c
TASK GIVEN
DECLARATION FORM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PAGE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ESSAY
MIND MAP
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ESSAY
MIND MAP
RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
CONCLUSION
REFLECTION
PLANNING EXPERIMENT
REFERENCE
APPENDICES
COLLABORATION FORM
BOOK SOURCES
INTERNET SOURCES
molecules such as glucose into simpler molecules with release of energy. The energy
released is trapped in the ATP molecule. Cellular respiration is divided into two types,
Aerobic respiration means the oxidation of the organic compound that takes
also known as cellular respiration and normally takes place in the cytoplasm and
a) glycolysis
b) Link reaction
c) Krebs cycle
Simplified equation:
Anaerobic respiration means the oxidation of the organic compounds that takes
places in the metabolism of the cell in the absence of oxygen. This enables the
molecules)
In animal cells:
and yields much more energy than glycolysis. Aerobic respiration is divided into two
processes: the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain, which produces ATP
the bonds between their molecules. In order to use that energy, the cell must convert
it into the form of ATP. To do so, pyruvate molecules are processed through the Kreb
Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis produces two pyruvate
molecules from one glucose, each glucose is processes through the kreb cycle twice.
For each molecule of glucose, six NADH 2+, two FADH2, and two ATP.
NADH2+ and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle have been reduced,
receiving high energy electrons from the pyruvic acid molecules. Therefore, they
represent energy available to do work. These carrier molecules transport the high
energy electrons and their accompanying hydrogen protons from the Krebs Cycle to
to NAD+, and FADH2 to FAD. The high energy electrons are transferred to
ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c molecules, the electron carriers within the
membrane. The electrons are then passed from molecule to molecule in the inner
membrane of the mitochondron, losing some of their energy at each step. The final
transfer involves the combining of electrons and H 2 atoms with oxygen to form water.
The electrons that are delivered to the electron transport system provide
energy to "pump" hydrogen protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the
outer compartment. This high concentration of hydrogen protons produces a free
energy potential that can do work. That is, the hydrogen protons tend to move down
the concentration gradient from the outer compartment to the inner compartment.
However, the only path that the protons have is through enzyme complexes
within the inner membrane. The protons therefore pass through the channel lined
with enzymes. The free energy of the hydrogen protons is used to form ATP by
Since an electrochemical osmotic gradient supplies the energy, the entire process is
Once the electrons (originally from the Krebs Cycle) have yielded their energy,
they combine with oxygen to form water. If the oxygen supply is cut off, the electro ns
and hydrogen protons cease to flow through the electron transport system. If this
happens, the proton concentration gradient will not be sufficient to power the
synthesis of ATP.
The pyruvate is In the process one
oxidized to molecule of NADH
acetyl-CoA and is formed per
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP ĺ 2 CO2 by the pyruvate oxidized,
pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP +2H+ + 2 H2O Pyruvate and 3 moles of
dehydrogenase ATP are formed for
each mole of
pyruvate.
GLYCOLISIS
Process converts
one molecule of OXIDATIVE
glucose into two DECARBOXYLA
molecules of TION OF
pyruvate, and PYRUVATE
makes ATP.
When oxygen is
present, acetyl-CoA is
produced. Once Acetyl
CoA is formed, two
processes can occur,
aerobic or anaerobic
respiration. When
OXIDATIVE
CITRIC
PHOSPHORYLA
ACID
TION
CYCLE
In eukaryotes, oxidative
phosphorylation occurs in the
mitochondrial cristae. It comprises
the electron transport chain that
If oxygen is not present, fermentation of establishes a proton gradient
the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the (chemiosmotic potential) across the
presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is inner membrane by oxidizing the
produced, the molecule then enters the NADH produced from the Krebs
citric acid cycle inside the mitochondrial cycle
matrix, and gets oxidized to CO2 while at c
the same time reducing NAD to NADH.
They are then passed down an electron transport chain that is linked to ATP
are carbon dioxide, one or more reduced inorganic substances and ATP. The
Yeast are facultatives anaerobes. They have mitochondria and carry out
aerobic respiration when oxygen is available, but switch to alco hol fermentation when
facing a shortage of oxygen. This is an anaerobic pathway that does not involve the
electron transport chain. NADH molecules are generated in glycolysis from the
reduction of NAD+ molecules. NADH molecules transfer their hydrogen atom s to
organic molecules, thus regenerating NAD+ which then channelled back to keep
when the amount of oxygen is insufficient to support aerobic respiration. This shift is
only temporary.
Certain fungi and bacteria carry out lactate (lactic acid) fermentation. In this
reducing it to lactic acid. Certain anaerobic bacteria such as lactic ±acid bacteria
constantly produce lactate in this manner and helps in the manufacture of cheese.
Yeasts generate alcohol and carbon dioxide, which makes bread rise. Both alcohol
fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly inefficient because the fuel is only
partially oxidised and producing only two AT Ps from each molecule of glucose. A
Fermentation is an anaerobic
process by which glucose or
other organic JJ are
degraded into various
products to obtain ATP.
ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
In yeast
C6H12O6 ----------------·
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210
kJ
Mitochondria Where the process takes Cytoplasm
place
1) Glycolysis Stages/process involve
Fermentation
2) Link Reaction
3) Krebs Cycle
4) Electron transport
chain and
chemiosmosis
hypothesis
c
Aerobic respiration is our daily life is the respiration that are carried out which means
and bread,
The common process is baking of cakes and breads. In this process, the flour
is mixed with yeast. Carbon dioxide gas produced from the fermentation process
causes the dough to rise and gives the soft texture of cakes or bread when it is
Next, the manufacture of beer, wine and other alcoholic b everages, the
enzyme diastase in the malt derived from cereals or fruit juices, converts starch or
other complex sugars into maltose. A yeast mixture is then added to allow
maltose into glucose. Glucose is then converted by the enzyme zymase into ethanol
and carbon dioxide. The fermented mixture is then distilled to produce beer or wine of
Other than that, the making of dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese. In
this process, the enzyme lactase from bacteria such as Lactobacillus acts on lactose
(milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. The lactic acid produced gives milk a sour taste
and turns it into a curd called yougurt. Various flavours can be adde d to produce a
variety of yougurt with different tastes and flavours. The milk curd can be solidified
and pressed to produce cheese. Yougurt and cheese are rich in calcium, vitamin B
and D.
The manufacture of ethanol. Ethanol, apart from carbon dioxide dir ect product
Some local foods and beverages p roduced from the fermentation process
include fermented beans, tapai, tempe, dadih, budu and cincalok which are
molecules such as glucose into simpler molecules with release of energy. The energy
released is trapped in the ATP molecule. Cellular respiration is divided into two types,
Aerobic respiration means the oxidation of the organic compound that takes
place in the metabolism of the cel l in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration is
also known as cellular respiration and normally takes place in the cytoplasm and
a) glycolysis
b) Link reaction
c) Krebs cycle
Simplified equation:
enzyme-controlled steps into two molecules of pyruvate (3C). The process occurs in
the cytoplasm and doesn¶t require oxygen. In order to initiate the process, 2
molecules of ATP are consumed, 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules NADH are
produced.
Equation of glycolysis:
2H2O
transported into the matrix of mitochondrion from cytoplasm. Pyruvate (3C) formed at
the end of glkycolisis is decarboxylated and is oxidised to form two carbon acetate
(2C). The acetate combines with coenzyme A (COA) to form two carbon -
acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-COA) which then enters into Krebs Cycle. The process is
that produces carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2. It is also known as tricarboxylic
oxaloacetate, is recycled back into the cycle. As each molecules of Acetyl -COA runs
through the Kreb Cycle, it combines with the 4C molecules to make citric acid. These
2 citric acid molecules are oxidised, and the hydrogen ions are bound to NAD to form
NADH and to FAD to form FADH2. Oxaloacetate is produced when the last carbon is
The electrons are removed from the molecules in glycoly sis and citric acid follow a
series of cytochromes on the mitochondrial membrane, while the hydrogen ions are
ATP synthase enzyme molecules, and thereby release energy which drives the
Anaerobic respiration means the oxidation of the organic compounds that takes
places in the metabolism of the cell in the absence of oxygen. This enables the
glycolysis which takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Whereby in the process, it
convert glucose and carbon dioxide (as in yeast cells or l actic acid (as in animal
cells). Facultative anaerobes like yeast and intestinal parasitic worms which can
process coupling the oxidation of electron donating substrates (ex. sugar and other
organic compounds), but also inorganic molecules like hydrogen, sulphur, ammonia,
metals or metals ion ) to the reduction of suitable external electron acceptors other
In some plant cells and yeast fermentation produces carbon dioxide and ethanol. The
Finally at the ending stage it e nds with the transformation of pyruvic acid into
ethanol or lactic acid is called fermentation which extracts only a very small portion of
energy (about 5%) present in the original glucose. Most of the energy remains in the
Equation:
time given. During this period of time, we learned many things such as cooperation
among friends, working in a team and how to analyse and interpreting the data.
Honestly, we are happy to work as a team because we can change our view and
opinions regarding respiration topics. This project also acts as tutorial and revision to
Secondly, during to complete this project, we are having some difficulties and
differentiate between them and do not know how the process work. Those processes
are really complicated and makes us to search for a guider. Luckily, we get a guide
and a teach from our lecturer, Dr Faridah to explain all those confusing things. Know,
we more understanding the processes and can distinguish both of them properly.
Thirdly, we are having trouble with the experiment. Fo r the first time we get the
task, we do not know how to start the project and conduct the experiment by
ourselves. We are looking the experiment that we can do with simplest and do not
have cost too much. After we are discussing with our group members and lecturer for
a few times, we managed to comes out with a simple experiment. This is a new thing
for us because it is the first time to conduct the experiment. We felt happy and really
enjoy because we faced the experience like scientist although we know it is not too
Lastly, we felt satisfied with all the works that we had done through completing
this project. It is really exciting experiences and we love to tried it. We hope our
project will get a high grades and become the bes t project that have been carried out
Sdn. Bhd.
L.S. Ching, L.S. Leong, Nalini B., Jacquelina R.S. (2005) © ©
(p.p 170-172) Selangor : Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.
©
(n.d) .Retrieved on August
© ©
(n.d). Retrieved on
_respiration
© ©
. (n.d). Retrieved on August
© ©
©
©
. (n.d).
104/cellresp.htm
© ! ©
© "
.oxy.edu/bio130/lectures_2000/metabolic_products.htm