24
24.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous lesson you have studied about plane figures i.e., figures which completely lie
in a plane like squares, rectangles, triangles, circles etc.
But the objects like a brick, a glass tumbler, a box, a football, an ice cream cone, etc. are not
plane figures. They are called Solids.
In this lesson we will study about these types of solids.
24.2 OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, the learner will be able to :
z identify different solids
z explain the meaning of surface area of a solid
z find the surface area of a cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere and a hemisphere using
the respective formulae.
z find the area of four walls of a room
z explain the meaning of volume of a solid
z find the volume of a cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere and a hemisphere using respective
formulae
z solve problems from day to day life situations based on the above concepts.
But when we fold the paper along the dotted lines, we can make a box (like a chalk box) as
shown in Fig 24.1(ii).
(i) (ii)
Fig. 24.1
As the box occupies some part of the space, it has more than two dimensions. Such objects
which occupy space (i.e., they have three dimensions) are called solids.
The sum of the areas of the plane figures making up the boundary of a solid figure is called
its surface area, [For example, the area of paper in Fig 24.1(i) is the surface area of box] and
the measure of part of space occupied by a solid is called its Volume.
Now, we shall take some solids like a cuboid, a cylinder, a cone and a sphere and learn to
find their surface areas and volumes.
24.5 CUBOID
A brick, chalk box, geometrical box, match box and a book are
all examples of cuboids. Fig 24.2 represents a cuboid. It can be
easily seen from the figure that a cuboid has six rectangular plane
surfaces called faces. [ABCD, ABEF, BCHF, EFHG, ADGE and
DCHG], and the opposite faces [like ABCD and EFHG] are
congurent.
Two adjacent faces meet along a line segment called an edge.
For example, faces ABCD and BCHF meet along the edge BC.
A cuboid has 12 edges in all.
Fig. 24.2
A cuboid has 8 corners called the vertices. A, B, C, D, E, F, G
and H are the vertices of the cuboid represented by Fig 24.2.
It can be seen that at every vertex, there are three edges meeting [called coterminous edges].
One of these edges is taken as length, the other the breadth and the third as height and are
denoted by ‘l’, ‘b’ and ‘h’ respectively. The line-segment joining the vertex A to the vertex
H is called a main diagonal of the cuboid.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 215
To find the volume of a cuboid, we first define the unit of measurement of volume, which
is unit cube.
A unit cube is the volume of a cube of side 1 unit. So, if the side of a cube is 1 cm, its
volume is 1 cubic centimeter (or 1 cu. cm) and if the side is 1 m, the volume is 1 cu m.
To find the volume of a cuboid, we are to find the number of unit cubes contained in it.
Let us have a cuboid with sides 5 cm, 4 cm and 3 cm. In Fig. 24.3, you can easily find that
the number of unit cubes in the cuboid are 5 × 4 × 3 = 60. So, the volume of the cuboid =
60 cu. cm.
Fig. 24.3
25 1
Solution : Here l = 3 m, b = 2 m and h = 25 cm = m= m
100 4
FH 1 1
= 2 3× 2 + 2 × 4 + 3× 4
IK sq m
F 1 3I
= 2 H6 + 2 + 4K sq m = 14.5 sq m.
1
Volume = l.b.h = 3 × 2 × cu m = 1.5 cu m.
4
Example 24.2 : If the surface area of a cube is 96 sq cm, find its volume.
Solution : The surface area of cube = 6 a2, where a is the side of cube
∴ 96 = 6 a2
96
⇒ a2 = = 16
6
∴ a = 4 cm
∴ Volume of the cube = a3 = (4)3 cu cm = 64 cu cm.
Example 24.3 : A tank contains 60,000 cu. m of water. If the length and breadth are 50 m
and 40 m respectively, find its depth.
Solution : Volume of water in tank = 60,000 cu m
Length of tank = 50 m
Breadth of tank = 40 m
Let depth of the tank be x m
∴ 50 × 40 × x = 60,000
60,000
⇒ x= = 30 m
50 × 40
Hence depth of the tank = 30 m.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 217
Example 24.4 : If the volume of cube is 2197 cu cm, find the surface area and the length of
the main diagonal of the cube.
Solution : Volume of cube = (side)3 = 2197 cu cm = (13)3 cu cm
∴ Side of cube = 13 cm
Surface area of cube = 6 (side)2 sq units
= 6(13)2 sq cm
= 1014 sq cm
In Fig 24.4, DF is diagonal of a cube
Fig. 24.5
∴ l = 16 × 5 = 80 cm
b = 16 cm
h = 16 cm
∴ Surface area of the resulting cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2(80 × 16 + 16 × 16 + 16 × 80) sq cm
= 2(1280 + 256 + 1280) sq cm
= 5632 sq cm.
Example 24.6 : A wooden box 1.5 m long, 1.25 m wide and 65 cm deep and open at the top
is to be made. Determine the cost of wood required for it, if one sq m of wood costs Rs 10.
Solution : Surface area of wood required
= lb + 2bh + 2lh [Q The box has five faces]
218 Mathematics
4500 5
= m/sec = m/s
3600 4
5
∴ Length of river bed per second = 4 m/s
5 × 100 × 10
∴ Volume of water flowing/sec = cu m
4
= 1250 cu m.
Example 24.9 : A field is 600 m long and 50 m broad. A tank 30 m long, 20 m broad and
12 m deep is dug in the field. The earth taken out of it is spread evenly over the field. Find
the height of the field raised by it.
Solution : Area of the field = (600 × 50) sq m = 30000 sq m
Area of the tank = (30 × 20) sq m = 600 sq m
Volume of earth taken out of tank
= (30 × 20 × 12) cu m
= 7200 cu m
Area of the field, where the earth is to be spread
= (30,000 – 600) sq m = 29400 sq m
∴ Height of the field raised
7200 12
= m= m.
29400 49
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 219
Example 24.10 : A cuboidal beam is 8 meters long, 50 cm broad and 20 cm thick. What is
its cost at Rs 7000 per cubic meter ?
50 20FH
Solution : Volume of beam 8 × 100 × 100
IK cu m
4
= cu m
5
7. A cuboidal box whose external dimensions including the lid are 32 dm, 27 dm, 12 dm
is made of wood 1 dm thick. What is the capacity of the box and what is the volume
of wood used in it ?
8. Find the total surface area of a wooden plank of width 3 m, thickness 0.75 m and of volume
33.75 cubic meters.
9. Three cubes each of side 8 cm are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
10. The areas of three adjacent faces of a cuboid are a, b and c. It its volume is V, prove
that V2 = abc.
Fig. 24.7
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 221
22
Let us now take some examples to illustrate the above formulae. In all proboems use π =
7
unless stated otherwise.
Example 24.11 : Find the volume and the total surface area of a closed right cylinder whose
radius is 7 m and height is 10 m.
Solution : Here r = 7 m and h = 10 m
∴ Volume = π r2h
22
= × 7 × 7 × 10 cu m
7
= 1540 cu m
Total surface area = 2 π r (r + h)
22
=2 × × 7 × (7 + 10) sq m
7
= 22 × 34 = 748 sq m.
Example 24.12 : A hollow cylindrical tube, open at both ends is made of iron 1 cm thick.
If the external diameter is 12 cm and the length of tube is 70 cm, find the volume of iron used
in making the tube.
Solution : Here external radius (R) = 6 cm
and internal radius (r) = 6 – 1 = 5 cm
and height (h) = 70 cm
∴ Volume of iron = External volume – Internal volume
= π R2h – π r2h
= π h(R2 – r2)
22
= × 70 × (36 – 25) cu cm
7
= 220 × 11 cu cm = 2420 cu cm.
222 Mathematics
Example 24.13 : The diameter of a roller 1 m long is 70 cm. If it takes 200 revolutions to
level a playground, find the cost of levelling at the rate of 75 paise per sq m.
Solution : Here r = 35 cm = 0.35 m and h = 1 m
∴ Curved surface area = 2 π rh
22 × 35 × 1
= 2× sq m
7 100
= 2.2 sq m
∴ Area swept in 200 revolution = 2.2 × 200 = 440 sq m
∴ Cost of levelling = 440 × 0.75 = Rs 330.
Example 24.14 : A field is 150 m long and 70 m broad. A circular tank of radius 5.6 m and
depth 20 cm is dug in the field and the earth taken out of it is spread evenly over the field.
Find the height of the field raised by it.
Solution : Volume of earth dug out = π r2h
=
FH 227 × 1056 × 1056 × 20IK cu m
= 1971.2 cu m.
Area of field = (150 × 70) sq m = 10500 sq m
L 22 F 56I O 2
Area of base of tank = M 7 × H 10 K P sq m
N Q
= 98.56 sq m
∴ Area of the field where the earth is to be spread
= 10500 – 98.56 sq m
= 10401.44 sq m
∴ Height of the field raised
Volume 1971.2
= = = 0.1895 m
area 10401.44
= 18.95 cm.
Example 24.15 : A cubic meter of iron is drawn into a wire of diameter 3.5 mm. Find the
LM 22
length of the wire. = Use π = 7 .
OP
N Q
Solution : Volume of iron melted = 1 cu m
= 100 × 100 × 100 cu cm
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 223
∴ Volume of wire = π
7
40
FH IK 2
× x cu cm
22 × 7 × 7 × x
= cu cm
7 40 40
By the problem,
22 × 7 × 7 × x
= 100 × 100 × 100
7 40 40
7 × 40 × 40
x = 100 × 100 × 100 × cm
22 7 7
1 × 40 × 40
= 10 × km
22 7
= 103896 m (approx).
Example 24.16 : A cylindrical bucket of diameter 28 cm and height 12 cm, is full of water.
The water is emptied into a rectangular tub of length 66 cm and breadth 28 cm. Find the height
to which water rises in the tub.
Solution : Volume of water in the bucket
22
= π r2h = × 14 × 14 × 12 cu cm
7
= 7392 cu cm.
Let h be the height to which water rises in the tub.
∴ By the problem,
66 × 28 × h = 7392
7392
or h= = 4 cm
66 × 28
i.e. water rises to a height of 4 cm in the tub.
Fig. 24.9
1
Thus curved surface area = . radius AC . arc BC.
2
1 . l.2πr
= = π rl sq. units
2
1
Volume of a cone = × area of base × height
3
1 2
= πr h cu units.
3
4 πr 3
Volume of sphere =
3
226 Mathematics
24.8.1 Hemisphere
A hemisphere is obtained by cutting a sphere into two equal halves by a plane passing through
its centre [Fig. 24.11]
Thus, curved surface area of a hemisphere
= 2 π r2
2 πr 3
Volume of a hemisphere =
3
Fig 24.11
Total surface area of a solid hemisphere
= 2 π r2 + π r2
= 3 π r2
Let us now take some examples :
Example 24.17 : Find the volume, curved surface area and the total surface area of a right
circular cone, the radius of whose base is 14 m and the height is 9 m.
Solution : Here r = 1.4 m and h = 9 m
1 πr 2 h
∴ Volume of cone =
3
1 × 22 × 14 × 14 × 9
= cu m
3 7 10 10
= 18.48 cu m
l= r 2 + h2 = b1.4g 2
+ 92
Fig 24.12
= . + 81 = 82.96 = 9.1 m
196
Curved surface area = π rl
22 × 14 × 9.1
= sq m
7 10
= 40.04 sq m
Total surface area = π rl + π r2
22 × 14 × 14
= 40.04 + sq m
7 10 10
= 40.04 + 6.16 sq m
= 46.20 sq m.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 227
Example 24.18 : Find the surface area and the volume of a sphere of radius 10.5 cm.
Solution : Here radius = 10.5 cm
4 3 4 22 21 21 21
∴ Volume = 3 πr = 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 2 cu cm
= 4851 cu cm
Surface area = 4 π r2
22 × 21 × 21
= 4× sq cm
7 2 2
= 1386 sq cm.
Example 24.19 : If the radius of a sphere is tripled, what is the ratio of the volume of original
sphere to that of the second ?
Solution : Let the radius of sphere = ‘r’ units
4 πr 3
∴ Volume of sphere V1 = cu units
3
When the radius is tripled, new radius = 3 r units
∴ Volume of sphere V2 =
3
b g
4 π 3r 3
=
3
bg
4 πr 3 3 3
cu units
4 πr 3
V1
∴
3
V2 = 4 3 = 1
πr .27 27
3
∴ Ratio is 1 : 27.
Example 24.20 : Find the diameter of a sphere whose volume is 38808 cu cm.
Solution : Let r be the radius of the sphere
4 πr 3
Then its volume =
3
By question,
4 πr 3
= 38808
3
38808 × 3 × 7
∴ r3 =
4 × 22
= 441 × 21
= (21)3
∴ r = 21
∴ Radius of the sphere = 21 cm.
Thus diameter of the sphere is (21 × 2) or 42 cm.
228 Mathematics
Example 24.21 : Find the radius of the base of right circular cone of height 10.5 cm and volume
176 cu cm.
Solution : Let r be the radius of the base of the cone. Its height = 10.5 cm
1 πr 2 h
Then its volume =
3
1 × 22 × r 2 × 10.5
= cu cm
3 7
1 × 22 × r 2 × 10.5
∴ = 176
3 7
176 × 3 × 7
∴ r2 = = 16
22 × 10.5
∴ r=4
Hence radius of the base = 4 cm.
Example 24.22 : Rain water which fills a tub of dimensions 6 m × 4 m × 2.75 cm is transferred
to a cylindrical vessel of radius 20 cm. Find the height of water in the cylindrical vessel.
Solution : Volume of rain water collected in the tub
275
= 6×4× cu m = 0.66 cu m
10000
Let the height of the water raised in the cylindrical vessel be h m
22 × 20 × 20 × h
= cu m
7 100 100
22 h
= cu m
175
22 h
∴ = 0.66
175
66 × 175
⇒ h=
100 22
= 5.25 m.
(i) (ii)
Fig. 24.15
1 1 m × 1 m and two doors 2 m × 1 1 m. Find the cost of papering the walls with paper 50
2 2
cm wide at Rs 15 per meter.
Solution : Area of four walls 2(l + b) h
= 2(7 + 4) 3 = 66 sq m
1
Area of two windows = 2 × 1 × 1 = 3 sq m
2
1
Area of two doors = 2 × 2 × 1 = 6 sq m
2
∴ Area of walls to be papered
= 66 – (3 + 6) = 57 sq m
57
∴ Length of the paper = = 114 m
.5
∴ Cost = Rs 114 × 15 = Rs 1710.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 231
Example 24.24 : The length of a room is 6.5 m. The cost of painting the walls at Rs 28 per
square meter is Rs 2464, and the cost of carpeting the room at Rs 112 per square meter is
Rs 3276. Find the height and width of the room.
Solution : Length of the room = 6.5 m
Let breadth of the room be b m
and height of the room = h m
∴ Area of four walls = 2(6.5 + b).h sq m
Cost of painting the walls = 2(6.5 + b).h × 28
∴ 2(6.5 + b) × h × 28 = 2464
or (6.5 + b) × h = 44 ...(i)
Area of floor = l × b = 6.5 × b sq m
Cost of carpeting = Rs 6.5 × b × 12
∴ 6.5 × b × 112 = 3276
or, b = 4.5 ...(ii)
From (i), we have (6.5 + 4.5) h = 44
or h=4 m
Hence, the height of room = 4 m and its width = 4.5 m.
Example 24.25 : The area of the floor of a room is 77 square meters. The area of the two
larger walls together is 88 square meters; and the two shorter walls together is 56 square meters.
Find the dimensions of the room.
Solution : Let length of room be ‘l’, breadth ‘b’ and height ‘h’
Then l × b = 77 ...(i)
2(l × h) = 88
or l ×h = 44 ...(ii)
and 2 (b × h) = 56
or b × h = 28 ...(iii)
l 44 = 11
∴ =
b 28 7
11
or l= b
7
Putting in (i) we get
11 2
b = 77
7
232 Mathematics
77 × 7
b2 =
11
or b=7 m
11 × 7 44
∴ l= = 11 m and h = =4m
7 11
∴ The length of the room is 11m, its breadth is 7 m and its height is 4 m.
1. Find the area of four walls of the room in each of the following cases :
(i) l = 8 m, b = 6 m, h = 3m.
(ii) l = 20 m, b = 12 m, h = 8 m
2. A room is 6 m long, 5 m wide and 4 m high. The doors and windows in the room occupy
a space of 5 square meters. Find the cost of papering the remaining portion of the walls
with paper 75 cm wide, at the rate of Rs 1.20 per meter.
3. Find the cost of painting the walls and the ceiling of a room measuring 10 m × 6m ×3 m at
the rate of Rs 1.50 per square meter.
4. A room measures 9 m × 7m × 3m. It has three doors, each having an area of 3 square
meters and 4 windows each measuring 1.25 × 1 m. Find the cost of papering the remaining
portion of the walls at the rate of Rs 1.50 per square meter.
5. The area of two side walls of a room is 5250 sq dm and the area of the two end walls
4550 sq dm, and the area of the floor is 4875 sq dm. Find the dimensions of the room.
LET US SUM UP
z The figures, which occupy space and have more than two dimensions, are called Solid
figures.
z The sum of the areas of the plane figures making up the boundary of a solid object is
called its surface area.
z The amount of space occupied by the solid object is called its Volume.
z Total surface area of a cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
z Total surface area of a cube = 6a2, where a is its side.
z Volume of a cuboid = l × b × h.
z Volume of a cube = a3.
z A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by revolution of a rectangle about one of
its sides, which remains fixed.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 233
1 2
z Volume of a cone = πr h
3
4 3
z Volume of a sphere = πr
3
2 3
z Volume of a hemi-sphere = πr
3
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Find the edge of a cube of volume equal to the volume of a cuboid of dimensions
63 cm × 56 cm × 21 cm.
2. Find the number of 5 cm cubes that can be cut out of a 15 cm cube.
3. Three cubes of metals whose edges are 3, 4 and 5 cm respectively are melted and formed
into a single cube. If there is no waste in the process, find the edge of the new cube so
formed.
4. A school room is to be built to accommodate 70 children, so as to allow 2.2 sq m of
floor area and 11 cu m of space for each child. If the room is to be 14 m long, what must
be its breadth and height ?
5. How many bricks 20 cm × 10 cm × 7.5 cm be carried by a truck whose capacity to
carry load is 6 metric tons ? One cubic meter of bricks weighs 2000 kg. [1 metric ton
= 1000 kg]
234 Mathematics
6. A field is 200 m long and 75 m broad; and a tank 40 meter long, 20 meter broad and
10 meter deep is dug in the field, and the earth taken out of it is spread evenly over the
field. How much is the level of field raised ?
7. Four cubes each of sides 5 cm are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
8. The sides of an open box are 0.5 cm thick and bottom is 1 cm thick. If the internal length,
breadth and depth are respectively 14 cm, 10 cm ad 8 cm, find the quantity of material
used in the construction of the box.
9. Find the whole surface area of a hollow cylinder open at the ends, if its length is 10 cm,
the internal diameter is 8 cm and the thickness is 1 cm [Use π = 3.14]
10. A cubic cm of gold is drawn into a wire 1/5 mm in diameter; find the length of wire.
( π = 3.14)
11. A well with 8.4 meter inside diameter is dug 10 meter deep. Earth taken out of it has
been spread all around it to a width of 4 meters to form an embankment. Find the height
of the embankment.
12. Find the slant height of a cone whose volume is equal to 12936 cubic meters and the
diameter of whose base is 42 meters.
13. The volume of a cone is 616 cubic meters. If the height of cone is 27 meters, find the
radius of its base.
14. A conical vessel of internal radius 14 cm and height 36 cm is full of water. If this water
is poured into a cylinder with internal radius 21 cm, find the height to which the water
rises in the cylinder.
15. Find the diameter of a sphere whose volume is 606.375 cubic meter.
16. A room 12 meters long, 4 meters broad and 3 meters high has two windows 2 m × 1
m and a door 2.5 m × 2 m. Find the cost of papering the walls with paper 50 cm wide
at Rs 20 per meter.
17. A hall, whose length is 15 m and breadth is twice its height, takes 250 meters of paper
2 meters wide for its four walls. Find the area of the floor.
18. The length of a room is 1.5 times its breadth. The cost of carpeting it at Rs 150 per square
meter is Rs 14400 and the cost of white washing the four walls at Rs 5 per square meter
is Rs 625. Find the dimensions of the room.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 235
ANSWERS
1 2
1. (i) π rl (ii) π rl + π r2 (iii) πr h
3
4 3 2 3
(iv) 4 π r2 (v) πr (v) πr
3 3
(v) 3 π r2
2. (i) 12936 cm3, 2310 cm2, 3696 cm2
(ii) 2464 cm3, 811.3 cm2, 1427.3 cm2,
(iii) 154 m3, 134.5 m2, 176 m2
3. 68 m (approx) 4. 1848 cm3 5. 16.2 cm
6. 50 7. 35 cm, 2310 cm2 8. 38.8 cm3, 55.44 cm2
9. 64 10. 12 cm.
236 Mathematics
Terminal Exercise
1. 42 cm 2. 27 3. 6 cm
4. 11 m, 5 m 5. 2000 6. 1.9 m
7. 450 cm2 8. 365 cm3 9. 2574.8 cm2
10. 31.84 m 11. 3.55 m 12. 35 m
14 16
13. m 14. m 15. 42 cm
3 3
16. Rs 3480 17. 300 sq m 18. 12m, 8 m, 3.125 m.
Surface Area and Volume of Solids 237