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i
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 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan
karuniaNya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Penelitian dengan
judul Efek Kandungan Logam Ni-Mo/NZA pada Proses Pencairan Langsung
Biomassa Menjadi Bio-Oil. Laporan ini berisikan latar belakang, tinjauan pustaka
dari zeolit alam, Ni-Mo/NZA, biomassa, pirolisis dan Bio-Oil serta metodologi
pembuatan katalis Ni-Mo/NZA dan pembuatan bio-oil serta pembahasan dari
hasil Bio-Oil yang didapat.
Penulisan laporan penelitian ini merupakan salah satu syarat dalam
menyelesaikan studi pada Program Studi Teknik Kimia S1 Universitas Riau.
Demikianlah penulisan hasil penelitian agar menjadi salah satu sumber bacaan
yang bermanfaat.

Pekanbaru, Januari 2010

JUSNIWARLIS

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 ABSTRACT

Availability of Fossil fuels as a non-renewable source have became

decrease. In the other side, world needs of energy always have been increase time
by time. To solve those problems, we need to develope renewable energy
resource, one of the solution is bio-oil. Bio-oil are dark brown, organic liquid
and smoky. As a purpose to increase yield of bio-oil, it is produced by pyrolysis at
320o C using Ni-Mo/NZA catalyst. The research purpose is knowing effect of
metal ratio in Ni-Mo/NZA and effect of biomass variation on yield of bio-oil that
produced by pyrolisis process from trunk, frond and palm fiber. Pyrolysis biomass
on trunk, frond and fiber measured -8+10 mesh with 50 gram mass, 500 ml
thermo-oil and Ni-Mo/NZA catalyst which variated by 0, 1, 3 and 5% metal put in
reactor, mixed in maximum speed, nitrogen flew in. The result vapour cooled by
condenser to have liquid of bio-oil. Bio-oil optimum yield produced from trunk by
1% Ni-Mo/NZA with 66.20 % yield by vicosity characteristic test, density, flash
point, and acid value, each 27,34 cSt, 1,0468 Kg/L, 50 0C and 79,699 gr NaOH/gr
sample.

Key Words : Bio-Oil, Ni-Mo/NZA and Pyrolysis.

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 DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
Lembar Persetujuan ......................................................................................... i
Lembar Pengesahan .......................................................................................... ii
Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................. iii
Abstract ............................................................................................................... iv
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................ v
Daftar Tabel ..................................................................................................... vii
Daftar Gambar .................................................................................................. viii
Daftar Lampiran ............................................................................................... ix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Perumusan Masalah ................................................................. 2
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ..................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................... 3

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Biomassa .................................................................................. 5
2.2 Batang, Pelepah dan Serabut Sawit ......................................... 7
2.3 Pyrolysis .................................................................................. 8
2.4 Zeolit Alam .............................................................................. 9
2.5 Katalis Ni-MO/NZA ................................................................ 10
2.6 Silinap ...................................................................................... 11
2.7 Bio-Oil...................................................................................... 12

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

3.1 Bahan dan Alat ......................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Bahan yang Digunakan ................................................ 15
3.1.2 Alat yang Digunakan ................................................... 15
3.2 Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................. 15
3.2.1 Pembuatan Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA .................................. 16
3.2.2 Pembuatan Bio-Oil dari Limbah Padat Sawit ............. 17
3.3 Analisa Karakteristisasi Bio-Oil .............................................. 18
3.3.1 Yield Bio-Oil ................................................................ 18
3.3.2 Penentuan Viskositas ................................................... 19
3.3.3 Penentuan Densitas ...................................................... 20
3.3.4 Penentuan Titik Nyala .................................................. 20
3.3.5 Penentuan Acid Value .................................................. 20

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ......................................................... 21

4.1 Pengaruh Jenis Biomassa terhadap Yield Bio-Oil .................... 21
4.2 Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Logam Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA
terhadap Yield Bio-Oil yang Dihasilkan................................... 23
4.3 Hasil Karakterisasi Sifat Bio-Oil ............................................. 26

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BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................. 29
5.2 Saran ........................................................................................ 29

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman
2.1 Bahan Kimia penting dalam Bio-Oil....................................................... 5
2.2 Komponen Kimia dalam Batang, Pelepah dan Serabut Sawit ................ 8
2.3 Perbandingan Produk dari Konversi Biomassa secara
Termodinamik ......................................................................................... 8
2.4 Karakterisasi Silinap ............................................................................... 12
2.5 Sifat Fisis Bio-Oil .................................................................................. 12
4.1 Standar Karakterisasi Sifat Bio-Oil ......................................................... 26
4.2 Densitas Bio-Oil yang Diperoleh dari Berbagai Biomassa ..................... 27
4.3 Viskositas Bio-Oil yang Diperoleh dari Berbagai Biomassa .................. 27
4.4 Angka Keasaman Bio-Oil berbagai Biomassa ........................................ 28

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman
1.1 Produksi Dan Konsumsi Minyak Indonesia ......................................... 1
2.1 Struktur Selulosa ..................................................................................... 6
2.2 Struktur Hemiselulosa ............................................................................. 6
2.3 Struktur Lignin ........................................................................................ 7
2.4 Struktur Dasar Kristal Zeolit ................................................................... 9
2.5 Bio-Oil..................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Block Diagram Pembuatan Bio-Oil ....................................................... 17
3.2 Skema Alat Pirolisis ................................................................................ 18
3.3 Viskometer Oswald ................................................................................. 19
4.1 Yield Bio-Oil Hasil Pyrolysis Tanpa Menggunakan Katalis dari Berbagai
Biomassa ................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Yield Bio-Oil Hasil pyrolysis Menggunakan Variasi Persentase Katalis
dari Berbagai Biomassa 22
4.3 Persentase Logam Ni-Mo/NZA terhadap Yield yang Dihasilkan ........... 23
4.4 Pola Difraksi Berbagai Konsentrasi Logam dann Marfologi Permukaan
Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA ................................................................................ 24
4.5 Perbandingan Massa Bio-Oil terhadap waktu dengan Menggunakan
Katalis (1% Ni-Mo/NZA) dan Tanpa Katalis ......................................... 25

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Hal.
A.1 Data Perolehan Yield Bio-Oil berbagai Biomassa Tanpa Katalis ........................ A-1
A.2 Data Perolehan Yield Bio-Oil dari Batang Sawit dengan Variasi Logam
Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA ............................................................................................. A-1
A.3 Data Perolehan Yield Bio-Oil dari Pelepah Sawit dengan Variasi Logam
Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA ............................................................................................. A-2
A.4 Data Perolehan Yield Bio-Oil dari Serabut Sawit dengan Variasi Logam
Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA ............................................................................................. A-2
A.5 Data Perolehan Yield Bio-Oil Berbagai Biomassa dengan Variasi Logam
Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA ............................................................................................. A-3
B.1 Hasil Analisa Penentuan Densitas........................................................................ B-1
B.2 Hasil Analisa Penentuan Titik Nyala ................................................................... B-1
B.3 Hasil Analisa Penentuan Viskositas..................................................................... B-1
B.4 Hasil Analisa Angka Keasaman ........................................................................... B-2
C.1 Contoh Perhitungan Yield Bio-Oil ....................................................................... C-1
C.2 Penentuan Massa Jenis Bio-Oil ............................................................................ C-1
C.3 Penentuan Viskositas Bio-Oil .............................................................................. C-2
C.4 Contoh Perhitungan Angka Keasaman Bio-Oil ................................................... C-3
D.1 Pembuatan Katalis Ni-Mo/NZA .......................................................................... D-1
D.2 Pembuatan Bio-Oil ............................................................................................... D-4

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