tanziment reforms- series of reforms in ottoman empire between 1839 and

1876; established western-style university, state postal system, railways,

extensive lega; reforms resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress- orginization of political agitators in

opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; Also called 'young terks'; desired to
restore 1876 constitution.

Muhammad Ali- prophet of islma; born c. 570to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh
tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; recieved revelations from Allah in
610 c.e. and thereafter; died in 632.

Suez Canal- Built across Isthamus of Suez to connect Mediterranean see with
red sea in increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of
British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.

Ahmad Orabi-

Self-strengthening movement- Late 19th century movement in china to

counter the challenge from the west; led by provincial leaders.

Boxer Rebellion- popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foriegners from

china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china;
defeat of the chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of
provincial officials.

Dowager Empress Cixi-

Sun Yat-sen- Head of revolutionary Alliance, orginization that led 1911 revolt
again Qing dynasty in china; briefly elected president in 1911, but yeilded in
favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created nationalists party of china in 1919; died
in 1925