case 5 Ruling:
NOTAN LUMBOS, complainant, vs.JUDGE MARIE Preliminary investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to determine
ELLENGRID S.L.BALIGUAT, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded
Branch 1, General Santos City, respondent. belief that a crime has been committed and the respondent is
Facts probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial.9 And prior to
Administrative complaint was filed against Judge Marie Ellengrid the issuance of A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC10 which took effect on
S.L. Baliguat , MTCC, Branch 1, General Santos City. October 3, 2005, among the officers authorized by Sec. 2, Rule
Complainant alleges that: instead of dismissing the case for 11211 of the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure to conduct
patent lack of jurisdiction, respondent judge conducted the preliminary investigation are the city prosecutors and judges of
Preliminary Investigation without prior application for the the MTC and MCTC.
issuance of warrant of arrest; with the object of issuing a warrant The Charter of General Santos City, specifically Sec.
of arrest against all accused, respondent propounded a series of 84,12 authorizes the city court to conduct preliminary
suggestive rather than searching questions and merely tried to investigations for any offense without regard to the limits of
confirm her preconceived presumption of guilt of all accused via punishment and may release or commit and bind over any person
suggestive questions; respondent issued an Order for the issuance charged with such offense to secure his appearance before the
of a warrant of arrest against complainant and his co-accused proper court.
without giving them a fair chance to file their respective counter- Under Sec. 6(b), Rule 112 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure,
affidavits. without waiting for the conclusion of the investigation, the judge
Respondent claims that: the conduct of the Preliminary may issue a warrant of arrest if he finds after an examination in
Investigation and the subsequent issuance of the warrant of arrest writing and under oath of the complainant and his witnesses in the
are well within the authority given in the Sections 84 and 86, R. form of searching questions and answers, that a probable cause
5
exists and that there is a necessity of placing the respondent under confederating together and all of them mutually helping and
immediate custody not to frustrate the ends of justice. aiding one another in a syndicated manner consisting of five (5) or
Wherefore, Administrative case against Judge Baliguat is more persons through corporations registered with the Securities
DISMISSED. In line with A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC, withdrawing the and Exchange Commission (SEC) and/or unregistered foreign
power to conduct preliminary investigation from judges of the entities with intention of carrying out the unlawful or illegal act,
first level courts, she is ADVISED to refer criminal cases for transaction, enterprise or scheme, with intent to gain and by
preliminary investigation to the Office of City Prosecutor for means of fraud and deceit, did then and there willfully, unlawfully
appropriate action. and feloniously defraud REGINO SY CATIIS and several other
persons in the following manner, to wit: by falsely or fraudulently
SUFFICIENCY OF COMPLAINT pretending or representing, in a transaction or series of
Case 6 transactions, which they made with the Complainant and the
Catiis vs. CA anent to SUFFICIENCY OF COMPLAINT public in general to the effect that they were in a legitimate
G.R. NO. 153979 business of foreign exchange trading successively or
February 6, 2006 simultaneously operating under the following name and style of
Facts: Petitioner filed a letter-complaint dated May 28, 2001 Asia Profits Philippines, Incorporation, Winggold Management
against private respondents Reynaldo A. Patacsil, Enrico D. Philippines Incorporated, Belkin Management Consultancy, Inc.
Lopez, Luzviminda A. Portuguez and a certain Margielyn Tafalla and/or Belkin Profits Limited or other unregistered foreign entities
before the Office of the City Prosecutor of Quezon City, for induced and succeeded in inducing complainant and several other
violation of Art. 315, No. 2(a) of the Revised Penal Code in persons to give and deliver and in fact, the latter and said persons
relation to Presidential Decree No. 1689 (syndicated estafa) and gave and delivered to said accused the amount of at least US$
other related offenses. Private respondents, except for Tafalla, 123,461.14 or its equivalent in Philippine Pesos on the strength of
filed their joint counter-affidavits denying the charges against said manifestations and representations, the accused knowing
them. fully well that the above-named corporations registered with the
On October 10, 2001, Assistant City Prosecutor Alessandro D. SEC and/or those unregistered foreign entities are not licensed nor
Jurado issued a Resolution finding the existence of a probable authorized to engage in foreign exchange trading corporations and
cause for syndicated Estafa against private respondents and that such manifestations and representations to transact in foreign
Tafalla with no bail recommended. The Resolution was approved exchange were false and fraudulent that resulted to the damage
by City Prosecutor Claro A. Arellano. and prejudice of the complainant and other persons and that the
An Information was filed on the same day by Prosecutor Jurado defraudation pertains to funds solicited from the public in general
against private respondents and Tafalla before the Regional Trial by such corporations/associations.
Court of Quezon City and raffled off to the sala of Honorable On November 7, 2001, Judge Lucas P. Bersamin issued an Order
Judge Lucas Bersamin. finding probable cause against all the accused and approved the
That on or about the 3rd week of January 2000 or subsequent recommendation of the City Prosecutor that the charge be non-
thereto in Quezon City and within the jurisdiction of this bailable. The corresponding warrants of arrest were issued.
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and
6
A return on the warrant of arrest was made by PO3 Joselito M. Sec. 8. Designation of the offense. — The complaint or
Coronel, PNP Criminal Investigation and Detection Group, Camp information shall state the designation of the offense given by the
Crame, Quezon City, with the information that except for statute, aver the acts or omissions constituting the offense, and
Margielyn Tafalla, who remained at large, all other accused were specify its qualifying and aggravating circumstances. If there is no
already detained at the Makati City Jail. designation of the offense, reference shall be made to the section
On November 12, 2001, a notice of hearing was issued by Judge or subsection of the statute punishing it.
Bersamin setting the case for arraignment on November 20, 2001. Sec. 9. Cause of the accusations. — The acts or omissions
Private respondents on the same day filed an urgent motion to fix complained of as constituting the offense and the qualifying and
bail. aggravating circumstances must be stated in ordinary and concise
On November 20, 2001, private respondents, when arraigned, language and not necessarily in the language used in the statute
entered pleas of not guilty. The Prosecution was required to file but in terms sufficient to enable a person of common
their comment/opposition on private respondents’ motion to fix understanding to know what offense is being charged as well as its
bail which they did through the Private Prosecutor with the qualifying and aggravating circumstances and for the court to
conformity of Assistant City Prosecutor Arthur O. Malabaguio. pronounce judgment.
On December 18, 2001, Judge Bersamin issued an Order Clearly, it is now a requirement that the aggravating as well as
reconsidering his earlier Order of November 7, 2001 by declaring the qualifying circumstances be expressly and specifically alleged
that the offense charged is bailable. In finding that the accused are in the complaint or information. Otherwise, they cannot be
entitled to bail. considered by the trial court in their judgment, even, if they are
subsequently proved during trial. A reading of the Information
Issue: shows that there was no allegation of any aggravating
Whether Judge Bersamin is correct in finding that the crime circumstance, thus Judge Bersamin is correct when he found that
charged is bailable despite that the imposable penalty ranges from the lesser penalty, i.e., reclusion temporal, is imposable in case of
reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua? conviction.
Held: Case 7
The Court held that since the crime charged was not committed by JOHN ERIC LONEY VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
a syndicate as defined under the law, the penalty of life G.R. No. 152644 February 10, 2006
imprisonment to death cannot be imposed on private respondents. Facts:
Judge Bersamin is correct when he ruled that private respondents Petitioners John Eric Loney, Steven Paul Reid, and
could only be punished with reclusion temporal to reclusion Pedro B. Hernandez are the President and Chief Executive
perpetua in case of conviction since the amount of the fraud Officer, Senior Manager, and Resident Manager for Mining
exceeds P100,000.00. Operations, respectively, of Marcopper Mining Corporation
The Court further held that Sections 8 and 9 of Rule 110 of the ("Marcopper"), a corporation engaged in mining in the province of
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, which took effect on Marinduque. Marcopper had been storing tailings from its
December 1, 2000, provide: operations in a pit in Mt. Tapian, at the base of the pit ran a
7
drainage tunnel leading to the Boac and Makalupnit rivers. On 24 accused for more than one offense. The only limit to this rule is
March 1994, tailings gushed out of or near the tunnel’s end. In a the Constitutional prohibition that no person shall be twice put in
few days, the Mt. Tapian pit had discharged millions of tons of jeopardy of punishment for "the same offense.” Here, double
tailings into the rivers. jeopardy is not at issue because not all of its elements are present.
On petitioners’ claim that the charge for violation of Article 365
On August 1996, the Department of Justice separately of the RPC "absorbs" the charges for violation of PD 1067, PD
charged petitioners in the Municipal Trial Court of Boac, 984, and RA 7942, suffice it to say that a mala in se felony (such
Marinduque with violation of Article 91(B), sub-paragraphs 5 and as Reckless Imprudence Resulting in Damage to Property) cannot
6 of the Water Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1067), Section 8 of absorb mala prohibita crimes (such as those violating PD 1067,
the National Pollution Control Decree of 1976 (P.D. 984), Section PD 984, and RA 7942). What makes the former a felony is
108 of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (R.A. 7942), and Article criminal intent (dolo) or negligence (culpa); what makes the latter
365 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) for Reckless Imprudence crimes are the special laws enacting them.
Resulting to Damage to Property.
Petitioners moved to quash the Informations on the ground that Case 8
the Informations were "duplicitous" as the Department of Justice Title: Andaya vs. People of the Philippines
charged more than one offense for a single act.
Facts: Complainant Armed Forces and Police Savings and Loan
Issue: Association, Inc. (AFPSLAI) is a non-stock and non-profit
Whether or not there is duplicity of charges made association authorized to engage in savings and loan transactions.
against petitioner? In 1986, petitioner Noe S. Andaya was elected as president and
general manager of AFPSLAI. During his term, he sought to
Ruling: increase the capitalization of AFPSLAI to boost its lending
There is no duplicity of charges in the present case. capacity to its members. Consequently, on June 1, 1988, the
Duplicity of charges simply means a single complaint or Board of Trustees of AFPSLAI passed and approved Resolution
information charges more than one offense, as Section 13 of Rule No. RS-88-006-048 setting up a Finder’s Fee Program whereby
110 of the 1985 Rules of Criminal Procedure. In short, there is any officer, member or employee, except investment counselors,
duplicity of charges when a single Information charges more than of AFPSLAI who could solicit an investment of not less than
one offense. Petitioner’s contention that they should be charged P100,000.00 would be entitled to a finder’s fee equivalent to one
with one offense only for Reckless Imprudence Resulting in percent of the amount solicited.
Damage to Property because all the charges filed against them
"proceed from and are based on a single act or incident of In a letter dated September 1991, the Central Bank wrote Gen.
polluting the Boac and Makalupnit rivers thru dumping of mine Lisandro C. Abadia, then Chairman of the Board of Trustees,
tailings" has no merit because this Court had ruled that a single act regarding the precarious financial position of AFPSLAI due to its
or incident might offend against two or more entirely distinct and alleged flawed management. As a result, Gen. Abadia requested
unrelated provisions of law thus justifying the prosecution of the the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) to conduct an
8
investigation on alleged irregularities in the operations of employees merely followed his instructions in preparing the
AFPSLAI which led to the filing of several criminal cases against falsified voucher.
petitioner, one of which is the instant case based on the alleged
fraudulent implementation of the Finder’s Fee Program. The second element of the offense charged in the information, i.e.,
the falsification was committed in Disbursement Voucher No.
Issue: Whether or not the petitioner should be acquitted due to 58380, a private document, is likewise present. It appears that the
insufficiency of evidence? public prosecutor erroneously characterized the disbursement
voucher as a commercial document so that he designated the
Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the petitioner by offense as estafa through falsification of commercial document in
granting the petition and acquit the petitioner based on reasonable the preamble of the information. However, as correctly ruled by
doubt. The facts alleged in the information are sufficient to the trial court, the subject voucher is a private document only; it is
constitute the crime of falsification of private document. not a commercial document because it is not a document used by
Specifically, the allegations in the information can be broken merchants or businessmen to promote or facilitate trade or credit
down into the three aforestated essential elements of this offense transactions nor is it defined and regulated by the Code of
as follows: (1) petitioner caused it to appear in Disbursement Commerce or other commercial law.
Voucher No. 58380 that Diosdado Guillas was entitled to a
finder’s fee from AFPSLAI in the amount of P21,000.00 when in While the first and second elements of the offense charged in the
truth and in fact no finder’s fee was due to him; (2) the information were satisfactorily established by the prosecution, it is
falsification was committed on Disbursement Voucher No. 58380; the third element which is decisive in the instant case. In the
and (3) the falsification caused damage to AFPSLAI in the information, it was alleged that petitioner caused damage in the
amount of P21,000.00. amount of P21,000.00 to AFPSLAI because he caused it to appear
in the disbursement voucher that Diosdado Guilas was entitled to
The first element of the offense charged in the information was a P21,000.00 finder’s fee when in truth and in fact AFPSLAI
proven by the prosecution. The testimonies of the prosecution owed no such sum to him. However, contrary to these allegations
witnesses, namely, Diosdado Guilas and Judy Balangue, as well in the information, petitioner was able to prove that AFPSLAI
as the presentation of Disbursement Voucher No. 58380 owed a finder’s fee in the amount of P21,000.00 although not to
established that petitioner caused the preparation of the voucher in Guilas but to Ernesto Hernandez.
the name of Guilas despite knowledge that Guilas was not entitled
to the finder’s fee. Significantly, petitioner admitted his It was positively shown that Hernandez was able to solicit a
participation in falsifying the voucher when he testified that he P2,100,000.00 worth of investment for AFPSLAI from Rosario
authorized the release of the voucher in the name of Guilas upon Mercader which entitled him to a finder’s fee equivalent to one
the request of Ernesto Hernandez. While petitioner did not percent of the amount solicited (i.e., P21,000.00) under the
personally prepare the voucher, he could be considered a principal Finder’s Fee Program. The documentary evidence consisting of
by induction, had his conviction been proper, since he was the the Certificate of Capital Contribution Monthly No. 52178 which
president and general manager of AFPSLAI at the time so that his was presented by the prosecution categorically stated that Rosario
9
Mercader deposited P2,100,000.00 worth of investment in Arson with multiple homicide. The accused-appellant asserts that
AFPSLAI. In fact, Rosario Mercader was no longer presented as a the prosecution’s evidence was insufficient to prove her guilt, that
defense witness in view of the stipulation by the prosecution on she is charged with crime not defined and penalized by law.
the fact that Mercader was a depositor of AFPSLAI and that
Hernandez was the one who convinced her to make such deposit. Issue:
Moreover, the defense showed that the disbursement voucher was Whether or not the accused-appelant is liable of the crime of arson
merely placed in the name of Guilas upon the request of with multiple homicide and whether or not the crime charged is
Hernandez so that he would have a lower tax base. Thus, after not defined and penalized by law.
Guilas received the P21,000.00 from AFPSLAI, he gave the
money to petitioner who in turn surrendered the amount to Held:
Hernandez. What is controlling is not the title of the complaint, nor the
designation of the offense charged or the particular law or part
In all criminal prosecutions, the burden of proof is on the thereof allegedly violated, but the description of the crime charged
prosecution to establish the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable and the particular facts therein recited. As stated in the body of
doubt. It has the duty to prove each and every element of the information, accused-appellant was charged with having
crime charged in the information to warrant a finding of guilt for intentionally burned the house. Consequently, if proved at the
the said crime or for any other crime necessarily included therein. trial, she may be convicted, and sentenced accordingly, of the
However, in the case at bar, the prosecution failed to prove the crime of simple arson. Such is the case not withstanding the error
third essential element of the crime charged in the information. in the designation of the offense in the information, the
Thus, petitioner should be acquitted due to insufficiency of information remains effective insofar as it states the facts
evidence. constituting the crime alleged therein.
Case 9 Case 10
People vs. Malngan Jumaquio vs. Villarosa
Facts: Facts:
On January 2, 2001, Edna, one hired as a housemaid by Roberto The undersigned Prosecutor II accuses Resty Jumaquio, with the
Separa Sr. was accused of setting fire the house of his employer crime of grave threats in relation to RA 7610 and also accuses
resulted in the destruction of his employer’s house and the death with the crime of physical injuries. That on or about August 2,
of six persons including his employer Roberto Separa Sr., some 2003, the said accused, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully
seven adjoining residential houses,were also razed by fire. and feloniously threaten the minor, a 13 year old boy, and that on
On January 9, 2001, an information was filed before the RTC of the same date the said accused, did then and there, willfully,
Manila, charging the accused-appellant with the crime of Arson unlawfully and feloniously attack, box and hit the minors, 13
with multiple homicide. The RTC as well as the Court of Appeals years old and 17 years old, thereby causing physical injuries to the
finds the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of
10
latter, which required medical treatment for a period of three to Rafael Gonzales filed a complaint of libel against Glen Dale a.k.a.
five days, to their damage and prejudice. Rene Martel arising from the latter’s column “Bizz ‘N’ Fizz” in
That the above acts of the accused debases, degrades and demeans Today newspaper. Finding that there is probable cause, the
the dignity of the complaint and impairs their normal growth and Prosecutor filed information before the said court. Petition for
development. Review the prosecutor’s resolution was raised before the DOJ but
was denied. Thus, Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition were
Issue: raised before the CA but was denied. Hence, respondent was
Whether or not the several crimes charged with the accused- arraigned and pleaded not guilty to the libel charges.
appellant should be dismissed on the grounds of could not be Respondent filed a Motion to Quash on the ground of lack of
considered a crime and could not even be complexed. jurisdiction over the offense charged because there is no allegation
in the information that petitioner resides in Makati or that the
Held: libelous article was first published in Makati, hence, the court has
As correctly argued by the City Prosecutor, the questioned no jurisdiction to try the case.
information separately charged two distinct offense of child abuse The Motion to Quash was granted. Upon petitioner’s motion, the
committed through the use of threatening words and child abuse trial court granted and directed the public prosecutor with 10 days
through the infliction of physical injuries. within which to file amended information. It was opposed by
Petitioner is not in jeopardy of being convicted of grave threats respondent on the ground that defective information may only be
and child abuse in the first case and slight physical injuries and amended before a motion to quash is granted, and that once
child abuse in the second. In the first information, petitioner quashed, the information can no longer be amended. Respondent
charged with child abuse uttering debasing, demeaning and was favored by the trial court. On appeal with the CA, the same
degrading words to the minor. In the second, he is charged with was denied. Hence, this recourse was filed before the highest
child abuse by inflicting physical injuries. What controls is not the court.
title of the information or the designation of the offense but the
actual facts recited therein. Moreover, an information is not Issue:
duplicitous if it charges several related acts, all of which constitute Whether or not amendment to information can be allowed
a single offense, although the acts may in themselves be distinct subsequent to a grant of a Motion to Quash.
offenses.
Holding:
Amendment Not all defects in an information can be cured by amendment. In
this case, the amendment of the information to vest jurisdiction
Case 11 upon a court is not permissible. Sec. 4 of Rule 117 applies if the
Rafael Gonzales vs. Hon. Tranquil P. Salvador, Glen Dale, Et al. trial court finds that there is a defect in the information and the
G.R. No. 168340, December 5, 2006 defect can be cured by amendment, in which case the court shall
Facts: order the prosecution to amend the information. Once the court
has granted the motion to quash the information and such order
11
became final and executory, then, there is nothing more to amend. Whether or not an information can be amended even after the
The trial court has the discretion to order the filing of another accused had been arraigned and entered his plea.
information and if warranted, must be contained in the same order
granting the motion to quash. Holding:
In this case, the petitioner failed to assert the propriety of The Supreme Court held that the amendment in the name of the
amending the information within the reglementary period, thus, complainant is of form. The test as to whether a defendant is
the order quashing the information became final and executory. prejudiced by the amendment is whether a defense under the
Furthermore, the petition of Gonzales is denied. information as it originally stood would be available after the
amendment is made, and whether any evidence defendant might
Case 12 have would be equally applicable to the information in one form
Eduardo G. Ricarze vs. CA, Caltex Phils. Inc., PCIBank as in the other. In this case, the amendment made which does not
G.R. No. 160451, February 9, 2007 change the nature of the crime alleged does not affect the essence
of the offense or cause surprise or deprive the accused of an
Facts: opportunity to meet the new averment had each been held to be
Eduardo Ricarze (employed as a collector-messenger of City one of form and not of substance. As provided by the Rules of
Service Corporation) is assigned to collect checks payable to Court, after the entry of the plea, only a formal amendment may
Caltex. He opened a bank account in the name of Dante Gutierrez, be made but with leave of court and if it does not prejudice the
a regular customer of Caltex, forged the signatures on the dorsal rights of the accused. In the case at bar, the amendment is allowed
portions of the stolen check and deposited it in that same bank because it is settled that the same does not prejudice the rights of
account. He was charged by the officers of Caltex with estafa Ricarze. In addition, it was held that in case of offenses against
through falsification of commercial documents. In the original property, the designation of the name of the offended party is not
information filed by the prosecutor, Caltex appeared to be the absolutely indispensable for as long as the criminal act charged in
offended party because the prosecutor was not informed that the complaint or information can be properly identified.
PCIBank credited certain amount to Caltex. After arraignment and
plea, PCIBank appeared as the complainant. Ricarze averred that Case 13
the information can no longer be amended because he had already PACOY VS. CAJIGAL
been arraigned under the original information, and that doing so G.R. NO. 157472
would place him in double jeopardy. On one hand, PCIBank September 28, 2007
contended that PCIBank had re-credited the amount to Caltex to
the extent of the indemnity, hence, the PCIBank had been FACTS: On July 4, 2002, an Information for Homicide was filed
subrogated to the rights and interests of Caltex as private in the RTC against Petitioner Jose M. Pacoy. Upon arraignment,
complainant. petitioner, duly assisted by counsel de parte, pleaded not guilty to
the charge of Homicide. However, on the same day and after the
Issue: arraignment, the respondent judge issued another Order directing
the trial prosecutor to correct and amend the Information to
12
Murder in view of the aggravating circumstance of disregard of substance, without leave of court, at any time before the accused
rank alleged in the Information which public respondent enters his plea. After the plea and during the trial, a formal
registered as having qualified the crime to Murder. Acting upon amendment may only be made with leave of court and when it can
such Order, the prosecutor entered his amendment by crossing out be done without causing prejudice to the rights of the accused.
the word “Homicide” and instead wrote the word “Murder” in the
caption and in the opening paragraph of the Information. The While the amended Information was for Murder, a reading of the
accusatory portion remained exactly the same as that of the Information shows that the only change made was in the caption
original Information for Homicide. of the case; and in the opening paragraph or preamble of the
Information, with the crossing out of word “Homicide” and its
Petitioner filed a Motion to Inhibit with attached Motion for replacement by the word “Murder.” There was no change in the
Reconsideration. In his Motion to Inhibit, he alleged that the recital of facts constituting the offense charged or in the
respondent judge exercised jurisdiction in an arbitrary, capricious determination of the jurisdiction of the court. Thus, we find that
and partial manner in mandating the amendment of the charge the amendment made in the caption and preamble from
from Homicide to Murder in disregard of the provisions of the law “Homicide” to “Murder” as purely formal.
and existing jurisprudence. The respondent judge denied the
Motion to Inhibit and granted the Motion for Reconsideration. Section 14, Rule 110 also provides that in allowing formal
amendments in cases in which the accused has already pleaded, it
In granting the Motion for Reconsideration, respondent judge is necessary that the amendments do not prejudice the rights of the
found that a close scrutiny of Article 248 of the Revised Penal accused. The test of whether the rights of an accused are
Code shows that “disregard of rank” is merely a generic prejudiced by the amendment of a complaint or information is
mitigating circumstance which should not elevate the whether a defense under the complaint or information, as it
classification of the crime of homicide to murder. originally stood, would no longer be available after the
amendment is made; and when any evidence the accused might
ISSUE: have would be inapplicable to the complaint or information. Since
Whether or not the respondent judge gravely abused his discretion the facts alleged in the accusatory portion of the amended
and exceeds his jurisdiction in ordering the amendment of the Information are identical with those of the original Information for
information from homicide to murder. Homicide, there could not be any effect on the prosecution's
theory of the case; neither would there be any possible prejudice
HELD: to the rights or defense of petitioner.
The petition is not meritorious. The change of the offense
charged from Homicide to Murder is merely a formal amendment While the respondent judge erroneously thought that “disrespect
and not a substantial amendment or a substitution. on account of rank” qualified the crime to murder, as the same
was only a generic aggravating circumstance, we do not find that
Under Section 14, Rule 110 - Amendment or substitution. — A he committed any grave abuse of discretion in ordering the
complaint or information may be amended, in form or in amendment of the Information after petitioner had already pleaded
13
not guilty to the charge of Homicide, since the amendment made Believing that a more serious offense should have been charged
was only formal and did not adversely affect any substantial right against petitioners, respondents interposed an appeal to the
of petitioner. Secretary of Justice. The Secretary of Justice found that the
participation of Wilson Chua in the commission of the crime was
WHEREFORE, the petition is DISMISSED, there being no grave not clearly established by the evidence. As to Renita Chua, the
abuse of discretion committed by respondent Judge. Secretary of Justice found no proof of conspiracy between her and
Marissa. Respondents filed a motion for reconsideration, but it
Prosecution of Offenses was denied with finality by the Secretary of Justice.
Case 14
CHUA VS. PADILLO Respondents then filed a Petition for Certiorari with the Court of
G.R. 163797 Appeals. They alleged that the Secretary of Justice committed
April 24. 2007 grave abuse of discretion. They prayed that the Court of Appeals
order the Prosecutor to withdraw the Information and instead, file
FACTS: Rodrigo Padillo and Marietta Padillo, respondents, are several Informations against petitioners. The Court of Appeals
the owners of Padillo Lending Investor engaged in the money rendered its Decision dismissing the petition, holding that there
lending business. Their niece, Marissa Padillo-Chua, served as the was no conspiracy among the petitioners.
firm’s manager. Marissa is married to Wilson Chua, brother of
Renita Chua, herein petitioners. Respondents seasonably filed a motion for reconsideration and
then the Court of Appeals reverses itself. The Court of Appeals
Sometime in September 1999, a post-audit was conducted. It was found that it overlooked certain facts and circumstances which, if
found that Marissa was engaged in illegal activities. Some of the considered, would establish probable cause against Wilson and
borrowers whose loan applications she recommended for approval Renita. The Court of Appeals identified these facts to be: (1)
were fictitious and their signatures on the checks were spurious, Marissa’s consistent practice of depositing checks with altered
the cash amounts received were turned over to Marissa or her names of payees to the respective accounts of Wilson Chua and
husband Wilson for deposit in their personal accounts. To Renita Chua; (2) considering that Wilson and Marissa are husband
facilitate encashment, Marissa would sign the check to signify to and wife, it can be inferred that one knows the transactions of the
the bank that she personally knew the alternative payee. The total other; and (3) Wilson had full knowledge of the unlawful
amount embezzled reached P7 million. activities of Marissa. . This is supported by the affidavit of
Ernesto Alcantara.
Respondents filed complaints against petitioners with the National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI). Forthwith, the City Prosecutor ISSUE: Whether or not Court of Appeals erred in compelling the
filed an Information for estafa against Marissa, Wilson, and Secretary of Justice to include in the Information Wilson and
Renita Chua. Renita.
14
HELD: The Court of Appeals did not err in directing the City The son of the petitioner died by drowning as the former
Prosecutor to include Wilson and Renita Chua in the Information assented to the invitation of the respondents to go fishing inside a
for the complex crime of estafa through falsification of concrete culvert.
commercial documents. The NBI filed information for homicide and prosecution
had presented its witnesses.
Section 5, Rule 110 of the 200 Rules of Criminal Procedure, as The trail court had acquitted the respondents on the ground
amended, partly provides that "All criminal actions either of insufficiency of evidence and held the respondents not liable
commenced by a complaint or information shall be prosecuted for damages because of the absence of preponderant evidence.
under the direction and control of a public prosecutor." The The CA affirmed.
rationale for this rule is that since a criminal offense is an outrage
to the sovereignty of the State, it necessarily follows that a Issue:
representative of the State shall direct and control the prosecution Whether or not the extinction of respondent’s criminal
thereof.. However, that the public prosecutor’s exercise of his liability carries with it the extinction of their civil liability.
discretionary powers is not absolute. One of the exceptions is that
the Court of Appeals may review the resolution of the Secretary of Held:
Justice on a petition for certiorari on the ground that he committed The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it the
grave abuse of discretion amounting to excess or lack of extinction of the civil action. However, the civil action based on
jurisdiction. delict shall be deemed extinguished if there is a finding in a final
judgment in the civil action that the act or omission from where
As found by the Court of Appeals, the Secretary of Justice either the civil liability may arise does not exist.
overlooked or patently ignored the following circumstances: (1) In the present case, we rule that, as held by the trial court
Marissa’s practice of depositing checks, with altered names of and the CA, the prosecution failed to adduce preponderant
payees, in the respective accounts of Wilson and Renita Chua; (2) evidence to prove the facts on which the civil liability of the
the fact that Wilson and Marissa are husband and wife makes it respondents rest, i.e. that the petitioner has a cause of action
difficult to believe that one has no idea of the transactions entered against the respondents for damages.
into by the other; and (3) the affidavit of Ernesto Alcantara
confirming that Wilson had knowledge of Marissa’s illegal Case 16
activities. WHEREFORE, the petition is denied and the Amended Tupaz IV Vs. Court of Appeals
Decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. 475 SCRA
27
of the crime. In effect, petitioner admits the occurrence of the straightforward.
head-banging incident but denies committing it. More so, the buy bust team witnessed the sale of
Petition is denied and the Resolutions affirmed. shabu and it was duly accorded the immediacy between the time
of commission of the offense and the time of the arrest.
Further review of the record reveals that the second
Arrest instance of lawful warrantless arrest covered by paragraph (B)
were met in this case in which the offense has just been
Case 26 committed and the person marking the arrest has personal
People of the Philippines Vs German Agojo knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be arrested has
committed it.
As alleged in the complaint, accused appellant German Luna was As regards to the issue of framed up, the buy bust team
apprehended on August 24, 1999 in Poblacion, Tanauan, has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the accused appellant
Batangas for violation of PD 1866 and RA 6425. accepted payment for the contraband. It was also proven that the
Concomitantly, the police team headed by Major Ablang secured VHS tape containing drugs were examined in PNP crime
an entrapment operation against the accused appellant through a laboratory and positively tested for shabu. Thus, there was no
buy-bust. A civilian informant, under the name of Rodolfo Alonzo evidence that such an attempt to frame him up was made in this
was able to purchase 206.32 grams of shabu which was positively case.
identified by a chemist from the PNP crime laboratory in camp
Vicente Lim. Case 27
In light of the foregoing decision of the RTC, the accused was People of the Phil. Vs Cesar Givera
found guilty beyond reasonable doubt for the charge of RA 6425,
however, he was acquitted for the charge of violation of PD 1866 On May 2, 1993 Cesar Givera together with Epifanio Geralde and
for lack of sufficient evidence. Arturo Geralde were charged with the same offense at the RTC of
Q.C. Branch 104 and were sentenced to the penalty of Reclusion
Issues: Perpetua for the death of Eusebio Gardon.
1. Whether or not appellant’s guilt was proven beyond In due course, a decision was rendered and the three were
reasonable doubt sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua with the
2. Whether or not appellant was framed up by the buy first accessory penalties prescribed by law, to indemnify the heirs of
team violation of the deceased the sum of P100, 000 without subsidiary
imprisonment in case of insolvency and to pay the costs of the
Held suit. Although said defendants filed appealed the judgement but
In the case at bench, violation of RA 6425 was evidently the decision of the court was affirmed with modification.
proven by the prosecution through the testimony of Alonzo on the Prescinding to prove the fact and cause of death of Eusebio
sale of illegal drugs and the identification of appellant as the seller Gardon, the prosecution presented in evidence the testimony
is clear and medico legal office P/ Maj Florante Baltazar wherein the
28
testimony shows that the victim sustained one fatal stab wound Lastly the testimony of the medico legal officer was
possibly caused by a single bladed weapon. inadmissible for failure of the adverse party to cross examine the
Collorarily the daughter of the victim, Milagroso Gardon and officer.
another witness Melinda Delfin testified against the accused and it
is noteworthy that they knew accused appellant and the other Case 28
assailants and that in fact some of them are related to witnesses. G.R. No. 117952-53 February 14, 2001
Issue: PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs.
Whether or not the presence of reasonable doubt the court a quo DANILO DE GUZMAN y PEREZ, accused-appellant.
has committed an error in convicting the accused appellant of the Facts:
crime charged. Appellant in this case was under surveillance for illegal
Held: possession of dangerous drugs by the police. The policemen
The court finds the petition devoid of merit however did not arrest him immediately but waited for him to be
First and foremost: caught in flagrante delicto for selling shabu and possessing
It is clearly apparent that the prosecution presented unlicensed gun and a magazine. The offenders were brought to the
evidence and testimonies of witnesses were quoted as police station for questioning and detention. The police officers
spontaneous, detailed and arid consistent. Markworthy to note that were without warrants of arrest or search warrants at the time of
the accused – appellant are even related by affinity to the deceased the arrests and seizure of evidence. As the operation was
and residing within the vicinity where the crime was committed , conducted largely during night-time, the police officers were
and therefore, no reason to doubt their identification by the unable to secure the necessary warrants for fear of leaving the
prosecution witness. place of surveillance.
Secondly, forthwith with the allegations of conspiracy, Accused-appellant was arraigned on February 22, 1993 with the
the evidence convincingly and unequivocally shows a coordinated assistance of his counsel de officio. He pleaded "not guilty" to
action by the group in the execution of the crime. Nonetheless both charges. The RTC of Cavite convicted Danilo de Guzman for
evident premeditation and treachery cannot be appreciated in this violation of RA 6425, Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 and
case for the very reason that the victim is not totally oblivious of Unlawful possession of firearms and ammunition.
the impending attack by all the group of the accused appellant. Accused-appellant assails his conviction and raised the issue that
Suffice to say that the victim had very opportunity to escape from the trial court committed a patent reversible error in not finding
the attack because he had been forewarned by his daughter of the that the evidence so far presented was obtained in an illegal search
danger posed by the group of the accused appellant. before the Supreme Court. Accused-appellant contended that his
Thirdly, his arrest by virtue of a warrant of arrest was arrest and the search conducted incidental to his arrest were illegal
deemed waived because he failed to move for the question of the as the surrounding circumstances of the arrest were not within the
information before the trial court when he entered a plea of not purview of the allowable warrantless arrests under Rule 113,
guilty and participated in the trial. The law provides that a warrant Section 5 of the Revised Rules of Court.
of arrest remains enforceable until it is executed, recalled, or
quashed. Issue:
29
Whether the arrest was illegal accused-appellant Mula, as the pusher. As toaccused-appellant
Molina, SPO1 Paguidopon had no occasion to see him before the
Ruling: arrest.Moreover, the names and addressesof the accused-
The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the trial court appellants came to the knowledge of SPO1 Paguidopon only after
and found that the contention of the accused untenable. they were arrested. In the morning of August 8,1996, SPO1
A close scrutiny of the records reveals that the police officers' Paguidopon received an information that the alleged pusher will
manner of conducting the accused-appellant's arrest was not be passing at NHA, Ma-a, Davao City. He called forassistance at
tainted with any constitutional infirmity. Despite word from their the PNP proceed to the house of SPO1 Marino Paguidopon where
fellow officer, SPO1 Cuevas, that he saw accused-appellant sniff they would wait for the alleged pusher to pass by.At around 9:30
"shabu", they resisted the first impulse to storm the rented cottage in the morning of August 8, 1996, a “trisikad” carrying the
which could have caused them to seriously disregard accused-appellants passed by.At that instance, SPO1Paguidopon
constitutional safeguards. Instead, the police officers waited for pointed to the accused-appellants as the pushers. The police
the needed opening to validly arrest the accused. officers then ordered the “trisikad” to stop. SPO1Pamplona
Rule 113, Section 5 (a) of the Rules of Court provides that: introduced himself as a police officer and asked accused-appellant
Sec. 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful. - A peace officer or Molina to open the bag. Molina replied, “Boss, if
a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person: possible we will settle this.” SPO1 Pamplona insisted on opening
(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has the bag, which revealed dried marijuana leaves inside. Thereafter,
committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an accused-appellants Mula and Molina were handcuffed by the
offense; x x x police officers. Accused-appellants contended that the marijuana
In the case at bar, accused-appellant was caught by the police allegedly seized from them is inadmissible as evidence for having
officers in flagrante delicto while carrying a firearm without the been obtained in violation of their constitutional right against
necessary permit or license. Clearly, it was in violation of P.D. unreasonable searches and seizures.
No. 1866, Section 1, at the time of the arrest.
Furthermore, accused-appellant in this case is estopped from ISSUE: Whether or not the marijuana is in admissible evidence
questioning the legality of his arrest upon his failure to move for for having been seized in violation of appellants constitutional
quashal of the information against him prior to his arraignment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures?
and entry of plea. Any irregularity .was therefore cured upon their
voluntary submission to the trial court's jurisdiction. HELD: The fundamental law of the land mandates that searches
and seizures be carried out in a reasonable fashion.
Case 29 The Constitution provides: SEC. 2. The right of the people to be
People of the Philippines versus Molina secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
againstunreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and
FACTS: Sometime in June 1996, SPO1 Paguidopon received an for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant
information regarding the presence of an allegedmarijuana pusher orwarrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
in Davao City. His informer pointed to the motorcycle driver, determined personally by the judge after examination under
30
oathor affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may Paguidopon onlylearned Mula’s name and address after the arrest.
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched It is doubtful if SPO1 Paguidopon indeed recognized accused-
andthe persons or things to be seized. Search and seizure may be appellant Mula.It is worthy to note that, before the arrest, he was
made without a warrant and the evidence obtained therefrom may able to see Mula in person only once, pinpointed to him by his
be admissible in thefollowing instances: (1) search incident to a informer whilethey were on the side of the road.These
lawful arrest; (2) search of a moving motor vehicle; (3) search in circumstances could not have afforded SPO1 Paguidopon a closer
violation ofcustoms laws; (4) seizure of evidence in plain view; look at accused-appellant Mula, considering that the latter was
(5) when the accused himself waives his right against then driving a motorcycle when SPO1 Paguidopon caught a
unreasonablesearches and seizures;ii[24] and (6) stop and frisk glimpse of him.Withrespect to accused-appellant Molina, SPO1
situations. Paguidopon admitted that he had never seen him before the arrest.
As a rule, an arrest is considered legitimate if effected with a valid The Court holds that the arrest of accused-appellants does not fall
warrant of arrest.The Rules of Court, however,recognizes under the exceptions allowed by the rules.Hence, thesearch
permissible warrantless arrests.Thus, a peace officer or a private conducted on their person was likewise illegal.Consequently, the
person may, without warrant, arrest a person: (a)when, in his marijuana seized by the peace officers could not beadmitted as
presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually evidence.WHERE FORE accused are ACQUITTED
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense(arrest in
flagrante delicto); (b) when an offense has just been committed Case 30
and he has probable cause to believe based onpersonal knowledge People of the philippines versus Galvez
of facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested has FACTS: At around 11:30 in the evening of May 9, 1998 the
committed it (arrest effected in hot pursuit);and (c) when the accused Manuel Galvez together with unidentified companions
person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal attack, assault, and stab with a bladed weapon Romen Castro,
establishment or a place where he is servingfinal judgment or is which injuries eventually caused the latter’s death at a local fair
temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped inside the DM Compound in Heroes del 98, Caloocan City.
while being transferred from oneconfinement to another (arrest of Several witnesses identified Manuel Galvez as the assailant, SPO1
escaped prisoners). In the case at bar, accused-appellants Alberto Lizarondo then went to Manuel Galvez invite him to the
manifested no outward indicationthat would justify their arrest.In victim’s house for clarification however the relatives denied
holding a bag on board atrisikad, accused-appellants could not be Manuel Galvez as the assailant therefore the SPO1 Alberto
said to be committing,attempting to commit or have committed a Lizarondo release him, Although allegedly released, he was later
crime. The response of Molina that “Boss, if possible we will forced by a barangay tanod Arturo Saligumba to board a taxi and
settle this” is anequivocal statement which standing alone will not go to the police headquarters in Sangandaan, Caloocan City where
constitute probable cause to effect an inflagrante delicto SPO2 Vivencio Gamboa, investigator of the Station Investigation
arrest.Note thatwere it not for SPO1 Marino Paguidopon (who did Division of the Caloocan City police told him that he was a
not participate in the arrest but merely pointed accused-appellants suspect in the killing of Romen Castro and he pleaded not guilty.
to thearresting officers), accused-appellants could not be the He was not shown a warrant when he was arrested nor was he
subject of any suspicion, reasonable or otherwise. SPO1 interviewed by the policemen at the headquarters. Later that same
31
day, SPO1 Alberto Lizarondo said he saw Galvez in the police PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
station and SPO1 Lizarondo asked why Galvez was there, but the vs.
relatives of the victim and the other witnesses told him that the ERLINDA GONZALES Y EVANGELISTA, accused-appellant.
reason they said nothing when he asked them to identify Galvez QUISUMBING, J.:
was because of fear. Facts of the Case:
Appellant Erlinda Gonzales y Evangelista was convicted violating
ISSUE: Whether or Not the arrest executed on Manuel Galvez Section 4, Article II of the Dangerous Drugs Act (R.A. No. 6425)
was illegal arrest and sentenced her to life imprisonment.
HELD: Accused-appellants arrest was illegal. Arturo Saligumba The prosecution presented two witnesses, namely, PO1 Reggie
admitted that he arrested Galvez on the basis solely of what Pedroso and Angela Baldevieso, forensic chemist of the PNP. In
Reynaldo Castro had told him and not because he saw accused- addition, the prosecution presented the following object and
appellant commit the crime charged against him. Indeed, the documentary evidence: (1) ten bundles of dried marijuana leaves
prosecution admitted that there was no warrant of arrest issued or fruiting tops, weighing 9.560 kilograms. (2) Physical Sciences
against accused-appellant when the latter was taken into custody. Report No. D-087-93 issued by Angela Baldevieso, PNP forensic
Considering that accused-appellant was not committing a crime at chemist and (3) black traveling bag. On the other hand, the
the time he was arrested nor did the arresting officer have any defense presented appellant herself and Isaac Lamera, the trisikad
personal knowledge of facts indicating that accused-appellant driver.
committed a crime, his arrest without a warrant cannot be
justified. By entering a plea of not guilty and participating actively PO1 Reggie Pedroso narrated that the Chief of Police of Dueñas,
in the trial, however, accused-appellant Galvez waived his right to Iloilo received information that a woman with long hair, wearing
raise the issue of the illegality of his arrest. It is now settled that maong pants and jacket, and Ray Ban sunglasses would be
objection to a warrant of arrest or the procedure by which a court transporting marijuana along the national highway. According to
acquires jurisdiction over the person of an accused must be made the tipped information, the woman would bring a black traveling
before he enters his plea, otherwise the objection is deemed bag and would ride a trisikad. A mobile patrol in the poblacion of
waived. The fact that the arrest was illegal does not render the Dueñas and along the national highway was conducted and they
subsequent proceedings void and deprive the State of its right to passed by a woman who fitted the informer’s description. She was
convict the guilty when all the facts point to the culpability of the standing along the national highway holding a black traveling bag
accused. The decision of the RTC of Caloocan City was affirmed in a trisikad. They alighted from their car and asked her who owns
with modification, finding accused-appellant Manuel Galvez the traveling bag. The woman denied ownership of the bag but
guilty of murder and sentencing him to the penalty of reclusion trisikaddriver, later identified as Isaac Lamera, the latter pointed
perpetua. to the woman as the owner of the said bag. Hence both were
arrested.
Case 31
G.R. No. 121877 September 12, 2001
32
Appellant denied her involvement in the drug transport. Lamera, lawful arrest recognized under Section 12, Rule 126 of the Rules
the trisikad driver, also testified that he had no involvement too. of Court and by prevailing jurisprudence; (2) seizure of evidence
in plain view; (3) search of a moving vehicle; (4) consented
The court found for the prosecution, disbelieved the defense, and warrantless search; (5) customs search; (6) stop and frisk; and (7)
convicted appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt of Violation exigent and emergency circumstances.
of Sec. 4, Art. II of R.A. 6425 as amended, and is hereby Moreover, a lawful arrest without a warrant may be made by a
sentenced to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a peace officer or a private person under the following
fine of P20,000.00 and the costs. circumstances:
(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has
Issues of the Case: committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an
(1) WON the testimonies of prosecution witnesses credible and offense;
sufficient to prove appellant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt. (b) When an offense has just been committed, and he has probable
(2) WON appellant’s warrantless arrest legal, thereby making the cause to believe based on personal knowledge of facts and
bricks of marijuana leaves allegedly seized from her admissible in circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed it; and
evidence. (c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped
from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final
Ruling of the Court: judgment or is temporarily confined while his case is pending, or
On the first issue, as pointed out by the Solicitor General, the has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to
positive testimony of the apprehending policeman outweighs another.
appellant’s negative testimony. In cases falling under paragraphs (a) and (b) above, the person
Furthermore the testimony of Lamera, the trisikad driver on the arrested without a warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the
witness stand materially contradicts his sworn statements . A nearest police station or jail and shall be proceeded against in
witness who makes two sworn statements which are contradictory accordance with Section 7 of Rule 112.
to his testimony in court impeaches his own credibility.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Iloilo
On the second issue,basic is the rule that no arrest, search or City, Branch 39, finding appellant ERLINDA GONZALES Y
seizure can be made without a valid warrant issued by a EVANGELISTA, guilty beyond reasonable doubt of illegal
competent judicial authority. The Constitution guarantees the right transport of marijuana is AFFIRMED, with the MODIFICATION
of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and that appellant is hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Any evidence reclusion perpetua and to pay the fine of Twenty Thousand Pesos
obtained in violation of said right shall be inadmissible for any (P20,000.00) and the costs.
purpose in any proceeding.
Nevertheless, the constitutional proscription against warrantless
searches and seizures admits of certain legal and judicial
exceptions, as follows: (1) warrantless search incidental to a
33