Pneumatic Conveying Systems..

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PN EU M A TIC C O N VEYIN G SYSTEM S
A pneum atic conveying system is a process by w hich bulk m aterials of alm ost any type
are transferred or injected using a gas flow as the conveying m edium from one or m ore
sources to one or m ore destinations.A ir is the m ostcom m only used gas,butm ay notbe
selected for use w ith reactive m aterials and/or w here there is a threatofdustexplosions.
A w elldesigned pneum atic conveying system is often a m ore practicaland econom ical
m ethod oftransporting m aterials from one pointto another than alternative m echanical
system s (belt conveyors, screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, drag conveyors and
other m ethodologies) because ofthree key reasons:
1. First,pneum atic system s are relatively econom icalto installand operate
2. S econd, pneum atic system s are totally enclosed and if required can operate entirely
w ithoutm oving parts com ing into contactw ith the conveyed m aterial.B eing enclosed
these are relatively clean, m ore environm entally acceptable and sim ple to m aintain
3. Third,they are flexible in term s ofrerouting and expansion.A pneum atic system can
convey a productatany place a pipe line can run.
P neum atic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine pow ders to pellets and
bulk densities of16 to 3200 kg/3m (1 to 200 lb/f3t).A s a generalrule,pneum atic
conveying w illw ork for particles up to 2 inches in diam eter @ typicaldensity.B y "typical
density" w e m ean thata 2 inch particle ofa polym er resin can be m oved via pneum atic
conveying,buta 2 inch lead ballw ould not.
Types of Pneum atic C onveying
There are severalm ethods oftransporting m aterials using pneum atic conveying.In
general,they seem to fallinto three m ain categories:dilute phase,dense phase,and air
conveying.
1. D ilute-phase conveying is the process ofpushing or pulling air-suspended m aterials

from one location to another by m aintaining a sufficientairstream velocity.D ilute
phase conveying is essentially a continuous process,characterized by high velocity,
low pressure and low productto air ratio.
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2. D ense-phase conveying relies on a pulse ofair to force a slug ofm aterialfrom one
location to another.D ense-phase system is essentially a batch process,
characterized by low velocity,high pressure and high productto air ratio unlike dilute
phase w hich is a low productto air ratio.
3. A ir-activated gravity conveying is a m eans ofm oving productalong a conveyor on a

cushion ofair.
This course outlines the distinguishing characteristics ofdense and dilute phase
transport.The design ofdilute phase system s is dealtw ith in detailand the approach to
design ofdense phase system s is sum m arized.
D ILU TE-PH A SE C O N VEYIN G
D ilute phase conveying is the m ostcom m on used m ethod oftransporting m aterials.
This process uses a relatively large am ountofair to convey a relatively sm allam ountof
m aterialand atlow er pressures than dense phase system s.The m aterialis transported
athigh velocities through the system w hile being suspended in air.
Itis often referred to as suspension flow because the particles are held in suspension in
the air as they are blow n or sucked through the pipeline.To keep the m aterialin
suspension,itis necessary to m aintain a m inim um conveying air velocity that,for m ost
m aterials,is ofthe order of2500 – 6000 fpm .
D ilute-Phase - (Suspension Flow )
D ilute phase system is characterized by:
• H igh velocity conveying @ 3,200 to 8,000 feetper m inute
• O perating pressures in range of5-12 P S IG (positive) or negative pressures of4-

12” H g
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• H igh air to solids loading ratios (> 2.0)
There is virtually no lim itto the range ofm aterials thatcan be conveyed w ith dilute –
phase system .P roducts com m only conveyed in dilute phase system s include flour,
resins,specialty chem icals,ground feeds,and granular and palletized products.O fthe
various types ofpneum atic system s,a dilute phase system w illgenerally be low estin
capitalcost.
Lim itations
A relatively high air volum e and velocity is required:so pow er requirem ents are also
high.H igher air velocities w illhave the follow ing other disadvantages:
1. The w ear caused by the producton the pipe is considerably higher therefore this
process is N O T suitable for m aterials w hich are susceptible to degradation and/or
are abrasive in nature.
2. The products can getdeform ed or crushed therefore this process is N O T

recom m ended for friable products.
TYPES O F D ILU TE – PH A SE SYSTEM S
The dilute-phase system can be designed in three w ays:
1. P ositive pressure system
2. N egative pressure or vacuum system
3. C om bination ofpositive – negative system
Positive pressure – D ilute phase
P ositive pressure system s operate above atm ospheric pressure and are used to convey
bulk m aterials from a single or m ultiple sources to one or m ultiple destinations,over
m edium distances and w ith greater capacity than possible using vacuum system s.A
typicalpositive pressure dilute phase system w illconsistofa rotary valve;pipe-w ork
w hich w ould include long radius reinforced bends;a filter receiver or cyclone/filter
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arrangem ent;and positive displacem ent(roots type) air blow ers.The schem atic below
show s a typicalarrangem entofthe com ponents ofpositive pressure system s:
D ilute phase transport positive pressure system
The productenters the convey line,w hich is ata higher pressure,via a specialfeeding
device,usually a rotary valve airlock,or a venturi.The productis frequently suspended
in the airflow ,m oving atrelatively high velocities depending on the particle sizes and
densities.The suspended m aterial-air stream is separated atterm inalpointby m eans of
a filter receiver/cyclone separator,or fed directly into process vessels thatare vented to
dow nstream dustcollection devices.
In this type ofsystem ,the m aterialdoes notgo through the fan/blow er.There are tw o
advantages to this.First,the fan w heeldoes notdam age the m aterial.S econd,the fan
does notexperience any w ear and tear from the m aterial.These system s generally
operate on a continuous basis - productis constantly supplied atthe starting point,and
arriving atthe destination w ithoutinterruption.This allow s this type ofsystem to be
easily adapted for dosing and continuous w eighing applications.
A pplications
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D ilute phase pressure conveying is particularly suitable for system s w hich convey
m aterials atlow to m oderate capacities over m edium distances,from single or m ultiple
sources to single or m ultiple destinations.These system s are versatile and adaptable for
differentm aterials and the low operating pressures allow low er costpipelines and
fittings.C em ent,fly ash,food item s,resins and dry chem icals are exam ples ofproducts
thatcan be conveyed successfully using this m ethod.
TypicalS pecifications
C onvey R ates: Low to H igh,typically from <1 to 50 tons/hr
C onvey V elocities: Typically 3200 – 8000 fpm
C onvey D istances: U p to 600 ftor longer
A ir M over: P ositive displacem ent(roots Type) blow er,or fan
O perating P ressure: U p to 14.7 psig
A ir/M aterialR atios: > 2.0
N egative pressure conveying system s are those thatoperate w ith air pressures below
atm ospheric pressure.
N egative pressure (vacuum ) is generally used to convey m aterialfrom m ultiple sources

such as storage vessels,process equipm ent,trucks and railcars,to individualor
m ultiple destinations.V acuum system s are excellentfor m ultiple productinlets through
the use ofsim ple diverter valves;how ever,itbecom es costly to have m ultiple
destinations because each m usthave its ow n filter receiver w ith partialvacuum
capability.
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D ilute phase transport: negative pressure system
N egative pressure system s generally use positive displacem ent(roots type) exhausters
providing up to 50% vacuum to convey m aterials through a pipeline to the destination
w here the air and productare separated ata receiving vesselw ith a filter,or a cyclone.
The productenters the convey line directly,or ifm etering is required,via a special
feeding device such as a rotary valve or screw feeder.The conveyed productis
discharged from the receiving vesseleither on a continuous basis by a rotary airlock or
interm ittently by valves to surge hoppers,storage vessels or other discharge points.
In vacuum conveying,no m oving parts contactthe m aterials and no dustcan escape

into the atm osphere.B ecause ofthis superior leak containm ent,they are often specified
on the basis ofcleanliness,particularly w hen handling hazardous m aterials.
The draw back ofthis system is thatifthe loading is high or the length ofthe system is
large,the com ponents m ustbe designed for high vacuum .This adds costto the
com ponents and m ustbe considered w hen com paring m ethods oftransport.
A pplications
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Pneumatic Conveying Systems_Good http://www.scribd.com/doc/27237505/Pneumatic-Conveying-Systems...

PN EU M A TIC C O N VEYIN G SYSTEM S

1. First,pneum atic system s are relatively econom icalto installand operate

Types of Pneum atic C onveying

1. D ilute-phase conveying is the process ofpushing or pulling air-suspended m aterials

3. A ir-activated gravity conveying is a m eans ofm oving productalong a conveyor on a

D ILU TE-PH A SE C O N VEYIN G

D ilute phase conveying is the m ostcom m on used m ethod oftransporting m aterials.

D ilute-Phase - (Suspension Flow )

D ilute phase system is characterized by:

• H igh velocity conveying @ 3,200 to 8,000 feetper m inute

• O perating pressures in range of5-12 P S IG (positive) or negative pressures of4-

• H igh air to solids loading ratios (> 2.0)

2. The products can getdeform ed or crushed therefore this process is N O T

TYPES O F D ILU TE – PH A SE SYSTEM S

The dilute-phase system can be designed in three w ays:

1. P ositive pressure system

2. N egative pressure or vacuum system

3. C om bination ofpositive – negative system

Positive pressure – D ilute phase

D ilute phase transport positive pressure system

C onvey R ates: Low to H igh,typically from <1 to 50 tons/hr

C onvey V elocities: Typically 3200 – 8000 fpm

C onvey D istances: U p to 600 ftor longer

A ir M over: P ositive displacem ent(roots Type) blow er,or fan

O perating P ressure: U p to 14.7 psig

A ir/M aterialR atios: > 2.0

N egative pressure (vacuum ) is generally used to convey m aterialfrom m ultiple sources

D ilute phase transport: negative pressure system

In vacuum conveying,no m oving parts contactthe m aterials and no dustcan escape

Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport Document

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pipe stainless steel

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Leo Simbolon left a comment

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pipe stainless steel

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