University of Alexandria
High Institute of Public Health
Department of Nutrition
ADOLESCENT OBESITY
By
Under supervision of
contents
Page
1. Introduction …………………………………………...……….. 03
Introduction
-:Stages of adolescence
Early : ages 12-14 years
Middle : ages 15-17
Late : ages 18-21
Teens gain 40% to 50%of adult weight during adolescence. The majority of
weight gain occurs with increase in linear height
Proteins are consist of more than 20 amino acids. Complete proteins are
usually found in animal foods such as meats, eggs and milk. Incomplete
proteins are usually found in vegetable proteins, such as beans and nuts.
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Protein is needed for adequate cell growth. Too much protein can contribute
to obesity.
Carbohydrates include all starches and sugars. The sugars are fructose,
found in honey, fruits and vegetables; lactose, found in milk; maltose, found
in digested starches and sucrose which is commonly known as table sugar.
Starches are found in potatoes, , beans, nuts and cereal grains.
Carbohydrates supply energy to the body.
Fats provide a good way to store energy, and are classified as saturated and
unsaturated, the difference being that unsaturated fats are liquid at room
temperature. Saturated fats, contained in animal foods, contribute to high
cholesterol levels.
Vitamins are needed for energy release and tissue building. Vitamins have
specific functions. There is an increased need for vitamins during
adolescence. Important vitamins include A, C, D, E, K, Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin B1, Folic Acid, B6, Vitamin B12 and Biotin. A well balanced diet
usually supplies all necessary vitamins. Vitamin A, found in green and
yellow leafy vegetables; folic, found in dark green leafy vegetables and
citrus fruits; and B6 which is found in whole grain cereals, seeds, legumes
and potatoes, are found to be insufficient in most adolescents.9
Minerals are necessary for muscle contraction, heartbeat control, bone and
teeth formation and cell maintenance. Macrominerals are required in
sufficient amounts and microminerals, or trace minerals, necessary for good
health, are needed in small amounts. The examples of macrominerals and
their sources are:
Iron—seafood, iodized salt, eggs, green vegetables, dry beans and nuts.
What Role does Physical Activity and Good Eating Habits Play in
Obesity?
For adolescents who are overweight, the goals should be to maintain a
healthy weight, begin to practice good eating habits, and get more physical
activity on a daily basis. Physical activity and exercise help burn calories.
The amount of calories burned depends on the type, duration, and intensity
of the activity. They need a total of 60 minutes of physical activity per day,
but this does not have to be done all at one time. Short more 10 or 5 minute
bouts of activity throughout the day are just as good.17
3. Taking a walk
4. Dancing
5. Skating
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The foods you eat not only affect the increase of body weight it also can
affect the way blood flows through your heart and arteries. A diet high in fat
and cholesterol can gradually causes build-up in your arteries. That build-up
slows down the blood flow and blocks small arteries. Along with physical
activity, it is very important for children to learn and practice good eating
habits.
What is Obesity?
The following charts of BMI for Boys and Girls according to the ages
N.B
7. Others
Complications
1. Blood (fat) lipid abnormalities: The primary
dyslipidemia related to obesity is characterized by increased
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8.Metabolic syndrome
13. Stroke
14. type 2 DM
Quality of life
When you're obese, your overall quality of life may be lower,
too. You may not be able to get around or to perform normal
daily activities as well as you'd like. You may have trouble
participating in family activities. You may avoid public places...
Depression
Disability
Physical discomfort
Sexual problems
Shame (www.mayoclinic.com)
o diet history
o culturally accepted food types
o level of physical activity
o presence of behavior disorders
o family dysfunction
Interventions:
In 2008 about 220,000 bariatric operations were carried out in the USA
(American Society for Bariatric Surgery). As obesity levels in America and
many other parts of the world grow, so does the number of bariatric
procedures. About 15 million people in the U.S. have morbid obesity; only
1% of the clinically eligible population is being treated for morbid obesity
through bariatric surgery. According to the American Society for Bariatric
Surgery, the average female surgery patient weighs about 300 pounds.
The American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery says that
Bariatric surgery can improve or resolve more than 30 obesity-related
conditions, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea,
hypertension and high cholesterol .
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Complications of Treatment
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The best treatment for obesity in adolescents is one which provides realistic
goals. When setting these goals, it is important to consider many factors,
including age, motivation, emotional stability, hereditary body build, extent
of overweight or obesity, attitudes towards food, home life and physiologic
state. A realistic goal for weight loss is slow, averaging 1 to 2 lbs. per week.
The importance of a balanced diet must be emphasized. There needs to be a
proper mix from all food groups. It is important to eat at least three meals a
day, choose foods that have fewer calories, eat smaller portions, cut the
intake of fats, alcohol, sugars and limit starches. Fat intake should be 30%
(or less) of the total daily calories, carbohydrates 58% and proteins 12%.
Calorie levels for obese adolescents should be approximately 1500—1800 k
calories. Suggested food substitutions should be provided.
To achieve weight loss adolescents must want to lose weight and must have
adequate support. Diet and exercise should promote a change in behavior,
attitudes and life-style, through behavior modification programs. These
programs encourage changing the place, times and location of consumption
of food
do not read or watch TV while eating, take only the amount you intend to eat
to the table, do not feel you must finish everything on your plate if you feel
you’ve had enough, do not take second portions, measure portions, drink a
glass of water before each meal, eat three meals a day and reward yourself
realistically. Alternative techniques for combating stress, boredom and
fatigue, rather than eating food are encouraged while maintaining a food
diary. This diary should include information about time spent eating, hunger
rating, mood, circumstances, food consumed and quantity. Through constant
monitoring of the food diary, eating behavior can be changed.
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