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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CEWB 221 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 1


LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 5.1 and 5.2
INDIVIDUAL PIPE CHARACTERISTICS and PIPE NETWORK IN PARALLEL

GROUP MEMBERS :

1. Zulfadhli Bin Jamil (CE083465)


2. Zulfadhli Bin Zahudin (CE083466)
3. Syed Mohd. Shafik Bin Syed Abas (CE083457)
4. Wan Imran Hasif Bin Wan Zahran (CE083463)
5. Mohd. Fakhran Bin Rusli (CE084320)
6. Arif Razwan Bin Aziz (CE083423)

SECTION : 03
GROUP NO : 02

DATE OF LABORATORY SESSION: 23.12.2010


DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION : 30.12.2010

LAB DEMONSTRATOR : Mehdi Heyrani

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO CONTENT PAGE (5.1 /


5.2)
1 SUMMARY 3
2 OBJECTIVE 6 / 10
3 THEORY 6 / 10
4 APPARATUS 6 / 10
5 PROCEDURE 6 / 10
6. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS 7 / 11
7 RESULTS 8-9 / 12
8 DISCUSSION 13
9 CONCLUSIONS 14
10 REFERENCES 15
11 APPENDICES 16

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3
SUMMARY
For this experiment we want to determine the head loss versus
discharge characteristics for each of the three different diameter test pipes
supplied as network components the characteristics of pipe network
consisting of four pipes of various sizes in parallel.In experiment 5.1,9.4mm
diameter test pipe was set up,then the hydaulic bench pump was switch on
and and the flow control valve was opened gradually tyo control the amount
flow of water.We recorded the head loss across the pipe due to the
appropriate manometer.Then we measuring the hydaulic bench tank with
using a stopwatch to determine the volumetric flow.While in experiment
5.2,the hydraulic bench pump swith on and open the flow control valve
gradually by opening all the valve.

The graph above shows that the smaller diameter gives greater increments
total head loss compared to the largest diameter pipe this due to friction
force compare to the larger diameter pipe.

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EQUIPMENT / DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS

General Description:

HB 100 Hydraulics Bench is an apparatus specifically used for water


supply and flow measurement.

The bench comprises of upper and lower fiber glass moldings


designed for durability and freedom from maintenance. The lower molding
incorporates a water storage sump tank from which a self-priming
centrifugal pump delivers water to the system under examination. The
upper molding incorporates a volumetric measuring tank which is steeped to
allow the measurement of both high and low flow rates, the water level
being indicated by a remote sight tube and scale on the bench front. A valve
in the base of the measuring tank returns the measured water to the sump
tank for recycling.

Air in the manometer connecting tubes is automatically bled from vent


valve used to shut off the manometer. The interchangeable length of pipe
and interconnecting fittings are stored on a board attached to the back of
the bench.

The bench can be slipped under a metal supporting frame for the pipe
networks and for the inlet manifold which is common to any selected
system. Five pipe lengths in three diameters are supplied; and a wide range
of series, parallel and mixed configurations is possible using the
interconnecting fittings, also supplied. Fittings are readily assembled with
screwed coupling sealed with O-ring. Pressure differences between points in
the systems are measured with manometers; water for the lower differences

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and mercury for the higher. Needle valves with quick coupling connection
are use for pressure tapping points to which connection is made via probes
and flexible tubes.

Technical Specifications:

Test pipes
1 of 15.4 mm I/D
1 of 13.4 mm I/D
2 of 9.4 mm I/D
Common length = 110 cm
Pump
Centrifugal pump, 0.75 HP, 2850 rpm
Volumetric range
0-10 liters low level in gauge
0-45 liters high level in gauge
Manometers
970 mm water manometer
Manometer connections
Remote probes with air bleed via vented needle valve
Mainfolds
Various with needle valve pressure tapings where applicable

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5.1- Individual Pipe Characteristics

OBJECTIVE
To determine the head loss versus discharge characteristics for each of the
three different diameter test pipes supplied as network components
THEORY
Any pipeline of diameter (D) and length (L) carrying flow rate (Q) within a
network will have a head loss along its length (H1 – H2). This head loss is
largely the result of pipe friction and :

Friction head loss = k1

Other losses arise from junctions, bends, valves or sudden change of pipe
section are considered small and are not taken into account in this study.
These losses will account for the difference between actual and calculated
values for friction loss and flow rates in succeeding experiments.

APPARATUS
1. Hydraulic bench pump

2. 9.4 mm diameter pipe

3. 13.4 mm diameter pipe

4. 15.4 mm diameter pipe

PROCEDURE
1. The equipment as shown in the schematic diagram using the 9.4 mm
diameter test pipe was set up.

2. The hydraulic bench pump was switched on and the flow control valve
was opened to allow a nominal flow through the pipe.

3. The head loss across the pipe on the appropriate manometer scale
was recorded.

4. The volumetric flow rate was determined using the hydraulic bench
measuring tank and a stopwatch.

5. This procedure was repeated for a range on increasing flow rates.

6. Once completed, the test pipe was replaced with each of the
remaining pipes in turn and whole procedure was repeated as above.

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7. The table of results was then used to plot a set of curves representing
the total head loss versus volumetric flow rate characteristics for each
test pipe arrangement.

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DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

5.1 Individual Pipe Characteristics:

Pipe Test No. H1-2 Volume Time Qin


diameter (mm) (L) (sec) (L/min)
(mm)
9.4 1 3.8 2 67.80 1.76
2 6.1 2 52.90 2.27
3 12.6 2 35.51 3.38
4 22.7 2 25.05 4.79
13.4 1 11.4 2 19.82 6.06
2 22.8 2 13.47 8.91
3 47.7 2 8.39 14.30
4 54.5 2 6.58 18.24
15.4 1 1.8 2 43.59 2.75
2 5.7 2 21.14 5.68
3 11.5 2 17.05 7.04
4 22.0 2 10.53 11.40

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ANALYSIS / RESULTS

The graph below was obtained from the tabulated data in data and
observation segment. Using the data obtained, a set of curves representing
the total head loss versus volumetric flow rate was also plotted as below:

Sample Calculations:

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We take the calculations of test no. 2 of the 9.4 mm diameter pipe as
an example;

Given from observation, H1 = 48.5 mm and H2 = 42.4 mm, hence H1-2 = | H1 -


H2 |

= | 48.5 – 42.4 |

= 6.1 mm

Required volume of water = 2 L

Time taken = 52.9 sec.


(The time recorded is in unit second. Thus we must convert it into minute.)
Hence, time = (52.9 sec / 60 sec) x 1 min = 0.882 min
Flow rate, Qin = Volume/Time
= 2 / 0.882
= 2.27 L/min

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5.2- Pipe Network In Parallel

OBJECTIVE
To determine the characteristics of a pipe network consisting of four pipes of
various sizes in parallel.

THEORY
In a pipe network consisting of four pipes of various diameters (D1 D2 D3
D4) and lengths (L1 L2 L3 L4) in parallel with each other, the pressure in the
common junction manifolds must be the same for all four pipes. The total
flow (QT) therefore distributes itself between the four branch pipes in
accordance with the controlling end pressures and :

QT = Q1 +Q2 + Q3 + Q4
Initial values of variables to be used:
D1 = 9.4 mm dia, D2 = 13.4 mm dia, D3 = 15.4 mm dia, D4 = 9.4 mm dia

APPARATUS
1. Hydraulic bench pump

2. 9.4 mm diameter pipe

3. 13.4 mm diameter pipe

4. 15.4 mm diameter pipe

PROCEDURE
1. The equipment as shown in the schematic diagram was connected.

2. The hydraulic bench pump was switched on and the flow control valve
was opened to allow a nominal flow through the pipe.

3. The head loss across the pipe on the appropriate manometer scale
was recorded.

4. The volumetric flow rate was determined using the hydraulic bench
measuring tank and a stopwatch.

5. This procedure was repeated for a range on increasing flow rates..

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DATA & OBSERVATIONS

5.2 Pipe Network In Parallel:

RESULTS CALCULATIONS
Test H1-2 Volum Time Qin Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 ΣQ
No e (L/min (L/min (L/min (L/min (L/min (L/min
(mm (sec) ) ) ) ) ) )
) (L)
1 3.7 2 13.6 8.81 1.4 2.8 4.3 1.4 9.9
2
2 7.5 2 10.0 11.92 2.5 4.6 6.9 2.5 16.5
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3 13.0 2 8.75 13.71 3.4 6.5 9.1 3.4 22.4
4 22.0 2 4.15 28.92 4.7 8.9 11.4 4.7 29.1
5 32.5 2 3.39 35.40 6.0 11.3 13.5 6.0 42.8

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ANALYSIS / RESULTS

Sample calculations:

The calculation is almost similar to the method used in Experiment 5.1.


Hence using the test no. 1 as an example,

H1-2 = 3.7mm

Flow rate Qin = Actual flow rate


= Volume / Time
= 2 / (13.62/60)
= 8.811 L/min

The values of Q1, Q2 , Q3 & Q4 were obtained from the graph in Experiment
5.1
Where Σ Q = total flow, QT
= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4

For the 10mm reading,


QT = 9.9 mm

* There is a difference between the values of Qin & QT. This was due to some
errors committed during the conducting of this experiment which will be
discussed in a more detailed manner in the Discussions section.

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DISCUSSIONS

Based on the data obtained from the experiment and the calculations
made afterwards, it can be noted that they were inaccuracies. As in all
practical experiments, errors are unavoidable which can be observed in the
first part of the experiment, 5.1, as we were to produce a set of curves
depicting total head loss against volumetric flow rate for four pipes, two with
the same diameter, the other two having different diameters as explained
before. Following the procedure by the book, the experiment was conducted
thoroughly and several types of readings were recorded as data and were
subsequently used to plot a graph, refer to analysis, and the resultant graph
produced had sets of curves that are not easy to analyse, thus, increasing
the chances of inaccuracies to occur when consulting the graph for
subsequent readings and calculations. For example, the values of Q1 to Q4
are taken directly from the graph which means inaccuracies in the graph
itself would obviously carry on to the values of Q1 to Q4. In the same manner,
the value of QT which is the total summation of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
Seeing how inaccuracies early on will affect later proceedings, it is
important that steps are taken to eliminate or lessen the errors possible in
any experiment. For this particular experiment, errors can be deducted to
have originated from both equipment condition and also faults by the
observers conducting the experiment. Steps that can be taken are to ensure
that the equipment used is in perfect working conditions. Maintenance if
necessary, must be conducted regularly as directed and specified by the
manufacturer of said equipment. Failure of the equipment mid experiment
will without doubt affect the results or cause the experiment to be conducted
again or rescheduled entirely. Instead of that, as this experiment requires
observers to take measurements, it must be ensured that proper procedures
are followed in taking said measurements. This is to avoid errors such as
parallax errors. To increase accuracy, several readings of the same
measurement can be taken and an average calculated based on them. Also,
having more than one person taking the readings so that the observed
reading would not be solely conditional to one person, reducing the risk of
parallax error much more by having a second or third opinion from different
pairs of eyes.

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CONCLUSION

Although the experiment was not free of error, in the whole it can be
said that the objectives of the experiment has been met. The head loss and
discharge characteristics for each of the three different diameter test pipes
supplied as network components has been observed and determined in its
most accurate form based on the data we had collected and also the
calculations made.
Based on the results of the experiment, it can be noted that a pipeline
will have head loss along its head when water flows through due to the
friction loss in said pipe. This can be seen by the difference between Qin and
QT in which the former is greater than the latter or in other words the actual
flow rate is greater than the total discharge at the end of the pipe, showing
that friction had occurred along the pipe which contributes to this difference
between the two. If we examine the graph plotting total head loss against
volumetric flow rate, it can be seen as the volumetric flow rate increases, the
total head loss also increases. However the rate in which it increases
depends on the diameter of the pipe, the smaller diameter gives greater
increments compared to the largest diameter pipe, ergo, dictating that
smaller diameter pipes attributes to a greater friction loss compared to the
large diameter pipes.

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REFERENCES

1) Hydraulic Notes for Hydrology & Hydraulic Engineering I – CEWB223/


CEWB314 by Dr. Ir Lariyah, Mohd. Sidek, Pn. Norazli Othman, Ir
Marlinda Abdul Malek, Cik Faizah Che Ros, and Pn Zetyizwana
Zalaluddin
2) CEWB 221 Hydrology & Hydraulic Engineering I Laboratory Manual by
Mehdi Heyrani, with the assistance from: Mohd Fatah, Abdul Halim, Siti
Rohani Abdul Hamid

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