THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II

SPECIAL THANKS TO:

NUR NUHA MOHD NAZERI

NOR FARAHIN BAKHTAR

The innermost layer is the mucosa. So, here, you have the mucosa which is composed of epithelium and
the underlying lamina propria. So, this layer here is the mucosa. You have the epithelium, lamina propria
and muscularis mucosae. Then, the 2nd layer is submucosa which is here.(refer to slide 3-Digestive 2)

And then, you have the muscularis (not sure) mucosae and the serosa which is covering mesothelium.
Now, both mucosa and submucosa fold forming the plicae circulares. This fold is plicae circulares,
another one and this is the third one. Plicae circulares are basically developed in jejunum. This is the
image of section from jejunum. (refer to slide 4-Digestive 2). If you look at each of these folds, is a plicae
circulares. Each plicae circulares are lined by finger-like projection called villi.

So, each of these projections, this is a villus, this is another one, and this is the 3 rd one. Again, remember
that plicae circulares are coated by mucosa and submucosa. If you look at the epithelium lining the
villus, you will find simple columnar epithelium composed of absorptive cells and goblet cells. These
bubble-like (not sure) cells are the goblet cells (refer to slide 6-Digestive 2).

Here is an electron micrograph of 1 of those absorptive cells called the enterocytes. So, the absorptive
cells in small intestine are called enterocytes. Ultrastructurally, they have those apical surface
modification which we are familiar with, called microvilli. You already know that microvilli increase the
surface area for absorption (refer to slide 7)

The epithelium lining of the small intestine invaginate into the underlying lamina propria forming
intestinal crypts or intestinal gland. So, this area here, and this one here, as well as the other similar one,
are intestinal crypts called Crypts of Lieberkuhn .

Now, remember, we said that the epithelium lining of the small intestine consists of goblet cells and
absorptive cell, enterocytes. Now, the epithelium lining of those crypts of Lieberkuhn diffuse with this
cell in addition to other cells. For example, you have the thin cells for the interior epithelial lining versus
in the intestinal gland/crypts of Lieberkuhn. Of course, in addition to other cells such as the Paneth cells
which I would show you in just few minutes and enteroendocrine cells.

So, this image here on the left (refer to slide 7) is of a section from small intestine . You can see 2 types
of cells:
 1) Apical (not sure) of enterocyte. Tall columnar cell with opening nuclei
2) Goblet cell, mucus-secreting cell

Using periodic acid shaft, which is unique to lipoprotein or carbohydrate, you can see high intensity in
goblet cell here as well as, this brush border here. This brush border is composed of glycoprotein called
glycocalyx.

Here, you can see those small spherical or round nuclei, those are of intraepithelial lymphocytes for
immune response. Again, this is an image of higher magnification where the brush border has striated
appearance caused by microvilli.

Ultrastructurally, in electron micrograph, reveals the striated border that is caused by those microvilli at
the apical surface of enterocytes. Again, this is one of the invagination of epithelial lining of small
intestine forming the gland (intestinal gland/crypts of Lieberkuhn).

At the basal of those crypts such as this crypt here, this is a Paneth cell. Paneth cell has specific granules
in its apical cytoplasm and secrete many peptides as enzymes called defensins which are important in
innate immunity and regulating microenvironment for the intestinal crypt, preventing those intestinal
flora from becoming concentrated in the intestinal crypt.

Here is an electron micrograph of one of the Paneth cell (refer slide 8). You can see those secretory
granules here, in which protein cores are surrounded by halos of polysaccharide-rich material. These
secretory granules are unique to Paneth cell. You can see the abundance or numerous number of
endoplasmic reticulum.

(Refer to slide 9) Then, enteroendocrine cells. There are 2 types of enteroendocrine cell:

1) Closed type- the apex of the cell is covered by neighboring epithelial cell.
2) Open type- the apex of the cell is not covered by neighboring epithelial cell but contact lumen
and have those short irregular microvilli

Now, if you remember the lymphoid nodules, the oval structures are called lymphoid nodules. In the
ileum, they are attached from the ileum, and called Peyer’s patches. The epithelium overlying lymphoid
nodule is specialized and consist of stress fold end or microfilm (this sentence is nonsense, I can’t hear
clearly what Dr said. Do check it in the book) this is an appearance drawing of epithelial lining of ileum of
the small intestine and here you have the M cell.

If you look at the M cell, in this lining here, you can see the basal plasma membrane invaginate forming
a pocket. This pocket contains intraepithelial lymphocytes because you can tell that this is a lymphocyte
because of the large portion nucleus (refer to slide 10).

If you look at the basal membrane underlying or basal lamina underlying the M cell, you can tell that it is
porous, facilitating the transport of cells between the pocket of the M cell and the lamina propria. If you
think of the function of the M cell, you will find that it acts as a sampling or collection station where
materials in the lumen of the gut are transferred to the lamina propria where immune cells of mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue are present.

We are done now with the epithelium lining of the small intestine where the villi and the crypts of
Lieberkuhn or the intestinal gland. The next portion or component of the mucosa is the lamina propria.
Lamina propria penetrates the core of the villus. Here is the villus or the epithelial lining of the villus, the
core of the villus is occupied by the lamina propria and you already know that the lamina propria is rich
with microvasculature (capillary networks) and lymphatic vessels/capillaries.

This lymphatic capillaries in the core of villus are called lacteals. Remember that, there are smooth
muscle cells in the lamina propria in the core of the villi. So, again, here you have the villus (not sure)
with its epithelial covering , simple columnar epithelium and therefore, it’s composed of lamina propria
consisting of connective tissue with microvasculature as well as this lacteal which is the lymphatic
capillary.

Don’t forget there is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa, so, there are 3 components of the mucosa:

1) Epithelial lining
2) Lamina propria
3) Muscularis mucosa which consists of thin layer of smooth muscle cells or fibres.

Underlying the mucosa, you have the submucosa. so, here, you have thin section from endocrine
segment of the small intestine . the one on the left is from the duodenum. if you look at submucosa,
again, you have the mucosa here, you have epithelium, lamina propria and then, muscularis mucosae.
Beneath or under the muscularis mucosae, you have the submucosa, the layer below the mucosa.

This section is from the upper duodenum, in the submucosa, you can see like, extensive or large cluster
of those tubular glands called duodenal glands or Brunner glands. And they secrete mostly mucins. Here,
of course as you can see, the Brunner glands may extend into the mucosa above the muscularis
mucosae. And they have excretory ducts that open among the small intestinal crypts.

Now, this image on the right is of a section from the ileum, there are those oval-shaped lymphoid
nodules called Peyer patches in the ileum. As here, you expect to find the M cell,so, in the ileum, the
submucosa is occupied by those lymphoid nodules or Peyer patches. So, you have Peyer patches in both
mucosa and submucosa of the ileum.

Here, the 3rd layer is the muscularis and then you have the serosa. There are 2 sublayers on the
muscularis:

1) The internal circular layer

2) The external longitudinal layer

Circular and longitudinal are just descriptive of the ????(x clear) of two muscle fibers in those layers. So,
underlying the muscularis, you have the serosa which is a layer of loose connective tissue covered by
mesothelium. In the submucosa, there is an enteric nerve plexus called Meissner plexus, whereas in the
muscularis, there are 2 sublayers between the outer longitudinal layer and inner circular layer called
Auerbach nerve plexus.

We’re done with small intestine. Regarding the large intestine, there are 4 layers in the wall of large
intestine. The one facing the lumen is the mucosa which consists of epithelium and then lamina propria,
muscularis mucosae, submucosa, then muscularis and finally there is serosa. If you look at the mucosa
or epithelium lining of the mucosa, you can see that it’s fenestrated by those invaginations here which
are intestinal glands, those intestinal glands are mucus.

If you look at the mucosa or the epithelial lining of the mucosa, you can see that it is
penestrated by those intestinal gland.Those intestinal gland are tubular. Now,regarding the
muscularis mucosa, it consists ,again inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. The
difference between the muscularis in the large intestine and the one in small intestine is the
quadrant in outer layer are made in three bands which are incomplete.This part are called
teniae coli. You can find this teniae coli over on the large intestine attach the appendix. Ok?
(here,the dr. explained something but I could not hear). Again, due to the section from the
large intestine, you can see the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, inner circular, outer
longitudinal with the teniae coli and finally we can see the serosa. Is everything is clear till now?

Here, a student asked questions but the questions and the explanation were not clear.

Is there any question?

So, every cell that in the wall of duct in the small intestine are called enterocytes, the one in the
large intestine are called colonocytes, so from colon. Ok? Here, you can see one of the
colonocytes,its clear that it is columnar cells which show irregular microvilli.

This is gastric view from the epithelial gland in the large intestine, the mucous one. You can see
that they are lined by columnar cells. Now, you have a junction between the anal and the
rectum called anorectal junction, where there is an abrupt change of the epithelium from the
simple columnar epithelium in the rectum to the stratified squamous epithelium in the anal.
Here, in the wall of the anal , you could see those of epithelia folds which are called the anal
column intervene by the anal sinuses.

Now, regarding the organ associated with the digestive tract, if you still remember in the last
lecture, I said that the digestive system include two parts which are digestive tract and organ
associated with digestive tract.

Organ associated digestive tract include the salivary glands which are involve in digestion,
lubrication and protection. They include pancreas, which produces enzyme and hormone,
named exocrine and endocrine organ. Then you have the liver which produces the bile and
other substance necessary for blood coagulation. Finally, you have gallbladder which is stores
the bile before ejaculation.

So, this is the schematic diagram showing the major salivary glands. You have three major
salivary glands which are large. These are parotid salivary gland, submandibular gland, and
sublingual gland. There are three pairs of these major gland. These major glands produce about
20% of the saliva. The rest is produced by minor salivary glands which are non encapsulated
and intercalated to the oral mucosa and submucosa. Usually, type of the secretion of minor
salivary gland is mucosa except for small serous glands at the bases of circumvallate papillae
situated at the back of the tongue.

The major salivary glands are surrounded by connective tissue capsule from which extends one
connective tissue septa, separating the parenchyma or minor part of the major salivary gland
into lobules. Each lobule consists of secretory endpieces and branching duct system. Now, the
secretion of major salivary glands can be either mucous, serous or seromucous.

So, this is the schematic diagram showing the two major secreting cells in the major salivary
glands. The first type, you have serous cells. If you look at the cells here, you can see that it
consists of cells with narrower apex and broad basal surface and with rounded nuclei. You
could see that these cells gather together to form this type of cells called acini with the narrow
lumen. So, remember that they are one complexes by neighbouring themselves together.

The other kind or type of secretory cell in the major salivary glands is mucous cells and every
single mucous cell is form one like columnar or cuboidal with larger nuclei containing
heterochromatin or (frozen?) chromatin and the flatten nuclei are situated near the basal of the
cells. But, the mucous cells are arranged in tubule , not in acini.

Now,encloses in basal lamina of the serous cell, you can find this myoepithelial cells which are
also presence in the initial portion in the duct system. Now, the myoepithelial cells are well
developed and branches in the initial portion.

Now, remember that in the salivary glands, the connective tissue contains many lymphocytes
and plasma cells. The plasma cells secrete immunoglobulin (IgA) which constitute an
immunologic defense mechanism against pathogens in the oral cavity. (I used the sentence
from book, cannot hear words from the dr).

Remember,you have those secreting portions which is serous and mucous. Those empty into a
duct called intercalated duct. The intercalated ducts are lined by cuboidal epithelial cells. Many
intercalated ducts join to form striated duct. The sriated ducts are lined by columnar epithelial
cells.
Now, the striated duct itself join to form the interlobular or excretory duct. So, remember that
the striated duct of each lobule drain into much larger interlobular or excretory duct which is
initially lined by pseudostratified or stratified cuboidal epithelium which eventually lead into a
stratified columnar epithelium………

So, this is………….structure. Now, in the left point you can see those acini. This is an acini, this is
another one and this is another one. Again, you can see the serous cells when the clumping
nucleus or rounded nuclei and with ..(?)

This here is intercalated duct, which is lined by the cuboidal epithelial cell where as this larger
duct is the striated duct which the columnar cells. (here,the Dr. explaining more, but I can’t
really heard what she said, sorry).

Here, you can see connective tissue system. This part of secretory glands or striated two
neighbouring lobule. (not sure). Clear?........

This is the section from submandibular gland. Now, you can see that in the (?) gland is totally
clear, however in the submandibular gland it (sacks ?)(not sure)at the mucous and you could
see that the serous cells predominant. So, the serous cells make up the major component of
the submandibular gland. If you look here, this is acinus, this is another one and this is here is a
mucous (?) . If you see, there are some serous cells (cover? , not sure) the mucous tubules and
this form here is called serous demilunes. So this is another serous demilune and this ais
another one.

Regarding this (secretory group?) from the section of sublingual gland, this is the ….., I will
expects it is the wall of mucous and serous portion , however the major component is made up
of the mucous cells. The serous cells are only situated in the serous demilunes. So, if you look ,
this clear mucous tubule with its serous demilunes.

The last organ associated with the digestive tract is pancreas. Again, the pancreas is made
exocrine and endocrine. You have this deeper exocrine part made up of serous acini which are
tubular in structure, same like the structurein the parotid gland. Then, here, these structure,
are pancreatic islets which are endocrine.

Then, this is schematic diagram of the cells in pancreas. You can see this is a serous acini that
empty into intercalated duct. Now, if you can see, the initial part of the intercalated ducts is
(represent?) inside the lumen of the serous acini. These cells that presence herein the lumen
are called centroacinar cells. So, centroacinar cells are presence only in the pancreas, not
presence in the parotid neither sublingual or submandibular glands.
Now, remember here, these cells, the serous acini are empty into intercalated duct. The
intercalated ducts are lined by cuboidal epithelial cell. Then,the intercalated duct in turn form
the larger interlobular or excretory duct.

So, if you look at this section here, you can see this acini. These nuclei are for acini cells. Here
another one. So, this here is intercalated duct. Here, is the cross section showing pancreas
containing pancreatic Islets. This is one and this is another one.

So, that’s all for today.

We’re sorry because the recording really is not clear. we have double checked from the book,
but u need to refer to the book again regarding the sentences that are incomplete.

 There are few places that I’m not sure which slides Dr is referring to.
 There are few sentences that are not clear. Refer to the book.

Allah yusahhil 3laina Jami3n.