aIx IIOIIlOno, ,iI, Th. S'II'ILl (Ih. ,try cold l8loon), tho V.UIIU (th. Sprillg), lib! GaIBn •• (Iho hot .... 011) tho V.lBlDA (tho .. illy ...... ,,), th. S'UAT (the A.utumn) IDd the np.lft.l (tho cold .... 00). B.D.

religious acts \If obligations, fasts and pilgrilpges are regulated by the lUBar KANA.

_ ..

!rho lI.blA or l'ITDII.

14: A lunar month which consists

of 30 lunar days, .is, as mentioned before, a dBY and night of the Pm. us. The end of a (lunar) month and that of the light half of tba~ month take place in tho middle of them (the day aud night of the PITI,J.IS) respectively. •

Tho siderealllAn.

15. A dBify revolution of the starry sphere is called a sidereal day.

The lunar months are named from

Naming or Iho lunar monlh ..

tho NAKSHA'rltAS* (or astel'isms) which take place (or in which the Moon is) on tho 15th day of theso months.t

16. On tho 15th dlly of (each of the lunar months) K.(STIJ:.l and others, (either of every) couple of the NAKSIIATRAS reokoned from K\UTTIKA takes place successively, (DlIt on the 15th day of enelr of) the three months such as the ll\St (i. e . .Ks'WINA) and that coming before the last (i. e. DHADRAPADA) and the fifth (i. e. PU.(LOU\iA) one of three NAKSlfATRAS takes place.~

17. (As the lunar months are named KABTIKA &0. from the union of thoir 15th day with tho NUSIIATKAS KJ,l.ITTIK.(, &c. so) tho years of JlJpitor ara called KARTIKA, &0. from tho union of tho 15th day of tho dark half of the months VAIS'AKUA, &0. {with the NAK-

• Th. N.ualluTBAI aro round in tho 6ilh S'LOU or Ih. 2nd Chlpter. B. D. t '.l'h. nral lun •• month i. nlm.<1 CIUITB~ from the NU8BATBA CBITB •• fl,. 2nd VAI8' A'KHA', from VIS'A'XB.' lb. 8m JUSIITU •• from JDIIBTBA. Iho 4tb '''BAVU. from PUBVA'8'HA'~UA·.lh. 5th I!'BAOVa,,!. from II'BAn"A. the 6IbBIIA'· DBArADA from PflB .. 'BUA'oRU'AD ,', tho 71h &B'WIBA from AlI'WIII~ tb. 81h XA'aTIIU from X,UTTJU, IIw Olh MA'ao.8'fHBUA rrom U,fo£s'fBlUA, Ih. 10th PAI10U., from P178BYl. Ih.lIth MA'OUA from AlAOUA' Ind lho 11111. PBA'LGI1I1A from PUIIT.I.·.BAI.ol1l1f. B. D.

: 00 tho IGlh day of tho lunar month XA'ann, the N .. II:BUATBA X,lTTtKA

o. Row!'f take.!'I ... ; of ~{ABOA.'fR8RA. MvoA or "BDB.', of PAI1IUA, Pl7li'A .. VAII1 or l'VIUVA; of MAGUA. &a'!.ZIIlA 0' J(AOUA'. or PUALOI1IU., PUBVA.ro· 01111'1 or UTTABArBALG17l1f or HAlTA, of C8AI1'II.I.', CuITB! or SWA'n; of V.UB'",lfA, VI.'A'KRA' or AlluaA'DuA'; or lrBllIlTUA,IYI8BTIU.' or lULAI of "BUADHA, P6a"",8BA"U' or UTTABA'lltAqUA; of IiBAVAlfA.IiBAYAIt'A or DUA' IIJIJlTUAI or BBA'DII.\l'ADA, S'ATATA'.A. PUBU'BIIA'DBAl'AlI&' or UTtilIA'BBA·· DRArAilAI and of J(a'wmA. Rav ATf .b'willf or BIIAIU!t'f. B. 1>.

Yoa .. of Jupiter.